Difference between revisions of "Timeline of gastroenterology"

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This is a '''timeline of gastroenterology'''.
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This is a '''timeline of gastroenterology''', attempting to describe significant events in the development of the field. Advances in {{w|endoscopy}} are largely described.  
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary   
 
! Time period !! Development summary   
 
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| 19th century || The late century sees rapid advances in the understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the digestive tract.<ref name="British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview">{{cite web |title=British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview |url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2579722&blobtype=pdf |website=europepmc.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref>
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| 17th century || The first scientific studies of the digestive system are performed by {{w|Jan Baptist van Helmont}}.<ref name="Gastroenterologyvvvv">{{cite web |title=Gastroenterology |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gastroenterology |website=britannica.com |accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
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| 19th century || A major advance in treatment in the 19th century is the use of gastric lavage (washing out of the stomach) to treat stomach poisoning; this becomes a standard treatment for all forms of gastric irritation, and the long tube used to introduce the lavage fluid is also adapted to view the stomach for diagnostic use.<ref name="Gastroenterologyvvvv"/> The late century sees rapid advances in the understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the digestive tract.<ref name="British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview">{{cite web |title=British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview |url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC2579722&blobtype=pdf |website=europepmc.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1960s || Societies of endoscopy become widely established and provided, for persons in gastroenterology training, courses in the appropriate indications for endoscopic investigation and formal teaching of the techniques involved.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy"/>
 
| 1960s || Societies of endoscopy become widely established and provided, for persons in gastroenterology training, courses in the appropriate indications for endoscopic investigation and formal teaching of the techniques involved.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy"/>
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|20th century || In the 1960s and 1970s, advancements are made with endoscope lenght, improved visualization, and greater control.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> Since the 1970s, endoscopy starts becomming the incontrovertible tool of gastroenterology.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy">{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Richard H. |title=A brief history of endoscopy |doi=10.1016/S0016-5085(01)70141-2 |url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(01)70141-2/fulltext}}</ref>
 
|20th century || In the 1960s and 1970s, advancements are made with endoscope lenght, improved visualization, and greater control.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> Since the 1970s, endoscopy starts becomming the incontrovertible tool of gastroenterology.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy">{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Richard H. |title=A brief history of endoscopy |doi=10.1016/S0016-5085(01)70141-2 |url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(01)70141-2/fulltext}}</ref>
 
|}
 
|}
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
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! Year !! Event type !! Details
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! Year !! Event type !! Details || Location
 
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| 1767 || || {{w|Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann}} writes an important work on {{w|dysentery}}. || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1767 || Scientific development || {{w|Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann}} writes an important work on {{w|dysentery}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Heirs of Hippocrates: The Development of Medicine in a Catalogue of Historic Books in the Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, the University of Iowa |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iHVqAAAAMAAJ&q=1767+Johann+Georg+Ritter+von+Zimmermann+writes+an+important+work+on+dysentery.&dq=1767+Johann+Georg+Ritter+von+Zimmermann+writes+an+important+work+on+dysentery.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj227idtqPgAhVJEbkGHSqFB7UQ6AEIKTAA}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1777 || || {{w|Maximilian Stoll}} in {{w|Vienna}} describes cancer of the {{w|gallbladder}}.<ref>Edgardo Rivera, MD
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| 1777 || Scientific development || {{w|Maximilian Stoll}} in {{w|Vienna}} describes cancer of the {{w|gallbladder}}.<ref>Edgardo Rivera, MD
 
James L. Abbruzzese, MD; Pancreatic, Hepatic, and Biliary Carcinomas, MEDICAL ONCOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW [http://www.cancernetwork.com/textbook/morev16.htm/]</ref><ref>DeStoll M: Rationis Mendendi, in Nosocomio Practico vendobonensi.
 
James L. Abbruzzese, MD; Pancreatic, Hepatic, and Biliary Carcinomas, MEDICAL ONCOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW [http://www.cancernetwork.com/textbook/morev16.htm/]</ref><ref>DeStoll M: Rationis Mendendi, in Nosocomio Practico vendobonensi.
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Part 1 LugduniBatavarum, Haak et Socios et A et J Honkoop 1788, {{OCLC|23625746}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
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Part 1 LugduniBatavarum, Haak et Socios et A et J Honkoop 1788</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
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| 1805 || || "{{w|Philipp Bozzini}} makes the first attempt to observe inside the living human body using a tube he named ''Lichtleiter'' (light-guiding instrument) to examine the {{w|urinary tract}}, the {{w|rectum}}, and the {{w|human pharynx|pharynx}}. This is the earliest description of [[endoscopy]]."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilger|first=MA|title=Gastroenterologic endoscopy in children: past, present, and future|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|date=October 2001|volume=13|issue=5|pages=429–34|pmid=11801888|doi=10.1097/00008480-200110000-00008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.olympus-global.com/en/corc/history/endo/ The Origin of Endoscopes, Olympus history]</ref> ||
 
 
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| 1806 || || "The colonoscope and gastroscope both trace back to 1806, when Dr. Philipp Bozzini, of Mainz, Germany, first used a tin tube with a candle and mirror to view the bladder."<ref name="History of Gastroenterology">{{cite web |title=History of Gastroenterology |url=https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/279 |website=resident360.nejm.org |accessdate=1 February 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1805 || Scientific development || German physician {{w|Philipp Bozzini}} makes the first attempt to observe inside the living human body by devising a tin tube illuminated by a wax candle fitted with a mirror, to examine the {{w|urinary tract}}, the {{w|rectum}}, and the [[w:human pharynx|pharynx]]. This is the earliest description of {{w|endoscopy}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilger|first=MA|title=Gastroenterologic endoscopy in children: past, present, and future|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|date=October 2001|volume=13|issue=5|pages=429–34|pmid=11801888|doi=10.1097/00008480-200110000-00008}}</ref><ref>[http://www.olympus-global.com/en/corc/history/endo/ The Origin of Endoscopes, Olympus history]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lingeman |first1=James E. |title=Urinary calculi: ESWL, endourology, and medical therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NGNsAAAAMAAJ&q=1806++Philipp+Bozzini++tin+tube+with+a+candle+and+mirror+to+view+the+bladder&dq=1806++Philipp+Bozzini++tin+tube+with+a+candle+and+mirror+to+view+the+bladder&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX1__dtKPgAhU8HrkGHYQZBHkQ6AEIKTAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sivak |first1=Michael V. |title=Gastroenterologic Endoscopy: Principles and concepts of gastroenterologic endoscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2AhsAAAAMAAJ&q=1806++Philipp+Bozzini++tin+tube+with+a+candle+and+mirror+to+view+the+bladder&dq=1806++Philipp+Bozzini++tin+tube+with+a+candle+and+mirror+to+view+the+bladder&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX1__dtKPgAhU8HrkGHYQZBHkQ6AEILjAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Richard M. |last2=Wildt |first2=David E. |title=Animal Laparoscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_BdtAAAAMAAJ&q=1806++Philipp+Bozzini++tin+tube+with+a+candle+and+mirror+to+view+the+bladder&dq=1806++Philipp+Bozzini++tin+tube+with+a+candle+and+mirror+to+view+the+bladder&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX1__dtKPgAhU8HrkGHYQZBHkQ6AEIMTAC}}</ref><ref name="History of Gastroenterology">{{cite web |title=History of Gastroenterology |url=https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/279 |website=resident360.nejm.org |accessdate=1 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1823 || Scientific development || English physician {{w|William Prout}} demonstrates thet the stomach contains free {{w|hydrochloric acid}}.<ref>''Prout, W.'' On the nature of the acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomachs of animals.&nbsp;– Philos. Transactions, 1824, 1, 45.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Modlin |first1=Irvin M. |last2=Sachs |first2=George |title=Acid Related Diseases: Biology and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Gk1iSM2PA4oC&pg=PA11&dq=In+1823,+William+Prout+discovered+that+stomach+juices+contain+hydrochloric+acid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgPHt6Z_gAhWIK7kGHRdKB-cQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=In%201823%2C%20William%20Prout%20discovered%20that%20stomach%20juices%20contain%20hydrochloric%20acid&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Louis |title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=futgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=In+1823,+William+Prout+discovered+that+stomach+juices+contain+hydrochloric+acid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgPHt6Z_gAhWIK7kGHRdKB-cQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=In%201823%2C%20William%20Prout%20discovered%20that%20stomach%20juices%20contain%20hydrochloric%20acid&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology">{{cite book |title=Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology |edition=Daniel K. Podolsky, Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz, Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h12-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA403&dq=In+1823,+William+Prout+discovered+that+stomach+juices+contain+hydrochloric+acid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgPHt6Z_gAhWIK7kGHRdKB-cQ6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&q=In%201823%2C%20William%20Prout%20discovered%20that%20stomach%20juices%20contain%20hydrochloric%20acid&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1823 || Scientific development || English physician {{w|William Prout}} demonstrates thet the stomach contains free {{w|hydrochloric acid}}.<ref>''Prout, W.'' On the nature of the acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomachs of animals.&nbsp;– Philos. Transactions, 1824, 1, 45.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Modlin |first1=Irvin M. |last2=Sachs |first2=George |title=Acid Related Diseases: Biology and Treatment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Gk1iSM2PA4oC&pg=PA11&dq=In+1823,+William+Prout+discovered+that+stomach+juices+contain+hydrochloric+acid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgPHt6Z_gAhWIK7kGHRdKB-cQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=In%201823%2C%20William%20Prout%20discovered%20that%20stomach%20juices%20contain%20hydrochloric%20acid&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Louis |title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=futgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=In+1823,+William+Prout+discovered+that+stomach+juices+contain+hydrochloric+acid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgPHt6Z_gAhWIK7kGHRdKB-cQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=In%201823%2C%20William%20Prout%20discovered%20that%20stomach%20juices%20contain%20hydrochloric%20acid&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology">{{cite book |title=Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology |edition=Daniel K. Podolsky, Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz, Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=h12-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA403&dq=In+1823,+William+Prout+discovered+that+stomach+juices+contain+hydrochloric+acid&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgPHt6Z_gAhWIK7kGHRdKB-cQ6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&q=In%201823%2C%20William%20Prout%20discovered%20that%20stomach%20juices%20contain%20hydrochloric%20acid&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1824 || Literature || {{w|William Prout}} publishes On the nature of acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomach of animals.<ref name="Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1824 || Literature || {{w|William Prout}} publishes On the nature of acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomach of animals.<ref name="Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1833 || Literature (book) || American surgeon {{w|William Beaumont}} publishes ''Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion''.  Beaumont is known as the "Father of [[w:Gastrointestinal physiology|Gastric Physiology]]" following his research on human digestion.<ref name="National Library of Medicine">[http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=beaumont131 William Beaumont Papers (1812-1959)], ''National Library of Medicine''</ref><ref>{{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Beaumont, William}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1833 || Literature (book) || American surgeon {{w|William Beaumont}} publishes ''Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion''.  Beaumont is known as the "Father of [[w:Gastrointestinal physiology|Gastric Physiology]]" following his research on human digestion.<ref name="National Library of Medicine">[http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=beaumont131 William Beaumont Papers (1812-1959)], ''National Library of Medicine''</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1868 || || German physician {{w|Adolf Kussmaul}} performs the first {{w|gastroscopy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gastroenterological Endoscopy |edition=Meinhard Classen, G. N. J. Tytgat, Charles J. Lightdale |title=Gastroenterological Endoscopy
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| 1868 || Medical development || German physician {{w|Adolf Kussmaul}} performs the first {{w|gastroscopy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gastroenterological Endoscopy |edition=Meinhard Classen, G. N. J. Tytgat, Charles J. Lightdale |title=Gastroenterological Endoscopy
 
|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sp0istaUg1AC&pg=PA17&dq=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5sMu57p_gAhUGLLkGHbAkAIkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201868%2C%20Adolf%20Kussmaul%2C%20a%20well-known%20German%20physician%2C%20developed%20the%20gastroscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Litynski |first1=Grzegorz S. |title=Highlights in the history of laparoscopy: the development of laparoscopic techniques-- a cumulative effort of internists, gynecologists, and surgeons |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KlxsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&dq=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5sMu57p_gAhUGLLkGHbAkAIkQ6AEILzAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sivak |first1=Michael V. |title=Gastroenterologic Endoscopy: Principles and concepts of gastroenterologic endoscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2AhsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&dq=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5sMu57p_gAhUGLLkGHbAkAIkQ6AEINzAD}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sp0istaUg1AC&pg=PA17&dq=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5sMu57p_gAhUGLLkGHbAkAIkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201868%2C%20Adolf%20Kussmaul%2C%20a%20well-known%20German%20physician%2C%20developed%20the%20gastroscope&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Litynski |first1=Grzegorz S. |title=Highlights in the history of laparoscopy: the development of laparoscopic techniques-- a cumulative effort of internists, gynecologists, and surgeons |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KlxsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&dq=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5sMu57p_gAhUGLLkGHbAkAIkQ6AEILzAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sivak |first1=Michael V. |title=Gastroenterologic Endoscopy: Principles and concepts of gastroenterologic endoscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2AhsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&dq=%22In+1868,+Adolf+Kussmaul,+a+well-known+German+physician,+developed+the+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5sMu57p_gAhUGLLkGHbAkAIkQ6AEINzAD}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1871 || || Austrian laryngologist {{w|Karl Stoerk}} in {{w|Vienna}} demonstrates an {{w|esophagoscope}} made of two telescopic metal tubes.<ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine">{{cite book |last1=Sebastian |first1=Anton |title=A Dictionary of the History of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CvpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712&dq=%22In+1871%22+Carl+Stoerk+++an+esophagoscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij7ZeP8Z_gAhV9GbkGHXZHB3IQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201871%22%20Carl%20Stoerk%20%20%20an%20esophagoscope&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
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| 1871 || Medical development || Austrian laryngologist {{w|Karl Stoerk}} in {{w|Vienna}} demonstrates an {{w|esophagoscope}} made of two telescopic metal tubes.<ref name="A Dictionary of the History of Medicine">{{cite book |last1=Sebastian |first1=Anton |title=A Dictionary of the History of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CvpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712&dq=%22In+1871%22+Carl+Stoerk+++an+esophagoscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij7ZeP8Z_gAhV9GbkGHXZHB3IQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%201871%22%20Carl%20Stoerk%20%20%20an%20esophagoscope&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 
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| 1876 || || German pathologist {{w|Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer}} first describes the properties of some liver cells now called {{w|Kupffer cell}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Cancer |edition=Manfred Schwab |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yMFN5dvgNscC&pg=PA1964&dq=In+1876,+Karl+Wilhelm+von+Kupffer+described+the+properties+of+some+liver+cells+now+called+Kupffer+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi83sDE75_gAhU3IbkGHUcLByoQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=In%201876%2C%20Karl%20Wilhelm%20von%20Kupffer%20described%20the%20properties%20of%20some%20liver%20cells%20now%20called%20Kupffer%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pathobiology of Human Disease: A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uQB0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1767&dq=In+1876,+Karl+Wilhelm+von+Kupffer+described+the+properties+of+some+liver+cells+now+called+Kupffer+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi83sDE75_gAhU3IbkGHUcLByoQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=In%201876%2C%20Karl%20Wilhelm%20von%20Kupffer%20described%20the%20properties%20of%20some%20liver%20cells%20now%20called%20Kupffer%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases |edition=Jean-Francois Dufour, Pierre-Alain Clavien |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PgFyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=In+1876,+Karl+Wilhelm+von+Kupffer+described+the+properties+of+some+liver+cells+now+called+Kupffer+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi83sDE75_gAhU3IbkGHUcLByoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=In%201876%2C%20Karl%20Wilhelm%20von%20Kupffer%20described%20the%20properties%20of%20some%20liver%20cells%20now%20called%20Kupffer%20cell&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1876 || Scientific development || German pathologist {{w|Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer}} first describes the properties of some liver cells now called {{w|Kupffer cell}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Cancer |edition=Manfred Schwab |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yMFN5dvgNscC&pg=PA1964&dq=In+1876,+Karl+Wilhelm+von+Kupffer+described+the+properties+of+some+liver+cells+now+called+Kupffer+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi83sDE75_gAhU3IbkGHUcLByoQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=In%201876%2C%20Karl%20Wilhelm%20von%20Kupffer%20described%20the%20properties%20of%20some%20liver%20cells%20now%20called%20Kupffer%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Pathobiology of Human Disease: A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uQB0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1767&dq=In+1876,+Karl+Wilhelm+von+Kupffer+described+the+properties+of+some+liver+cells+now+called+Kupffer+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi83sDE75_gAhU3IbkGHUcLByoQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=In%201876%2C%20Karl%20Wilhelm%20von%20Kupffer%20described%20the%20properties%20of%20some%20liver%20cells%20now%20called%20Kupffer%20cell&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases |edition=Jean-Francois Dufour, Pierre-Alain Clavien |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PgFyCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=In+1876,+Karl+Wilhelm+von+Kupffer+described+the+properties+of+some+liver+cells+now+called+Kupffer+cell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi83sDE75_gAhU3IbkGHUcLByoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=In%201876%2C%20Karl%20Wilhelm%20von%20Kupffer%20described%20the%20properties%20of%20some%20liver%20cells%20now%20called%20Kupffer%20cell&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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| 1879 || Technology || American inventor {{w|Thomas Edison}} invents the {{w|incandescent light bulb}}.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1879 || Technology || American inventor {{w|Thomas Edison}} invents the {{w|incandescent light bulb}}.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1911 || Medical development || H. Eisner introduces the rigid endoscope.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1911 || Medical development || H. Eisner introduces the rigid endoscope.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
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|-
−
| 1915 || || American chemist {{w|Jesse Francis McClendon}} tests [[w:Gastric acid|acidity]] of human stomach ''{{w|in situ}}''."<ref>McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations.&nbsp;– Amer. J. Physoil., 1915, 38, 2, 180.</ref><ref name="Gastroenterology">{{cite web |title=Gastroenterology |url=http://www.gastroenterologistviswanath.com/gastro.html |website=gastroenterologistviswanath.com |accessdate=3 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McClendon |first1=Jesse Francis |last2=Medes |first2=Grace |title=Physical chemistry in biology and medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5Q6AAAAMAAJ&q=%22jesse+mcclendon+acidity&dq=%22jesse+mcclendon+acidity&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl5YW39p_gAhW-E7kGHaexCZsQ6AEIKjAA}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1915 || Scientific development || American chemist {{w|Jesse Francis McClendon}} tests [[w:Gastric acid|acidity]] of human stomach ''{{w|in situ}}''.<ref>McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations.&nbsp;– Amer. J. Physoil., 1915, 38, 2, 180.</ref><ref name="Gastroenterology">{{cite web |title=Gastroenterology |url=http://www.gastroenterologistviswanath.com/gastro.html |website=gastroenterologistviswanath.com |accessdate=3 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McClendon |first1=Jesse Francis |last2=Medes |first2=Grace |title=Physical chemistry in biology and medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=C5Q6AAAAMAAJ&q=%22jesse+mcclendon+acidity&dq=%22jesse+mcclendon+acidity&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl5YW39p_gAhW-E7kGHaexCZsQ6AEIKjAA}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1940 || Medical development || The Cameron-Schindler gastroscope is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1940 || Medical development || The Cameron-Schindler gastroscope is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
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| 1945 || Medical development || Eder semi-flexible gastroscope model 105 is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1945 || Medical development || Eder semi-flexible gastroscope model 105 is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1921 || ||  American medical doctor {{w|Walter Alvarez}} performs the first cutaneous electrogastrography (EEG).<ref>Alvarez W. C. The electrogastrogram and what it shows. JAMA, 78(15):1116-18, 1922.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Galmiche |first1=J. P. |title=Non-ulcer Dyspepsia: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Approaches |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oAp1EgTCYcsC&pg=PA92&dq=%22Walter+Alvarez%22+%22electrogastrography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih34TN95_gAhUTK7kGHW23BisQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%22Walter%20Alvarez%22%20%22electrogastrography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Stern |first2=Robert Morris |title=Handbook of Electrogastrography |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2kxnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Walter+Alvarez%22+%22electrogastrography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih34TN95_gAhUTK7kGHW23BisQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Walter%20Alvarez%22%20%22electrogastrography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering |edition=Gary E. Wnek, Gary L. Bowlin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0ThZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA947&dq=%22Walter+Alvarez%22+%22electrogastrography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih34TN95_gAhUTK7kGHW23BisQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=%22Walter%20Alvarez%22%20%22electrogastrography%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1921 || Medical development ||  American medical doctor {{w|Walter Alvarez}} performs the first cutaneous electrogastrography (EEG).<ref>Alvarez W. C. The electrogastrogram and what it shows. JAMA, 78(15):1116-18, 1922.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Galmiche |first1=J. P. |title=Non-ulcer Dyspepsia: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Approaches |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oAp1EgTCYcsC&pg=PA92&dq=%22Walter+Alvarez%22+%22electrogastrography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih34TN95_gAhUTK7kGHW23BisQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=%22Walter%20Alvarez%22%20%22electrogastrography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Stern |first2=Robert Morris |title=Handbook of Electrogastrography |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2kxnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22Walter+Alvarez%22+%22electrogastrography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih34TN95_gAhUTK7kGHW23BisQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Walter%20Alvarez%22%20%22electrogastrography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering |edition=Gary E. Wnek, Gary L. Bowlin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0ThZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA947&dq=%22Walter+Alvarez%22+%22electrogastrography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih34TN95_gAhUTK7kGHW23BisQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=%22Walter%20Alvarez%22%20%22electrogastrography%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1932 || || "[[Rudolf Schindler (doctor)|Rudolf Schindler]] described many important diseases involving the human digestive system during [[World War I]] in his illustrated textbook and is portrayed by some as the "father of gastroscopy". He and [[Georg Wolf]] developed a semiflexible gastroscope in 1932." ||
+
| 1932 || Medical development  || German physician {{w|Rudolf Schindler}} and Georg Wolf develop a flexible gastroscope.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Classen |first1=Meinhard |last2=Tytgat |first2=Guido N. J. |title=Gastroenterological Endoscopy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eoZCxkb1Z1gC&pg=PA3&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22Rudolf+Schindler%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxwbjn5qLgAhWHjlkKHXYLBkkQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22Rudolf%20Schindler%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sebastian |first1=Anton |title=A Dictionary of the History of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CvpKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT821&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22Rudolf+Schindler%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxwbjn5qLgAhWHjlkKHXYLBkkQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22Rudolf%20Schindler%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gastrointestinal Disease: An Endoscopic Approach, Volume 1 |edition=Anthony J. DiMarino, Stanley B. Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=U1vGuZDuAsUC&pg=PA3&dq=%22in+1932%22+%22Rudolf+Schindler%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxwbjn5qLgAhWHjlkKHXYLBkkQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201932%22%20%22Rudolf%20Schindler%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1932 || Scientific development || American gastroenterologist {{w|Burrill Bernard Crohn}} describes {{w|Crohn's disease}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Tauseef |title=Crohn's and Colitis For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QTxUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=In+1932,+Burrill+Bernard+Crohn+described+Crohn%27s+disease&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioyuqwyqLgAhWaIrkGHed4CmIQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=In%201932%2C%20Burrill%20Bernard%20Crohn%20described%20Crohn's%20disease&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Medicine |edition=P.H. Collin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT592&dq=In+1932,+Burrill+Bernard+Crohn+described+Crohn%27s+disease&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioyuqwyqLgAhWaIrkGHed4CmIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=In%201932%2C%20Burrill%20Bernard%20Crohn%20described%20Crohn's%20disease&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Newburg |first1=Joseph |title=Crohn's Disease Diet and Cookbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8SpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5&dq=In+1932,+Burrill+Bernard+Crohn+described+Crohn%27s+disease&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioyuqwyqLgAhWaIrkGHed4CmIQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=In%201932%2C%20Burrill%20Bernard%20Crohn%20described%20Crohn's%20disease&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1932 || Scientific development || American gastroenterologist {{w|Burrill Bernard Crohn}} describes {{w|Crohn's disease}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Tauseef |title=Crohn's and Colitis For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QTxUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=In+1932,+Burrill+Bernard+Crohn+described+Crohn%27s+disease&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioyuqwyqLgAhWaIrkGHed4CmIQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=In%201932%2C%20Burrill%20Bernard%20Crohn%20described%20Crohn's%20disease&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Medicine |edition=P.H. Collin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xD3JAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT592&dq=In+1932,+Burrill+Bernard+Crohn+described+Crohn%27s+disease&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioyuqwyqLgAhWaIrkGHed4CmIQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=In%201932%2C%20Burrill%20Bernard%20Crohn%20described%20Crohn's%20disease&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Newburg |first1=Joseph |title=Crohn's Disease Diet and Cookbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8SpiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5&dq=In+1932,+Burrill+Bernard+Crohn+described+Crohn%27s+disease&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioyuqwyqLgAhWaIrkGHed4CmIQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=In%201932%2C%20Burrill%20Bernard%20Crohn%20described%20Crohn's%20disease&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1932 || || ''{{w|The American College of Gastroenterology}}'' is founded.<ref name="Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013)"/> ||
+
| 1932 || Organization || ''{{w|The American College of Gastroenterology}}'' is founded.<ref name="Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013)"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1932 || Medical development || German engineer Georg Wolff develops a semiflexible instrument with a flexible distal shaft, considered the first safe workable gastroscope.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
 
| 1932 || Medical development || German engineer Georg Wolff develops a semiflexible instrument with a flexible distal shaft, considered the first safe workable gastroscope.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1934 || Literature (journal) || The {{w|American Journal of Gastroenterology}} is founded.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=Raj K. |title=Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013) |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.05.020 |url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00752-X/fulltext |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1934 || Literature (journal) || The {{w|American Journal of Gastroenterology}} is founded.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goyal |first1=Raj K. |title=Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013) |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2013.05.020 |url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00752-X/fulltext |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1934 || Literature (journal) || [[w:Digestive Diseases and Sciences|The American Journal of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition]] is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Covering Digestive Diseases and Sciences: How to Judge a Journal by Its Cover |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-013-2635-8 |website=springer.com |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1937 || Organization || The {{w|British Society of Gastroenterology}} is founded.<ref name="British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1937 || Organization || The {{w|British Society of Gastroenterology}} is founded.<ref name="British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1941 || Organization || The American Gastroscopic Club is founded.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy"/> || {{w|United States}}  
 
| 1941 || Organization || The American Gastroscopic Club is founded.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy"/> || {{w|United States}}  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1943 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''[[w:Gastroenterology (journal)|Gastroenterology]]'' is established.<ref name="Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013)">{{cite web |title=Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013) |website=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00752-X/fulltext |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 1943 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''[[w:Gastroenterology (journal)|Gastroenterology]]'' is established.<ref name="Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013)">{{cite web |title=Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013) |url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(13)00752-X/fulltext |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Late 1940s || Medical development || Gastric and esophageal biobsies are introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| Late 1940s || Medical development || Gastric and esophageal biobsies are introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
Line 91: Line 94:
 
| 1952 || Medical development || Uji and Olympus Coroporation in {{w|Japan}} develop the gastrocamera.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1952 || Medical development || Uji and Olympus Coroporation in {{w|Japan}} develop the gastrocamera.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1954 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Gastrointestinal Endoscopy}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(02)70063-1/pdf |url=https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(02)70063-1/pdf |website=giejournal.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 1954 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Gastrointestinal Endoscopy}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capsule endoscopy: The voyage is fantastic—will it change what we do? |url=https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(02)70063-1/pdf |website=giejournal.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1954 || Medical development || H. Hopkins and N.S. Kapany describe a flexible fibroscope using glass fibers to transmit light.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1954 || Medical development || H. Hopkins and N.S. Kapany describe a flexible fibroscope using glass fibers to transmit light.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
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| 1957 || Scientific development || Sakula and Shiner demonstrate a flat, small intestinal mucosa on biopsy of the small bowel of a chils with coeliac disease. The finding is of particular importance in the development of {{w|paediatric gastroenterology}}.<ref name="Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood"/> ||
 
| 1957 || Scientific development || Sakula and Shiner demonstrate a flat, small intestinal mucosa on biopsy of the small bowel of a chils with coeliac disease. The finding is of particular importance in the development of {{w|paediatric gastroenterology}}.<ref name="Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1957 || || The fiberoptic endoscope is released.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy"/> ||
+
| 1957 || Medical development || The fiberoptic endoscope is released.<ref name="A brief history of endoscopy"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1958 || Organization || The {{w|World Gastroenterology Organisation}} is founded. It consists of a federation of over 100 member societies of gastroenterology, hepatology, endoscopy, and other related disciplines.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of WGO |url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/about-wgo/history-of-wgo |website=worldgastroenterology.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1958 || Organization || The {{w|World Gastroenterology Organisation}} is founded. It consists of a federation of over 100 member societies of gastroenterology, hepatology, endoscopy, and other related disciplines.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of WGO |url=http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/about-wgo/history-of-wgo |website=worldgastroenterology.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
Line 107: Line 110:
 
| 1960 || Medical development || Physicians in {{w|Japan}} and the {{w|United States}} become actively engaged in developing instruments to visualize the colon.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|United States}}
 
| 1960 || Medical development || Physicians in {{w|Japan}} and the {{w|United States}} become actively engaged in developing instruments to visualize the colon.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1960–1967 || Medical development || American gastroenterologist Bergein Overholt, in conjunction with Eder Instrument Co., develop a flexible fiber-optic sigmoidoscope.
+
| 1961 || Medical development || American gastroenterologist Bergein Overholt conceives the idea of adapting [[w:Optical fiber|fiberoptic]] technology to examination of the rectum and colon. || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1960 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''[[w:Gut (journal)|Gut]]'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Society of Gastroenterology: golden jubilee |url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1257759&blobtype=pdf |website=europepmc.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1960 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''[[w:Gut (journal)|Gut]]'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=British Society of Gastroenterology: golden jubilee |url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1257759&blobtype=pdf |website=europepmc.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1963 || || {{w|Basil Hirschowitz}} reports a fiberoscope evolved to include a controllable tip, forward-viewing optics, channels for insufflation, and aspiration and passage of accessories, including biopsy forceps.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide |edition=Subbaramiah Sridhar, George Y. Wu |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rkFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=1957,+Basil+Hirschowitz+introduced+the+first+prototype+of+a+fibreoptic+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz1aHD_Z_gAhWUIbkGHSKNDHEQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=1957%2C%20Basil%20Hirschowitz%20introduced%20the%20first%20prototype%20of%20a%20fibreoptic%20gastroscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
+
| 1963 || Medical development || {{w|Basil Hirschowitz}} reports a fiberoscope evolved to include a controllable tip, forward-viewing optics, channels for insufflation, and aspiration and passage of accessories, including biopsy forceps.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide |edition=Subbaramiah Sridhar, George Y. Wu |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rkFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&dq=1957,+Basil+Hirschowitz+introduced+the+first+prototype+of+a+fibreoptic+gastroscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiz1aHD_Z_gAhWUIbkGHSKNDHEQ6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=1957%2C%20Basil%20Hirschowitz%20introduced%20the%20first%20prototype%20of%20a%20fibreoptic%20gastroscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1966 || || The ''{{w|Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology}}'' is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/igas20 |website=tandfonline.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 1963 || Medical development || {{w|Bergein Overholt}} develops a prototype flexible fiberoptic instrument.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1965 || Medical development || The first total colonoscopy is performed in {{w|Sardinia}}, {{w|Italy}}.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1966 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology}}'' is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/igas20 |website=tandfonline.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1968 || Organization || The European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology is founded.<ref name="Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood">{{cite book |last1=Walker-Smith |first1=John A. |title=Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PlIJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22gastroenterology%22+%22in+1950..1959%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkk7e-h53gAhVdIrkGHUiyBNUQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22gastroenterology%22%20%22in%201950..1959%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
| 1968 || Organization || The European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology is founded.<ref name="Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood">{{cite book |last1=Walker-Smith |first1=John A. |title=Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PlIJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22gastroenterology%22+%22in+1950..1959%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkk7e-h53gAhVdIrkGHUiyBNUQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22gastroenterology%22%20%22in%201950..1959%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1972 || Medical development || Vennes and Silvis publish their first 80 biliary cannulation attempts.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1972 || Medical development || Vennes and Silvis publish their first 80 biliary cannulation attempts.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1974 || Medical development || {{w|Sphincteroctomy}} is performed facilitating removal of two common bile duct stones and ushering a new era of therapeutic pancreaticobiliary endoscopy.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1975 || Medical development || Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) becomes therapeutic. Endoscopic sphincteroctomy for non-surgical removal of biliary calculi.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1975 || Medical development || Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) becomes therapeutic. Endoscopic sphincteroctomy for non-surgical removal of biliary calculi.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1976 || Medical development || Lutz and Rosch incorporate ultrasound into a standard endoscope when passing an ultrasound probe through an accessory port of an endoscope.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+
| 1976 || Medical development || Lutz and Rosch incorporate ultrasound into a standard endoscope when passing an ultrasound probe through an accessory port of an endoscope.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> They report the use of 4 MHz Siemens ultrasonic probe, passed through a biopsy channel of an existing Olympus endoscope.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|Germany}}
−
|-
 
−
| 1976 || Medical development || Lutz and Rosch report the use of 4 MHz Siemens ultrasonic probe, passed through a biopsy channel of an existing Olympus endoscope.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
−
|-
 
−
| 1979 || Literature (journal) || ''{{w|Digestive Diseases and Sciences}}'' ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1979 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology}}'' is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |url=https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Citation/1979/12000/SUBJECT_INDEX.21.aspx |website=journals.lww.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1979 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology}}'' is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |url=https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Citation/1979/12000/SUBJECT_INDEX.21.aspx |website=journals.lww.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
Line 152: Line 157:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1982 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition [electronic resource] |url=http://library.deakin.edu.au/search~S1?/i02772248/i02772248/1%2C1%2C1%2CE/frameset&FF=i02772116&0%2C0%2C |website=library.deakin.edu.au |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1982 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition [electronic resource] |url=http://library.deakin.edu.au/search~S1?/i02772248/i02772248/1%2C1%2C1%2CE/frameset&FF=i02772116&0%2C0%2C |website=library.deakin.edu.au |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1983 || Medeical development || Video endoscopy is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1985 || Medical development || Ultrasonic transducers with variable frequencies are incorporated into video scopes which are available by the time.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1985 || Medical development || Ultrasonic transducers with variable frequencies are incorporated into video scopes which are available by the time.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || Medical development || Endoscopic control of non-variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Mid 1980s || Medical development || The sonde enteroscope is developed.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| Mid 1980s || Medical development || The sonde enteroscope is developed.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
Line 160: Line 169:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1987 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=27822&tip=sid |website=scimagojr.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1987 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=27822&tip=sid |website=scimagojr.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1988 || Medical development || Endoscopic hemostasis clips are introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| Late 1980s || Medical development || Japanese {{w|Olympus Corporation}} and {{w|Fujinon}} become first industry leaders in videoendoscopy.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1989 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology}}'' is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=28310&tip=sid |website=scimagojr.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1989 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology}}'' is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=28310&tip=sid |website=scimagojr.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1989 || || ''{{w|Neurogastroenterology & Motility}}''. ||
+
| 1989 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Neurogastroenterology & Motility}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exploring options in advanced motility training |url=https://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(07)01723-3/pdf |website=giejournal.org |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref>
 +
||
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || Medical development || Endoscopic variceal ligation is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| Early 1990s || Medical development || The {{w|argon plasma coagulation}} is introduced as a medical endoscopic procedure.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || || Giancarlo Caletti performs on submucosal lessions of the stomach the first endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
+
| 1991 || Medical development || Giancarlo Caletti performs on submucosal lessions of the stomach the first endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration.<ref name="Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1991 || Medical development || Wiersema et al. demonstrate the ability to perform fine needle aspiration of nodes and lesions for the diagnosis of neoplasms of the mediastium and upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
| 1991 || Medical development || Wiersema et al. demonstrate the ability to perform fine needle aspiration of nodes and lesions for the diagnosis of neoplasms of the mediastium and upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
Line 171: Line 189:
 
| 1992 || Literature (journal) || The {{w|United European Gastroenterology}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=SpectraScience WavSTAT Optical Biopsy System to Be Featured at United European Gastroenterology Week |url=http://www.spectrascience.com/index.php/news/spectrascience-wavstat-optical-biopsy-system-to-be-featured-at-united-europ |website=spectrascience.com |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1992 || Literature (journal) || The {{w|United European Gastroenterology}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=SpectraScience WavSTAT Optical Biopsy System to Be Featured at United European Gastroenterology Week |url=http://www.spectrascience.com/index.php/news/spectrascience-wavstat-optical-biopsy-system-to-be-featured-at-united-europ |website=spectrascience.com |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1995 || Literature (journal) || ''{{w|Inflammatory Bowel Diseases}}''. ||
+
| 1995 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Inflammatory Bowel Diseases}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volume 1, Issue 4, 1 November 1995 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/issue/1/4 |website=academic.oup.com |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1995 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|World Journal of Gastroenterology}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Variations of author origins in World Journal of Gastroenterology during 2001-2007 |url=https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v14/i19/3108.htm |website=wjgnet.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1995 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|World Journal of Gastroenterology}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Variations of author origins in World Journal of Gastroenterology during 2001-2007 |url=https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v14/i19/3108.htm |website=wjgnet.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
Line 178: Line 196:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2001 || Medical development || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves use of a capsule device for imaging of a small intestine. Images are transmitted wirelessly from a capsule to a data recorder worn by the patient.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 2001 || Medical development || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves use of a capsule device for imaging of a small intestine. Images are transmitted wirelessly from a capsule to a data recorder worn by the patient.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2001 || Medical development || Yamamoto introduces double-balloon small bowel enteroscope.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2001 || Medical development || Video capsule endoscopy is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2003 || Medical development || Medical journal ''{{w|Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kanwal |first1=Fasiha |last2=El-Serag |first2=Hashem B. |title=The Top Five Reasons You Should Publish in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2016.11.020 |url=https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(16)31118-1/fulltext}}</ref> ||
 
| 2003 || Medical development || Medical journal ''{{w|Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kanwal |first1=Fasiha |last2=El-Serag |first2=Hashem B. |title=The Top Five Reasons You Should Publish in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2016.11.020 |url=https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(16)31118-1/fulltext}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || Literature (journal) || ''{{w|Gastrointestinal Nursing}}''  ||
+
| 2003 || Medical development || Endoscopic mucosal resection is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2005 || || "In 2005, [[Barry Marshall]] and [[Robin Warren]] of Australia were awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for their discovery of ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' (1982/1983) and its role in [[peptic ulcer disease]]. James Leavitt assisted in their research, but the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously so he was not included in the award." ||
+
| 2005 || Award || Australian scientists {{w|Barry Marshall}} and {{w|Robin Warren}} are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 || Medical development || Highly definition video colonoscopy is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2007 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Crohn's and Colitis}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of Crohn's and Colitis |url=https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/issue/1/2 |website=academic.oup.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 2007 || Literature (journal) || The ''{{w|Journal of Crohn's and Colitis}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journal of Crohn's and Colitis |url=https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/issue/1/2 |website=academic.oup.com |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2007 || Literature (journal) || ''{{w|Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology}}''. ||
+
| 2007 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Introducing Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology |doi=10.1586/17474124.1.1.1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23653332_Introducing_Expert_Review_of_Gastroenterology_and_Hepatology |accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2008 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/1504/ |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 2008 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/1504/ |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
Line 193: Line 217:
 
| 2010 || Literature (journal) || Open access medical journal ''{{w|Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to AJG and CTG |url=http://acgblog.org/2017/06/15/congratulations-to-ajg-and-ctg/ |website=acgblog.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 2010 || Literature (journal) || Open access medical journal ''{{w|Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology}}'' is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to AJG and CTG |url=http://acgblog.org/2017/06/15/congratulations-to-ajg-and-ctg/ |website=acgblog.org |accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || Organization || {{w|GI Forum}} ||
+
| 2012 || Organization || {{w|GI Forum}} is founded as an online community where individuals discuss and share information relevant to gastroenterology and hepatology.<ref>{{cite web |title=GI Forum |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/GIForumHQ/about/ |website=facebook.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || Medical development || Hemostatic powders are introduced for endoscopy.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || Medical development || FUSE omnidirectional endoscopy is introduced.<ref name="Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! gastroenterology
 +
! pediatric gastroenterology
 +
! gastroenterology hepatology
 +
! gastroenterology nutrition
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 18,500 || 505 || 2,340 || 1,400
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 19,300 || 1,640 || 4,220 || 2,680
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 23,500 || 1,750 || 5,140 || 3,290
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 48,100 || 2,760 || 8,550 || 5,330
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 96,100 || 6,110 || 15,800 || 9,530
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 106,000 || 6,290 || 16,500 || 9,940
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 132,000 || 8,400 || 23,800 || 13,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 147,000 || 8,970 || 26,300 || 13,900
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 157,000 || 10,500 || 32,800 || 25,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 176,000 || 12,400 || 35,600 || 18,500
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 228,000 || 16,300 || 46,400 || 25,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 227,000 || 18,000 || 51,500 || 29,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 190,000 || 20,100 || 55,700 || 33,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 161,000 || 20,900 || 52,800 || 33,900
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 147,000 || 21,900 || 51,500 || 35,200
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 121,000 || 22,400 || 50,500 || 34,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 91,300 || 24,500 || 42,300 || 33,000
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Gastroenterology tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Gastroenterology (Search term) and Gastroenterology (Branch of medicine), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gastroenterology |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Gastroenterology,%2Fm%2F03dcd |website=Google Trends |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Gastroenterology gt.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Gastroenterology, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gastroenterology |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Gastroenterology&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Gastroenterology ngram.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Gastroenterology}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gastroenterology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Gastroenterology&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Gastroenterology wv.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 201: Line 296:
 
===How the timeline was built===
 
===How the timeline was built===
  
−
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXME]].
+
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
  
 
{{funding info}} is available.
 
{{funding info}} is available.

Latest revision as of 21:45, 26 July 2023

This is a timeline of gastroenterology, attempting to describe significant events in the development of the field. Advances in endoscopy are largely described.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
17th century The first scientific studies of the digestive system are performed by Jan Baptist van Helmont.[1]
19th century A major advance in treatment in the 19th century is the use of gastric lavage (washing out of the stomach) to treat stomach poisoning; this becomes a standard treatment for all forms of gastric irritation, and the long tube used to introduce the lavage fluid is also adapted to view the stomach for diagnostic use.[1] The late century sees rapid advances in the understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the digestive tract.[2]
1960s Societies of endoscopy become widely established and provided, for persons in gastroenterology training, courses in the appropriate indications for endoscopic investigation and formal teaching of the techniques involved.[3]
20th century In the 1960s and 1970s, advancements are made with endoscope lenght, improved visualization, and greater control.[4] Since the 1970s, endoscopy starts becomming the incontrovertible tool of gastroenterology.[3]


Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
1767 Scientific development Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann writes an important work on dysentery.[5] Germany
1777 Scientific development Maximilian Stoll in Vienna describes cancer of the gallbladder.[6][7] Austria
1805 Scientific development German physician Philipp Bozzini makes the first attempt to observe inside the living human body by devising a tin tube illuminated by a wax candle fitted with a mirror, to examine the urinary tract, the rectum, and the pharynx. This is the earliest description of endoscopy.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Germany
1823 Scientific development English physician William Prout demonstrates thet the stomach contains free hydrochloric acid.[14][15][16][17] United Kingdom
1824 Literature William Prout publishes On the nature of acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomach of animals.[17] United Kingdom
1833 Literature (book) American surgeon William Beaumont publishes Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. Beaumont is known as the "Father of Gastric Physiology" following his research on human digestion.[18] United States
1868 Medical development German physician Adolf Kussmaul performs the first gastroscopy.[19][20][21] Germany
1871 Medical development Austrian laryngologist Karl Stoerk in Vienna demonstrates an esophagoscope made of two telescopic metal tubes.[22] Austria
1876 Scientific development German pathologist Karl Wilhelm Von Kupffer first describes the properties of some liver cells now called Kupffer cell.[23][24][25] Germany
1879 Technology American inventor Thomas Edison invents the incandescent light bulb.[26] United States
1880 Medical development English otorinologist Morrel Mackenzie designs a speculum type of esophagoscope.[22]
1881 Medical development Polish surgeon Jan Mikulicz-Radecki introduces the use of electric light to examine the esophagus.[22]
1883 Medical development German physiologist Karl Hugo Kroneker and Samuel James Meltzer make first use of kymograph to measure activity of the digestive tract.[27][28][29]
1886 Medical development Jan Mikulicz-Radecki introduces the first esophagoscope using "Mignon" small bulb.[26]
1894 Medical development American gynecologist Howard Atwood Kelly at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore introduces rigid sigmoidoscopy. In the same year, he writes article A New Method of Examination and Treatment of Diseases of the Rectum and Sigmoid Flexure. His instrument and technique would endure until the 1970s.[26] United States
1897 Organization The American Gastroenterological Association is formed.[30] United States
1911 Medical development H. Eisner introduces the rigid endoscope.[26]
1915 Scientific development American chemist Jesse Francis McClendon tests acidity of human stomach in situ.[31][32][33] United States
1940 Medical development The Cameron-Schindler gastroscope is introduced.[26]
1945 Medical development Eder semi-flexible gastroscope model 105 is introduced.[26]
1921 Medical development American medical doctor Walter Alvarez performs the first cutaneous electrogastrography (EEG).[34][35][36][37] United States
1932 Medical development German physician Rudolf Schindler and Georg Wolf develop a flexible gastroscope.[38][39][40] United States
1932 Scientific development American gastroenterologist Burrill Bernard Crohn describes Crohn's disease.[41][42][43] United States
1932 Organization The American College of Gastroenterology is founded.[44]
1932 Medical development German engineer Georg Wolff develops a semiflexible instrument with a flexible distal shaft, considered the first safe workable gastroscope.[4]
1934 Literature (journal) The American Journal of Gastroenterology is founded.[45] United States
1934 Literature (journal) The American Journal of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition is established.[46] United States
1937 Organization The British Society of Gastroenterology is founded.[2] United Kingdom
1940s Medical development Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices through rigid esophagoscope develops.[26]
1941 Organization The American Gastroscopic Club is founded.[3] United States
1943 Literature (journal) Medical journal Gastroenterology is established.[44]
Late 1940s Medical development Gastric and esophageal biobsies are introduced.[26]
Late 1940s Medical development The Eder-Chamberlain controlled tip gastroscope is introduced.[26]
1949 Medical development The Eder-Hufford esophagoscope is introduced.[26]
1952 Medical development Uji and Olympus Coroporation in Japan develop the gastrocamera.[26]
1954 Literature (journal) Medical journal Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is established.[47]
1954 Medical development H. Hopkins and N.S. Kapany describe a flexible fibroscope using glass fibers to transmit light.[26]
1957 Medical development Basil Hirschowitz passes a prototype instrument down his own throat, giving rise to fiber-optic endoscopy.[4]
1957 Scientific development Sakula and Shiner demonstrate a flat, small intestinal mucosa on biopsy of the small bowel of a chils with coeliac disease. The finding is of particular importance in the development of paediatric gastroenterology.[48]
1957 Medical development The fiberoptic endoscope is released.[3]
1958 Organization The World Gastroenterology Organisation is founded. It consists of a federation of over 100 member societies of gastroenterology, hepatology, endoscopy, and other related disciplines.[49]
1958 Literature (journal) Journal Diseases of the Colon & Rectum is established.[50]
1960 Medical development Physicians in Japan and the United States become actively engaged in developing instruments to visualize the colon.[26] Japan, United States
1961 Medical development American gastroenterologist Bergein Overholt conceives the idea of adapting fiberoptic technology to examination of the rectum and colon. United States
1960 Literature (journal) Medical journal Gut is established.[51]
1963 Medical development Basil Hirschowitz reports a fiberoscope evolved to include a controllable tip, forward-viewing optics, channels for insufflation, and aspiration and passage of accessories, including biopsy forceps.[26]
1963 Medical development Bergein Overholt develops a prototype flexible fiberoptic instrument.[4]
1965 Medical development The first total colonoscopy is performed in Sardinia, Italy.[4]
1966 Literature (journal) The Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology is founded.[52]
1968 Organization The European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology is founded.[48]
1968 Medical development William S McCune and colleagues in Chicago perform the first endoscopic cannulation of the duodenal ampulla.[4]
1969 Literature (journal) Medical journal Endoscopy is founded.[53]
1969 Medical development Japanese surgeon Hiromi Shinya performs the first polypectomy, removing a 1.5cm pedunculated polyp from the sigmoid colon of a 70-year-old Chinese man.[4] Japan
1970 Medical development The Olympus colonoscope is released, incorporating for the first time in any fiber-optic scope a four-way tip deflection.[26]
1970 Medical development A "panendoscope" to allow visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum is introduced.[26]
1971 Medical development William I. Wolff and Hiromi Shinya begin performing colonic polyp removal with a wire snare placed through the biopsy channel of the colonoscope.[26]
1972 Medical development Vennes and Silvis publish their first 80 biliary cannulation attempts.[26]
1974 Medical development Sphincteroctomy is performed facilitating removal of two common bile duct stones and ushering a new era of therapeutic pancreaticobiliary endoscopy.[4]
1975 Medical development Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) becomes therapeutic. Endoscopic sphincteroctomy for non-surgical removal of biliary calculi.[26]
1976 Medical development Lutz and Rosch incorporate ultrasound into a standard endoscope when passing an ultrasound probe through an accessory port of an endoscope.[4] They report the use of 4 MHz Siemens ultrasonic probe, passed through a biopsy channel of an existing Olympus endoscope.[26] Germany
1979 Literature (journal) The Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology is founded.[54]
1979 Medical development Ponsky completes the first percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG).[26]
1980 Medical development Strohm and DiMagno introduce their own prototype echoendoscopes.[4]
1980 Medical development Gauderer and Ponsky describe the technique of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.[26]
1980 Medical development An ultrasonic probe with fixed-frequency transducer is incorporated into the tip of conventional fiberscope.[26]
1982 Literature (journal) The Indian Journal of Gastroenterology is established.[55] India
1982 Literature (journal) The Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition is established.[56]
1983 Medeical development Video endoscopy is introduced.[26]
1985 Medical development Ultrasonic transducers with variable frequencies are incorporated into video scopes which are available by the time.[26]
1985 Medical development Endoscopic control of non-variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage is introduced.[26]
Mid 1980s Medical development The sonde enteroscope is developed.[26]
1987 Literature (journal) The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology is launched.[57] Canada
1987 Literature (journal) Medical journal Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics is established.[58]
1988 Medical development Endoscopic hemostasis clips are introduced.[26]
Late 1980s Medical development Japanese Olympus Corporation and Fujinon become first industry leaders in videoendoscopy.[26] Japan
1989 Literature (journal) The European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology is founded.[59]
1989 Literature (journal) Medical journal Neurogastroenterology & Motility is established.[60]
1990 Medical development Endoscopic variceal ligation is introduced.[26]
Early 1990s Medical development The argon plasma coagulation is introduced as a medical endoscopic procedure.[26]
1991 Medical development Giancarlo Caletti performs on submucosal lessions of the stomach the first endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration.[4]
1991 Medical development Wiersema et al. demonstrate the ability to perform fine needle aspiration of nodes and lesions for the diagnosis of neoplasms of the mediastium and upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.[26]
1992 Literature (journal) The United European Gastroenterology is founded.[61]
1995 Literature (journal) Medical journal Inflammatory Bowel Diseases is first issued.[62]
1995 Literature (journal) The World Journal of Gastroenterology is established.[63]
2001 Yamamoto describes "total enteroscopy with a non-surgical steerable double-balloon method".[26]
2001 Medical development The United States Food and Drug Administration approves use of a capsule device for imaging of a small intestine. Images are transmitted wirelessly from a capsule to a data recorder worn by the patient.[26] United States
2001 Medical development Yamamoto introduces double-balloon small bowel enteroscope.[26]
2001 Medical development Video capsule endoscopy is introduced.[26]
2003 Medical development Medical journal Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology is first issued.[64]
2003 Medical development Endoscopic mucosal resection is introduced.[26]
2005 Award Australian scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease".[65]
2005 Medical development Highly definition video colonoscopy is introduced.[26]
2007 Literature (journal) The Journal of Crohn's and Colitis is first issued.[66]
2007 Literature (journal) Medical journal Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology is first issued.[67]
2008 Literature (journal) Medical journal Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology is first issued.[68]
2010 Literature (journal) Open access medical journal Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology is established.[69]
2012 Organization GI Forum is founded as an online community where individuals discuss and share information relevant to gastroenterology and hepatology.[70]
2012 Medical development Hemostatic powders are introduced for endoscopy.[26]
2013 Medical development FUSE omnidirectional endoscopy is introduced.[26]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.

Year gastroenterology pediatric gastroenterology gastroenterology hepatology gastroenterology nutrition
1980 18,500 505 2,340 1,400
1985 19,300 1,640 4,220 2,680
1990 23,500 1,750 5,140 3,290
1995 48,100 2,760 8,550 5,330
2000 96,100 6,110 15,800 9,530
2002 106,000 6,290 16,500 9,940
2004 132,000 8,400 23,800 13,000
2006 147,000 8,970 26,300 13,900
2008 157,000 10,500 32,800 25,700
2010 176,000 12,400 35,600 18,500
2012 228,000 16,300 46,400 25,600
2014 227,000 18,000 51,500 29,700
2016 190,000 20,100 55,700 33,100
2017 161,000 20,900 52,800 33,900
2018 147,000 21,900 51,500 35,200
2019 121,000 22,400 50,500 34,700
2020 91,300 24,500 42,300 33,000
Gastroenterology tb.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Gastroenterology (Search term) and Gastroenterology (Branch of medicine), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[71]

Gastroenterology gt.jpg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Gastroenterology, from 1900 to 2019.[72]

Gastroenterology ngram.jpg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Gastroenterology, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.[73]

Gastroenterology wv.jpg


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Gastroenterology". britannica.com. Retrieved 1 March 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "British Society of Gastroenterology 1937-87: an overview". europepmc.org. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hunt, Richard H. "A brief history of endoscopy". doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(01)70141-2. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Parrillo, Joseph E.; Dellinger, R. Phillip. Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management in the Adult. 
  5. ↑ Heirs of Hippocrates: The Development of Medicine in a Catalogue of Historic Books in the Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, the University of Iowa. 
  6. ↑ Edgardo Rivera, MD James L. Abbruzzese, MD; Pancreatic, Hepatic, and Biliary Carcinomas, MEDICAL ONCOLOGY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW [1]
  7. ↑ DeStoll M: Rationis Mendendi, in Nosocomio Practico vendobonensi. Part 1 LugduniBatavarum, Haak et Socios et A et J Honkoop 1788
  8. ↑ Gilger, MA (October 2001). "Gastroenterologic endoscopy in children: past, present, and future". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 13 (5): 429–34. PMID 11801888. doi:10.1097/00008480-200110000-00008. 
  9. ↑ The Origin of Endoscopes, Olympus history
  10. ↑ Lingeman, James E. Urinary calculi: ESWL, endourology, and medical therapy. 
  11. ↑ Sivak, Michael V. Gastroenterologic Endoscopy: Principles and concepts of gastroenterologic endoscopy. 
  12. ↑ Harrison, Richard M.; Wildt, David E. Animal Laparoscopy. 
  13. ↑ "History of Gastroenterology". resident360.nejm.org. Retrieved 1 February 2019. 
  14. ↑ Prout, W. On the nature of the acid and saline matters usually existing in the stomachs of animals. – Philos. Transactions, 1824, 1, 45.
  15. ↑ Modlin, Irvin M.; Sachs, George. Acid Related Diseases: Biology and Treatment. 
  16. ↑ Rosenfeld, Louis. Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology (Daniel K. Podolsky, Michael Camilleri, J. Gregory Fitz, Anthony N. Kalloo, Fergus Shanahan, Timothy C. Wang ed.). 
  18. ↑ William Beaumont Papers (1812-1959), National Library of Medicine
  19. ↑ Gastroenterological Endoscopy. Gastroenterological Endoscopy (Meinhard Classen, G. N. J. Tytgat, Charles J. Lightdale ed.). 
  20. ↑ Litynski, Grzegorz S. Highlights in the history of laparoscopy: the development of laparoscopic techniques-- a cumulative effort of internists, gynecologists, and surgeons. 
  21. ↑ Sivak, Michael V. Gastroenterologic Endoscopy: Principles and concepts of gastroenterologic endoscopy. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Sebastian, Anton. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. 
  23. ↑ Encyclopedia of Cancer (Manfred Schwab ed.). 
  24. ↑ Pathobiology of Human Disease: A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms. 
  25. ↑ Signaling Pathways in Liver Diseases (Jean-Francois Dufour, Pierre-Alain Clavien ed.). 
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 26.18 26.19 26.20 26.21 26.22 26.23 26.24 26.25 26.26 26.27 26.28 26.29 26.30 26.31 26.32 26.33 26.34 26.35 26.36 26.37 26.38 26.39 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology: An Illustrated Guide (Subbaramiah Sridhar, George Y. Wu ed.). 
  27. ↑ Welcome, Menizibeya Osain. Gastrointestinal Physiology: Development, Principles and Mechanisms of Regulation. 
  28. ↑ Patil, Popat N. Discoveries in Pharmacological Sciences. 
  29. ↑ Hudson Garrison, Fielding. An Introduction to the history of medicine. 
  30. ↑ "About AGA". gastro.org. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  31. ↑ McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations. – Amer. J. Physoil., 1915, 38, 2, 180.
  32. ↑ "Gastroenterology". gastroenterologistviswanath.com. Retrieved 3 February 2019. 
  33. ↑ McClendon, Jesse Francis; Medes, Grace. Physical chemistry in biology and medicine. 
  34. ↑ Alvarez W. C. The electrogastrogram and what it shows. JAMA, 78(15):1116-18, 1922.
  35. ↑ Galmiche, J. P. Non-ulcer Dyspepsia: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Approaches. 
  36. ↑ Koch, Kenneth L.; Stern, Robert Morris. Handbook of Electrogastrography. 
  37. ↑ Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (Gary E. Wnek, Gary L. Bowlin ed.). 
  38. ↑ Classen, Meinhard; Tytgat, Guido N. J. Gastroenterological Endoscopy. 
  39. ↑ Sebastian, Anton. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. 
  40. ↑ Gastrointestinal Disease: An Endoscopic Approach, Volume 1 (Anthony J. DiMarino, Stanley B. Benjamin ed.). 
  41. ↑ Ali, Tauseef. Crohn's and Colitis For Dummies. 
  42. ↑ Dictionary of Medicine (P.H. Collin ed.). 
  43. ↑ Newburg, Joseph. Crohn's Disease Diet and Cookbook. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013)". Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  45. ↑ Goyal, Raj K. "Seventy Years of Gastroenterology (1943–2013)". doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.05.020. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  46. ↑ "Covering Digestive Diseases and Sciences: How to Judge a Journal by Its Cover". springer.com. Retrieved 4 February 2019. 
  47. ↑ "Capsule endoscopy: The voyage is fantastic—will it change what we do?". giejournal.org. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Walker-Smith, John A. Diseases of the Small Intestine in Childhood. 
  49. ↑ "History of WGO". worldgastroenterology.org. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  50. ↑ "American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons announces Springer as New Publisher of Diseases of the Colon & Rectum" (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  51. ↑ "British Society of Gastroenterology: golden jubilee". europepmc.org. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  52. ↑ "Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology". tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  53. ↑ "Endoscopy Journal". esge.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  54. ↑ "Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology". journals.lww.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  55. ↑ "The Indian Journal of Gastroenterology: looking ahead at the next five years". link.springer.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  56. ↑ "Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition [electronic resource]". library.deakin.edu.au. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  57. ↑ "Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie et hepatologie". searchworks.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  58. ↑ "Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics". scimagojr.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  59. ↑ "European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology". scimagojr.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  60. ↑ "Exploring options in advanced motility training". giejournal.org. Retrieved 4 February 2019. 
  61. ↑ "SpectraScience WavSTAT Optical Biopsy System to Be Featured at United European Gastroenterology Week". spectrascience.com. Retrieved 4 February 2019. 
  62. ↑ "Volume 1, Issue 4, 1 November 1995". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 4 February 2019. 
  63. ↑ "Variations of author origins in World Journal of Gastroenterology during 2001-2007". wjgnet.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  64. ↑ Kanwal, Fasiha; El-Serag, Hashem B. "The Top Five Reasons You Should Publish in Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology". doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.11.020. 
  65. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  66. ↑ "Journal of Crohn's and Colitis". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  67. ↑ "Introducing Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology". doi:10.1586/17474124.1.1.1. Retrieved 4 February 2019. 
  68. ↑ "Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology". Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  69. ↑ "Congratulations to AJG and CTG". acgblog.org. Retrieved 2 February 2019. 
  70. ↑ "GI Forum". facebook.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  71. ↑ "Gastroenterology". Google Trends. Retrieved 23 February 2021. 
  72. ↑ "Gastroenterology". books.google.com. Retrieved 23 February 2021. 
  73. ↑ "Gastroenterology". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 23 February 2021. 
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