Difference between revisions of "Timeline of wild-animal suffering"

Latest revision as of 20:28, 16 April 2024

This is a timeline of the movement to reduce wild-animal suffering (sometimes also called the "WAS" or "RWAS" movement).

Big picture

Year/period	Key developments	Key people	Key organizations
pre-1970	Wild-animal suffering is occasionally mentioned by philosophers as an example of the amorality of nature. In general, there is little discussion of whether humans should intervene to improve the situation.	Leonardo da Vinci, David Hume, Lewis Gompertz, Giacomo Leopardi, Arthur Schopenhauer, Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill, J. Howard Moore
1970–2004	After the emergence of the contemporary animal rights/welfare movement, wild-animal suffering is discussed by animal rights philosophers and their critics. The critics consider intervention in nature a reductio ad absurdum of animal rights, while some animal rights authors take it to be a serious moral issue. Most discussion takes place through journals, and discussion participants are mostly academics.	Peter Singer, David Olivier, Yew Kwang-Ng, David Pearce (early emergence)
2005–2012	During this period, interest in wild-animal suffering blossoms with the help of the Internet. Prolific and passionate individuals such as Brian Tomasik, David Pearce, and Oscar Horta play a leading role in creating content and birthing online communities. The academic moral philosophy community also continues debating the issue.	Brian Tomasik, Jeff McMahan, David Pearce, Oscar Horta
2013–2016	Organizations begin to form that focus on wild-animal suffering, research, and advocacy (as either a primary or secondary focus). Publications reated to wild animals come from a mix of individuals and organizations. Some organizations use prizes to incentivize work on wild-animal suffering, with mixed results. The nascent effective altruism community exposes more people to wild-animal suffering earlier on in their lives.	Brian Tomasik, Simon Knutsson, Jacy Reese, Magnus Vinding, Michael Dickens	Animal Ethics, Foundational Research Institute, Animal Charity Evaluators, Sentience Politics
2017–2020	In this era, a large share of the production of research related to wild-animal suffering is by individuals as part of their work for organizations. Key organizations that sponsor a large number of publications are: Utility Farm, Wild-Animal Suffering Research (the two would later merge into the Wild Animal Initiative), Animal Ethics, Sentience Institute, and (starting late 2018) Rethink Priorities. The ecosystem is sustained by grant money from the Effective Altruism Animal Welfare Fund, Animal Charity Evaluators' Animal Advocacy Research Fund and Effective Animal Advocacy Fund, and individual donors.	Brian Tomasik, Lewis Bollard, Persis Eskander, Georgia Ray, Ozy Brennan, Abraham Rowe, Oscar Horta	Utility Farm, Wild-Animal Suffering Research (the two would later merge into the Wild Animal Initiative), Animal Ethics, Sentience Institute, Rethink Priorities, Animal Charity Evaluators

Full timeline

Year	Month and date	Event type	People involved	Details
1487–1501		Publication	Leonardo da Vinci	Leonardo da Vinci in his notebooks questions why nature desires to make animals suffer and die, through predation and reproduction.^[1]
1779		Publication	David Hume	David Hume in his posthumous work Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion makes reference to the antagonism experienced and inflicted by wild animals upon each other.^[2]
1800		Publication	Erasmus Darwin	Erasmus Darwin in Phytologia: or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening describes nature as a "slaughter-house" and its condition as "Eat or be Eaten!"^[3]
1803		Publication	Erasmus Darwin	Erasmus Darwin's long poem The Temple of Nature is published posthumously, in which he describes suffering experienced by animals in the wild due to predation and parasitism.^[4]
1813		Publication	Isaac Gompertz	Isaac Gompertz in his poem "To the Thoughtless", repudiated the assertion that humans eating animals is justified because of it being as Nature intends and therefore good, by asking the reader to put themselves in the position of being predated by an animal and questioning whether they would want someone to save them, despite it going against Nature's law.^[5]
1821		Publication	Joseph de Maistre	Joseph de Maistre in his Saint Petersburg Dialogues, describes the extent of suffering and violent deaths experienced by animals in the wild.^[6]
1824		Publication	Lewis Gompertz	Lewis Gompertz in Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes explores predation as a moral issue and advocates intervening to prevent it in certain circumstances.^[7]
1824	000000002024-05-30-0000May 30	Publication	Giacomo Leopardi	Giacomo Leopardi engages in a dialogue with Nature in "Dialogo della Natura e di un Islandese" ("Dialogue between Nature and an Icelander"), questioning why Nature brings humans and other animals into existence only to inflict suffering and death upon them.^[8]
1851		Publication	Arthur Schopenhauer	Arthur Schopenhauer compares the pleasure experienced by a predator to the pain experienced by the prey to argue that the world contains more pain than pleasure.^[9]
1852		Publication	Lewis Gompertz	Lewis Gompertz, in Fragments in Defence of Animals, and Essays on Morals, Soul, and Future State, argues that as much as animals suffer in the wild, the suffering that they experience at the hands of humanity is significantly greater.^[10]
1856	000000002024-07-13-0000July 13	Publication	Charles Darwin, Joseph Dalton Hooker	In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker, Charles Darwin discusses the wastefulness and cruelty of nature as an evidence against the existence of a benevolent God.^[11]
1860	000000002024-05-22-0000May 22	Publication	Charles Darwin, Asa Gray	In a letter to Asa Gray, Charles Darwin cites wild-animal suffering—in particular, the suffering inflicted by parasitic wasps to caterpillar hosts—as an example of the theological problem of evil.^[12]
1874		Publication	John Stuart Mill	John Stuart Mill's essay "On Nature" is published posthumously. The essay discusses the amorality and cruelty of nature and argues that humans should struggle against it.^[13]
1895		Publication	J. Howard Moore	J. Howard Moore publishes Why I Am a Vegetarian: An Address Delivered before the Chicago Vegetarian Society, in which he calls the existence of the carnivora "a travesty".^[14]
1899		Publication	J. Howard Moore	J. Howard Moore in Better World Philosophy laments the existence of carnivorous animals,^[15] he argues for a "Confederation of the Consciousnesses", as an ideal arrangement of the living universe, where sentient individuals of all species—excluding the irredeemable carnivora—bring together their individual talents and collaborate for the benefit of all.^[16]
1906		Publication	J. Howard Moore	In his book The Universal Kinship, J. Howard Moore argues that the egoism of sentient beings—a product of natural selection—which leads them to exploit their sentient fellows, is the most mournful fact of existence, and speculates whether a sufficiently sympathetic human could significantly improve this situation if given the chance.^[17]
1932		Publication	Clarence Darrow	In his autobiography The Story of My Life, Clarence Darrow describes in detail the brutality of the suffering experienced by animals in the wild.^[18]
1952	000000002024-08-01-0000August	Publication	Alexander Skutch	Alexander Skutch publishes "Which Shall We Protect? Thoughts on the Ethics of the Treatment of Free Life", in which he discusses the ideal ethical relations towards "free life"; including predation.^[19]
1962	000000002024-07-01-0000July	Publication	Alexander Skutch	Alexander Skutch publishes "Vegetarianism and the Evil of Predation", in which he argues that vegetarianism is a direct response to the greatest and most far-reaching evil of all—predation.^[20]
1973	000000002024-06-14-0000June 14	Publication	Peter Singer	Peter Singer responds to a question about predation, arguing against interference in practice because the long-term consequences of intervention cannot be predicted. However, he accepts that intervention to reduce wild-animal suffering would be morally justified if one could be reasonably confident that the long-term effects would be positive.^[21]
1979		Publication	Stephen R. L. Clark	Stephen R. L. Clark's article "The Rights of Wild Things" is published. It argues that humans should defend wild animals against unusually large dangers, but should not try to regulate all of nature.^[22]
1980		Publication	J. Baird Callicott	Environmental philosopher J. Baird Callicott's article "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" is published. It discusses conflicts between animal liberation and environmental ethics.^[23]
1984	(summer)	Publication	Mark Sagoff	Environmental philosopher Mark Sagoff's article "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce" is published.^[24] The article argues that animal liberation and environmental ethics are incompatible. It claims that animal liberationists may be committed to supporting large-scale intervention to reduce wild-animal suffering, and argues that this should be taken as a reductio if one supports environmental ethics.
1987		Publication	Steve Sapontzis	Animal rights philosopher Steve Sapontzis's article "Predation" is published in Ethics and Animals.^[25] Sapontzis develops three respones to the common reductio ad absurdum argument that (a) an obligation to reduce animal suffering implies that (b) we should prevent predation, (c) which would be absurd, and (d) therefore we are not obligated to reduce animal suffering. One response is to deny that (a) implies (b), another is to deny (c), and the final is to deny that (d) follows from (a)-(c).
1987		Publication	Steve Sapontzis	Steve Sapontzis publishes Morals, Reason, and Animals, which includes a chapter on the ethics of preventing predation, titled "Saving the Rabbit from the Fox".^[26]
1991		Publication	Arne Naess	Deep ecologist Arne Naess publishes an article arguing that humans should intervene in some cases of wild-animal suffering.^[27]
1993	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Publication	David Olivier	David Olivier publishes the article "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" (Why I am not an environmentalist) in the French animal rights journal Les Cahiers antispécistes.^[28]
1995		Publication	Yew-Kwang Ng	Economist Yew-Kwang Ng's paper "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" is published in Biology and Philosophy.^[29] Ng introduces the term "welfare biology" (cf. conservation biology), which he defines as the positive study of the well-being of affectively sentient individuals. He discusses which species possess affective sentience. Ng then mentions that many species produce a large number of offspring, only a few of which survive to maturity. The paper argues that non-survivors suffer negative welfare. Since non-survivors greatly outnumber survivors, Ng considers this evidence in favor of the "Buddhist premise" (that wild animals experience more total suffering than happiness).
1995		Publication	David Pearce	David Pearce publishes his transhumanist manifesto The Hedonistic Imperative, which argues that biotechnology can and should be used to eliminate the experience of suffering.^[30] It includes a section on wild-animal suffering.
1995		Publication	Richard Dawkins	Richard Dawkins's book River Out of Eden includes a section on "God's utility function", arguing that natural selection is amoral and indifferent to suffering. Dawkins discusses wild-animal suffering, claiming that it is an inevitable consequence of evolutionary pressures.^[31]
1995	(summer)	Publication	Andrew Luke	Andrew Luke's article "And the Hyenas Laughed No More?" is published in The Vegan, in which the author argues for the incompatibility between veganism and environmentalism, and describes the creation of a vegan utopia—a world where no harms befall any sentient beings.^[32]
1996	December	Publication	David Olivier, Steve Sapontzis	Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes its 14th edition, which is dedicated to discussing the problem of predation and human intervention in nature.^[33] It features articles by David Olivier and Yves Bonnardel, as well as a translation of an article by Steve Sapontzis. For example, one article by Yves Bonnardel is entitled "Contre l’apartheid des espèces: À propos de la prédation et de l’opposition entre écologie et libération animale" ("Against the apartheid of species: On predation and the conflict between ecology and animal liberation").^[34]
1998	000000002024-10-20-0000October 20	Presentation	David Olivier	David Olivier of Les Cahiers antispécistes discusses wild-animal suffering at a debate at the Maison de l’Écologie in Lyon.^[35]
2003	(summer)	Publication	Tyler Cowen	Tyler Cowen's paper "Policing Nature" is published in Environmental Ethics.^[36] Cowen gives arguments from utilitarian, rights-based, and holistic moral perspectives in support of policing nature. He criticizes the argument that humans should refrain from interfering in nature because it is hard to predict the results of intervention. Cowen discusses predator population reduction as a possible intervention.
2005	000000002024-05-01-0000May		Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik first begins to think about animal welfare after reading essays by Peter Singer.^[37]
2005	000000002024-07-01-0000July		Brian Tomasik, Bernard E. Rollin	Brian Tomasik reads Bernard E. Rollin's Animal Rights & Human Morality, which introduces him to the possibility of insect sentience.^[37] He writes, "I was completely startled to realize this possibility and spent the next several minutes contemplating how much suffering the world would contain if this were true. The spider's webs in my basement began to take on a new, horrible significance."
2005	000000002024-10-17-0000October 17		Brian Tomasik, Peter Singer	Brian Tomasik writes a letter to Peter Singer, asking him whether he thinks insects are sentient and whether they experience a net-negative balance of suffering over happiness.^[37]
2006	000000002024-04-29-0000April 29	Publication	Yew Kwang-Ng, Matthew Clarke	Matthew Clarke and Yew-Kwang Ng publish an article analyzing a kangaroo cull from the perspective of welfare biology.^[38]
2006	000000002024-06-01-0000June		Brian Tomasik, David Pearce	Brian Tomasik hears about and reads David Pearce's Hedonistic Imperative.^[37] He later writes, "This piece helped me see how bad suffering was and may have been one of the last straws helping me see that life in the wild was far below hedonic zero on average, especially when the pain of death was taken into account."
2006	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik's collection of essays on utilitarianism is first posted to his website at utilitarian-essays.com.^[39]
2006	(summer)	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik writes "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering" in his free time while he is interning with his Congressman in Washington DC.^[40] The article introduces a mathematical utilitarian framework for analyzing welfare biology, and then gives some example applications. The piece also discusses the net balance of wild-animal welfare and the potential risk of spreading wild-animal suffering into space as a consequence of terraforming or directed panspermia.
2006	000000002024-12-01-0000December	Community	Seth Baum	Seth Baum starts a utilitarian community blog Felicifia.com.^[41] He had previously had a personal blog under the same name. Wild-animal suffering would become a popular topic of discussion on the site and its successor forum Felicifia.org.^[42]
2007	000000002024-07-01-0000July	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik writes "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem".^[43]
2008	(early)		Oscar Horta, Brian Tomasik	Oscar Horta writes to Brian Tomasik to cite one of his articles. Horta and Tomasik agree that wild-animal welfare was important, and Horta begins to discuss it with his Spanish / Latin American friends.^[37]
2009	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Do Bugs Feel Pain?".^[44]
2009	000000002024-06-04-0000June 4	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Caring about Animal Suffering".^[45]
2009	000000002024-07-01-0000July	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik writes the first version of his article "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering".^[46]
2009		Publication	David Pearce	David Pearce publishes "Reprogramming Predators".^[47] The post receives criticism from ScienceBlogs.^[48]
2009	December 25	Community	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik starts the Felicifia thread "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?".^[49]
2010	000000002024-03-02-0000March 2	Community	spindoctor	Felicifia member spindoctor starts the thread "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?".^[50]
2010	000000002024-04-19-0000April 19	Community	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik creates the Facebook group "Most of the world's animal suffering occurs in the wild".^[51]^[37]
2010	000000002024-05-10-0000May 10	Community	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik considers forming an organization to promote concern for wild-animal suffering, and solicits advice on Felicifia in the thread "Forming an organization: To wait or not?".^[52]
2010	000000002024-09-15-0000September 15	Project		The domain name animal-ethics.org is registered.^[53]
2010	000000002024-09-19-0000September 19	Publication	Jeff McMahan	Jeff McMahan's essay "The Meat Eaters" is published by The New York Times.^[54] He argues in favor of intervention in nature, and specifically reducing predation.
2010	000000002024-09-28-0000September 28	Publication	Jeff McMahan	Jeff McMahan's follow-up to his previous essay "The Meat Eaters" is published in the New York Times as "Predators: A Response".^[55]
2010		Publication	Oscar Horta	Philosopher Oscar Horta's article "Debunking the idyllic view of natural processes" is published.^[56]
2011	000000002024-04-12-0000April 12	Publication	Christie Wilcox	In the Scientific American article "Bambi or Bessie: Are Wild Animals Happier?", Christie Wilcox argues that wild animals do not appear to be happier than domestic animals, based on findings of wild animals having greater levels of cortisol and elevated stress responses relative to domestic animals.^[57]
2012	August	Project	Eitan Fischer	Animal Charity Evaluators is founded, initially, during the first year, under the name Effective Animal Activism (EAA). It is founded by Eitan Fischer as part of the 80,000 Hours organization. Right from the beginning, Animal Charity Evaluator recognizes RWAS as a high-priority cause area.^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61]
2012	000000002024-10-30-0000October 30	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Medicine vs. Deep Ecology", which responds to the argument that we should not intervene in nature because ecosystems are complex systems by pointing out that the same objection applies to other disciplines.^[62]
2012	000000002024-05-24-0000May 24	Community		The Facebook group originally called "Most of the world's animal suffering occurs in the wild" is renamed to "Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering" following a poll.^[63]
2013	000000002024-06-24-0000June 24	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering".^[64]
2013	000000002024-06-24-0000June 24	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature".^[65]
2013	000000002024-09-04-0000September 4	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals".^[66] The essay argues that one reason the problem of wild-animal suffering is often overlooked is that humans tend to focus on moral problems that are caused by identifiable moral agents. On the other hand, wild-animal suffering generally lacks intentionality, being a result of natural processes rather than deliberate action.
2013	000000002024-11-01-0000November?	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Crop Cultivation and Wild Animals".^[67]
2013	000000002024-12-03-0000December 3	Presentation	Adriano Mannino, Ruairí Donnelly	Adriano Mannino and Ruairí Donnelly give a talk on wild-animal suffering at the University of Zurich.^[68]^[69]
2013	000000002024-12-15-0000December 15	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?".^[70]
2013		Project		Sentience Politics, an "anti-speciesist political think-tank", is founded as a subdivision of the Effective Altruism Foundation.^[71] One of the issues originally considered by the project is wild-animal suffering.
2013		Project		Animal Ethics is registered as a 501(c)3 non-profit.^[72]
2014	000000002024-01-19-0000January 19	Project	Oscar Horta, Leah McKelvie	The first (non-placeholder) Wayback Machine snapshot of Animal Ethics is from this date.^[73] Wild-animal suffering is one of their focus areas. Leah McKelvie, Oscar Horta, and Daniel Dorado are its three founders.^[74]
2014	000000002024-07-08-0000July 8	Publication		The Wikipedia article "Wild animal suffering" is published.^[75]
2015	000000002024-02-03-0000February 3	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "The Importance of Insect Suffering".^[76] The article argues that given the significant chance that insects feel pain and the large number of insects, altruists should take insect suffering into consideration in their personal activities and choices of environmental policy.
2015	000000002024-02-01-0000February	Podcast	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik is interviewed about wild-animal suffering on the podcast The Reality Check.^[77]^[78]
2015	000000002024-03-05-0000March 5	Project		Animal Ethics announces its first Essay Prize on suffering in nature and intervention, with a reward of $1,500.^[79]
2015	000000002024-04-12-0000April 12	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Why Vegans Should Care About Wild Animal Suffering" on the website Reasonable Vegan.^[80]
2015	000000002024-05-01-0000May 1	Publication	Magnus Vinding	Magnus Vinding publishes the e-book Speciesism: Why It Is Wrong and the Implications of Rejecting It. It argues that reducing wild-animal suffering is a moral imperative.^[81]
2015	000000002024-05-01-0000May			The philosophy journal Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism publishes a special double volume on the ethics of wild-animal suffering and intervention in nature, edited by Animal Ethics staff.^[82]
2015	000000002024-09-01-0000September	Publication	Simon Knutsson	Simon Knutsson publishes "How Good or Bad Is the Life of an Insect?".^[83]
2015	000000002024-10-26-0000October 26	Publication	Jeff McMahan	Jeff McMahan publishes a reworked version of his essay "The Meat Eaters" as the chapter "The Moral Problem of Predation" in Philosophy Comes to Dinner.^[84]
2015	000000002024-10-31-0000October 31	Community		The /r/wildanimalsuffering subreddit is created.^[85]
2015	000000002024-11-05-0000November 5	Project		The domain name utility.farm is registered.^[86]
2015	000000002024-11-28-0000November 28	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Estimating Aggregate Wild-Animal Suffering from Reproductive Age and Births per Female".^[87]
2015	000000002024-12-14-0000December 14	Publication	Jacy Reese	Vox publishes an article by Jacy Reese arguing in favor of reducing wild-animal suffering.^[88]^[89] This prompts critical responses from Motherboard and the National Audubon Society.^[90]^[91]
2015	000000002024-12-26-0000December 26	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering".^[92]
2015	000000002024-12-01-0000December	Project		Animal Charity Evaluators announces that Animal Ethics is one of their standout charities.^[93] They would maintain that status until November 2017.^[94]
2016	000000002024-02-01-0000February	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "How Painful Is Death from Starvation or Dehydration?".
2016	000000002024-03-15-0000March 15	Publication	Catia Faria	Catia Faria submits her PhD thesis "Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature".^[95]
2016	000000002024-03-20-0000March 20	Publication	Magnus Vinding	Magnus Vinding publishes the e-book The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for "Wildlife Anti-Natalism".^[96]
2016	000000002024-03-23-0000March 23	Project		Animal Ethics announces that none of the submissions to its Essay Prize met the standards they expected, and the prize was not awarded. However, they gave a $1,500 grant to the author of the best paper, Meera Inglis from the Department of Politics of the University of Sheffield, to continue her research on invasive species.^[97]
2016	000000002024-04-22-0000April 22	Publication	Michael Dickens	Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable".^[98]
2016	000000002024-05-09-0000May 9	Publication	Ole Martin Moen	The article "The ethics of wild animal suffering" by Ole Martin Moen is published.^[99]
2016	000000002024-05-01-0000May	Publication	Simon Knutsson	Sentience Politics publishes the policy paper "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" by Simon Knutsson.^[100]
2016	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Project		The Foundational Research Institute publishes research plans announcing that it is "greatly increasing research on wild-animal suffering".^[101] However, this never came to pass and WAS is not a focus area of FRI as of July 2019.
2016	000000002024-08-25-0000August 25	Publication	Michael Dickens	Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "Why the Open Philanthropy Project Should Prioritize Wild Animal Suffering".^[102]
2016	000000002024-08-30-0000August 30	Publication	Michael Dello-Iacovo	Michael Dello-Iacovo wins the Sentience Politics 2016 Essay Competition for his piece "On terraforming, wild-animal suffering and the far future".^[103]
2016	000000002024-08-31-0000August 31	Publication	Jozef Keulartz	Jozef Keulartz publishes "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem".^[104]
2016	000000002024-09-01-0000September 1	Publication	Phillipp Ryf	Phillipp Ryf submits his Master's Thesis "Environmental Ethics: The Case of Wild Animals".^[105]
2016	000000002024-09-05-0000September 5	Publication		Animal Charity Evaluators publishes the results of an exploratory (n=612) Mechanical Turk study. The study is about the effects of vegan advocacy on attitudes towards wild-animal suffering. ACE claims that the results suggest that environmental messaging makes people less supportive of intervention. On the other hand, the post assuages WAS advocates' concerns that animal rights messaging does so.^[106]
2016	000000002024-09-01-0000September	Presentation	Stijn Bruers, Stefan Torges	Stijn Bruers and Stefan Torges give talks about wild-animal suffering at the 2016 International Animal Rights Conference.^[107]^[108]
2016	000000002024-11-15-0000November 15	Presentation	Peter Singer	Peter Singer gives a talk on wild-animal suffering at the Princeton Environmental Institute.^[109]
2016	000000002024-11-19-0000November 19	Project		Animal Ethics announces its second Essay Prize on suffering in nature and intervention, with a reward of $1,500.^[110]
2016	000000002024-11-25-0000November 25	Publication	Michael Plant	Michael Plant writes a blog post critiquing arguments for the claim that wild animals experience net suffering.^[111] Brian Tomasik responds on his blog.^[112]
2017	000000002024-04-05-0000April 5	Publication		Animal Charity Evaluators publishes another survey on animal advocacy messaging and attitudes towards wild-animal suffering.^[113]
2017	000000002024-04-22-0000April 22	Project		Utility Farm publishes its first article, arguing for "An Ethic of Intervention" with regard to wild-animal suffering.^[114]
2017	000000002024-04-26-0000April 26	Project		Utility Farm announces its 2017 essay contest with a top prize of $1,500.^[115] The contest received no quality submissions, and the prize was not awarded.^[116]
2017	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Funding	Lewis Bollard	Lewis Bollard of Open Philanthropy Project allocates $30K from the animal welfare EA Fund to the Effective Altruism Foundation's research of wild-animal suffering, stating that he is impressed with their work but is unsure how tractable it will be. He also cites internal changes at EAF that left WAS research with no funding.^[117]
2017	000000002024-05-03-0000May 3	Community	Evan Gaensbauer	Evan Gaensbauer creates the Facebook group "Wild Animal Welfare Project Discussion" as part of a larger attempt to build networks for new EA causes.^[118]
2017	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Project		Wild-Animal Suffering Research is split off from Sentience Politics as a separate organization under the Effective Altruism Foundation. Sentience Politics shifts gears to focus exclusively on political campaigns in Switzerland, and gains independence from EAF.^[119]^[120]
2017	000000002024-06-01-0000June 1	Project		The domain name was-research.org is registered.^[121]
2017	June 2	Project	Jacy Reese, Kelly Witwicki	Sentience Institute is founded.^[122]
2017	June 2	Publication		Sentience Institute publishes "Summary of Evidence for Foundational Questions in Effective Animal Advocacy" which contains a lot of information on RWAS outreach.^[123]
2017	000000002024-06-10-0000June 10	Publication		Utility Farm publishes "Keep (Known) Space Neutral" by Abraham Rowe.^[124]
2017	000000002024-06-11-0000June 11	Publication		Utility Farm publishes "When Caring For Pets And Service Animals, Keep Other Animals In Mind" by Ari Benjamin.^[125]
2017	000000002024-06-29-0000June 29	Publication	Persis Eskander	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Vertebrates" by Persis Eskander.^[126]
2017	000000002024-07-05-0000July 5	Publication	Brian Tomasik	Brian Tomasik publishes "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?".^[127]
2017	000000002024-07-11-0000July 11	Publication	Persis Eskander	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates" by Persis Eskander.^[128]
2017	000000002024-07-12-0000July 12	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis" by Ozy Brennan.^[129]
2017	000000002024-07-13-0000July 13	Publication	Abraham Rowe, Briana Schulzetenberg	Utility Farm publishes "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering" by Briana Schulzetenberg and Abraham Rowe, which found that WAS materials describing humans as "stewards of" or "participants in" nature were more effective than materials describing humans as "intervening" in nature.^[130]
2017	000000002024-10-04-0000October 4	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "We Have No Idea If There Are Cost-Effective Interventions Into Wild-Animal Suffering" by Ozy Brennan.^[131]
2017	000000002024-10-12-0000October 12	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Infant Mortality and the Argument from Life History" by Ozy Brennan.^[132]
2017	000000002024-10-18-0000October 18	Project	Abraham Rowe	Utility Farm publishes "Reviewing 2017 and Looking to 2018" by Abraham Rowe.^[133]
2017	000000002024-11-10-0000November 10	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "“Fit and Happy”: How Do We Measure Wild-Animal Suffering?" by Ozy Brennan.^[134]
2017	000000002024-11-22-0000November 22	Publication	Georgia Ray	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals" by Georgia Ray.^[135]
2017	000000002024-11-25-0000November 25	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal" by Ozy Brennan.^[136]
2017	000000002024-11-01-0000November	Funding	Lewis Bollard	Lewis Bollard of Open Philanthropy Project allocates $50K from the animal welfare EA Fund to Wild-Animal Suffering Research.^[137]
2017	(fall)	Project	Rebecca Raible	Rebecca Raible is awarded a £4,710 grant from the Centre for Effective Altruism to research WAS intervention ideas and write an overview of wild-animal suffering.^[138]
2017	000000002024-12-27-0000December 27	Publication		Animal Ethics announces the winner of its second Essay Prize, "Life-fates: meaningful categories to estimate animal suffering in the wild" by Brazilian scientists Wladimir J. Alonso and Cynthia Schuck-Paim.^[139]
2017	September	Project		effectivethesis.com is launched. They create a section recommending theses on RWAS which is provided from suggestions by Wild-Animal Suffering Research and Efektivni Altruismus.^[140]
2017		Funding	Persis Eskander	"[ACE's Animal Advocacy Research Fund awards] funding to Persis Eskander (Wild-Animal Suffering Research) for this project. This research will examine the agricultural practices that harm vertebrate wild animals."^[141]
2018	000000002024-01-19-0000January 19	Publication	Georgia Ray	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Invertebrate Sentience: Urgent But Understudied" by Georgia Ray.^[142]
2018	000000002024-01-24-0000January 24	Publication	Abraham Rowe	Utility Farm publishes "Seven Broad Rules for Effective Discussions of Participation Ethics" by Abraham Rowe.^[143]
2018	000000002024-02-12-0000February 12	Publication	Nicholas Denton, Duncan Purves	The article "Wild animal suffering is intractable" by Nicolas Delon and Duncan Purves is published (online first).^[144]
2018	000000002024-02-13-0000February 13	Publication	Persis Eskander	Animal Charity Evaluators publishes the blog post "To reduce wild animal suffering we need to find out if the cause area is tractable" by Persis Eskander.^[145]
2018	000000002024-02-16-0000February 16	Publication		Animal Ethics publishes their 2018 strategic plan, which includes initiating "the development of welfare biology in academia with some biologists and animal welfare scientists beginning to work in this field ".^[146]
2018	000000002024-02-23-0000February 23	Publication	Georgia Ray	Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Are seafood substitutes good for wild fish?" by Georgia Ray.^[147]
2018	000000002024-03-23-0000March 23	Project		Utility Farm announces the launch of Nature Ethics, a wild animal suffering outreach project.^[148]
2018	000000002024-03-01-0000March	Funding	Lewis Bollard	Lewis Bollard allocates $100K to Wild-Animal Suffering Research via the EA Funds.^[149]
2018	000000002024-04-14-0000April 14	Podcast	Persis Eskander	Persis Eskander of Wild-Animal Suffering Research is interviewed about wild-animal suffering on the animal rights podcast Our Hen House.^[150]
2018	000000002024-04-30-0000April 30	Publication		Animal Ethics publishes a bibliography of wild-animal suffering.^[151]
2018	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Publication		Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes a volume devoted to wild-animal suffering.^[152]
2018	000000002024-05-01-0000May	Publication		Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes a book entitled "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature" (Eliminate animals for their own good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature) by Estiva Reus. The book critiques the wild-animal suffering movement.^[153]
2018	000000002024-06-10-0000June 10	Presentation	Persis Eskander	EA Global 2018 takes place in San Francisco. Persis Eskander of WASR gives a talk about "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering".^[154]^[155] Ozy Brennan (WASR), Persis Eskander (WASR), Kieran Greig (ACE), and Abraham Rowe (Utility Farm) participate in a panel on "Strategic Movement Building for Wild-Animal Suffering".^[156]^[157] There is also a meetup for people interested in the topic.^[158]
2018	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Funding	Lewis Bollard	Lewis Bollard allocates $70K to Animal Ethics, $40K to Utility Farm, and $30K to Wild-Animal Suffering Research via the EA Funds. He notes that all three organizations have converged around the strategy of building an academic field of wild-animal suffering, but have different approaches.^[159]
2018	000000002024-08-10-0000August 10	Publication	Steven Nadler	Steven Nadler's in his essay "We Have an Ethical Obligation to Relieve Individual Animal Suffering", argues that we should intervene to relieve suffering in the wild, using the example of a starving polar bear.^[160]
2018	000000002024-09-04-0000September 4	Publication	Persis Eskander	Persis Eskander from Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Introduction to Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity".^[161]
2018	000000002024-09-09-0000September 9	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Ozy Brennan from Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Intervention Report: Feeding Wildlife As A Means of Promoting Welfare".^[162]
2018	000000002024-10-18-0000October 18	Publication		Animal Ethics publishes "Research projects in welfare biology".^[163]
2018	000000002024-10-28-0000October 28	Publication	Denis Drescher	Denis Drescher publishes "Wild Animal Suffering Research Ideas 2019".^[164]
2018	000000002024-12-19-0000December 19	Publication		Animal Ethics publishes "Welfare biology research: Vaccination of animals in the wild".^[165]
2018	000000002024-12-20-0000December 20	Publication	Ozy Brennan	Ozy Brennan from Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Intervention Report: Wildlife Contraception".^[166]
2018	000000002024-12-22-0000December 22	Publication		Rethink Priorities publishes "Detecting Morally Significant Pain in Nonhumans: Some Philosophical Difficulties".^[167]
2018	(winter)	Publication	Oscar Horta	Oscar Horta publishes "Concern for Wild Animal Suffering and Environmental Ethics: What Are the Limits of the Disagreement?".^[168]
2018	000000002024-12-30-0000December 30	Funding	Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Toni Adleberg, Jamie Spurgeon	The EA Animal Welfare Fund management team (Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Toni Adleberg, and Jamie Spurgeon) grants $20,000 from the EA Animal Welfare Fund to Utility Farm. Also, they grant $75,000 to Rethink Priorities, whose research agenda within animal welfare includes assessment of work on wild animal welfare.^[169]
2019	000000002024-01-01-0000January	Publication	Karl Bunker	Karl Bunker's short story "They Have All One Breath" is published by Clarkesworld Magazine. The story contains a discussion of wild animal suffering and AI.^[170]
2019	000000002024-01-25-0000January 25	Project	Abraham Rowe, Persis Eskander	Wild-Animal Suffering Research and Utility Farm merge to form the Wild Animal Initiative.^[171]
2019	000000002024-01-01-0000January	Project		Wild Animal Initiative launches The Compassionate Cat Grant aiming "to gather information on cat predation education at the rescue organization level and draw conclusions regarding the effect of advocacy efforts on the welfare of wild animals".^[172]
2019	000000002024-02-05-0000February 5	Publication	Johan Lindsjö, Katarina Cvek, Elin M. F. Spangenberg, Johan N. G. Olsson, Margareta Stéen	Johan Lindsjö, Katarina Cvek, Elin M. F. Spangenberg, Johan N. G. Olsson, and Margareta Stéen publish "The Dividing Line Between Wildlife Research and Management—Implications for Animal Welfare".^[173]
2019	000000002024-02-27-0000February 27	Publication		Animal Ethics publishes "Welfare biology research: Sexual competition".^[174]
2019	000000002024-03-06-0000March 6	Funding	Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Toni Adleberg, Jamie Spurgeon	The EA Animal Welfare Fund management team (Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Toni Adleberg, and Jamie Spurgeon) grants $50,000 from the EA Animal Welfare Fund to Wild Animal Initiative. Also, they grant $80,000 to Rethink Priorities, whose research agenda includes research into wild animal welfare.^[175]
2019	000000002024-04-12-0000April 12	Funding	Elisabeth Dimitras	Animal Ethics grants an undisclosed amount to Elisabeth Dimitras to study wild animals admitted to sanctuaries and rescue centers (wild animal rehabilitation centers) in Greece. The project aims to analyze data from rehabilitation centers to figure out "reasons for admission, mortality rates, cause of death by age and sex, how this varies over time, and the outcomes of the animals after treatment".^[176]
2019	000000002024-04-15-0000April 15	Publication	Persis Eskander	Robert Wiblin interviews Persis Eskander on the 80,000 Hours podcast about "Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?".^[177]
2019	000000002024-04-21-0000April 21	Funding		ACE's Effective Animal Advocacy Fund grants US$44,000 to Animal Ethics.^[178]^[179]
2019	000000002024-04-01-0000April	Project		Wild Animal Initiative launches Wildness, a podcast on wild animal ethics.^[180]
2019	000000002024-04-30-0000April 30	Publication	Brian Kateman	Brian Kateman publishes "The biggest opportunity to help animals is ending the suffering of wildlife" at Fast Company.^[181]
2019	000000002024-06-07-0000June 7	Publication		Rethink Priorities publishes "Life history classification", "Insect herbivores, life history and wild animal welfare".^[182]
2019	000000002024-06-09-0000June 9	Publication		Rethink Priorities publishes a series of articles on invertebrate sentience.^[183]
2019	000000002024-06-14-0000June 14	Publication		Rethink Priorities publishes "What Do Unconscious Processes in Humans Tell Us About Sentience?".^[184]
2019	000000002024-06-18-0000June 18	Publication	Zach Groff, Yew Kwang-Ng	Zach Groff and Yew Kwang-Ng co-author a paper that provides an update to Ng's original work on welfare biology.^[185] In particular, Ng's original mathematical argument for the Buddhist premise (i.e., that suffering dominates happiness for wild animals) is revealed as flawed. The paper then discusses considerations that could affect the balance of happiness/suffering and suggests some empirical research directions for welfare biology.
2019	000000002024-07-01-0000July 1	Publication		Animal Ethics publishes a new article about how fireworks harm nonhuman animals of all sizes.^[186]
2019	000000002024-07-18-0000July 18	Publication	Abraham Rowe	Abraham Rowe of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the blog post "Wild animal welfare and uncertainty".^[187]
2019	000000002024-07-23-0000July 23	Publication	Jane Capozzelli	Jane Capozzelli of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the blog post "Uncertainty in wild animal welfare is not an intractable problem, and welfare biology is well-positioned to tackle it".^[188]
2019	000000002024-08-01-0000August 1	Publication	Hollis Howe	Hollis Howe of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the blog post "Handling uncertainty about moral patienthood".^[189]
2019	000000002024-08-07-0000August 7	Publication	Luke Hecht	Luke Hecht of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the blog post "Extreme uncertainty requires resilient model-building".^[190]
2019	000000002024-08-23-0000August 23	Funding	Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Karolina Sarek, Alexandria Beck, Kieran Greig	The EA Animal Welfare Fund management team (Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Karolina Sarek, Alexandria Beck, Kieran Greig) grants $65,000 from the EA Animal Welfare Fund to Wild Animal Initiative. Also, they grant $100,000 to Rethink Priorities, whose research agenda includes research into wild animal welfare.^[191]
2019		Funding	Oscar Horta, Maria Salazar	ACE's Animal Advocacy Research Fund awards funding "to Oscar Horta and Maria Salazar (Animal Ethics) for this study. The purpose of this research project is to explore how to establish an expert field of research on wild animal welfare."^[192]
2019		Funding	Oscar Horta	"[ACE's Animal Advocacy Research Fund awards] funding to Oscar Horta (Animal Ethics) for this project. The purpose of this project is to gain insight into the lines of research on wild animal suffering most likely to be accepted by and appealing to biologists and animal welfare scientists and students."^[193]
2019	000000002024-09-26-0000September 26	Publication	Will Bradshaw	Will Bradshaw of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the article "Assessing biomarkers of aging as measures of cumulative animal welfare".^[194]
2019	October?	Funding	Cyndi Rook, Courtney Henry, Yau-Shun Chow	"[ACE's Animal Advocacy Research Fund awards] awarded funding to Cyndi Rook (Animal Ethics), Courtney Henry, and Yau-Shun (Vincent) Chow for this project. The purpose of this research is to determine the best ways for groups outside of China to help promote advocacy in China currently, and the best ways to incorporate concern for wild animal suffering in the development of concern for animals and animal advocacy movements in China."^[195]
2019	000000002024-11-01-0000November 1	Publication	Luke Hecht	Luke Hecht of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the article "Welfare expectancy: Age-specific survivorship frames the expected value of wild animal welfare".^[196]
2019	000000002024-11-18-0000November 18	Funding		ACE's Effective Animal Advocacy Fund grants US$60,000 to Wild Animal Initiative.^[197]
2019	000000002024-11-21-0000November 21	Funding	Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Karolina Sarek, Alexandria Beck, Kieran Greig	The EA Animal Welfare Fund management team (Lewis Bollard, Natalie Cargill, Karolina Sarek, Alexandria Beck, Kieran Greig) grants $85,000 from the EA Animal Welfare Fund to Wild Animal Initiative. Also, they grant $135,000 to Rethink Priorities, whose research agenda includes research into wild animal welfare.^[198]
2019	000000002024-12-10-0000December 10	Publication	Hollis Howe	Hollis Howe of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the report "Improving Pest Management for Wild Insect Welfare".^[199]
2019	000000002024-12-14-0000December 14	Video	Humane Hancock	YouTuber Humane Hancock posts a 19-minute video entitled "The Vegan Blind Spot", which as of June 2020 is probably the most popular video about the moral problem of wild-animal suffering with over 13,000 views.^[200]
2019	000000002024-12-19-0000December 19	Publication	Luke Hecht	Luke Hecht of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the blog post "Optimal population density: trading off the quality and quantity of welfare".^[201]
2019	000000002024-12-30-0000December 30	Publication	Simon E. Liedholm	Simon E. Liedholm of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the report "Persistence and reversibility: long-term design considerations for wild animal welfare interventions".^[202]
2020	000000002024-01-14-0000January 14	Video	Humane Hancock, Cosmic Skeptic	Vegan YouTubers Humane Hancock and Cosmic Skeptic post an hour-long video discussing wild-animal suffering. As of June 2020, the video has over 12,000 views.^[203]
2020	000000002024-01-15-0000January 15	Publication	Jeff Sebo	Jeff Sebo publishes "All We Owe to Animals", in which he describes the seriousness of the threat of climate change to both humans and nonhuman animals and argues that we have a moral obligation to relieve the suffering of individual wild animals.^[204]
2020	000000002024-02-10-0000February 10	Publication	Animal Ethics	Animal Ethics publishes "Scientists' attitudes towards improving the welfare of animals in the wild: a qualitative study"^[205]
2020	000000002024-02-29-0000February 29	Publication	Animal Ethics	Animal Ethics releases the first video of an online course on wild animal suffering.^[206]
2020	000000002024-03-01-0000March	Publication	Jane Capozzelli, Luke Hecht, Samniqueka Halsey	Researchers from WAI have their paper "What is the value of wild animal welfare for restoration ecology?" published in a journal on restoration ecology.^[207]
2020	000000002024-03-26-0000March 26	Funding	Karolina Sarek, Lewis Bollard, Alexandria Beck, Kieran Greig	The EA Animal Welfare Fund management team (Karolina Sarek, Lewis Bollard, Alexandria Beck, Kieran Greig) grants $65,000 from the EA Animal Welfare Fund to Wild Animal Initiative. Also, they grant $135,000 to Rethink Priorities, whose research agenda includes research into wild animal welfare.^[208]
2020	000000002024-04-03-0000April 3	Publication	Animal Ethics	Animal Ethics releases Introduction to Wild Animal Suffering: A Guide to the Issues, as a companion text to its online video course.^[209]
2020	000000002024-04-06-0000April 6	Publication	Jane Capozzelli	Jane Capozzelli of Wild Animal Initiative publishes the blog post "Building healthy relationships between people and nature to benefit the well-being of wild animals".^[210]
2020	000000002024-04-12-0000April 12	Community		Wild Animal Initiative, Animal Ethics, and Rethink Priorities co-hosts a virtual wild animal welfare meetup.^[211]
2020	000000002024-09-15-0000September 15	Video	Animal Ethics	Animal Ethics releases the final video of its online course on wild animal suffering.^[212]
2020	000000002024-09-15-0000September 15	Publication	Ben Bramble	Ben Bramble publishes "Painlessly Killing Predators".^[213]
2020	000000002024-09-19-0000September 19	Video	Humane Hancock	YouTuber Humane Hancock posts a 29-minute video entitled "How to SOLVE Wild Animal Suffering", which as of September 2021 has over 6,000 views.^[214]
2020	000000002024-10-29-0000October 29	Publication	Kyle Johannsen	Kyle Johannsen's book Wild Animal Ethics: The Moral and Political Problem of Wild Animal Suffering is published.^[215]
2021	000000002024-02-16-0000February 16	Publication	Connor Kianpour, Eze Paez	Connor Kianpour and Eze Paez publish "Red in Tooth and Claw No More: Animal Rights and the Permissibility to Redesign Nature".^[216]
2021	000000002024-02-18-0000February 18	Presentation	Oscar Horta	Oscar Horta delivers the talk "A beginner’s guide to wild animal suffering" at the London school of Economics and Political Science. A video of the talk is later published on YouTube.^[217]
2021	000000002024-03-08-0000March 8	Video	CosmicSkeptic	YouTuber CosmicSkeptic releases the video "Christianity's Biggest Problem" in which he argues that animal suffering due to natural processes is the biggest issue that Christians must reconcile with when it comes to the problem of evil. As of September 2021, the video has over 304,000 views.^[218]
2021	000000002024-03-15-0000March 15	Publication	Asher A. Soryl, Andrew J. Moore, Philip J. Seddon, Mike R. King	Soryl et al. publish "The Case for Welfare Biology".^[219]
2021	000000002024-03-27-0000March 27	Publication	Beka Jalagania	Beka Jalagania publishes "Wild Animals and Duties of Assistance".^[220]
2021	2nd Quarter 2021	Publication	Kyle Johannsen	Kyle Johannsen publishes "Humanitarian Assistance for Wild Animals".^[221]
2021	000000002024-04-01-0000April—000000002024-06-01-0000June	Community	Animal Ethics	Animal Ethics hosts a three-session workshop on wild animal suffering advocacy.^[222]
2021	000000002024-04-21-0000April 21	Publication	Dylan Matthews	Dylan Matthews publishes the article "The wild frontier of animal welfare" at Vox.^[223]
2021	000000002024-04-29-0000April 29	Publication	Jozef Keulartz	Jozef Keulartz's essay "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem" is re-published as a chapter in Animals in Our Midst: The Challenges of Co-existing with Animals in the Anthropocene.^[224]
2021	000000002024-04-26-0000April 26	Presentation	Eze Paez	Eze Paez delivers the talk "Wild Animal Suffering: The Freedom-based Approach" at a conference organised by Centre de recherche en éthique (CRÉ) and Groupe de recherche en éthique environnementale et animale (GRÉEA).^[225]
2021	000000002024-06-01-0000June	Funding	Open Philanthropy	A grant of $3,500,000 over two years to Wild Animal Initiative (WAI) is recommended by Open Philanthropy to support research on animal welfare.^[226]
2021	000000002024-06-23-0000June 23	Publication	Walter Veit, Heather Browning	Walter Veit and Heather Browning publish "Extending animal welfare science to include wild animals".^[227]
2021	000000002024-07-02-0000July 2	Publication	Gary O'Brien	Gary O'Brien publishes "Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation".^[228]
2021	September 22–23	Community	University of St Andrews	The University of St Andrews host the Wild Animal Ethics Conference, organised by Ben Sachs and Mara van der Lugt, with support from the Leverhulme Trust.^[229]

Visual Data

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Wild animal suffering (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[230]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Wild animal suffering, from 1800 to 2019.^[231]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Wild animal suffering, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to Mach 2021.^[232]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Louis in 2018. Louis also added several notable updates in 2020.

In July 2019, User:Mati Roy reviewed the whole timeline and added notable events since mid-2018. It took zir about 6 hours. Formatting of sources was outsourced [more info to come]. The work was live-streamed here: [1], [2], [3]. [Funding information to come.]

Substantial updates and historical predecessors to the WAS movement were added by User:Blue.

User:Issa and User:Vipul contributed as well.

What the timeline is still missing

Tomasik articles that I, User:Louis, didn't bother to add so far
New Nature Ethics articles
New WASR articles
ACE Research Funding
Horta articles
Other academic philosophy articles, perhaps, depending on relevance
There should be stuff between Mill and Singer?
Buddhists?
Relevant pieces of WAS art (?)
Popularity of RWAS (?) (ie. Google Trends, WAS FB group members, etc.)
Table of total money went to charity working on RWAS (see Google Sheet Total Money and Grants -- edit access public).

Timeline update strategy

Feedback can be written in the discussion page, and the relevant user(s) can be tagged.

Groups where it was shared

Animal Liberation. Save all animals. Facebook group
Petitions For Animal Welfare/Rights Facebook group
ANIMAL RIGHTS WORLDWIDE Facebook group
Vegan Awakening🌱 Facebook group
Austin Vegans Facebook group
Vegan Buddhism Facebook group
Vegan Copenhagen Facebook group
WORLDWIDE VEGANS AND ANIMAL-HUMAN RIGHTS GROUP Facebook group
Vegan Colorado Facebook group
Union of Animal Defenders Facebook group

External links

Wild animal welfare: a bibliography

Publications about wild animal suffering

References

↑ Leonardo da Vinci (2004-01-01). The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete. Translated by Richter, Jean Paul. 1888. folio 1219. Why did nature not ordain that one animal should not live by the death of another? Nature, being inconstant and taking pleasure in creating and making constantly new lives and forms, because she knows that her terrestrial materials become thereby augmented, is more ready and more swift in her creating, than time in his destruction; and so she has ordained that many animals shall be food for others. Nay, this not satisfying her desire, to the same end she frequently sends forth certain poisonous and pestilential vapours upon the vast increase and congregation of animals; and most of all upon men, who increase vastly because other animals do not feed upon them; and, the causes being removed, the effects would not follow. This earth therefore seeks to lose its life, desiring only continual reproduction; and as, by the argument you bring forward and demonstrate, like effects always follow like causes, animals are the image of the world.
↑ Hume, David (1779). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Observe [...] the curious artifices of nature, in order to embitter the life of every living being. The stronger prey upon the weaker, and keep them in perpetual terror and anxiety. The weaker too, in their turn, often prey upon the stronger, and vex and molest them without relaxation. Consider that innumerable race of insects, which either are bred on the body of each animal, or flying about infix their stings in him. These insects have others still less than themselves, which torment them. And thus on each hand, before and behind, above and below, every animal is surrounded with enemies, which incessantly seek his misery and destruction.
↑ Darwin, Erasmus (1800). Phytologia: or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening. J. Johnson. p. 556. Such is the condition of organic nature! whose first law might be expressed in the words, "Eat or be Eaten!" and which would seem to be one great slaughter-house, one universal scene of rapacity and injustice!
↑ Darwin, Erasmus (1803). The Temple of Nature. J. Johnson. The wolf, escorted by his milk-drawn dam,
Unknown to mercy, tears the guiltless lamb;
The towering eagle, darting from above,
Unfeeling rends the inoffensive dove;
The lamb and dove on living nature feed,
Crop the young herb, or crush the embryon seed.
Nor spares the loud owl in her dusky flight,
Smit with sweet notes, the minstrel of the night;
Nor spares, enamour'd of his radiant form,
The hungry nightingale the glowing worm;
Who with bright lamp alarms the midnight hour,
Climbs the green stem, and slays the sleeping flower.
↑ Gompertz, Isaac (1813). The Modern Antique; Or, The Muse in the Costume of Queen Anne. London: W. Pople. Why ridicule the act, the feeling blame,
Which from the spider would the fly reclaim;
Since from the reptile, in gradation due,
'Twould link the world in sympathy to you?
Let not this bold assertion ease thy mind,
"This all is nature, and by heav'n design'd:"
Would you not bless the arm, if stretch'd to save
Your individual carcass from the grave?
From the fierce tiger's unrelenting claw,
Or rav'nous wolf; though Nature gave the law?
↑ de Maistre, Joseph (1821). "Seventh Dialogue". Saint Petersburg Dialogues. In the immense sphere of living things, the obvious rule is violence, a kind of inevitable frenzy which arms all things in mutua funera. Once you leave the world of insensible substances, you find the decree of violent death written on the very frontiers of life. Even in the vegetable kingdom, this law can be perceived: from the huge catalpa to the smallest of grasses, how many plants die and how many are killed! But once you enter the animal kingdom, the law suddenly becomes frighteningly obvious. A power at once hidden and palpable appears constantly occupied in bringing to light the principle of life by violent means. In each great division of the animal world, it has chosen a certain number of animals charged with devouring the others; so there are insects of prey, reptiles of prey, birds of prey, fish of prey, and quadrupeds of prey. There is not an instant of time when some living creature is not devoured by another [...] Thus is worked out, from maggots up to man, the universal law of the violent destruction of living beings. The whole earth, continually steeped in blood, is nothing but an immense altar on which every living thing must be sacrificed without end, without restraint, without respite until the consummation of the world, the extinction of evil, the death of death.
↑ Gompertz, Lewis (1992). Singer, Peter, ed. Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes. Fontwell: Centaur. pp. 93–94. Y: As you think it wrong for man to kill other animals for food, do you also think it wrong that animals should devour each other? As this is the general law of nature.
Z: It appears wrong, according to the rules by which we govern our own actions to each other; and should I witness the attempt in any animal of destroying another, I would endeavour to frustrate it; though this might probably be wrong.
↑ Leopardi, Giacomo (1882). Singer, Peter, ed. Essays and Dialogues. Translated by Edwardes, Charles. Ludgate Hill: Trübner & Co. pp. 78–79. Thus I reply to you. I am well aware you did not make the world for the service of men. It were easier to believe that you made it expressly as a place of torment for them. But tell me: why am I here at all? Did I ask to come into the world? Or am I here unnaturally, contrary to your will? If however, you yourself have placed me here, without giving me the power of acceptance or refusal of this gift of life, ought you not as far as possible to try and make me happy, or at least preserve me from the evils and dangers, which render my sojourn a painful one? And what I say of myself, I say of the whole human race, and of every living creature.
↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). On the Sufferings of the World. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. The pleasure in this world, it has been said, outweighs the pain; or, at any rate, there is an even balance between the two. If the reader wishes to see shortly whether this statement is true, let him compare the respective feelings of two animals, one of which is engaged in eating the other.
↑ Gompertz, Lewis (1852). Fragments in Defence of Animals, and Essays on Morals, Soul, and Future State. London: W. Horsell. Much as animals suffer in a natural state, much more do they seem to suffer when under the dominion of the generality of men. What suffering in the former can be supposed to equal the constant torture of a hackney-coach horse?
↑ Murray, Michael (April 30, 2011). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199596324.
↑ "Letter 2814 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 22 May [1860]". Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. With respect to the theological view of the question; this is always painful to me.— I am bewildered.— I had no intention to write atheistically. But I own that I cannot see, as plainly as others do, & as I [should] wish to do, evidence of design & beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent & omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidæ with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.
↑ JS Mill. On Nature.
↑ Moore, J. Howard (1895). Why I Am a Vegetarian: An Address Delivered before the Chicago Vegetarian Society. Frances L. Dusenberry. There is no sense in carnivora talking about ethics and justice and mercy, for their very existence is a travesty on such things.
↑ Moore, John Howard (1899). Better-World Philosophy: A Sociological Synthesis. Chicago: The Ward Waugh Company. pp. 123–125. The chief activities of beings, both human and non-human, are put forth, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of procuring food. The suppression, entire or partial, of one being by another for nutritive purposes is, therefore, the form of the most frequent and excessive egoism. The lowly forms of life—the worms, echinoderms, mollusks, and the like—are, for the most part, vegetarians. So, also, are prevalently the insects, birds, rodents, and ungulates. These creatures are not, as a rule, aggressively harmful to each other, chiefly indifferent. But upon these inoffensive races feed with remorseless maw the reptilia, the insectivora, and the carnivora. These being-eaters cause to the earth-world its bloodiest experiences. It is their nature (established organically by long selection, or, as in the case of man, acquired tentatively) to subsist, not on the kingdom of the plant, the natural and primal storehouse of animal energy, but on the skeletons and sensibilities of their neighbors and friends. The serpent dines on the sparrow and the sparrow ingulfs the gnat; the tiger slays the jungle-fowl and the coyote plunders the lamb; the seal subsists on fish and the ursus maritimus subsists on seal; the ant enslaves the aphidae and man eats and enslaves what can not get away from him. Life riots on life—tooth and talon, beak and paw. It is a sickening contemplation, but life everywhere, in its aspect of activity, is largely made up of the struggle by one being against another for existence—of the effort by one being to circumvent, subjugate, or destroy another, and of the counter effort to reciprocate or escape.
↑ Moore, John Howard (1899). Better-World Philosophy: A Sociological Synthesis. Chicago: The Ward Waugh Company. pp. 162–163. It is not possible, and it never will be possible, to organize all the beings occupying space into one immense confederacy. This would be ideal, but from the inexorable nature of things it can never be. The denizens of the sea depths can not correlate with the inhabitants of the clouds. The lion can not fraternize with the lamb, nor the hawk with the sparrow. The natures of beings have been evolved thru war, and they are in large part irredeemably antagonistic. But the approximation, if honest, may be more successful than is supposed, and may include many species not human. The bird may contribute his song and plumage, the sheep his fleece, the horse, the ox, the elephant, and the camel their strength or speed, the cow and the fowl their secretions, the dog his fidelity, and man his art. The ultimate and ideal aggregation of the living universe will not be a pan-American union nor a Euro-American league, nor even an aggregation whose spirit is embodied in a parliament of man, but the widest and most consummate possible Confederation of the Consciousnesses.]
↑ Moore, J. Howard (John Howard) (1906). The Universal Kinship. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. pp. 249–250. The preponderance of egoism in the natures of living beings is the most mournful and immense fact in the phenomena of conscious life. It has made the world the kind of world it would have been had the gods actually emptied their wrath vials upon it. Brotherhood is anomalous, and, even in its highest manifestations, is but the expression of a veiled and calculating egoism. Inhumanity is everywhere. The whole planet is steeped in it. Every creature faces an inhospitable universeful, and every life is a campaign. It has all come about as a result of the mindless and inhuman manner in which life has been developed on the earth. It has been said that an individual of unlimited faculties and infinite goodness and power made this world and endowed it with ways of acting, and that this individual, as the world's executive, continues to determine its phenomena by inspiring the order of its events. But one cannot help thinking sometimes, when, in his more daring and vivid moments, he comes to comprehend the real character and condition of the world, what a discrepancy exists between the reputation of this builder and his works, and cannot help wondering whether an ordinary human being with only common-sense and insight and an average concern for the welfare of the world would not make a great improvement in terrestrial affairs if he only had the opportunity for a while.
↑ Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. Whichever way man may look upon the earth, he is oppressed with the suffering incident to life. It would almost seem as though the earth had been created with malignity and hatred. If we look at what we are pleased to call the lower animals, we behold a universal carnage. We speak of the seemingly peaceful woods, but we need only look beneath the surface to be horrified by the misery of that underworld. Hidden in the grass and watching for its prey is the crawling snake which swiftly darts upon the toad or mouse and gradually swallows it alive; the hapless animal is crushed by the jaws and covered with slime, to be slowly digested in furnishing a meal. The snake knows nothing about sin or pain inflicted upon another; he automatically grabs insects and mice and frogs to preserve his life. The spider carefully weaves his web to catch the unwary fly, winds him into the fatal net until paralyzed and helpless, then drinks his blood and leaves him an empty shell. The hawk swoops down and snatches a chicken and carries it to its nest to feed its young. The wolf pounces on the lamb and tears it to shreds. The cat watches at the hole of the mouse until the mouse cautiously comes out, then with seeming fiendish glee he plays with it until tired of the game, then crunches it to death in his jaws. The beasts of the jungle roam by day and night to find their prey; the lion is endowed with strength of limb and fang to destroy and devour almost any animal that it can surprise or overtake. There is no place in the woods or air or sea where all life is not a carnage of death in terror and agony. Each animal is a hunter, and in turn is hunted, by day and night. No landscape is so beautiful or day so balmy but the cry of suffering and sacrifice rends the air. When night settles down over the earth the slaughter is not abated. Some creatures see best at night, and the outcry of the dying and terrified is always on the wind. Almost all animals meet death by violence and through the most agonizing pain. With the whole animal creation there is nothing like a peaceful death. Nowhere in nature is there the slightest evidence of kindness, of consideration, or a feeling for the suffering and the weak, except in the narrow circle of brief family life.
↑ Skutch, Alexander F. (1952). "Which Shall We Protect? Thoughts on the Ethics of the Treatment of Free Life" (PDF). The Aryan Path. 23: 382–386.
↑ Skutch, Alexander F. (1962). "Vegetarianism and the Evil of Predation" (PDF). The Aryan Path. 33: 298–302.
↑ Singer, Peter (June 14, 1973). "Food for Thought". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09.
↑ Clark, Stephen R. L. (1979). "The Rights of Wild Things" (PDF). Inquiry. Routledge. 22 (1-4): 171–188. doi:10.1080/00201747908601871. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-22. It has been argued that if non‐human animals had rights we should be obliged to defend them against predators. I contend that this either does not follow, follows in the abstract but not in practice, or is not absurd. We should defend non‐humans against large or unusual dangers, when we can, but should not claim so much authority as to regulate all the relationships of wild things.
↑ Callicott, J. Baird (1980). "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" (PDF). Environmental Ethics. 2 (4): 311–338. doi:10.5840/enviroethics19802424. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-09.
↑ Sagoff, Mark (1984). "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce". Osgode Hall Law Journal. 22 (2): 297–307. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02.
↑ Sapontzis, Steve F. (1984). "Predation". Ethics and Animals. 5 (2). ISSN 0197-9094. doi:10.15368/ea.1984v5n2.1. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.
↑ Sapontzis, Steve F. (1987). Morals, Reason, and Animals.
↑ Naess, Arne (1991). "Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature?" (PDF). Pan Ecology. 6: 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-20.
↑ Olivier, David (June 1993). "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" [Why I am not an environmentalist]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16.
↑ Ng, Yew-Kwang (1995). "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 10 (3): 255–285. doi:10.1007/BF00852469. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Pearce, David (1995). The Hedonistic Imperative. hedweb.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27.
↑ Dawkins, Richard (1995). "God's Utility Function". River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. Basic Books. ISBN 0465016065. The total amount of suffering per year in the natural world is beyond all decent contemplation. During the minute that it takes me to compose this sentence, thousands of animals are being eaten alive, many others are running for their lives, whimpering with fear, others are slowly being devoured from within by rasping parasites, thousands of all kinds are dying of starvation, thirst, and disease. It must be so. If there ever is a time of plenty, this very fact will automatically lead to an increase in the population until the natural state of starvation and misery is restored.
↑ Luke, Andrew (1995). "And the Hyenas Laughed No More?". The Vegan. The Vegan Society. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
↑ Olivier, David; Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Éditorial". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Contre l'apartheid des espèces" [Against the apartheid of species]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03.
↑ Olivier, David (April 1999). "Contribution au débat à la maison de l'écologie" [Contribution to the debate at the Maison de l’Écologie]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 17. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02.
↑ Cowen, Tyler (2003). "Policing Nature" (PDF). Environment Ethics. 25 (2): 169–182. doi:10.5840/enviroethics200325231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17.
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 ^37.4 ^37.5 Tomasik, Brian (10 August 2012). "How I Started Writing about Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Clarke, Matthew; Ng, Yew-Kwang (29 April 2006). "Population Dynamics and Animal Welfare: Issues Raised by the Culling of Kangaroos in Puckapunyal" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 407–422. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0137-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17.
↑ "Utilitarian Essays". web.archive.org. 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (2006). "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-12.
↑ "Felificia Blog Post List". Utilitarianism Wiki. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "Google search results for wild animal suffering on Felicifia". google.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (August 2007). "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (April 2009). "Do Bugs Feel Pain?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (4 June 2009). "Caring about Animal Suffering". Archived from the original on 2017-12-06.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (July 2009). "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering". Foundational Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.
↑ https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/reprogramming-predators.html
↑ http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/08/28/predatory-animals-are-bad/
↑ "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?". Felicifia. December 25, 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.
↑ "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?". Felicifia. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.
↑ "Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering – Members". Facebook. Retrieved 16 July 2018. (registration required (help)). Brian Tomasik: Created group on April 19, 2010
↑ "Forming an organization: To wait or not?". Felicifia. May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.
↑ https://whois.domaintools.com/animal-ethics.org
↑ McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). "The Meat Eaters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). "Predators: A Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Horta, Oscar (2010). "Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild" (PDF). Télos. 17 (1): 73–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Wilcox, Christie (2011-04-12). "Bambi or Bessie: Are wild animals happier?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
↑ "Welcome to Effective Animal Activism". Animal Charity Evaluators. 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
↑ "History | Animal Charity Evaluators". web.archive.org. 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Change at EAA | Animal Charity Evaluators". web.archive.org. 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Consideration of Cause Areas". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (30 October 2012). "Medicine vs. Deep Ecology". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ "Best new name for this group (and/or movement)?". Facebook — Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (24 June 2013). "Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (24 June 2013). "Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (September 4, 2013). "Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (2013). "Crop Cultivation and Wild Animals". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Mannino, Adriano; Donnelly, Ruairí. "Talk: Should we intervene in nature to help wild animals?". Sentience Politics. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. The talk was held at the University of Zurich on December 6, 2013.
↑ frei denken uni basel (3 January 2014). ""Reducing Wild Animal Suffering" by Adriano Mannino & Ruairí Donnelly". YouTube.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (December 15, 2013). "Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ "About Our Organization". Sentience Politics. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Sentience Politics was founded as a project of the Effective Altruism Foundation (EAF) in 2013.
↑ https://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-1062870
↑ "HOME | Animal Ethics". Wayback Machine. 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "Conversation with Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta of Animal Ethics". Animal Charity Evaluators. August 14, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "Wild animal suffering". Wikipedia. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. Ruairí Donnelly moved page User:Ruairí Donnelly/sandbox to Wild animal suffering: Article is ready to be published
↑ Tomasik, Brian (February 3, 2015). "The Importance of Insect Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30.
↑ http://www.trcpodcast.com/trc-336-american-sniper-brian-tomasik-on-wild-animal-suffering-rent-to-own/
↑ http://www.trcpodcast.com/trc-337-women-in-science-brian-tomasik-on-wild-animal-suffering-part-2-blue-blood/
↑ "Animal Ethics Essay Prize". Animal Ethics. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-28.
↑ Tomasik, Brian. "Why Vegans Should Care About Wild Animal Suffering". Reasonable Vegan. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Vinding, Magnus (May 1, 2015). Speciesism: Why It Is Wrong and the Implications of Rejecting It. Smashwords. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.
↑ "Academic work on wild animal suffering edited by Animal Ethics activists". Animal Ethics. 23 December 2015.
↑ http://www.simonknutsson.com/how-good-or-bad-is-the-life-of-an-insect
↑ The Moral Problem of Predation. Routledge. 2015-10-08. ISBN 978-0-203-15441-0. doi:10.4324/9780203154410-23/moral-problem-predation-jeff-mcmahan.
↑ "r/wildanimalsuffering". reddit. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17.
↑ https://whois.domaintools.com/utility.farm
↑ Tomasik, Brian (28 November 2015). "Estimating Aggregate Wild-Animal Suffering from Reproductive Age and Births per Female". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Reese, Jacy (14 December 2015). "Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help.". Vox. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Reese, Jacy (December 14, 2015). "Wild animal suffering is one of the biggest issues in...". Facebook. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
↑ Gunther, Kristen (15 December 2015). "Nature Is Violent". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30.
↑ Matthews, Susan (16 December 2015). "Nature Can't Exist Without Suffering—And We Can't Change That". Audubon. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (26 December 2015). "How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-review/animal-ethics/2015-dec/
↑ "Announcing Our Spring 2019 Effective Animal Advocacy Fund Grants". Animal Charity Evaluators. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
↑ Faria, Catia (2016-03-15). Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16.
↑ Vinding, Magnus (March 20, 2016). The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for “Wildlife Anti-Natalism”. Smashwords. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.
↑ "Announcement regarding the Animal Ethics Essay Prize". Animal Ethics. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Dickens, Michael (April 22, 2016). "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable". Philosophical Multicore. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Moen, Ole Martin (May 9, 2016). "The ethics of wild animal suffering" (PDF). Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics. 10 (1): 91–104. doi:10.5324/eip.v10i1.1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-22.
↑ Knutsson, Simon (May 2016). "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" (PDF). Sentience Politics. 1: 1–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-20.
↑ "FRI: Research Plans 2016 — Research on wild-animal suffering and ways to reduce it" (PDF). Foundational Research Institute. June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-25.
↑ Dickens, Michael (August 26, 2016). "Why the Open Philanthropy Project Should Prioritize Wild Animal Suffering". Effective Altruism Forum. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Dello-Iacovo, Michael (2016-08-30). "On terraforming, wild-animal suffering and the far future" (PDF). Sentience Politics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ Keulartz, Jozef (2016-10-01). "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 29 (5): 813–834. ISSN 1573-322X. doi:10.1007/s10806-016-9637-4.
↑ http://www.academia.edu/28500092/Environmental_Ethics_The_Case_of_Wild_Animals
↑ Hecht, Luke (September 5, 2016). "Wild Animal Suffering Survey Report". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. This study provides some evidence that encouraging people to reduce their consumption of animal products on environmental grounds makes them less supportive of intervening in nature to alleviate wild-animal suffering. If true, this suggests that animal advocates who are concerned about wild animals should place less emphasis on the environmental harms of animal agriculture. The results should reduce concerns that cruelty-focused farmed animal advocacy messages may reduce people’s willingness to help wild animals.
↑ VeganKanal (10 September 2016). "Stijn Bruers - The moral blind spots in the animal rights community (IARC 2016)". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
↑ VeganKanal (11 September 2016). "Stefan Torges - Wild animal suffering: Why 99% of wild animals die as babies already (IARC 2016)". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
↑ Princeton Environmental Institute (21 November 2016). "The Suffering of Wild Animals: Should we do anything about it, and if so, what? – Peter Singer". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
↑ "2nd Animal Ethics Essay Prize on Animal Suffering in the Wild". Animal Ethics. 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Plant, Michael (25 November 2016). "The Unproven (And Unprovable) Case For Wild Animal Suffering – Planting Happiness". www.plantinghappiness.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (28 November 2016). "Is There Net Suffering in Nature? A Reply to Michael Plant | Essays on Reducing Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Greig, Kieran (April 5, 2017). "Effects of farmed animal advocacy messaging on attitudes towards policies and decisions affecting wild animal suffering". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.
↑ Rowe, Abraham. "An Ethic of Intervention". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Utility Farm (April 26, 2017). "Utility Farm has launched its 2017 essay contest". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "2017 essay contest". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Bollard, Lewis (April 2017). "April 2017: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism.
↑ "Wild Animal Welfare Project Discussion". Facebook. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
↑ "Update on the future of Sentience Politics". Effective Altruism Foundation. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ "Introducing the Wild-Animal Suffering Research Project". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ https://whois.domaintools.com/was-research.org
↑ "Sentience Institute". web.archive.org. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Sentience Institute". web.archive.org. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/6/10/keep-known-space-neutral
↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/6/11/caring-for-pets-and-service-animals
↑ Eskander, Persis (29 June 2017). "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Vertebrates". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Tomasik, Brian (July 5, 2017). "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Eskander, Persis (11 July 2017). "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Brennan, Ozy (12 July 2017). "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.
↑ Schulzetenberg, Briana (July 13, 2017). "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Brennan, Ozy (4 October 2017). "We Have No Idea If There Are Cost-Effective Interventions Into Wild-Animal Suffering". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Brennan, Ozy (12 October 2017). "Infant Mortality and the Argument from Life History". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/10/18/reviewing-2017-and-looking-to-2018
↑ Brennan, Ozy (10 November 2017). ""Fit and Happy": How Do We Measure Wild-Animal Suffering?". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Ray, Georgia (22 November 2017). "Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.
↑ Brennan, Ozy (25 November 2017). "Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ Bollard, Lewis (November 2017). "November 2017: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ "EA Grants Fall 2017 Recipients". Google Docs. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ "2nd Animal Ethics Essay Prize Announcement". Animal Ethics. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ "Effective Thesis". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Examining the harm caused by crop cultivation to vertebrate wild animals in the United States". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Ray, Georgia (19 January 2018). "Invertebrate Sentience: Urgent But Understudied". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.
↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2018/1/24/seven-broad-rules-for-effective-discussions-of-participation-ethics
↑ Delon, Nicolas; Purves, Duncan. "Wild animal suffering is intractable". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 31 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y.
↑ Eskander, Persis (February 13, 2018). "To Reduce Wild Animal Suffering We Need to Find Out If the Cause Area Is Tractable". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.
↑ "Animal Ethics's 2018 strategic plan". Animal Ethics. 16 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Ray, Georgia (23 February 2018). "Are seafood substitutes good for wild fish?". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Rowe, Abraham (March 23, 2018). "Announcing Nature Ethics". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ Bollard, Lewis (March 2018). "March 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.
↑ Sullivan, Mariann; Singer, Jasmin (April 14, 2018). "Episode 431: Persis Eskander and Nora Kramer". Our Hen House. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
↑ "Publications about wild animal suffering". Animal Ethics. April 30, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "Réduire la souffrance des animaux sauvages" [Reducing wild-animal suffering]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 40. April 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-04-26.
↑ Reus, Estiva (May 2018). "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature" [Eliminate animals for their own good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 41. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.
↑ "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 9, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.
↑ "Crucial Considerations in Wild Animal Suffering". Effective Altruism. Retrieved 2019-07-20.
↑ "Strategic Movement Building for Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10.
↑ Building support for wild animal suffering - EA Global, retrieved 2019-07-20
↑ "Meetup: Wild Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10.
↑ Bollard, Lewis (June 2018). "June 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Potential interventions to aid wild animals remain limited, and may be unwise, so I think it makes sense to build an academic field that can better research this problem and potential approaches to addressing it. The three primary groups in this space have all converged around the academic field-building strategy, though they have different approaches. Given the magnitude of the problem, my uncertainty over which approach is likely to be most effective, and my sense that all three groups are well-run, I’m proposing funding all three.
↑ "We Have an Ethical Obligation to Relieve Individual Animal Suffering". Aeon. 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
↑ Esk, Persis; er (2018-09-04). "An Introduction to Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Brennan, Ozy (2018-09-09). "Intervention Report: Feeding Wildlife As A Means of Promoting Welfare". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Ethics, Animal (2018-10-18). "Research projects in welfare biology". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Drescher, Denis (2018-10-28). "Wild Animal Suffering Research Ideas 2019". Considerations and Comparisons. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Ethics, Animal (2018-12-19). "Welfare biology research: Vaccination of animals in the wild". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Brennan, Ozy (2018-12-20). "Intervention Report: Wildlife Contraception". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Detecting Morally Significant Pain in Nonhumans: Some Philosophical Difficulties". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Horta, Oscar (2018). "CONCERN FOR WILD ANIMAL SUFFERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF THE DISAGREEMENT?". Les ateliers de l'éthique / The Ethics Forum. 13 (1): 85–100. ISSN 1718-9977. doi:10.7202/1055119ar.
↑ "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. December 2018 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. December 30, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Researching tractable interventions to improve wild animal welfare. Within the animal advocacy movement, there seems to be an increasing interest in helping wild animals, but research on effective interventions is severely lacking. Utility Farm is a research organization that takes a practical approach, prioritizing the research of potentially tractable interventions. For example, they published a report on humane insecticides and they are currently research interventions to reduce the suffering of birds and small mammals caused by feral and free-ranging cats. We believe that research on wild animal welfare is both important and relatively neglected, so we are happy to support it where we can.
↑ "They All Have One Breath". Clarkesworld Magazine. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
↑ "Announcing Wild Animal Initiative". January 25, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Cross-posted to https://was-research.org/blog/announcing-wild-animal-initiative/ on the Wild-Animal Suffering Research blog and to https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/jzikTHMSpckYg9ZPp/announcing-wild-animal-initiative on the Effective Altruism Forum. See also the associated discussion on Reddit at https://www.reddit.com/r/EffectiveAltruism/comments/ajr27e/announcing_wild_animal_initiative_wildanimal/
↑ "The Compassionate Cat Grant". The Compassionate Cat Grant. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Lindsjö, Johan; Cvek, Katarina; Spangenberg, Elin M. F.; Olsson, Johan N. G.; Stéen, Margareta (2019-02-05). "The Dividing Line Between Wildlife Research and Management—Implications for Animal Welfare". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6. ISSN 2297-1769. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00013.
↑ Ethics, Animal (2019-02-27). "Welfare biology research: Sexual competition". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. March 2019 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Research on tractable interventions to help wild animals. Two recipients of previous grants from the Animal Welfare Fund — Wild-Animal Suffering Research and Utility Farm — have recently merged to form a new group: Wild Animal Initiative. Under the direction of Abraham Rowe, Wild Animal Initiative will focus on research prioritization, academic outreach, and research on potential near-term interventions. Over the next year, they plan to expand their research and communications staff. They are also looking into funding early-career academics to do research that is aligned with their goals. We think that wild animal suffering is a relatively large-scale and neglected problem, so we are happy to support one of the few organizations currently working in that space.
↑ Ethics, Animal (2019-04-12). "Animal Ethics is funding a novel research project examining causes of harm and mortality to wild animals in Greece". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?". 80,000 Hours. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Ethics, Animal (2019-04-21). "Animal Charity Evaluators' Effective Animal Advocacy Fund will support Animal Ethics's wild animal suffering work". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Effective Animal Advocacy Fund". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Wildness Podcast". Wild Animal Initiative. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Wildness Podcast". Fast Company. 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
↑ "Life history classification". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Publications". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "What Do Unconscious Processes in Humans Tell Us About Sentience?". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Groff, Zach; Ng, Yew-Kwang (18 June 2019). "Does suffering dominate enjoyment in the animal kingdom? An update to welfare biology". Biology & Philosophy. 34 (4). ISSN 1572-8404. doi:10.1007/s10539-019-9692-0.
↑ Ethics, Animal (2019-07-01). "A new article about how fireworks harm nonhuman animals of all sizes". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Rowe, Abraham (July 18, 2019). "Wild animal welfare and uncertainty". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ Capozzelli, Jane (July 23, 2019). "Uncertainty in wild animal welfare is not an intractable problem, and welfare biology is well-positioned to tackle it". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ Howe, Hollis (August 1, 2019). "Handling uncertainty about moral patienthood". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ Hecht, Luke (August 7, 2019). "Extreme uncertainty requires resilient model-building". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. July 2019 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. August 23, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
↑ "Establishing a field of research for wild animal suffering". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ "Surveying attitudes toward interventions reducing wild animal suffering among scientists and students". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
↑ Bradshaw, Will (September 26, 2019). "Assessing biomarkers of aging as measures of cumulative animal welfare". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ "Perspectives on Wild Animal Suffering Advocacy in China". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
↑ Hecht, Luke (November 1, 2019). "Welfare expectancy: Age-specific survivorship frames the expected value of wild animal welfare". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14.
↑ van der Werf, Marianne (18 November 2019). "Announcing Our Fall 2019 Effective Animal Advocacy Fund Grants". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
↑ "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. November 2019 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. November 21, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
↑ Howe, Hollis (December 10, 2019). "Improving Pest Management for Wild Insect Welfare" (PDF). Wild Animal Initiative. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjCp6bUp__M
↑ Hecht, Luke. "Optimal population density for wild animal welfare". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
↑ Liedholm, Simon Eckerström (December 30, 2019). "Persistence and reversibility: long-term design considerations for wild animal welfare interventions" (PDF). Wild Animal Initiative. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TaFwHa5ZRs
↑ "All We Owe to Animals". Aeon. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
↑ "Scientists' attitudes towards improving the welfare of animals in the wild: a qualitative study". Animal Ethics. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
↑ "Announcing the first video of an online course on wild animal suffering". Animal Ethics. 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
↑ Capozzelli, Jane F.; Hecht, Luke; Halsey, Samniqueka J. (March 2020). "What is the value of wild animal welfare for restoration ecology?" (PDF). Restoration Ecology. 28 (2): 267–270. doi:10.1111/rec.13114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
↑ "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. March 2020 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. March 26, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
↑ "Introduction to wild animal suffering: A guide to the issues". Animal Ethics. 2020-04-03. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
↑ Capozzelli, Jane (April 6, 2020). "Building healthy relationships between people and nature to benefit the well-being of wild animals". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
↑ "Spring 2020 Wild Animal Welfare Meetup". Wild Animal Initiative. April 24, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZaYKNpsLwc
↑ Bramble, Ben (2021). "Painlessly Killing Predators". Journal of Applied Philosophy. 38 (2): 217–225. ISSN 1468-5930. doi:10.1111/japp.12461.
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp1qpzXe2Yw
↑ "Wild Animal Ethics". Taylor & Francis Group. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02.
↑ Kianpour, Connor K.; Paez, Eze (2021-02-16). "Red in Tooth and Claw No More: Animal Rights and the Permissibility to Redesign Nature". www.ingentaconnect.com. doi:10.3197/096327121x16081160834777. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7E6IB9rw6c
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KDnnp0sDkI
↑ Soryl, Asher A.; Moore, Andrew J.; Seddon, Philip J.; King, Mike R. (2021-03-15). "The Case for Welfare Biology". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 34 (2): 7. ISSN 1573-322X. doi:10.1007/s10806-021-09855-2.
↑ Jalagania, Beka (2021-03-27). "Wild Animals and Duties of Assistance". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 34 (2): 9. ISSN 1573-322X. doi:10.1007/s10806-021-09854-3.
↑ Johannsen, Kyle; TPM: The Philosophers' Magazine (2021). "Humanitarian Assistance for Wild Animals" (PDF). The Philosophers' Magazine (93): 33–37. ISSN 1354-814X. doi:10.5840/tpm20219336.
↑ "The wild frontier of animal welfare". Animal Ethics. 2021-04-05.
↑ "The wild frontier of animal welfare". Vox. 2021-04-21.
↑ Keulartz, Jozef (2021), Bovenkerk, Bernice; Keulartz, Jozef, eds., "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem", Animals in Our Midst: The Challenges of Co-existing with Animals in the Anthropocene, The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, ISBN 978-3-030-63523-7, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_6, retrieved 2021-09-10
↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5EI7OygWxQ
↑ "Wild Animal Initiative — Animal Welfare Research". Open Philanthropy.
↑ Veit, Walter; Browning, Heather (2021-01-01). "Extending animal welfare science to include wild animals". Animal Sentience. 6 (31). ISSN 2377-7478. doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1675.
↑ O'Brien, Gary David. "Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation". Journal of Applied Philosophy. doi:10.1111/japp.12538.
↑ "Wild Animal Ethics Conference – CEPPA". Centre for Ethics, Philosophy and Public Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
↑ "Wild animal suffering". Google Trends. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
↑ "Wild animal suffering". books.google.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
↑ "Wild animal suffering". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 23 April 2021.

[1] Leonardo da Vinci (2004-01-01). The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete. Translated by Richter, Jean Paul. 1888. folio 1219. Why did nature not ordain that one animal should not live by the death of another? Nature, being inconstant and taking pleasure in creating and making constantly new lives and forms, because she knows that her terrestrial materials become thereby augmented, is more ready and more swift in her creating, than time in his destruction; and so she has ordained that many animals shall be food for others. Nay, this not satisfying her desire, to the same end she frequently sends forth certain poisonous and pestilential vapours upon the vast increase and congregation of animals; and most of all upon men, who increase vastly because other animals do not feed upon them; and, the causes being removed, the effects would not follow. This earth therefore seeks to lose its life, desiring only continual reproduction; and as, by the argument you bring forward and demonstrate, like effects always follow like causes, animals are the image of the world.

[2] Hume, David (1779). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Observe [...] the curious artifices of nature, in order to embitter the life of every living being. The stronger prey upon the weaker, and keep them in perpetual terror and anxiety. The weaker too, in their turn, often prey upon the stronger, and vex and molest them without relaxation. Consider that innumerable race of insects, which either are bred on the body of each animal, or flying about infix their stings in him. These insects have others still less than themselves, which torment them. And thus on each hand, before and behind, above and below, every animal is surrounded with enemies, which incessantly seek his misery and destruction.

[3] Darwin, Erasmus (1800). Phytologia: or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening. J. Johnson. p. 556. Such is the condition of organic nature! whose first law might be expressed in the words, "Eat or be Eaten!" and which would seem to be one great slaughter-house, one universal scene of rapacity and injustice!

[4] Darwin, Erasmus (1803). The Temple of Nature. J. Johnson. The wolf, escorted by his milk-drawn dam,
Unknown to mercy, tears the guiltless lamb;
The towering eagle, darting from above,
Unfeeling rends the inoffensive dove;
The lamb and dove on living nature feed,
Crop the young herb, or crush the embryon seed.
Nor spares the loud owl in her dusky flight,
Smit with sweet notes, the minstrel of the night;
Nor spares, enamour'd of his radiant form,
The hungry nightingale the glowing worm;
Who with bright lamp alarms the midnight hour,
Climbs the green stem, and slays the sleeping flower.

[5] Gompertz, Isaac (1813). The Modern Antique; Or, The Muse in the Costume of Queen Anne. London: W. Pople. Why ridicule the act, the feeling blame,
Which from the spider would the fly reclaim;
Since from the reptile, in gradation due,
'Twould link the world in sympathy to you?
Let not this bold assertion ease thy mind,
"This all is nature, and by heav'n design'd:"
Would you not bless the arm, if stretch'd to save
Your individual carcass from the grave?
From the fierce tiger's unrelenting claw,
Or rav'nous wolf; though Nature gave the law?

[6] Maistre, Joseph (1821). "Seventh Dialogue". Saint Petersburg Dialogues. In the immense sphere of living things, the obvious rule is violence, a kind of inevitable frenzy which arms all things in mutua funera. Once you leave the world of insensible substances, you find the decree of violent death written on the very frontiers of life. Even in the vegetable kingdom, this law can be perceived: from the huge catalpa to the smallest of grasses, how many plants die and how many are killed! But once you enter the animal kingdom, the law suddenly becomes frighteningly obvious. A power at once hidden and palpable appears constantly occupied in bringing to light the principle of life by violent means. In each great division of the animal world, it has chosen a certain number of animals charged with devouring the others; so there are insects of prey, reptiles of prey, birds of prey, fish of prey, and quadrupeds of prey. There is not an instant of time when some living creature is not devoured by another [...] Thus is worked out, from maggots up to man, the universal law of the violent destruction of living beings. The whole earth, continually steeped in blood, is nothing but an immense altar on which every living thing must be sacrificed without end, without restraint, without respite until the consummation of the world, the extinction of evil, the death of death.

[7] Gompertz, Lewis (1992). Singer, Peter, ed. Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes. Fontwell: Centaur. pp. 93–94. Y: As you think it wrong for man to kill other animals for food, do you also think it wrong that animals should devour each other? As this is the general law of nature.
Z: It appears wrong, according to the rules by which we govern our own actions to each other; and should I witness the attempt in any animal of destroying another, I would endeavour to frustrate it; though this might probably be wrong.

[8] Leopardi, Giacomo (1882). Singer, Peter, ed. Essays and Dialogues. Translated by Edwardes, Charles. Ludgate Hill: Trübner & Co. pp. 78–79. Thus I reply to you. I am well aware you did not make the world for the service of men. It were easier to believe that you made it expressly as a place of torment for them. But tell me: why am I here at all? Did I ask to come into the world? Or am I here unnaturally, contrary to your will? If however, you yourself have placed me here, without giving me the power of acceptance or refusal of this gift of life, ought you not as far as possible to try and make me happy, or at least preserve me from the evils and dangers, which render my sojourn a painful one? And what I say of myself, I say of the whole human race, and of every living creature.

[9] Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). On the Sufferings of the World. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. The pleasure in this world, it has been said, outweighs the pain; or, at any rate, there is an even balance between the two. If the reader wishes to see shortly whether this statement is true, let him compare the respective feelings of two animals, one of which is engaged in eating the other.

[10] Gompertz, Lewis (1852). Fragments in Defence of Animals, and Essays on Morals, Soul, and Future State. London: W. Horsell. Much as animals suffer in a natural state, much more do they seem to suffer when under the dominion of the generality of men. What suffering in the former can be supposed to equal the constant torture of a hackney-coach horse?

[Murray-11] Murray, Michael (April 30, 2011). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199596324.

[12] "Letter 2814 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 22 May [1860]". Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. With respect to the theological view of the question; this is always painful to me.— I am bewildered.— I had no intention to write atheistically. But I own that I cannot see, as plainly as others do, & as I [should] wish to do, evidence of design & beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent & omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidæ with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.

[13] JS Mill. On Nature.

[14] Moore, J. Howard (1895). Why I Am a Vegetarian: An Address Delivered before the Chicago Vegetarian Society. Frances L. Dusenberry. There is no sense in carnivora talking about ethics and justice and mercy, for their very existence is a travesty on such things.

[15] Moore, John Howard (1899). Better-World Philosophy: A Sociological Synthesis. Chicago: The Ward Waugh Company. pp. 123–125. The chief activities of beings, both human and non-human, are put forth, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of procuring food. The suppression, entire or partial, of one being by another for nutritive purposes is, therefore, the form of the most frequent and excessive egoism. The lowly forms of life—the worms, echinoderms, mollusks, and the like—are, for the most part, vegetarians. So, also, are prevalently the insects, birds, rodents, and ungulates. These creatures are not, as a rule, aggressively harmful to each other, chiefly indifferent. But upon these inoffensive races feed with remorseless maw the reptilia, the insectivora, and the carnivora. These being-eaters cause to the earth-world its bloodiest experiences. It is their nature (established organically by long selection, or, as in the case of man, acquired tentatively) to subsist, not on the kingdom of the plant, the natural and primal storehouse of animal energy, but on the skeletons and sensibilities of their neighbors and friends. The serpent dines on the sparrow and the sparrow ingulfs the gnat; the tiger slays the jungle-fowl and the coyote plunders the lamb; the seal subsists on fish and the ursus maritimus subsists on seal; the ant enslaves the aphidae and man eats and enslaves what can not get away from him. Life riots on life—tooth and talon, beak and paw. It is a sickening contemplation, but life everywhere, in its aspect of activity, is largely made up of the struggle by one being against another for existence—of the effort by one being to circumvent, subjugate, or destroy another, and of the counter effort to reciprocate or escape.

[16] Moore, John Howard (1899). Better-World Philosophy: A Sociological Synthesis. Chicago: The Ward Waugh Company. pp. 162–163. It is not possible, and it never will be possible, to organize all the beings occupying space into one immense confederacy. This would be ideal, but from the inexorable nature of things it can never be. The denizens of the sea depths can not correlate with the inhabitants of the clouds. The lion can not fraternize with the lamb, nor the hawk with the sparrow. The natures of beings have been evolved thru war, and they are in large part irredeemably antagonistic. But the approximation, if honest, may be more successful than is supposed, and may include many species not human. The bird may contribute his song and plumage, the sheep his fleece, the horse, the ox, the elephant, and the camel their strength or speed, the cow and the fowl their secretions, the dog his fidelity, and man his art. The ultimate and ideal aggregation of the living universe will not be a pan-American union nor a Euro-American league, nor even an aggregation whose spirit is embodied in a parliament of man, but the widest and most consummate possible Confederation of the Consciousnesses.]

[17] Moore, J. Howard (John Howard) (1906). The Universal Kinship. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. pp. 249–250. The preponderance of egoism in the natures of living beings is the most mournful and immense fact in the phenomena of conscious life. It has made the world the kind of world it would have been had the gods actually emptied their wrath vials upon it. Brotherhood is anomalous, and, even in its highest manifestations, is but the expression of a veiled and calculating egoism. Inhumanity is everywhere. The whole planet is steeped in it. Every creature faces an inhospitable universeful, and every life is a campaign. It has all come about as a result of the mindless and inhuman manner in which life has been developed on the earth. It has been said that an individual of unlimited faculties and infinite goodness and power made this world and endowed it with ways of acting, and that this individual, as the world's executive, continues to determine its phenomena by inspiring the order of its events. But one cannot help thinking sometimes, when, in his more daring and vivid moments, he comes to comprehend the real character and condition of the world, what a discrepancy exists between the reputation of this builder and his works, and cannot help wondering whether an ordinary human being with only common-sense and insight and an average concern for the welfare of the world would not make a great improvement in terrestrial affairs if he only had the opportunity for a while.

[18] Darrow, Clarence (1932). The Story of My Life. Whichever way man may look upon the earth, he is oppressed with the suffering incident to life. It would almost seem as though the earth had been created with malignity and hatred. If we look at what we are pleased to call the lower animals, we behold a universal carnage. We speak of the seemingly peaceful woods, but we need only look beneath the surface to be horrified by the misery of that underworld. Hidden in the grass and watching for its prey is the crawling snake which swiftly darts upon the toad or mouse and gradually swallows it alive; the hapless animal is crushed by the jaws and covered with slime, to be slowly digested in furnishing a meal. The snake knows nothing about sin or pain inflicted upon another; he automatically grabs insects and mice and frogs to preserve his life. The spider carefully weaves his web to catch the unwary fly, winds him into the fatal net until paralyzed and helpless, then drinks his blood and leaves him an empty shell. The hawk swoops down and snatches a chicken and carries it to its nest to feed its young. The wolf pounces on the lamb and tears it to shreds. The cat watches at the hole of the mouse until the mouse cautiously comes out, then with seeming fiendish glee he plays with it until tired of the game, then crunches it to death in his jaws. The beasts of the jungle roam by day and night to find their prey; the lion is endowed with strength of limb and fang to destroy and devour almost any animal that it can surprise or overtake. There is no place in the woods or air or sea where all life is not a carnage of death in terror and agony. Each animal is a hunter, and in turn is hunted, by day and night. No landscape is so beautiful or day so balmy but the cry of suffering and sacrifice rends the air. When night settles down over the earth the slaughter is not abated. Some creatures see best at night, and the outcry of the dying and terrified is always on the wind. Almost all animals meet death by violence and through the most agonizing pain. With the whole animal creation there is nothing like a peaceful death. Nowhere in nature is there the slightest evidence of kindness, of consideration, or a feeling for the suffering and the weak, except in the narrow circle of brief family life.

[19] Skutch, Alexander F. (1952). "Which Shall We Protect? Thoughts on the Ethics of the Treatment of Free Life" (PDF). The Aryan Path. 23: 382–386.

[20] Skutch, Alexander F. (1962). "Vegetarianism and the Evil of Predation" (PDF). The Aryan Path. 33: 298–302.

[21] Singer, Peter (June 14, 1973). "Food for Thought". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09.

[22] Clark, Stephen R. L. (1979). "The Rights of Wild Things" (PDF). Inquiry. Routledge. 22 (1-4): 171–188. doi:10.1080/00201747908601871. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-22. It has been argued that if non‐human animals had rights we should be obliged to defend them against predators. I contend that this either does not follow, follows in the abstract but not in practice, or is not absurd. We should defend non‐humans against large or unusual dangers, when we can, but should not claim so much authority as to regulate all the relationships of wild things.

[23] Callicott, J. Baird (1980). "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair" (PDF). Environmental Ethics. 2 (4): 311–338. doi:10.5840/enviroethics19802424. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-09.

[Sagoff1984-24] Sagoff, Mark (1984). "Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce". Osgode Hall Law Journal. 22 (2): 297–307. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02.

[25] Sapontzis, Steve F. (1984). "Predation". Ethics and Animals. 5 (2). ISSN 0197-9094. doi:10.15368/ea.1984v5n2.1. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.

[26] Sapontzis, Steve F. (1987). Morals, Reason, and Animals.

[27] Naess, Arne (1991). "Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature?" (PDF). Pan Ecology. 6: 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-20.

[28] Olivier, David (June 1993). "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" [Why I am not an environmentalist]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16.

[29] Ng, Yew-Kwang (1995). "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 10 (3): 255–285. doi:10.1007/BF00852469. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-22.

[30] Pearce, David (1995). The Hedonistic Imperative. hedweb.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27.

[31] Dawkins, Richard (1995). "God's Utility Function". River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life. Basic Books. ISBN 0465016065. The total amount of suffering per year in the natural world is beyond all decent contemplation. During the minute that it takes me to compose this sentence, thousands of animals are being eaten alive, many others are running for their lives, whimpering with fear, others are slowly being devoured from within by rasping parasites, thousands of all kinds are dying of starvation, thirst, and disease. It must be so. If there ever is a time of plenty, this very fact will automatically lead to an increase in the population until the natural state of starvation and misery is restored.

[32] Luke, Andrew (1995). "And the Hyenas Laughed No More?". The Vegan. The Vegan Society. Retrieved 2020-04-17.

[33] Olivier, David; Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Éditorial". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[34] Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Contre l'apartheid des espèces" [Against the apartheid of species]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03.

[35] Olivier, David (April 1999). "Contribution au débat à la maison de l'écologie" [Contribution to the debate at the Maison de l’Écologie]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 17. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02.

[36] Cowen, Tyler (2003). "Policing Nature" (PDF). Environment Ethics. 25 (2): 169–182. doi:10.5840/enviroethics200325231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17.

[howistarted-37] 37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 ^37.3 ^37.4 ^37.5 Tomasik, Brian (10 August 2012). "How I Started Writing about Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[38] Clarke, Matthew; Ng, Yew-Kwang (29 April 2006). "Population Dynamics and Animal Welfare: Issues Raised by the Culling of Kangaroos in Puckapunyal" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 407–422. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0137-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17.

[39] "Utilitarian Essays". web.archive.org. 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2019-07-20.

[40] Tomasik, Brian (2006). "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-12.

[41] "Felificia Blog Post List". Utilitarianism Wiki. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[42] "Google search results for wild animal suffering on Felicifia". google.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018.

[43] Tomasik, Brian (August 2007). "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16.

[44] Tomasik, Brian (April 2009). "Do Bugs Feel Pain?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.

[45] Tomasik, Brian (4 June 2009). "Caring about Animal Suffering". Archived from the original on 2017-12-06.

[46] Tomasik, Brian (July 2009). "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering". Foundational Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.

[47] ttps://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/reprogramming-predators.html

[48] ttp://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/08/28/predatory-animals-are-bad/

[49] "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?". Felicifia. December 25, 2009. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.

[50] "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?". Felicifia. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.

[51] "Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering – Members". Facebook. Retrieved 16 July 2018. (registration required (help)). Brian Tomasik: Created group on April 19, 2010

[52] "Forming an organization: To wait or not?". Felicifia. May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.

[53] ttps://whois.domaintools.com/animal-ethics.org

[54] McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). "The Meat Eaters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[55] McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). "Predators: A Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[56] Horta, Oscar (2010). "Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild" (PDF). Télos. 17 (1): 73–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16.

[57] Wilcox, Christie (2011-04-12). "Bambi or Bessie: Are wild animals happier?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2019-10-29.

[58] "Welcome to Effective Animal Activism". Animal Charity Evaluators. 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2019-07-26.

[59] "History | Animal Charity Evaluators". web.archive.org. 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[60] "Change at EAA | Animal Charity Evaluators". web.archive.org. 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[61] "Consideration of Cause Areas". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[62] Tomasik, Brian (30 October 2012). "Medicine vs. Deep Ecology". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[63] "Best new name for this group (and/or movement)?". Facebook — Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[64] Tomasik, Brian (24 June 2013). "Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23.

[65] Tomasik, Brian (24 June 2013). "Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[66] Tomasik, Brian (September 4, 2013). "Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[67] Tomasik, Brian (2013). "Crop Cultivation and Wild Animals". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[68] Mannino, Adriano; Donnelly, Ruairí. "Talk: Should we intervene in nature to help wild animals?". Sentience Politics. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. The talk was held at the University of Zurich on December 6, 2013.

[69] rei denken uni basel (3 January 2014). ""Reducing Wild Animal Suffering" by Adriano Mannino & Ruairí Donnelly". YouTube.

[70] Tomasik, Brian (December 15, 2013). "Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[71] "About Our Organization". Sentience Politics. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Sentience Politics was founded as a project of the Effective Altruism Foundation (EAF) in 2013.

[72] ttps://www.guidestar.org/profile/46-1062870

[73] "HOME | Animal Ethics". Wayback Machine. 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[74] "Conversation with Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta of Animal Ethics". Animal Charity Evaluators. August 14, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[75] "Wild animal suffering". Wikipedia. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. Ruairí Donnelly moved page User:Ruairí Donnelly/sandbox to Wild animal suffering: Article is ready to be published

[76] Tomasik, Brian (February 3, 2015). "The Importance of Insect Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30.

[77] ttp://www.trcpodcast.com/trc-336-american-sniper-brian-tomasik-on-wild-animal-suffering-rent-to-own/

[78] ttp://www.trcpodcast.com/trc-337-women-in-science-brian-tomasik-on-wild-animal-suffering-part-2-blue-blood/

[79] "Animal Ethics Essay Prize". Animal Ethics. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-28.

[80] Tomasik, Brian. "Why Vegans Should Care About Wild Animal Suffering". Reasonable Vegan. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[81] Vinding, Magnus (May 1, 2015). Speciesism: Why It Is Wrong and the Implications of Rejecting It. Smashwords. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.

[82] "Academic work on wild animal suffering edited by Animal Ethics activists". Animal Ethics. 23 December 2015.

[83] ttp://www.simonknutsson.com/how-good-or-bad-is-the-life-of-an-insect

[84] The Moral Problem of Predation. Routledge. 2015-10-08. ISBN 978-0-203-15441-0. doi:10.4324/9780203154410-23/moral-problem-predation-jeff-mcmahan.

[85] "r/wildanimalsuffering". reddit. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17.

[86] ttps://whois.domaintools.com/utility.farm

[87] Tomasik, Brian (28 November 2015). "Estimating Aggregate Wild-Animal Suffering from Reproductive Age and Births per Female". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[88] Reese, Jacy (14 December 2015). "Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help.". Vox. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[89] Reese, Jacy (December 14, 2015). "Wild animal suffering is one of the biggest issues in...". Facebook. Retrieved June 16, 2019.

[90] Gunther, Kristen (15 December 2015). "Nature Is Violent". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30.

[91] Matthews, Susan (16 December 2015). "Nature Can't Exist Without Suffering—And We Can't Change That". Audubon. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[92] Tomasik, Brian (26 December 2015). "How Wild-Caught Fishing Affects Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[93] ttps://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-review/animal-ethics/2015-dec/

[94] "Announcing Our Spring 2019 Effective Animal Advocacy Fund Grants". Animal Charity Evaluators. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-07-20.

[95] Faria, Catia (2016-03-15). Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16.

[96] Vinding, Magnus (March 20, 2016). The Speciesism of Leaving Nature Alone, and the Theoretical Case for “Wildlife Anti-Natalism”. Smashwords. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.

[97] "Announcement regarding the Animal Ethics Essay Prize". Animal Ethics. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[98] Dickens, Michael (April 22, 2016). "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable". Philosophical Multicore. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[99] Moen, Ole Martin (May 9, 2016). "The ethics of wild animal suffering" (PDF). Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics. 10 (1): 91–104. doi:10.5324/eip.v10i1.1972. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-22.

[100] Knutsson, Simon (May 2016). "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" (PDF). Sentience Politics. 1: 1–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-20.

[101] "FRI: Research Plans 2016 — Research on wild-animal suffering and ways to reduce it" (PDF). Foundational Research Institute. June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-25.

[102] Dickens, Michael (August 26, 2016). "Why the Open Philanthropy Project Should Prioritize Wild Animal Suffering". Effective Altruism Forum. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[103] Dello-Iacovo, Michael (2016-08-30). "On terraforming, wild-animal suffering and the far future" (PDF). Sentience Politics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

[104] Keulartz, Jozef (2016-10-01). "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 29 (5): 813–834. ISSN 1573-322X. doi:10.1007/s10806-016-9637-4.

[105] ttp://www.academia.edu/28500092/Environmental_Ethics_The_Case_of_Wild_Animals

[106] Hecht, Luke (September 5, 2016). "Wild Animal Suffering Survey Report". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22. This study provides some evidence that encouraging people to reduce their consumption of animal products on environmental grounds makes them less supportive of intervening in nature to alleviate wild-animal suffering. If true, this suggests that animal advocates who are concerned about wild animals should place less emphasis on the environmental harms of animal agriculture. The results should reduce concerns that cruelty-focused farmed animal advocacy messages may reduce people’s willingness to help wild animals.

[107] VeganKanal (10 September 2016). "Stijn Bruers - The moral blind spots in the animal rights community (IARC 2016)". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

[108] VeganKanal (11 September 2016). "Stefan Torges - Wild animal suffering: Why 99% of wild animals die as babies already (IARC 2016)". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

[109] Princeton Environmental Institute (21 November 2016). "The Suffering of Wild Animals: Should we do anything about it, and if so, what? – Peter Singer". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

[110] "2nd Animal Ethics Essay Prize on Animal Suffering in the Wild". Animal Ethics. 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[111] Plant, Michael (25 November 2016). "The Unproven (And Unprovable) Case For Wild Animal Suffering – Planting Happiness". www.plantinghappiness.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09.

[112] Tomasik, Brian (28 November 2016). "Is There Net Suffering in Nature? A Reply to Michael Plant | Essays on Reducing Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[113] Greig, Kieran (April 5, 2017). "Effects of farmed animal advocacy messaging on attitudes towards policies and decisions affecting wild animal suffering". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.

[114] Rowe, Abraham. "An Ethic of Intervention". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[115] Utility Farm (April 26, 2017). "Utility Farm has launched its 2017 essay contest". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[116] "2017 essay contest". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[117] Bollard, Lewis (April 2017). "April 2017: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism.

[118] "Wild Animal Welfare Project Discussion". Facebook. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

[119] "Update on the future of Sentience Politics". Effective Altruism Foundation. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[120] "Introducing the Wild-Animal Suffering Research Project". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[121] ttps://whois.domaintools.com/was-research.org

[122] "Sentience Institute". web.archive.org. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[123] "Sentience Institute". web.archive.org. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[124] ttps://www.utility.farm/words/2017/6/10/keep-known-space-neutral

[125] ttps://www.utility.farm/words/2017/6/11/caring-for-pets-and-service-animals

[126] Eskander, Persis (29 June 2017). "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Vertebrates". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[127] Tomasik, Brian (July 5, 2017). "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[128] Eskander, Persis (11 July 2017). "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[129] Brennan, Ozy (12 July 2017). "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.

[130] Schulzetenberg, Briana (July 13, 2017). "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[131] Brennan, Ozy (4 October 2017). "We Have No Idea If There Are Cost-Effective Interventions Into Wild-Animal Suffering". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[132] Brennan, Ozy (12 October 2017). "Infant Mortality and the Argument from Life History". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[133] ttps://www.utility.farm/words/2017/10/18/reviewing-2017-and-looking-to-2018

[134] Brennan, Ozy (10 November 2017). ""Fit and Happy": How Do We Measure Wild-Animal Suffering?". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[135] Ray, Georgia (22 November 2017). "Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05.

[136] Brennan, Ozy (25 November 2017). "Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[137] Bollard, Lewis (November 2017). "November 2017: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[138] "EA Grants Fall 2017 Recipients". Google Docs. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[139] "2nd Animal Ethics Essay Prize Announcement". Animal Ethics. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[140] "Effective Thesis". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[141] "Examining the harm caused by crop cultivation to vertebrate wild animals in the United States". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[142] Ray, Georgia (19 January 2018). "Invertebrate Sentience: Urgent But Understudied". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22.

[143] ttps://www.utility.farm/words/2018/1/24/seven-broad-rules-for-effective-discussions-of-participation-ethics

[144] Delon, Nicolas; Purves, Duncan. "Wild animal suffering is intractable". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 31 (2): 239–260. doi:10.1007/s10806-018-9722-y.

[145] Eskander, Persis (February 13, 2018). "To Reduce Wild Animal Suffering We Need to Find Out If the Cause Area Is Tractable". Animal Charity Evaluators. Archived from the original on 2018-07-22.

[146] "Animal Ethics's 2018 strategic plan". Animal Ethics. 16 February 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[147] Ray, Georgia (23 February 2018). "Are seafood substitutes good for wild fish?". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[148] Rowe, Abraham (March 23, 2018). "Announcing Nature Ethics". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[149] Bollard, Lewis (March 2018). "March 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21.

[150] Sullivan, Mariann; Singer, Jasmin (April 14, 2018). "Episode 431: Persis Eskander and Nora Kramer". Our Hen House. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

[151] "Publications about wild animal suffering". Animal Ethics. April 30, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[152] "Réduire la souffrance des animaux sauvages" [Reducing wild-animal suffering]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 40. April 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-04-26.

[153] Reus, Estiva (May 2018). "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature" [Eliminate animals for their own good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature]. Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 41. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16.

[154] "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 9, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12.

[155] "Crucial Considerations in Wild Animal Suffering". Effective Altruism. Retrieved 2019-07-20.

[156] "Strategic Movement Building for Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10.

[157] Building support for wild animal suffering - EA Global, retrieved 2019-07-20

[158] "Meetup: Wild Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10.

[159] Bollard, Lewis (June 2018). "June 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. Archived from the original on 2018-07-20. Potential interventions to aid wild animals remain limited, and may be unwise, so I think it makes sense to build an academic field that can better research this problem and potential approaches to addressing it. The three primary groups in this space have all converged around the academic field-building strategy, though they have different approaches. Given the magnitude of the problem, my uncertainty over which approach is likely to be most effective, and my sense that all three groups are well-run, I’m proposing funding all three.

[160] "We Have an Ethical Obligation to Relieve Individual Animal Suffering". Aeon. 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2020-02-29.

[161] Esk, Persis; er (2018-09-04). "An Introduction to Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[162] Brennan, Ozy (2018-09-09). "Intervention Report: Feeding Wildlife As A Means of Promoting Welfare". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[163] Ethics, Animal (2018-10-18). "Research projects in welfare biology". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[164] Drescher, Denis (2018-10-28). "Wild Animal Suffering Research Ideas 2019". Considerations and Comparisons. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[165] Ethics, Animal (2018-12-19). "Welfare biology research: Vaccination of animals in the wild". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[166] Brennan, Ozy (2018-12-20). "Intervention Report: Wildlife Contraception". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[167] "Detecting Morally Significant Pain in Nonhumans: Some Philosophical Difficulties". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[168] Horta, Oscar (2018). "CONCERN FOR WILD ANIMAL SUFFERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: WHAT ARE THE LIMITS OF THE DISAGREEMENT?". Les ateliers de l'éthique / The Ethics Forum. 13 (1): 85–100. ISSN 1718-9977. doi:10.7202/1055119ar.

[169] "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. December 2018 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. December 30, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Researching tractable interventions to improve wild animal welfare. Within the animal advocacy movement, there seems to be an increasing interest in helping wild animals, but research on effective interventions is severely lacking. Utility Farm is a research organization that takes a practical approach, prioritizing the research of potentially tractable interventions. For example, they published a report on humane insecticides and they are currently research interventions to reduce the suffering of birds and small mammals caused by feral and free-ranging cats. We believe that research on wild animal welfare is both important and relatively neglected, so we are happy to support it where we can.

[170] "They All Have One Breath". Clarkesworld Magazine. Retrieved 2021-03-21.

[171] "Announcing Wild Animal Initiative". January 25, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Cross-posted to https://was-research.org/blog/announcing-wild-animal-initiative/ on the Wild-Animal Suffering Research blog and to https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/jzikTHMSpckYg9ZPp/announcing-wild-animal-initiative on the Effective Altruism Forum. See also the associated discussion on Reddit at https://www.reddit.com/r/EffectiveAltruism/comments/ajr27e/announcing_wild_animal_initiative_wildanimal/

[172] "The Compassionate Cat Grant". The Compassionate Cat Grant. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[173] Lindsjö, Johan; Cvek, Katarina; Spangenberg, Elin M. F.; Olsson, Johan N. G.; Stéen, Margareta (2019-02-05). "The Dividing Line Between Wildlife Research and Management—Implications for Animal Welfare". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6. ISSN 2297-1769. doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00013.

[174] Ethics, Animal (2019-02-27). "Welfare biology research: Sexual competition". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[175] "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. March 2019 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Research on tractable interventions to help wild animals. Two recipients of previous grants from the Animal Welfare Fund — Wild-Animal Suffering Research and Utility Farm — have recently merged to form a new group: Wild Animal Initiative. Under the direction of Abraham Rowe, Wild Animal Initiative will focus on research prioritization, academic outreach, and research on potential near-term interventions. Over the next year, they plan to expand their research and communications staff. They are also looking into funding early-career academics to do research that is aligned with their goals. We think that wild animal suffering is a relatively large-scale and neglected problem, so we are happy to support one of the few organizations currently working in that space.

[176] Ethics, Animal (2019-04-12). "Animal Ethics is funding a novel research project examining causes of harm and mortality to wild animals in Greece". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[177] "Animals in the wild often suffer a great deal. What, if anything, should we do about that?". 80,000 Hours. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[178] Ethics, Animal (2019-04-21). "Animal Charity Evaluators' Effective Animal Advocacy Fund will support Animal Ethics's wild animal suffering work". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[179] "Effective Animal Advocacy Fund". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[180] "Wildness Podcast". Wild Animal Initiative. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[181] "Wildness Podcast". Fast Company. 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2021-09-10.

[182] "Life history classification". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[183] "Publications". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[184] "What Do Unconscious Processes in Humans Tell Us About Sentience?". Rethink Priorities. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[185] Groff, Zach; Ng, Yew-Kwang (18 June 2019). "Does suffering dominate enjoyment in the animal kingdom? An update to welfare biology". Biology & Philosophy. 34 (4). ISSN 1572-8404. doi:10.1007/s10539-019-9692-0.

[186] Ethics, Animal (2019-07-01). "A new article about how fireworks harm nonhuman animals of all sizes". Animal Ethics. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[187] Rowe, Abraham (July 18, 2019). "Wild animal welfare and uncertainty". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[188] Capozzelli, Jane (July 23, 2019). "Uncertainty in wild animal welfare is not an intractable problem, and welfare biology is well-positioned to tackle it". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[189] Howe, Hollis (August 1, 2019). "Handling uncertainty about moral patienthood". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[190] Hecht, Luke (August 7, 2019). "Extreme uncertainty requires resilient model-building". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[191] "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. July 2019 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. August 23, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2020.

[192] "Establishing a field of research for wild animal suffering". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[193] "Surveying attitudes toward interventions reducing wild animal suffering among scientists and students". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-07-22.

[194] Bradshaw, Will (September 26, 2019). "Assessing biomarkers of aging as measures of cumulative animal welfare". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[195] "Perspectives on Wild Animal Suffering Advocacy in China". Animal Advocacy Research Fund. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2020-06-15.

[196] Hecht, Luke (November 1, 2019). "Welfare expectancy: Age-specific survivorship frames the expected value of wild animal welfare". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14.

[197] van der Werf, Marianne (18 November 2019). "Announcing Our Fall 2019 Effective Animal Advocacy Fund Grants". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

[198] "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. November 2019 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. November 21, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2020.

[199] Howe, Hollis (December 10, 2019). "Improving Pest Management for Wild Insect Welfare" (PDF). Wild Animal Initiative. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

[200] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjCp6bUp__M

[201] Hecht, Luke. "Optimal population density for wild animal welfare". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

[202] Liedholm, Simon Eckerström (December 30, 2019). "Persistence and reversibility: long-term design considerations for wild animal welfare interventions" (PDF). Wild Animal Initiative. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

[203] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TaFwHa5ZRs

[204] "All We Owe to Animals". Aeon. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2020-02-29.

[205] "Scientists' attitudes towards improving the welfare of animals in the wild: a qualitative study". Animal Ethics. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-04-06.

[206] "Announcing the first video of an online course on wild animal suffering". Animal Ethics. 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-04-06.

[207] Capozzelli, Jane F.; Hecht, Luke; Halsey, Samniqueka J. (March 2020). "What is the value of wild animal welfare for restoration ecology?" (PDF). Restoration Ecology. 28 (2): 267–270. doi:10.1111/rec.13114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

[208] "Payout Report: Animal Welfare Fund. March 2020 - Animal Welfare Fund Grants". Effective Altruism Funds. March 26, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.

[209] "Introduction to wild animal suffering: A guide to the issues". Animal Ethics. 2020-04-03. Retrieved 2020-04-06.

[210] Capozzelli, Jane (April 6, 2020). "Building healthy relationships between people and nature to benefit the well-being of wild animals". Wild Animal Initiative. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

[211] "Spring 2020 Wild Animal Welfare Meetup". Wild Animal Initiative. April 24, 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

[212] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZaYKNpsLwc

[213] Bramble, Ben (2021). "Painlessly Killing Predators". Journal of Applied Philosophy. 38 (2): 217–225. ISSN 1468-5930. doi:10.1111/japp.12461.

[214] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp1qpzXe2Yw

[215] "Wild Animal Ethics". Taylor & Francis Group. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02.

[216] Kianpour, Connor K.; Paez, Eze (2021-02-16). "Red in Tooth and Claw No More: Animal Rights and the Permissibility to Redesign Nature". www.ingentaconnect.com. doi:10.3197/096327121x16081160834777. Retrieved 2021-09-10.

[217] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7E6IB9rw6c

[218] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KDnnp0sDkI

[219] Soryl, Asher A.; Moore, Andrew J.; Seddon, Philip J.; King, Mike R. (2021-03-15). "The Case for Welfare Biology". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 34 (2): 7. ISSN 1573-322X. doi:10.1007/s10806-021-09855-2.

[220] Jalagania, Beka (2021-03-27). "Wild Animals and Duties of Assistance". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 34 (2): 9. ISSN 1573-322X. doi:10.1007/s10806-021-09854-3.

[221] Johannsen, Kyle; TPM: The Philosophers' Magazine (2021). "Humanitarian Assistance for Wild Animals" (PDF). The Philosophers' Magazine (93): 33–37. ISSN 1354-814X. doi:10.5840/tpm20219336.

[222] "The wild frontier of animal welfare". Animal Ethics. 2021-04-05.

[223] "The wild frontier of animal welfare". Vox. 2021-04-21.

[224] Keulartz, Jozef (2021), Bovenkerk, Bernice; Keulartz, Jozef, eds., "Should the Lion Eat Straw Like the Ox? Animal Ethics and the Predation Problem", Animals in Our Midst: The Challenges of Co-existing with Animals in the Anthropocene, The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, ISBN 978-3-030-63523-7, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_6, retrieved 2021-09-10

[225] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5EI7OygWxQ

[226] "Wild Animal Initiative — Animal Welfare Research". Open Philanthropy.

[227] Veit, Walter; Browning, Heather (2021-01-01). "Extending animal welfare science to include wild animals". Animal Sentience. 6 (31). ISSN 2377-7478. doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1675.

[228] O'Brien, Gary David. "Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation". Journal of Applied Philosophy. doi:10.1111/japp.12538.

[229] "Wild Animal Ethics Conference – CEPPA". Centre for Ethics, Philosophy and Public Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-30.

[230] "Wild animal suffering". Google Trends. Retrieved 23 April 2021.

[231] "Wild animal suffering". books.google.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.

[232] "Wild animal suffering". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 23 April 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 |}
-== Visual Data ==
-=== Google Trends ===
-The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Wild animal suffering (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild animal suffering |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0114pqyl |website=Google Trends |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Wild animal suffering gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
-=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
-The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Wild animal suffering, from 1800 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild animal suffering |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=wild+animal+suffering&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cwild%20animal%20suffering%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Wild animal suffering ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
-=== Wikipedia Views ===
-The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Wild animal suffering}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to Mach 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild animal suffering |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Wild+animal+suffering&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Wild animal suffering WV.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Full timeline==
@@ Line 463: / Line 445: @@
 | 2021 || {{dts|July 2}} || Publication || Gary O'Brien || Gary O'Brien publishes "Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Brien|first1=Gary David|title=Directed Panspermia, Wild Animal Suffering, and the Ethics of World-Creation|journal=Journal of Applied Philosophy|doi=10.1111/japp.12538}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2021 || {{dts|September 22–23}} || Community || University of St Andrews || The University of St Andrews host the Wild Animal Ethics Conference, organised by Ben Sachs and Mara van der Lugt, with support from the Leverhulme Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wild Animal Ethics Conference – CEPPA|url=https://ceppa.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wild-animal-ethics-conference-24-25-september-2020/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Centre for Ethics, Philosophy and Public Affairs}}</ref>
+| 2021 || September 22–23 || Community || University of St Andrews || The University of St Andrews host the Wild Animal Ethics Conference, organised by Ben Sachs and Mara van der Lugt, with support from the Leverhulme Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wild Animal Ethics Conference – CEPPA|url=https://ceppa.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/wild-animal-ethics-conference-24-25-september-2020/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Centre for Ethics, Philosophy and Public Affairs}}</ref>
 |}
+== Visual Data ==
+=== Google Trends ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Wild animal suffering (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild animal suffering |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0114pqyl |website=Google Trends |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Wild animal suffering gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Wild animal suffering, from 1800 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild animal suffering |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=wild+animal+suffering&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cwild%20animal%20suffering%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Wild animal suffering ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Wild animal suffering}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to Mach 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild animal suffering |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Wild+animal+suffering&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Wild animal suffering WV.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of wild-animal suffering"

Latest revision as of 20:28, 16 April 2024

Contents

Big picture

Full timeline

Visual Data

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

Groups where it was shared

See also

External links

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools