Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cobalt"

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== Visual data ==
 
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[[File:Output of cobalt in major countries, 2012-2015.png|thumb|center|700px|Output of cobalt in major countries, 2012-2015.]]
 
  
 
==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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| 1742 || Scientific development || {{w|Georg Brandt}} determines that the blue color of ''kobold'' ores is due to the presence of cobalt.<ref name="Cobaltbritannica.com"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
| 1742 || Scientific development || {{w|Georg Brandt}} determines that the blue color of ''kobold'' ores is due to the presence of cobalt.<ref name="Cobaltbritannica.com"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
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| 1780 || || Swedish chemist {{w|Sven Rinman}} discovers {{w|cobalt green}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Elements |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA445&dq=%221780%22+%22Sven+Rinman%22+%22cobalt+green%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM-pCg-8fcAhUS0FkKHWvID3MQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%221780%22%20%22Sven%20Rinman%22%20%22cobalt%20green%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization">{{cite book |last1=Tamilselvan |first1=Kalpanadevi |title=Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DcBrDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=%221780%22+%22Sven+Rinman%22+%22cobalt+green%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM-pCg-8fcAhUS0FkKHWvID3MQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%221780%22%20%22Sven%20Rinman%22%20%22cobalt%20green%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Chemical Elements">{{cite book |title=Chemical Elements |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s1fWm6vpCMkC&pg=PA289&dq=%221780%22+%22Sven+Rinman%22+%22cobalt+green%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM-pCg-8fcAhUS0FkKHWvID3MQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221780%22%20%22Sven%20Rinman%22%20%22cobalt%20green%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>
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| 1780 || Application || Swedish chemist {{w|Sven Rinman}} discovers pigment {{w|cobalt green}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Elements |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA445&dq=%221780%22+%22Sven+Rinman%22+%22cobalt+green%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM-pCg-8fcAhUS0FkKHWvID3MQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%221780%22%20%22Sven%20Rinman%22%20%22cobalt%20green%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization">{{cite book |last1=Tamilselvan |first1=Kalpanadevi |title=Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DcBrDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=%221780%22+%22Sven+Rinman%22+%22cobalt+green%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM-pCg-8fcAhUS0FkKHWvID3MQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=%221780%22%20%22Sven%20Rinman%22%20%22cobalt%20green%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Chemical Elements">{{cite book |title=Chemical Elements |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=s1fWm6vpCMkC&pg=PA289&dq=%221780%22+%22Sven+Rinman%22+%22cobalt+green%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM-pCg-8fcAhUS0FkKHWvID3MQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%221780%22%20%22Sven%20Rinman%22%20%22cobalt%20green%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>
 
{{cite journal
 
{{cite journal
 
|title = Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt, die eben so schön ist wie Ultramarin. Vom Bürger Thenard
 
|title = Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt, die eben so schön ist wie Ultramarin. Vom Bürger Thenard
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| 1802 || || Louis Jacques Thénard discovers cobalt blue.<ref name="Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization"/><ref name="Chemical Elements"/> ||
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| 1802 || Application || Louis Jacques Thénard discovers pigment cobalt blue.<ref name="Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization"/><ref name="Chemical Elements"/> ||
 
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| 1874 || Production || The output of cobalt from European deposits is surpassed by production in {{w|New Caledonia}}.<ref name="Cobalt processing">{{cite web |title=Cobalt processing |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/cobalt-processing#ref623132 |website=britannica.com |accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|New Caledonia}}
 
| 1874 || Production || The output of cobalt from European deposits is surpassed by production in {{w|New Caledonia}}.<ref name="Cobalt processing">{{cite web |title=Cobalt processing |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/cobalt-processing#ref623132 |website=britannica.com |accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|New Caledonia}}
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== Numerical and visual data  ==
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[[File:Output of cobalt in major countries, 2012-2015.png|thumb|center|700px|Output of cobalt in major countries, 2012-2015.]]
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=== Google Scholar ===
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The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 17, 2021.
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! cobalt
 +
! cobalt research
 +
! cobalt properties
 +
! cobalt applications
 +
! cobalt technology
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 13,100 || 6,060 || 5,500 || 2,390 || 3,640
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 13,800 || 7,050 || 5,980 || 2,840 || 3,570
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 16,100 || 8,670 || 7,690 || 3,880 || 4,800
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 18,100 || 10,300 || 8,460 || 5,270 || 6,150
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|-
 +
| 2000 || 23,000 || 14,800 || 12,800 || 8,150 || 8,520
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 28,900 || 16,800 || 14,500 || 9,330 || 10,500
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 33,600 || 21,200 || 17,700 || 12,000 || 13,300
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 42,000 || 26,200 || 21,300 || 14,600 || 16,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 47,800 || 30,700 || 25,100 || 16,900 || 19,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 57,100 || 39,000 || 31,100 || 21,700 || 24,200
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 71,200 || 53,800 || 42,500 || 30,900 || 31,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 83,700 || 63,800 || 55,200 || 36,300 || 39,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 85,300 || 69,300 || 62,100 || 50,300 || 45,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 87,400 || 72,200 || 67,000 || 55,900 || 49,700
 +
|-
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| 2018 || 82,000 || 69,300 || 64,800 || 58,700 || 52,400
 +
|-
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| 2019 || 69,900 || 54,800 || 56,900 || 55,000 || 48,300
 +
|-
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| 2020 || 50,900 || 41,700 || 41,900 || 39,000 || 38,200
 +
|-
 +
|}
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[[File:Cobalt tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Google Trends ===
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The image below shows Google Trends data for Cobalt (Chemical element) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cobalt |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F025tkrf |website=trends.google.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Cobalt gt.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
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=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
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The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Cobalt from 1700 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cobalt |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Cobalt&year_start=1700&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Cobalt ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]]
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=== Wikipedia views ===
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The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Cobalt}} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cobalt |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Cobalt&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Cobalt wv.jpeg|thumb|center|500px]]
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==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==

Latest revision as of 20:53, 28 November 2023

This is a timeline of cobalt, attempting to describe important events related to the discovery, industrial development, and trends in application and production of the metal.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient times Cobalt has been used to color pottery and glass for at least 2600 years, evidenced by cobalt-containing glazes having been found in Ancient Egyptian tombs. Blue colours made from cobalt-containing minerals are also found in Chinese pottery from Tang (600-900 AD) and Ming dynasties (1350-1650 AD).[1] About the beginning of the Christian era, cobalt is a major coloring agent used by Greek glassworkers.[2]
16th century The name kobold is first applied to ores thought to contain copper but eventually found to be poisonous arsenic-bearing cobalt ores.[3]
18th century Swedish chemist Georg Brandt first isolates cobalt in 1735. After its isolation, cobalt metal would remain rare and seldom used until the 20th century.[4]
20th century In the early 20th century, cobalt-bearing ores are discovered in Africa.[2] Prior to World War I most of the world’s production of cobalt is consumed in the ceramic and glass industries.[5] The cobalt, in the form of cobalt oxide, serves as a colouring agent The metallic uses of cobalt stem from Elwood Haynes’ studies and patents in the early 1900s.[1] A significant development for cobalt comes with the creation of aluminum-nickel-cobalt (AlNiCo) magnets in the 1940s.[4] In the 1960s cobalt compounds are postulated as being promising hard magnet materials.[6] In the 1970s, the industry is further transformed by the development of samarium-cobalt magnets, which provide previously unachievable magnet energy densities.[4]
21st century Today cobalt is present in many important types of magnet which cover a range of applications.[6] Currently, the Democratic Republic of the Congo holds over 50% of global reserves and is responsible for around 50% of global cobalt production.[1] China, Canada, and Russia are also important producers.[3]


Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country
3000 BC Application Cobalt is detected in Egyptian statuettes and Persian necklace beads.[3]
1735 Scientific development Swedish chemist Georg Brandt first isolates cobalt from copper ore.[4][1][2][7] Sweden
1742 Scientific development Georg Brandt determines that the blue color of kobold ores is due to the presence of cobalt.[3] Sweden
1780 Application Swedish chemist Sven Rinman discovers pigment cobalt green.[8][9][10][11]
1802 Application Louis Jacques Thénard discovers pigment cobalt blue.[9][10]
1874 Production The output of cobalt from European deposits is surpassed by production in New Caledonia.[5] New Caledonia
1905 Production Canada becomes leader in cobalt production.[5] Canada
1907 Application American automotive entrepreneur Elwood Haynes patents a new corrosion resistant alloy, which he refers to as stellite. Stellite alloys contain high cobalt and chromium contents and are completely non-magnetic.[4] United States
1916 Production Total cobalt output stands at 554 tons of which 400 tonnes were produced as oxides for colorings.[1]
1917 Application Cobalt starts being used for its magnetic properties in magnetic steels.[6]
1920 Production Belgian Congo assumes leadership in cobalt production.[5] Democratic Republic of the Congo
1924 Scientific development It is discovered that cobalt-chromium alloy offers the most ideal set of properties for use in prosthetics.[12]
1934 Production The production of cobalt in the Belgian Congo is reported at 1500 metric tons in the year. At its peak, Congo would produce nearly half of the world's cobalt from two refineries at Likasi and Kolwezi, both operated by Générale des Carrières et des Mines.[13] Democratic Republic of the Congo
1937 Application Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy Vitallium is used in prosthetics, offering good strength, corrosion resistance and bio-compatibility.[12]
1938 Scientific development John Livingood and Glenn T. Seaborg discover the radioisotope cobalt-60.[14]
1950 Application The concept of a cobalt bomb as a nuclear weapon is originally described in a radio program by physicist Leó Szilárd.[15]
1958 Production Production of cobalt in the United States reaches a maximum of just over 2000 tons in ore, mostly from the Blackbird mine in Idaho. United States
1970 Application Samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co) magnets start being produced from sintering. These magnets would soon come into prominence in the market place.[6][4]
1975–1980 Application In the late decade, approximately one quarter of cobalt consumption in the United States is for chemical uses, and three quarters for metallurgical uses.[16] United States
c.1980 < Production Zambia starts promoting the expansion of its cobalt production in an attempt to offset declines in the country's copper output.[17] Zambia
1982 Organization The Cobalt Development Institute (CDI) is founded. It comprises 60 members from 18 countries.[17]
1992 Production The Ugandan government initiates a project to extract cobalt from stockpiles of cobaltiferous concentrate at the Kilembe copper mine, in south-western Uganda.[17] Uganda
1998 Application The top two applications using cobalt catalysts are the hydroprocessing of petroleum and the production of terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), which are intermediate compounds in the production of polyester.[16]
2003 Extraction About 44% of world cobalt production comes from nickel ores (i.e., laterites and sulfides).[7]
2004 Reserves According to the United States Geological Survey, the world cobalt resources are approximately 15 million tons.[7]
2005 Production The major companies producing cobalt worldwide are, inorder of decreasing annual production capacity, the 100 Chinese producers (12,700 tons), the US producer OMG (8164 tons), Vale Inco from Canada (6350 tons), Norilsk Nickel in Russia (4990 tons), and Chambashi Metals in Zambia (3630 tons).[7]
2010 Financial As a result of the industrial importance of cobalt, the London Metal Exchange (LME) introduces cobalt futures contracts in.[4] United Kingdom
2010 Production According to United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates, global mine production of cobalt is reported at 88,000 tons in the year. The largest cobalt ore producing countries during that period are the Democratic Republic of the Congo (45,000 tons), Zambia (11,000) and China (6,200).​[4]
2016 Application The Washington Post reports that electric cars typically contain "20 to 30 pounds" worth of cobalt in them.[18]
2017 Controversy Following allegations of child labor in the extraction of cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Apple Inc. starts treating the metal as a conflict mineral, and requires all cobalt suppliers to agree to outside supply-chain audits and risk assessments.[19] After a Sky News follow-up showing that child labor continue to be utilized,[20] Apple announces stop buying cobalt mined by hand in DRC entirely.[21]
2018 Application As of date, nearly 80% of the cobalt produced is used in batteries for mobile devices.[22]
2027 Production Metals consultancy Roskill estimates cobalt demand at 310,000 tons by that year, of which more than 240,000 tons will come from batteries used in electric vehicles, laptops and mobile phones.[23]
2030 Demand Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimates that by that year global demand could be 47 times more than it was in 2017.[24]

Numerical and visual data

Output of cobalt in major countries, 2012-2015.

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 17, 2021.

Year cobalt cobalt research cobalt properties cobalt applications cobalt technology
1980 13,100 6,060 5,500 2,390 3,640
1985 13,800 7,050 5,980 2,840 3,570
1990 16,100 8,670 7,690 3,880 4,800
1995 18,100 10,300 8,460 5,270 6,150
2000 23,000 14,800 12,800 8,150 8,520
2002 28,900 16,800 14,500 9,330 10,500
2004 33,600 21,200 17,700 12,000 13,300
2006 42,000 26,200 21,300 14,600 16,100
2008 47,800 30,700 25,100 16,900 19,100
2010 57,100 39,000 31,100 21,700 24,200
2012 71,200 53,800 42,500 30,900 31,600
2014 83,700 63,800 55,200 36,300 39,000
2016 85,300 69,300 62,100 50,300 45,100
2017 87,400 72,200 67,000 55,900 49,700
2018 82,000 69,300 64,800 58,700 52,400
2019 69,900 54,800 56,900 55,000 48,300
2020 50,900 41,700 41,900 39,000 38,200
Cobalt tb.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Cobalt (Chemical element) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.[25]

Cobalt gt.jpeg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Cobalt from 1700 to 2019.[26]

Cobalt ngram.jpeg

Wikipedia views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Cobalt on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to December 2020.[27]

Cobalt wv.jpeg


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "History of Cobalt". cobaltinstitute.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys (Joseph R. Davis ed.). 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Cobalt". britannica.com. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "Cobalt Metal - Properties, Production, and Applications". thebalance.com. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Cobalt processing". britannica.com. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Magnetic Alloys". cobaltinstitute.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cardarelli, François. Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference. 
  8. ↑ The Elements. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tamilselvan, Kalpanadevi. Metal Hydrazine Cinnamates. Synthesis and Characterization. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chemical Elements. 
  11. ↑ Gehlen, A. F. (1803). "Ueber die Bereitung einer blauen Farbe aus Kobalt, die eben so schön ist wie Ultramarin. Vom Bürger Thenard". Neues allgemeines Journal der Chemie, Band 2. H. Frölich.  (German translation from L. J. Thénard; Journal des Mines; Brumaire 12 1802; p 128–136)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Prosthetic Alloys". cobaltinstitute.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018. 
  13. ↑ Kisangani, Emizet Francois. Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 
  14. ↑ Livingood, J.; Seaborg, Glenn T. (1938). "Long-Lived Radio Cobalt Isotopes". Physical Review. 53 (10): 847–848. Bibcode:1938PhRv...53..847L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.53.847. 
  15. ↑ Brian Clegg. Armageddon Science: The Science of Mass Destruction. St. Martins Griffin. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-250-01649-2. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Flow studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States. Geological Survey (U.S.). 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Europa Publications. 
  18. ↑ "Newer Tesla batteries contain Cuban cobalt, likely illegal under US sanctions". arstechnica.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  19. ↑ "Companies respond to questions about their cobalt supply chains". 
  20. ↑ "Meet Dorsen, 8, who mines cobalt to make your smartphone work". Traders then sell it mostly to exporter Congo Dongfang International, a subsidiary of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, which supplies most of the world's largest battery makers. 
  21. ↑ "Apple cracks down further on cobalt supplier in Congo as child labor persists". 
  22. ↑ "How To Minimize Tesla's Cobalt Supply Chain Risk". seekingalpha.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  23. ↑ "Japan takes steps to ensure stable cobalt supply for automakers". reuters.com. Retrieved 26 July 2018. 
  24. ↑ Thomas Wilson (October 26, 2017). "We'll All Be Relying on Congo to Power Our Electric Cars". Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. 
  25. ↑ "Cobalt". trends.google.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021. 
  26. ↑ "Cobalt". books.google.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021. 
  27. ↑ "Cobalt". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 19 January 2021. 
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