Difference between revisions of "Timeline of yellow fever"

This is a timeline of [[yellow fever]]. Major events such as historical epidemics and medical developments are described.

| 17th century || Yellow fever infection spreads as the shipping industry and global commerce expand. Large numbers of African slaves, infected with yellow fever, also spread the disease.<ref name="Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease" /> Early recorded epidemics of yellow fever occur in [[Barbados]], [[Cuba]], [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Mexico]].<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" />

| 19th century || Public health experts continue to believe yellow fever is transmitted by contact with infected patients.<ref name="Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease" /> At the close of the century, yellow fever is a known and feared pestilence of the [[western hemisphere]] and the coastal regions of [[West Africa]], for which no cause or effective treatment is known.<ref name="The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History" /> [[Josiah C. Nott]] and [[Carlos Finlay]] link yellow fever to [[mosquito]]es as disease vectors.<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" />

| 1900s || Early in the century, ''[[aedes aegypti]]'' is established as the yellow fever disease vector, and eradication of it in a number of countries, notably [[Panama]], [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Uruguay]], and [[Argentina]], leads to the disappearance of urban yellow fever.<ref name="Yellow Fever Vaccine Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)" /> Yellow fever is eradicated from the [[United States]].<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" />  

| 1940s–1950s || Mass campaigns are conducted using the [[17D vaccine]] in [[South America]] and the [[French neurotropic vaccine]] in French-controlled areas of [[Africa]]. Large scale vaccination campaigns would reduce yellow fever incidence for several decades.<ref name="Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the Burden of Disease and Impact of Mass Vaccination from Outbreak and Serological Data">{{cite journal|last1=|editor1-last=Hay|editor1-first=Simon I.|title=Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the Burden of Disease and Impact of Mass Vaccination from Outbreak and Serological Data|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001638|pmc=4011853}}</ref><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /><ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /> In the 1940s and early 1950s, nearly 40 million doses of FNV would be administered in French-speaking countries of [[West Africa]].<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" />

| 1960s || Yellow fever outbreaks occur in both [[Africa]] and the [[Americas]]. Thousands of cases are reported in [[West Africa]], where vaccination coverage is weak or absent.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /><ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" />  

| 1980s onwards || Incidence of yellow fever increases in [[Africa]]. Between 1980 and 2012, 150 yellow fever outbreaks in 26 countries in Africa would be reported to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the Burden of Disease and Impact of Mass Vaccination from Outbreak and Serological Data" /><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" />  Early in the 1990s, global estimates of 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths annually are reported, around 90% of which occur in [[Africa]].<ref name="Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the Burden of Disease and Impact of Mass Vaccination from Outbreak and Serological Data" />

| Recent years || Between 2007 and 2016, 14 countries would complete preventive yellow fever vaccination campaigns.<ref name="Yellow fever fact sheets">{{cite web|title=Yellow fever fact sheets|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|publisher=[[WHO]]|accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref> Today, Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year, with nearly 90% of these occurring in [[Africa]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Forty-four countries in Africa, South and Central America are within the modern yellow fever endemic zone, with almost 900 million people at risk of infection.<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" />

[[File:WHO-UNICEF estimates of YFV coverage in African countries.png|thumb|center|500px|WHO-UNICEF estimates of yellow fever vaccine coverage in% in African countries, for the period 1997-2015.<ref name="WHO-UNICEF estimates of YFV coverage">{{cite web|title=WHO-UNICEF estimates of YFV coverage|url=http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/timeseries/tswucoverageyfv.html|publisher=[[WHO]]|accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref>]]

[[File:WHO-UNICEF estimates of YFV coverage.png|thumb|center|500px|WHO-UNICEF estimates of yellow fever vaccine coverage in% in American countries, for the period 1997-2015.<ref name="WHO-UNICEF estimates of YFV coverage" />]]

| 3000 BP || || Probable origin of yellow fever in Africa, according to modern sequence analysis of the viral genome.<ref name="Immunisation against infectious diseases" /> || [[Africa]]

| 1494 || Epidemic || Disease outbreaks similar in signs and symptoms to yellow fever are reported from [[Canary islands]] and [[Cape Verde]] off the coast of Africa, and sometimes in coastal countries such as [[Gambia]], and [[Sierra Leone]].<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> || [[West Africa]]

| 1647 || Epidemic || The first definitive outbreak of yellow fever in the [[Americas]] happens in the island of Barbados.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} || [[Barbados]]

| 1648 || Epidemic || An outbreak is recorded by Spanish colonists in the Yucatán Peninsula, where the indigenous [[Mayan people]] call the illness ''xekik'' ("blood vomit"). Yellow fever is found in Mayan manuscripts describing an outbreak of the disease in the [[Yucatan peninsula]].<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat">{{cite journal|last1=Gardner|first1=Christina L.|last2=Ryman|first2=Kate D.|title=Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat|doi=10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.001|pmc=4349381}}</ref><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> || [[Mexico]]

| 1649 || Epidemic || Yellow fever is brought in ships to and from [[Africa]] and the [[West Indies]], to [[Gibraltar]].<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> || [[Gibraltar]]

| 1668 || Epidemic ||  The first yellow fever outbreak in English-speaking [[North America]] occurs in [[New York City]].<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> || [[United States]]

| 1669 || Epidemic || English colonists in [[Philadelphia]] and the French in the Mississippi River Valley record major outbreaks of yellow fever.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} || [[United States]]

| 1685 || Epidemic || Brazil suffers its first yellow fever epidemic, in [[Recife]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bethell|first1=Leslie|title=Colonial Brazil|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gzBHJt4FtC8C&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=1685+Epidemic+Brazil+suffered+its+first+epidemic,+in+Recife.&source=bl&ots=TG8d4r-LSr&sig=-t6JEUnuWIaYeyXGZ1YDxnK_O9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF4faR_PzRAhUIQ5AKHQpWDSQQ6AEIQTAG#v=onepage&q=1685%20Epidemic%20Brazil%20suffered%20its%20first%20epidemic%2C%20in%20Recife.&f=false|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Brazil]]

| 1730 || Epidemic || 2,200 deaths are reported in [[Cadiz]], Spain, due to yellow fever, followed by outbreaks in French and British seaports.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> ||

| 1750 || Epidemic  || The term ''yellow fever'' is first used by author Griffin Hughes in his book ''Natural History of Barbadoes''.<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /><ref name="Immunisation against infectious diseases">{{cite book|title=Immunisation against infectious diseases|publisher=Great Britain: Department of Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N0RY-qAyiFIC&pg=PA444&lpg=PA444&dq=%22yellow+fever+was+first+used+in%22&source=bl&ots=IXAQvohX8X&sig=DgNG4Ca4cgY34tiqb7D7oyMUFzk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiltJL66fzRAhVFGJAKHQHbBksQ6AEIGDAA#v=onepage&q=%22yellow%20fever%20was%20first%20used%20in%22&f=false|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Barbados]]

| 1778 || Epidemic || Yellow fever outbreak reportedly decimates English troops stationed at [[Saint-Louis, Senegal]].<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> || [[Senegal]]  

| 1793–1805 || Epidemic  || Severe yellow fever epidemics afflict [[Boston]], [[New York City]] and [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="YELLOW FEVER IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY">{{cite web|last1=DUFFY|first1=JOHN|title=YELLOW FEVER IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1750233/pdf/bullnyacadmed00243-0099.pdf|website=nih.gov|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]]

| 1799 || Organization || Largely in response to the 1793 yellow fever epidemic, the [[Philadelphia Lazaretto]] Quarantine Station on Tinicum Island is built. The station is designed to quarantine infected travelers headed for Philadelphia by ship.<ref name="The history of vaccines">{{cite web|title=The history of vaccines|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/timeline#EVT_100426|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=17 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]] ([[Philadelphia]])

| 1800 || Epidemic || [[Yellow fever]] epidemic breaks out in Spain. Over 60,000 deaths are associated.<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> || [[Spain]]

| 1839–1860 || Epidemic || About 26,000 people in New Orleans contract yellow fever.<ref name="Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease">{{cite web|last1=Brink|first1=Susan|title=Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease|url=http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/28/491471697/yellow-fever-timeline-the-history-of-a-long-misunderstood-disease|website=npr.org|accessdate=5 February 2017}}</ref> Three successive epidemics, from 1853 to 1855, kill about 14,000 people in the city.<ref name="YELLOW FEVER IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY" /> || [[United States]]

| 1848 || Scientific development ||  American physician [[Josiah C. Nott]] floats the idea that [[mosquito]]es may be serving as agents for the dissemination of both [[yellow fever]] and [[malaria]] (However, the full credit for the theory would be given to [[Carlos Finlay]]).<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> ||  

| 1878 || Epidemic || About 20,000 people die in an epidemic in towns of the [[Mississippi River]] Valley and its tributaries.<ref name="YELLOW FEVER IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY" /> || [[United States]]

| 1881 || Scientific development || Cuban physician, [[Carlos Finlay]], acting on a theory that [[mosquito]]es carry the yellow fever virus, conducts an experiment with mosquitoes that harbor the disease after biting yellow fever patients. He lets the mosquitoes bite an experimental subject, who then would come down with yellow fever, thus proving the hipothesis. Finlay would be recognized as a pioneer in the research of yellow fever, determining that it is transmitted through mosquitoes.<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> || [[Cuba]]

| 1898 || Epidemic || During the [[Spanish–American War]], reportedly more soldiers from the [[United States Army]] die of [[yellow fever]] than in battle. This would prompt military efforts for further research and the formation of the [[Reed Yellow Fever Commission]] led by [[Walter Reed]], an American army surgeon.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> || [[Cuba]]

| 1898 || || Yellow fever vector ''[[aedes aegypti]]'' is seen in Brazil for the first time. ''Aedes aegypti'' would be responsible for turning yellow fever into an urban disease in the Americas.<ref name="Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz">{{cite journal|last1=Prata|first1=Aluízio|journal=Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro|doi=10.1590/S0074-02762000000700031|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762000000700031|title=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz|accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Brazil]]

| 1900 || Scientific development || The [[Reed Yellow Fever Commission]] proves that [[yellow fever]] infection is transmitted to humans by [[mosquito]] ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', which would later be determined to be the [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] of the urban transmission cycle of yellow fever virus.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> ||  

| 1905 || Epidemic || The last outbreak of [[yellow fever]] in the United States occurs in [[New Orleans]].<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> || [[United States]]

| 1906 || Epidemic || An estimated 85% of [[Panama Canal]] workers are hospitalized with either [[malaria]] or [[yellow fever]]. Workers are so terrified of yellow fever that they fly the construction site in droves at the first hint of the disease. Tens of thousands of workers die.<ref name="Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease" /> However, following the demonstration that ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'' mosquitoes are responsible for transmission of the [[yellow fever]] [[virus]] to humans, intense sanitation programs begin in [[Panama]] and [[Havana]], Cuba. These efforts would lead to the eradication of the disease in these areas, and enable the completion of the Panama Canal by 1906.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> || [[Panama]], [[Cuba]]

| 1907 || || To date, [[yellow fever]] has acquired 152 synonyms, including ''American Pestilence'', ''Barbados Distemper'', ''Continua Putrida'', ''Icteroides Caroliniensis'', ''Yellow Jack'', etc.<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century">{{cite web|last1=Tomori|first1=Oyewale|title=Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century|url=http://www.redalyc.org/html/843/84322213/|publisher=Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal|accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1909 || || [[Medical Corps (United States Army)|United States Army physician]] [[William C. Gorgas]] states that yellow fever can be eradicated, meaning the disease as a specific entity can be eliminated.<ref name="Eradication of Yellow Fever in New Orleans">{{cite web|title=Eradication of Yellow Fever in New Orleans|url=http://medianola.org/discover/place/1110/Eradication-of-Yellow-Fever-in-New-Orleans-/|website=medianola.org|publisher=[[Tulane University]]|accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1915 || Organization || The [[Rockefeller Yellow Fever Commission]] of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] is formed.<ref>{{cite web|title=William C. Gorgas|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/rockefeller-foundations-yellow-fever-commission-forms|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]]

| 1925 || Organization || The [[Rockefeller Foundation]] expands its yellow fever activities to Africa, and establishes the '''West African Yellow Fever Commission''' The expedition, based near [[Lagos]], is to determine whether African yellow fever is the same as yellow fever in [[South America]], to find the causative agent (including further search for [[Leptospira]]), and to study its [[epidemiology]].<ref name="The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History">{{cite journal|last1=Frierson|first1=J. Gordon|title=The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History|pmc=2892770}}</ref> || [[Africa]]

| 1927 || Scientific development || [[Rockefeller Yellow Fever Commission]] researchers first isolate the causative agent of [[yellow fever]] disease, the yellow fever virus, from a [[Ghanaian]] patient named Asibi. The Asibi yellow fever virus strain is still widely used by scientists today.<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /><ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> ||

| 1928 || Epidemic || The last documented urban [[yellow fever]] [[epidemic]] in the [[Americas]] occurs in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /> || [[Brazil]]

| 1937 || Medical development || [[South African]] [[virologist]] [[Max Theiler]] and colleagues develop a live-attenuated vaccine strain, designated 17D, for immunization against yellow fever. The [[yellow fever vaccine]] used today derives from the original 17D strain. Theiler would be later awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for his life-saving research. The [[French neurotropic vaccine]] is also developed in the 1930s, from a strain isolated in [[Senegal]] in 1927.<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /><ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /><ref name="Yellow fever disease: density equalizing mapping and gender analysis of international research output">{{cite journal|last1=Bundschuh|first1=Matthias|last2=Groneberg|first2=David A|last3=Klingelhoefer|first3=Doris|last4=Gerber|first4=Alexander|title=Yellow fever disease: density equalizing mapping and gender analysis of international research output|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-6-331|pmc=3843536}}</ref> ||  

| 1940 || Epidemic || The first epidemic confirmed in [[East Africa]] breaks out in central Sudan.<ref name="Yellow Fever Outbreak, Southern Sudan, 2003" /> || [[Sudan]]  

| 1942 || Epidemic || Major epidemics of hepatitis occur in United States and Allied troops who have received yellow fever vaccine. The source of the infection would be traced to the serum, or clear fluid in the blood, that is used in the vaccine.<ref>{{cite web|last1=York Morris|first1=Susan|title=The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline|url=http://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c/hepatitis-c-history|website=healthline.com|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Roger E.|last2=Lorenzetti|first2=Diane L.|last3=Spragins|first3=Wendy|title=Mortality and Morbidity Among Military Personnel and Civilians During the 1930s and World War II From Transmission of Hepatitis During Yellow Fever Vaccination: Systematic Review|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158|accessdate=19 February 2017|pmc=3673520}}</ref> || [[Europe]]

| 1943 || Epidemic || Yellow fever epidemic breaks out in Bolivia.<ref name="Yellow fever disease: density equalizing mapping and gender analysis of international research output" /> || [[Bolivia]]

| 1950 || || Report shows high rate of postvaccinal encephalitis following administration of the [[yellow fever]] vaccine to infants.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> ||  

| 1954 || Epidemic || The last documented ''[[aedes aegypti]]''-borne [[yellow fever]] epidemic in the [[western hemisphere]] occurs in Trinidad.<ref name="Yellow Fever Vaccine Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)">{{cite web|title=Yellow Fever Vaccine Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001620.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Trinidad and Tobago]]

| 1955 || || [[UNICEF]] and the [[World Health Organization]] determine that yellow fever is a worldwide issue that must be tackled together.<ref name="Eradication of Yellow Fever in New Orleans" /> ||

| 1960–1962 || Epidemic || Yellow fever epidemic breaks out in Ethiopia.100,000 cases and 30,000 deaths are reported.<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> || [[Ethiopia]]

| 1969 || Epidemic || Yellow fever epidemic breaks out in the [[Jos Plateau]], Nigeria. 397 patients were hospitalized and 123 deaths are confirmed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=CAREY|first1=D. E.|last2=BRES|first2=P|last3=KEMP|first3=G. E.|last4=TROUP|first4=J. M.|last5=WHITE|first5=H. A.|last6=SMITH|first6=E. A.|last7=ADDY|first7=R. F.|last8=FOM|first8=A. L.|last9=PIFER|first9=J.|last10=JONES|first10=E. M.|last11=SHOPE|first11=R. E.|title=Epidemiological aspects of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic in Nigeria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480795/pdf/bullwho00192-0075.pdf|accessdate=21 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Nigeria]]

| 1982 || || The French neurotropic vaccine is abandoned due to high rates of postvaccinal encephalitis the vaccine causes. The 17D vaccine becomes the standard for use in immunization for [[yellow fever]] worldwide.<ref name="Timeline of yellow fever" /> ||

| 1988 || Program launch || The [[World Health Organization]] recommends that vaccination against yellow fever be included in routine infant immunization programs (as of 2009, 22 African countries and 14 South American countries have done so).<ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /> ||  

| 1992 || Epidemic || A large yellow fever outbreak is confirmed in the [[Rift Valley Province]] of Kenya,<ref name="Yellow Fever Outbreak, Southern Sudan, 2003" /> a country that has been free of YF for more than 50 years.<ref name="Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century" /> || [[Kenya]]

| 1998–1999 || Epidemic || 147 cases of [[jungle yellow fever]] are reported in Brazil.<ref name="Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" /> || [[Brazil]]

| 1999 || Epidemic || Yellow fever re-emerges in parts of Brazil that have been silent for several decades. This would challenge prevention strategies and result in frequent revision of yellow fever vaccine recommendations.<ref name="Yellow Fever Outbreaks in Unvaccinated Populations, Brazil, 2008–2009">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Gubler|editor1-first=Duane J.|title=Yellow Fever Outbreaks in Unvaccinated Populations, Brazil, 2008–2009|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002740|pmc=3953027}}</ref> || [[Brazil]]

| 2005 || Organization || The [[Yellow Fever Initiative]] is launched as a collaboration between the [[World Health Organization]] and the United Nations Children's Fund ([[UNICEF]]) with support from the [[Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization]] (GAVI Alliance), with aims at securing the precarious yellow fever vaccine supply by creating a vaccine stockpile to be used in outbreak response campaigns as well as to increase the vaccination coverage in the most affected areas by implementation of large preventive mass vaccination campaigns in 12 of the most affected countries in [[West Africa]].<ref name="Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the Burden of Disease and Impact of Mass Vaccination from Outbreak and Serological Data" /> || [[Africa]]

| 2008 || Epidemic || Yellow fever breaks out in central and southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina and Paraguay (after a 34-year absence).<ref name="Yellow Fever Outbreaks in Unvaccinated Populations, Brazil, 2008–2009" /><ref name="Yellow Fever: A Reemerging Threat" /> || [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]]

| 2011 || Program launch || Following an outbreak of yellow fever in northern Uganda in December 2010, the Ministry of Health conducts a massive emergency vaccination campaign. 177 vaccination posts are created, 354 health workers and 590 volunteers from 295 villages are identified and trained.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bagonza|first1=James|last2=Rutebemberwa|first2=Elizeus|last3=Mugaga|first3=Malimbo|last4=Tumuhamye|first4=Nathan|last5=Makumbi|first5=Issa|title=Yellow fever vaccination coverage following massive emergency immunization campaigns in rural Uganda, May 2011: a community cluster survey|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-202|pmc=3608017}}</ref> || [[Uganda]]

| 2013 || Epidemic || African countries report an estimated 130,000 cases of [[yellow fever]] with [[fever]] and [[jaundice]] or [[haemorrhage]], including 78,000 deaths.<ref name="Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the Burden of Disease and Impact of Mass Vaccination from Outbreak and Serological Data" /> || [[Africa]]

| 2016 || Epidemic || A yellow fever outbreak in Angola spreads to the Democratic Republic of Congo, with 3,867 suspected cases in Angola and 2,269 suspected cases in DRC.<ref name="Yellow Fever Timeline: The History Of A Long Misunderstood Disease" /> || [[Angola]], [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]

* [[Timeline of malaria]]

* [[Timeline of typhus]]

* [[Timeline of typhoid fever]]

[[Category:Yellow fever| ]]

[[Category:Medicine timelines]]