Difference between revisions of "Timeline of first aid"

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This is a '''timeline of {{w|first aid}}''', describing significant events in the development of the field. First aid, as a profession in its own right, has a recent history of only 120 years.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|first aid}}''', describing significant events in the development of the field. Instrumental and drugs used in first aid kits are described. First aid, as a profession in its own right, has a recent history of only 120 years.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary  
 
! Time period !! Development summary  
 
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| 19th century || In the mid-century, the First International Geneva Convention is held and the Red Cross is created to provide "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field."<ref name="First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors">{{cite web |title=First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/first_aid_witchdoctors_and_religious_knights/views.htm |website=medicinenet.com |accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of St John first aid certificates are awarded in four continents.<ref name="The earliest days of first aid">{{cite journal |title=The earliest days of first aid |doi=10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1718}}</ref>  
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| 18th century || Attempts at artificial respiration using bellows inserted into the mouth were often attempted for patients in near drowning episodes.<ref name="A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation"/>
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|-
 +
| 19th century || In the mid-century, the First International Geneva Convention is held and the Red Cross is created to provide "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field."<ref name="First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors">{{cite web |title=First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/first_aid_witchdoctors_and_religious_knights/views.htm |website=medicinenet.com |accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of St John first aid certificates are awarded in four continents.<ref name="The earliest days of first aid">{{cite journal |title=The earliest days of first aid |doi=10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1718}}</ref>  The term "first aid" appears in 1878. In the late century, {{w|first aid kit}}s are released by {{w|Johnson & Johnson}}. Along the century, the tracheostomy procedure becomes well established.<ref name="A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 20th century || Throughout the century, {{w|first aid kit}}s expand to meet new needs. They are customized for homes, schools, travelers and the workplace.<ref name="The Birth of the First Aid Kit">{{cite web |title=The Birth of the First Aid Kit |url=https://ourstory.jnj.com/birth-first-aid-kit |website=jnj.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> In the 1920s, first aid kits are created for unique purposes or carry the names of specific companies and organizations. The 1950s see the introduction of individual items in a first aid kit being packaged in small cardboard boxes.<ref name="The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kitv"/>
 
| 20th century || Throughout the century, {{w|first aid kit}}s expand to meet new needs. They are customized for homes, schools, travelers and the workplace.<ref name="The Birth of the First Aid Kit">{{cite web |title=The Birth of the First Aid Kit |url=https://ourstory.jnj.com/birth-first-aid-kit |website=jnj.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> In the 1920s, first aid kits are created for unique purposes or carry the names of specific companies and organizations. The 1950s see the introduction of individual items in a first aid kit being packaged in small cardboard boxes.<ref name="The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kitv"/>
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
 
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|-
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| 1099 || Prelude || The first recorded history of first aid dates to the formation of a religious order of knights trained to administer medical treatment.<ref name="History of First Aid">{{cite web |title=History of First Aid |url=http://www.magnifiedts.com/history-of-first-aid-in-brief/ |website=magnifiedts.com |accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref> ||
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| 3rd century BC || Field development || {{w|Homerus of Byzantium}} documents the story of {{w|Alexander the Great}} performing a {{w|tracheotomy}} with his dagger point to save one of his troops from {{w|asphyxiation}}. The soldier is said to be choking.<ref name="A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation |url=http://www.paediatricemergencies.com/intubationcourse/course-manual/history-of-intubation/ |website=paediatricemergencies.com |accessdate=6 January 2019}}</ref>
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|-
 +
| 1099 || Field development || The first recorded history of first aid dates to the formation of a religious order of knights trained to administer medical treatment.<ref name="History of First Aid">{{cite web |title=History of First Aid |url=http://www.magnifiedts.com/history-of-first-aid-in-brief/ |website=magnifiedts.com |accessdate=18 November 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
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| 1546 || Field development || Italian physician {{w|Antonio Musa Brassavola}} describes a successful {{w|tracheostomy}}, used to treat a patient with {{w|peritonsillar abscess}}. The patient makes a full recovery, the first recorded occurrence.<ref name="A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation"/> || {{w|Italy}}
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|-
 +
| 1740 || Field development || The Paris Academy of Sciences officially recommends mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for drowning victims.<ref name="History of CPR"/> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1767 || Organization || A society for the preservation of life from accidents in water is started in {{w|Amsterdam}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal, Volume 49 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qC0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309&lpg=PA309&dq=In+1767,+a+society+for+the+preservation+of+life+from+accidents+in+water+was+started+in+Amsterdam&source=bl&ots=jyTARJzsTr&sig=kHOpZFA4mshHtANrhqiu7dLYUgo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH6cWS_tLfAhWBjZAKHc8bAx04ChDoATACegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=In%201767%2C%20a%20society%20for%20the%20preservation%20of%20life%20from%20accidents%20in%20water%20was%20started%20in%20Amsterdam&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 
| 1767 || Organization || A society for the preservation of life from accidents in water is started in {{w|Amsterdam}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal, Volume 49 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qC0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309&lpg=PA309&dq=In+1767,+a+society+for+the+preservation+of+life+from+accidents+in+water+was+started+in+Amsterdam&source=bl&ots=jyTARJzsTr&sig=kHOpZFA4mshHtANrhqiu7dLYUgo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH6cWS_tLfAhWBjZAKHc8bAx04ChDoATACegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=In%201767%2C%20a%20society%20for%20the%20preservation%20of%20life%20from%20accidents%20in%20water%20was%20started%20in%20Amsterdam&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1773 || Field development || English physician [[w:William Hawes (physician)|William Hawes]] begins publicizing the power of artificial respiration to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned.<ref name="Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation  – “Retrieving pulses down the  years”">{{cite journal |last1=Shanbhag |first1=Madhura |last2=Desai |first2=Brinda |last3=Desai |first3=Vidhi |last4=Bhowmick |first4=Mita |title=Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation  – “Retrieving pulses down the  years” |journal=International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1773 || Field development || English physician [[w:William Hawes (physician)|William Hawes]] begins publicizing the power of artificial respiration to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned.<ref name="Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation  – “Retrieving pulses down the  years”">{{cite journal |last1=Shanbhag |first1=Madhura |last2=Desai |first2=Brinda |last3=Desai |first3=Vidhi |last4=Bhowmick |first4=Mita |title=Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation  – “Retrieving pulses down the  years” |journal=International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
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| 1788 || Field development || British surgeon Charles Kite, in London, describes the use of a curved narrow metal catheter inserted into the larynx via the nostril in a blind technique, which then could be used to apply ‘bellows’ respiration.<ref name="A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
 
| 1792 || Field development || The French Army Surgeon General forms the first official army medical corps. People are trained and equipped for working away from the field hospitals. Their task is to administer first aid on the battlefield and where necessary remove the casualty to the field hospital by carrying them or on carts.<ref name="History of First Aid"/> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1792 || Field development || The French Army Surgeon General forms the first official army medical corps. People are trained and equipped for working away from the field hospitals. Their task is to administer first aid on the battlefield and where necessary remove the casualty to the field hospital by carrying them or on carts.<ref name="History of First Aid"/> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1870 || Field development || German military surgeon {{w|Friedrich von Esmarch}} introduces formalized first aid to the military. Von Esmarch authors a handbook of military surgical technique and institutes training in first aid for civilian and military personnel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kühn |first1=Michael |title=Antiquariat |url=http://www.antiquariat-banzhaf.de/wp-content/uploads/Banzhaf-Katalog-10.pdf |website=antiquariat-banzhaf.de |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="">{{cite web |title=Friedrich von Esmarch |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-von-Esmarch |website=britannica.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}  
 
| 1870 || Field development || German military surgeon {{w|Friedrich von Esmarch}} introduces formalized first aid to the military. Von Esmarch authors a handbook of military surgical technique and institutes training in first aid for civilian and military personnel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kühn |first1=Michael |title=Antiquariat |url=http://www.antiquariat-banzhaf.de/wp-content/uploads/Banzhaf-Katalog-10.pdf |website=antiquariat-banzhaf.de |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="">{{cite web |title=Friedrich von Esmarch |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-von-Esmarch |website=britannica.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1870 || Organization || The {{w|British Red Cross}} is formed.<ref name="History of First Aid"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1870 || Organization || The {{w|British Red Cross}} is formed.<ref name="History of First Aid"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of the Red Cross |url=https://www.redcross.org.uk/about-us/our-history/the-beginning-of-the-red-cross |website=redcross.org.uk |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1878 || Field development || Two British military officers, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd of the Royal Herbert Military Hospital, Woolwich, London, and Colonel Francis Duncan establish the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. This radical new enterprise, conducted under the auspices of the newly formed St John Ambulance Association, is considered a natural evolution from the body's philanthropic and ambuance transport work.<ref name="The earliest days of first aid"/> ||
 
| 1878 || Field development || Two British military officers, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd of the Royal Herbert Military Hospital, Woolwich, London, and Colonel Francis Duncan establish the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. This radical new enterprise, conducted under the auspices of the newly formed St John Ambulance Association, is considered a natural evolution from the body's philanthropic and ambuance transport work.<ref name="The earliest days of first aid"/> ||
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1878 || Field development || Surgeon Major Peter Shepherd and Dr Coleman run the first public first aid course in {{w|London}}.<ref name="History of First Aid"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}  
 
| 1878 || Field development || Surgeon Major Peter Shepherd and Dr Coleman run the first public first aid course in {{w|London}}.<ref name="History of First Aid"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}  
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|-
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| 1881 || Organization || The {{w|American Red Cross}} is founded in {{w|Washington, D.C.}} by pioneering nurse {{w|Clara Barton}}.<ref name="The History of First Aid in the Army">{{cite web |title=The History of First Aid in the Army |url=https://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/army-medicine/history-of-first-aid-in-the-army2.htm |website=howstuffworks.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1888 || Instrumental || American company {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} begins making the first commercial {{w|first aid kit}}s.<ref name="From 1888 to 2013: Celebrating the 125th Birthday of the First Aid Kit">{{cite web |title=From 1888 to 2013: Celebrating the 125th Birthday of the First Aid Kit |url=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2013/06/from-1888-to-2013-celebrating-the-125th-birthday-of-the-first-aid-kit |website=kilmerhouse.com |accessdate=3 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1888 || Instrumental || American company {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} begins making the first commercial {{w|first aid kit}}s.<ref name="From 1888 to 2013: Celebrating the 125th Birthday of the First Aid Kit">{{cite web |title=From 1888 to 2013: Celebrating the 125th Birthday of the First Aid Kit |url=https://www.kilmerhouse.com/2013/06/from-1888-to-2013-celebrating-the-125th-birthday-of-the-first-aid-kit |website=kilmerhouse.com |accessdate=3 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1891 || Field development || Dr. Friedrich Maass performs the first equivocally documented chest compression in humans.<ref name="History of CPR"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1898 || Instrumental || During the Spanish-American war in 1898, Johnson & Johnson releases small first aid kits that could be carried by soldiers. First aid kits would be used extensively by all armies in the [[w:first world war|First]] and {{w|Second World War}}s.<ref name="The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kitv">{{cite web |title=The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kit |url=https://firstaidshoppe.com/blogs/news/the-130-year-history-of-the-first-aid-kit |website=firstaidshoppe.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1898 || Instrumental || During the Spanish-American war in 1898, Johnson & Johnson releases small first aid kits that could be carried by soldiers. First aid kits would be used extensively by all armies in the [[w:first world war|First]] and {{w|Second World War}}s.<ref name="The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kitv">{{cite web |title=The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kit |url=https://firstaidshoppe.com/blogs/news/the-130-year-history-of-the-first-aid-kit |website=firstaidshoppe.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1898 || Instrumental || A patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of [[w:Umbilical cord|umbilical]] {{w|bandage}} uses an "antiseptic, absorbent cotton pad" to carry out its function.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dillon|first=B.|title=US Patent #613,761|date=8 Nov 1898|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US613761|accessdate=2016-11-29}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1898 || Instrumental || A patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of [[w:Umbilical cord|umbilical]] {{w|bandage}} uses an "antiseptic, absorbent cotton pad" to carry out its function.<ref>{{Citation|last=Dillon|first=B.|title=US Patent #613,761|date=8 Nov 1898|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US613761|accessdate=2016-11-29}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1899 || Instrumental || {{w|Bayer}} introduces {{w|aspirin}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=From a tree, a 'miracle' called aspirin |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/12/22/aspirin.history/index.html |website=cnn.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> The drug, is considered an essential for a travel first aid kit.<ref name="First Aid Kitsvv">{{cite web |title=First Aid Kits |url=https://www.emedicinehealth.com/first_aid_kits/article_em.htm#33_essentials_for_a_travel_first_aid_kit |website=emedicinehealth.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1899 || Drug || {{w|Bayer}} introduces {{w|aspirin}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=From a tree, a 'miracle' called aspirin |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/12/22/aspirin.history/index.html |website=cnn.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> The drug, is considered an essential for a travel first aid kit.<ref name="First Aid Kitsvv">{{cite web |title=First Aid Kits |url=https://www.emedicinehealth.com/first_aid_kits/article_em.htm#33_essentials_for_a_travel_first_aid_kit |website=emedicinehealth.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1901 || Literature (book) || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} publishes the ''Hand Book of First Aid'', the first comprehensive, commercially available guide to first aid in the United States. The guide aims at teaching Americans about basic hygiene and emergency care.<ref name="The Birth of the First Aid Kit"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1901 || Literature (book) || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} publishes the ''Hand Book of First Aid'', the first comprehensive, commercially available guide to first aid in the United States. The guide aims at teaching Americans about basic hygiene and emergency care.<ref name="The Birth of the First Aid Kit"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1903 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Household Accident Case, a small kit intended for it—household use.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson">{{cite web |title=Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson |url=https://www.jnj.com/our-heritage/first-aid-kit-history-vintage-first-aid-kits-by-johnson-johnson |website=jnj.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1903 || Field development || Dr. George Crile reports the first successful use of external chest compressions in human resuscitation.<ref name="History of CPR"/> ||
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|-
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| 1906 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Autokit. The case's contents—including burn ointment— are meant to help treat injuries during car accidents.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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|-
 
| 1910 || Policy || All American workplaces with more than three employees are required to have basic medical supplies.<ref name="The Birth of the First Aid Kit"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1910 || Policy || All American workplaces with more than three employees are required to have basic medical supplies.<ref name="The Birth of the First Aid Kit"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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|-
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| 1911 || Field development || The Holger-Nielsen method of {{w|cardiopulmonary ressucitation}}, a manual  method of resuscitation popular around the turn of the 20th century, is described in detail in the  edition of the ''Boy  Scouts  of  America  Handbook''. It would become widely used until the 1950s.<ref name="Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation  – “Retrieving pulses down the  years”"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1911 || Field development || The Holger-Nielsen method of {{w|cardiopulmonary resuscitation}}, a manual  method of resuscitation popular around the turn of the 20th century, is described in detail in the  edition of the ''Boy  Scouts  of  America  Handbook''. It would become widely used until the 1950s.<ref name="Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation  – “Retrieving pulses down the  years”"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1920 || Instrumental || The {{w|Band-Aid}}, one of the most famous pieces of home medical care, is released as an addition to the first-aid kit.<ref name="History of the First-Aid Kit">{{cite web |title=History of the First-Aid Kit |url=https://www.providerprepared.com/blogs/news/history-of-the-first-aid-kit |website=providerprepared.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BAND-AID  BRAND HERITAGE |url=https://www.band-aid.com/brand-heritage |website=band-aid.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INVENTION & HISTORY OF BAND-AID  BRAND |url=https://www.bandaid.ca/band-aid-history |website=bandaid.ca |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1920 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Factory Case, meant for use in manufacturing facilities.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1921 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Travelkit, a pocket-sized first aid kit containing items to treat minor injuries when traveling to areas where medical care is limited.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1925 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Boy Scout First Aid Kit, created to teach [[w:boy scout|scouts]] proper first aid techniques.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1920 || Instrumental || The {{w|Band-Aid}}, one of the most famous pieces of home medical care, is released as an addition to the first-aid kit.<ref name="History of the First-Aid Kit">{{cite web |title=History of the First-Aid Kit |url=https://www.providerprepared.com/blogs/news/history-of-the-first-aid-kit |website=providerprepared.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 1927 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Aerokit, designed for the flight travellers to use on the small one- to two-passenger planes of the day, and including burn emollient, a miniature first aid chart with instructions on how to treat plane-specific injuries in the air and on the ground, and aromatic spirits of {{w|ammonia}}, which could be used to revive a passenger who lost consciousness in the air. The metal case comes in a heavy cloth bag, with a loop attachment, so it could be attached to the aviator’s belt or to the inside wall of the plane.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|Unitd States}}
 
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|-
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| 1945 || Instrumental || {{w|Diphenhydramine}}, an {{w|antihistamine}}, is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Allergy |edition=K.-C. Bergmann, J. Ring |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dffSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA304&lpg=PA304&dq=Diphenhydramine++%221940..1949%22&source=bl&ots=lztVXG__Dr&sig=4AGeuYaAkgXh4V_tTiCzFteW_Bg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVhtKlutTfAhWBDpAKHa49AsoQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Diphenhydramine%20%20%221940..1949%22&f=false}}</ref> The drug is used to treat allergies, and considered essential in travel first aid kits.<ref name="First Aid Kitsvv"/> ||
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| 1933 || Field development || The {{w|American Red Cross}} starts teaching people to save choking persons by slapping them on the back.<ref name="Historical Essay: The Heimlich Maneuver">{{cite web |title=Historical Essay: The Heimlich Maneuver |url=https://www.abea.net/historical-essay-the-heimlich-maneuver/ |website=abea.net |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1964 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces a snake bite first aid kit.<ref name="The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kitv"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1941 || Instrumental || Carlisle Kits are introduced during {{w|World War II}}, after the [[w:Military of the United States|U.S. military]] decides to improve the quality of soldiers' first aid supplies and begins packaging them in a wallet-sized, watertight metal container.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1980 || Literature (book) || First Aid in Mental Health, by Joy Melville, is first published.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Melville |first1=Joy |title=First Aid in Mental Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jaxvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3&dq=%22first+aid%22+%22in+1980..1990%22&source=bl&ots=qwQJex-xcR&sig=ngrF27j51KTGYCLx0uTibzN9yIU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVqNnz99LfAhUCOZAKHf3YD38Q6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22first%20aid%22%20%22in%201980..1990%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1942 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Vacation First Aid Kit, clocked in at only 5 inches wide and 4 inches long, and designed as an easy-to-pack item for travelers, containing antiseptic cream, a roll of bandages, {{w|gauze}} and a set of first aid instructions.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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|-
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| 1992 || Literature (book) || The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook is published by the American Red Cross, and Kathleen A. Handal.<ref>{{cite web |title=The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_American_Red_Cross_First_Aid_and_Saf.html?id=yOJjPwAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |accessdate=3 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1945 || Drug || {{w|Diphenhydramine}}, an {{w|antihistamine}}, is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Allergy |edition=K.-C. Bergmann, J. Ring |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dffSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA304&lpg=PA304&dq=Diphenhydramine++%221940..1949%22&source=bl&ots=lztVXG__Dr&sig=4AGeuYaAkgXh4V_tTiCzFteW_Bg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVhtKlutTfAhWBDpAKHa49AsoQ6AEwAnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Diphenhydramine%20%20%221940..1949%22&f=false}}</ref> The drug is used to treat allergies, and considered essential in travel first aid kits.<ref name="First Aid Kitsvv"/> || 
 +
|-
 +
| 1954 || Field development || American physician {{w|James Elam}} becomes the first to prove that expired air was sufficient to maintain adequate oxygenation.<ref name="History of CPR"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1956 || Field development || Austrian physician {{w|Peter Safar}} and {{w|James Elam}} invent mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.<ref name="History of CPR"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1957 || Field development || The United States military adopts the mouth-to-mouth resuscitation method to revive unresponsive victims.<ref name="History of CPR"/>  || {{w|United States}}
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|-
 +
| 1960 || Field development || {{w|Cardiopulmonary resuscitation}} (CPR) is developed. The {{w|American Heart Association}} starts a program to acquaint physicians with close-chest cardiac resuscitation and becomes the forerunner of CPR training for the general public.<ref name="History of CPR"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1961 || Drug || {{w|Ibuprofen}} is discovered by [[w:Stewart Adams (chemist)|Stewart Adams]] and initially marketed as Brufen.<ref name = plat12>{{cite journal|last1=Halford|first1=GM|last2=Lordkipanidzé|first2=M|last3=Watson|first3=SP|title=50th anniversary of the discovery of ibuprofen: an interview with Dr Stewart Adams.|journal=Platelets|date=2012|volume=23|issue=6|pages=415–22|doi=10.3109/09537104.2011.632032|pmid=22098129}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halford |first1=GM |last2=Lordkipanidzé |first2=M |last3=Watson |first3=SP. |title=50th anniversary of the discovery of ibuprofen: an interview with Dr Stewart Adams. |doi=10.3109/09537104.2011.632032 |pmid=22098129 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098129}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ibuprofen at 50: The love affair with painkillers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16178055 |website=bbc.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1964 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces a snake bite first aid kit.<ref name="The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kitv"/> It includes a scalpel and plunger, meant to be used to suction snake venom from the skin. It also includes an ammonia inhalant that could help rouse an unconscious bite victim.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1969 || || The journal ''Transactions of the American Broncho-Esophagological Association'' warns that back slaps are killing people.<ref name="Historical Essay: The Heimlich Maneuver"/>|| {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1970 || Policy || The {{w|Red Cross}} changes its policy on back slaps, and publishes a manual reading: "Do not allow anyone to slap you on your back if you are choking and do not try to dislodge an object from another person's throat by this means except as a last desperate effort to save his life."<ref name="Historical Essay: The Heimlich Maneuver"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1972 || Field development || Leonard Cobb holds the world's first mass citizen training in CPR in {{w|Seattle}}, [[w:washington state|Washington]] called Medic 2, helping train over 100,000 people the first two years of the programs.<ref name="History of CPR">{{cite web |title=History of CPR |url=https://cpr.heart.org/AHAECC/CPRAndECC/AboutCPRFirstAid/HistoryofCPR/UCM_475751_History-of-CPR.jsp |website=heart.org |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1973 || Instrumental || {{w|Johnson & Johnson}} introduces the Marine First Aid Kit, a waterproof and buoyant case, including medications for seasickness and heat exhaustion, as well as an S-shaped plastic tube meant to help revive victims of drowning.<ref name="Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1974 || Field development || American thoracic surgeon {{w|Henry Heimlich}} introduces his new technique later called {{w|Heimlich maneuver}}, a first-aid procedure for dislodging an obstruction from a person's windpipe in which a sudden strong pressure is applied on their abdomen, between the navel and the ribcage.<ref name="Historical Essay: The Heimlich Maneuver"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || Literature (book) || ''First Aid in Mental Health'', by Joy Melville, is first published.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Melville |first1=Joy |title=First Aid in Mental Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jaxvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3&dq=%22first+aid%22+%22in+1980..1990%22&source=bl&ots=qwQJex-xcR&sig=ngrF27j51KTGYCLx0uTibzN9yIU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVqNnz99LfAhUCOZAKHf3YD38Q6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22first%20aid%22%20%22in%201980..1990%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1989 || Organization || The {{w|European Resuscitation Council}} is established, with aims at providing the standard for {{w|resuscitation}} guidelines and training in {{w|Europe}} and abroad.<ref name="European Resuscitation Council">{{cite web |title=European Resuscitation Council |url=https://www.erc.edu/about |website=erc.edu |accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1992 || Literature (book) || The ''American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook'' is published by the {{w|American Red Cross}}, and Kathleen A. Handal.<ref>{{cite web |title=The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_American_Red_Cross_First_Aid_and_Saf.html?id=yOJjPwAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |accessdate=3 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1995 || Field development || The {{w|United States Department of Transportation}} issues a manual for an intermediate level of training called "First Responder".<ref>{{cite web |title=Emergency Medicine 2: First Responder |url=http://www.s2institute.com/content/_pages_advanced/_courses/emergencymed2.php |website=s2institute.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1995 || Field development || The {{w|United States Department of Transportation}} issues a manual for an intermediate level of training called "First Responder".<ref>{{cite web |title=Emergency Medicine 2: First Responder |url=http://www.s2institute.com/content/_pages_advanced/_courses/emergencymed2.php |website=s2institute.com |accessdate=4 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
Line 72: Line 130:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 29, 2021.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! first aid
 +
! first aid training
 +
! first aid management
 +
! first aid kit
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 109,000 || 39,300 || 40,500 || 2,330
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 131,000 || 28,100 || 31,900 || 2,610
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 192,000 || 65,100 || 74,000 || 4,270
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 245,000 || 56,800 || 73,100 || 7,320
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 973,000 || 122,000 || 160,000 || 16,500
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 674,000 || 118,000 || 159,000 || 16,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 427,000 || 123,000 || 174,000 || 19,900
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 486,000 || 140,000 || 200,000 || 24,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 516,000 || 149,000 || 224,000 || 30,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 558,000 || 176,000 || 252,000 || 38,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 576,000 || 183,000 || 263,000 || 48,200
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 522,000 || 175,000 || 240,000 || 51,300
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 405,000 || 142,000 || 196,000 || 48,300
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 350,000 || 127,000 || 167,000 || 47,800
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 262,000 || 105,000 || 137,000 || 44,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 184,000 || 86,800 || 110,000 || 39,800 
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 133,000 || 56,700 || 66,300 || 33,400 
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[File:First aid tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for First aid (Search term) and First aid (Topic), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=First aid |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=First%20aid,%2Fm%2F0305b |website=Google Trends |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:First aid gt.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for First aid, from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=First aid |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=First+aid&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=20 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:First aid ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|First aid}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=First aid |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=First+aid&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:First aid wv.jpg|thumb|center|400px]]
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 92: Line 219:
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
 +
* [[Timeline of nursing]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Latest revision as of 22:00, 21 July 2023

This is a timeline of first aid, describing significant events in the development of the field. Instrumental and drugs used in first aid kits are described. First aid, as a profession in its own right, has a recent history of only 120 years.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
18th century Attempts at artificial respiration using bellows inserted into the mouth were often attempted for patients in near drowning episodes.[1]
19th century In the mid-century, the First International Geneva Convention is held and the Red Cross is created to provide "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field."[2] By the end of the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of St John first aid certificates are awarded in four continents.[3] The term "first aid" appears in 1878. In the late century, first aid kits are released by Johnson & Johnson. Along the century, the tracheostomy procedure becomes well established.[1]
20th century Throughout the century, first aid kits expand to meet new needs. They are customized for homes, schools, travelers and the workplace.[4] In the 1920s, first aid kits are created for unique purposes or carry the names of specific companies and organizations. The 1950s see the introduction of individual items in a first aid kit being packaged in small cardboard boxes.[5]
21th century While first-aid kits have changed and become more advanced and technical over time, the original intent remains the same.[6]


Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
3rd century BC Field development Homerus of Byzantium documents the story of Alexander the Great performing a tracheotomy with his dagger point to save one of his troops from asphyxiation. The soldier is said to be choking.[1]
1099 Field development The first recorded history of first aid dates to the formation of a religious order of knights trained to administer medical treatment.[7]
1546 Field development Italian physician Antonio Musa Brassavola describes a successful tracheostomy, used to treat a patient with peritonsillar abscess. The patient makes a full recovery, the first recorded occurrence.[1] Italy
1740 Field development The Paris Academy of Sciences officially recommends mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for drowning victims.[8] France
1767 Organization A society for the preservation of life from accidents in water is started in Amsterdam.[9] Netherlands
1773 Field development English physician William Hawes begins publicizing the power of artificial respiration to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned.[10] United Kingdom
1788 Field development British surgeon Charles Kite, in London, describes the use of a curved narrow metal catheter inserted into the larynx via the nostril in a blind technique, which then could be used to apply ‘bellows’ respiration.[1] United Kingdom
1792 Field development The French Army Surgeon General forms the first official army medical corps. People are trained and equipped for working away from the field hospitals. Their task is to administer first aid on the battlefield and where necessary remove the casualty to the field hospital by carrying them or on carts.[7] France
1863 Organization The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is formed.[11]
1860s Field development The first Geneva Convention and the International Red Cross come into being to protect and deal with sick and injured soldiers on the battlefield.[7]
1870 Field development German military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduces formalized first aid to the military. Von Esmarch authors a handbook of military surgical technique and institutes training in first aid for civilian and military personnel.[12][13] Germany
1870 Organization The British Red Cross is formed.[7][14] United Kingdom
1878 Field development Two British military officers, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd of the Royal Herbert Military Hospital, Woolwich, London, and Colonel Francis Duncan establish the concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. This radical new enterprise, conducted under the auspices of the newly formed St John Ambulance Association, is considered a natural evolution from the body's philanthropic and ambuance transport work.[3]
1878 Field development The term “first aid” first appears in Britain and is thought to be derived from “first treatment” and “National Aid”.[7] United Kingdom
1878 Field development Surgeon Major Peter Shepherd and Dr Coleman run the first public first aid course in London.[7] United Kingdom
1881 Organization The American Red Cross is founded in Washington, D.C. by pioneering nurse Clara Barton.[15] United States
1888 Instrumental American company Johnson & Johnson begins making the first commercial first aid kits.[16] United States
1891 Field development Dr. Friedrich Maass performs the first equivocally documented chest compression in humans.[8]
1898 Instrumental During the Spanish-American war in 1898, Johnson & Johnson releases small first aid kits that could be carried by soldiers. First aid kits would be used extensively by all armies in the First and Second World Wars.[5] United States
1898 Instrumental A patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of umbilical bandage uses an "antiseptic, absorbent cotton pad" to carry out its function.[17] United States
1899 Drug Bayer introduces aspirin.[18] The drug, is considered an essential for a travel first aid kit.[19] Germany
1901 Literature (book) Johnson & Johnson publishes the Hand Book of First Aid, the first comprehensive, commercially available guide to first aid in the United States. The guide aims at teaching Americans about basic hygiene and emergency care.[4] United States
1903 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Household Accident Case, a small kit intended for it—household use.[20] United States
1903 Field development Dr. George Crile reports the first successful use of external chest compressions in human resuscitation.[8]
1906 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Autokit. The case's contents—including burn ointment— are meant to help treat injuries during car accidents.[20] United States
1910 Policy All American workplaces with more than three employees are required to have basic medical supplies.[4] United States
1911 Field development The Holger-Nielsen method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a manual method of resuscitation popular around the turn of the 20th century, is described in detail in the edition of the Boy Scouts of America Handbook. It would become widely used until the 1950s.[10] United States
1920 Instrumental The Band-Aid, one of the most famous pieces of home medical care, is released as an addition to the first-aid kit.[6][21][22]
1920 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Factory Case, meant for use in manufacturing facilities.[20] United States
1921 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Travelkit, a pocket-sized first aid kit containing items to treat minor injuries when traveling to areas where medical care is limited.[20] United States
1925 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Boy Scout First Aid Kit, created to teach scouts proper first aid techniques.[20] United States
1927 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Aerokit, designed for the flight travellers to use on the small one- to two-passenger planes of the day, and including burn emollient, a miniature first aid chart with instructions on how to treat plane-specific injuries in the air and on the ground, and aromatic spirits of ammonia, which could be used to revive a passenger who lost consciousness in the air. The metal case comes in a heavy cloth bag, with a loop attachment, so it could be attached to the aviator’s belt or to the inside wall of the plane.[20] Unitd States
1933 Field development The American Red Cross starts teaching people to save choking persons by slapping them on the back.[23] United States
1941 Instrumental Carlisle Kits are introduced during World War II, after the U.S. military decides to improve the quality of soldiers' first aid supplies and begins packaging them in a wallet-sized, watertight metal container.[20] United States
1942 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Vacation First Aid Kit, clocked in at only 5 inches wide and 4 inches long, and designed as an easy-to-pack item for travelers, containing antiseptic cream, a roll of bandages, gauze and a set of first aid instructions.[20] United States
1945 Drug Diphenhydramine, an antihistamine, is introduced.[24] The drug is used to treat allergies, and considered essential in travel first aid kits.[19]
1954 Field development American physician James Elam becomes the first to prove that expired air was sufficient to maintain adequate oxygenation.[8] United States
1956 Field development Austrian physician Peter Safar and James Elam invent mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.[8]
1957 Field development The United States military adopts the mouth-to-mouth resuscitation method to revive unresponsive victims.[8] United States
1960 Field development Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is developed. The American Heart Association starts a program to acquaint physicians with close-chest cardiac resuscitation and becomes the forerunner of CPR training for the general public.[8] United States
1961 Drug Ibuprofen is discovered by Stewart Adams and initially marketed as Brufen.[25][26][27]
1964 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces a snake bite first aid kit.[5] It includes a scalpel and plunger, meant to be used to suction snake venom from the skin. It also includes an ammonia inhalant that could help rouse an unconscious bite victim.[20] United States
1969 The journal Transactions of the American Broncho-Esophagological Association warns that back slaps are killing people.[23] United States
1970 Policy The Red Cross changes its policy on back slaps, and publishes a manual reading: "Do not allow anyone to slap you on your back if you are choking and do not try to dislodge an object from another person's throat by this means except as a last desperate effort to save his life."[23]
1972 Field development Leonard Cobb holds the world's first mass citizen training in CPR in Seattle, Washington called Medic 2, helping train over 100,000 people the first two years of the programs.[8]
1973 Instrumental Johnson & Johnson introduces the Marine First Aid Kit, a waterproof and buoyant case, including medications for seasickness and heat exhaustion, as well as an S-shaped plastic tube meant to help revive victims of drowning.[20] United States
1974 Field development American thoracic surgeon Henry Heimlich introduces his new technique later called Heimlich maneuver, a first-aid procedure for dislodging an obstruction from a person's windpipe in which a sudden strong pressure is applied on their abdomen, between the navel and the ribcage.[23] United States
1980 Literature (book) First Aid in Mental Health, by Joy Melville, is first published.[28] United Kingdom
1989 Organization The European Resuscitation Council is established, with aims at providing the standard for resuscitation guidelines and training in Europe and abroad.[29]
1992 Literature (book) The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook is published by the American Red Cross, and Kathleen A. Handal.[30] United States
1995 Field development The United States Department of Transportation issues a manual for an intermediate level of training called "First Responder".[31] United States
2000s Field development The LUCAS Chest Compression System is designed to help improve outcomes of sudden cardiac arrest victims and improve operations for medical responders.[10]
2000 Field development The Mental Health First Aid Program is developed in Australia by Betty Kitchener and Anthony Jorm.[32] Australia

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 29, 2021.

Year first aid first aid training first aid management first aid kit
1980 109,000 39,300 40,500 2,330
1985 131,000 28,100 31,900 2,610
1990 192,000 65,100 74,000 4,270
1995 245,000 56,800 73,100 7,320
2000 973,000 122,000 160,000 16,500
2002 674,000 118,000 159,000 16,100
2004 427,000 123,000 174,000 19,900
2006 486,000 140,000 200,000 24,600
2008 516,000 149,000 224,000 30,700
2010 558,000 176,000 252,000 38,000
2012 576,000 183,000 263,000 48,200
2014 522,000 175,000 240,000 51,300
2016 405,000 142,000 196,000 48,300
2017 350,000 127,000 167,000 47,800
2018 262,000 105,000 137,000 44,000
2019 184,000 86,800 110,000 39,800
2020 133,000 56,700 66,300 33,400
First aid tb.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for First aid (Search term) and First aid (Topic), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[33]

First aid gt.jpg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for First aid, from 1500 to 2019.[34]

First aid ngram.jpeg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article First aid, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.[35]

First aid wv.jpg

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "A Brief History of Endotracheal Intubation". paediatricemergencies.com. Retrieved 6 January 2019. 
  2. ↑ "First Aid: From Witchdoctors & Religious Knights to Modern Doctors". medicinenet.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The earliest days of first aid". doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6970.1718. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Birth of the First Aid Kit". jnj.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "The 130-Year History of the First Aid Kit". firstaidshoppe.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "History of the First-Aid Kit". providerprepared.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "History of First Aid". magnifiedts.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "History of CPR". heart.org. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  9. ↑ The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal, Volume 49. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Shanbhag, Madhura; Desai, Brinda; Desai, Vidhi; Bhowmick, Mita. "Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation – "Retrieving pulses down the years"". International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology. 
  11. ↑ "Historical background - First Aid for all". ifrc.org. Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  12. ↑ Kühn, Michael. "Antiquariat" (PDF). antiquariat-banzhaf.de. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  13. ↑ "Friedrich von Esmarch". britannica.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  14. ↑ "The beginning of the Red Cross". redcross.org.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  15. ↑ "The History of First Aid in the Army". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  16. ↑ "From 1888 to 2013: Celebrating the 125th Birthday of the First Aid Kit". kilmerhouse.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019. 
  17. ↑ Dillon, B. (8 Nov 1898), US Patent #613,761, retrieved 2016-11-29 
  18. ↑ "From a tree, a 'miracle' called aspirin". cnn.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "First Aid Kits". emedicinehealth.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 "Safety First: 12 Outside-the-Box First Aid Kits Made by Johnson & Johnson". jnj.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  21. ↑ "BAND-AID BRAND HERITAGE". band-aid.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  22. ↑ "THE INVENTION & HISTORY OF BAND-AID BRAND". bandaid.ca. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Historical Essay: The Heimlich Maneuver". abea.net. Retrieved 5 January 2019. 
  24. ↑ History of Allergy (K.-C. Bergmann, J. Ring ed.). 
  25. ↑ Halford, GM; Lordkipanidzé, M; Watson, SP (2012). "50th anniversary of the discovery of ibuprofen: an interview with Dr Stewart Adams.". Platelets. 23 (6): 415–22. PMID 22098129. doi:10.3109/09537104.2011.632032. 
  26. ↑ Halford, GM; Lordkipanidzé, M; Watson, SP. "50th anniversary of the discovery of ibuprofen: an interview with Dr Stewart Adams.". PMID 22098129. doi:10.3109/09537104.2011.632032. 
  27. ↑ "Ibuprofen at 50: The love affair with painkillers". bbc.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  28. ↑ Melville, Joy. First Aid in Mental Health. 
  29. ↑ "European Resuscitation Council". erc.edu. Retrieved 5 January 2019. 
  30. ↑ "The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook". Retrieved 3 January 2019. 
  31. ↑ "Emergency Medicine 2: First Responder". s2institute.com. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  32. ↑ "Mental Health First Aid: Program grows from humble Canberra beginnings to train people worldwide". abc.net.au. Retrieved 4 January 2019. 
  33. ↑ "First aid". Google Trends. Retrieved 16 February 2021. 
  34. ↑ "First aid". books.google.com. Retrieved 20 February 2021. 
  35. ↑ "First aid". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021. 
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