Difference between revisions of "Timeline of animal welfare and rights in Europe"
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| − | This page is a '''timeline of the major events in the history of [[animal welfare]] and [[Animal rights|rights]] in [[Europe]]'''. | + | This page is a '''timeline of the major events in the history of [[wikipedia:animal welfare|animal welfare]] and [[wikipedia:Animal rights|rights]] in [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]'''. |
==Big picture== | ==Big picture== | ||
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! Period !! Description | ! Period !! Description | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |600 BCE - 200||In [[ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], a number of philosophers advocate for vegetarianism and kindness towards animals,<ref name="morgan">{{cite web |url=http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/08/the-hidden-history-of-greco-roman-vegetarianism/ |title=The Hidden History of Greco-Roman Vegetarianism |author=Nathan Morgan |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> while the use of [[vivisection]] - operations on live animals - as a scientific tool spreads.<ref name="sharp">{{cite web |url=https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/biomedical.htm |author=Richard R. Sharp |title=Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="vivhist">{{cite web |url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/7246/Vivisection-An-ancient-history.html |title=Vivisection - An Ancient History |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> | + | |600 BCE - 200||In [[wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]] and [[wikipedia:Ancient Rome|Rome]], a number of philosophers advocate for vegetarianism and kindness towards animals,<ref name="morgan">{{cite web |url=http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2010/08/the-hidden-history-of-greco-roman-vegetarianism/ |title=The Hidden History of Greco-Roman Vegetarianism |author=Nathan Morgan |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> while the use of [[wikipedia:vivisection|vivisection]] - operations on live animals - as a scientific tool spreads.<ref name="sharp">{{cite web |url=https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/biomedical.htm |author=Richard R. Sharp |title=Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="vivhist">{{cite web |url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/7246/Vivisection-An-ancient-history.html |title=Vivisection - An Ancient History |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1600-1800||Philosophers take up the question of animals and their treatment, some arguing that they are [[Sentience|sentient]] beings who deserve protection.<ref name="animalcon">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ |title=Animal Consciousness |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="giraud">{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=bts |author=Raymond Giraud |title=Rousseau and Voltaire: The Enlightenment and Animal Rights |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="bentham">{{cite web |url=http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf |title=An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation |author=Jeremy Bentham |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> The first known modern animal protection law is passed in [[Ireland]].<ref name="lane">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMjWLkg01IUC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22act+Against+Plowing+by+the+Tayle+and+Pulling+the+Wooll+off+Living+Sheep%22&source=bl&ots=wefA_ACWzS&sig=IAkVHLPUZY2kOon1XlJVP77QB7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHtpGGtf_KAhXCpR4KHZnyAO4Q6AEIPTAH#v=onepage&q=%22act%20Against%20Plowing%20by%20the%20Tayle%20and%20Pulling%20the%20Wooll%20off%20Living%20Sheep%22&f=false | title=Ravished by Beauty: The Surprising Legacy of Reformed Spirituality |author=Belden C. Lane |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> | + | |1600-1800||Philosophers take up the question of animals and their treatment, some arguing that they are [[wikipedia:Sentience|sentient]] beings who deserve protection.<ref name="animalcon">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ |title=Animal Consciousness |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="giraud">{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=bts |author=Raymond Giraud |title=Rousseau and Voltaire: The Enlightenment and Animal Rights |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="bentham">{{cite web |url=http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf |title=An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation |author=Jeremy Bentham |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> The first known modern animal protection law is passed in [[wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]].<ref name="lane">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMjWLkg01IUC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22act+Against+Plowing+by+the+Tayle+and+Pulling+the+Wooll+off+Living+Sheep%22&source=bl&ots=wefA_ACWzS&sig=IAkVHLPUZY2kOon1XlJVP77QB7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHtpGGtf_KAhXCpR4KHZnyAO4Q6AEIPTAH#v=onepage&q=%22act%20Against%20Plowing%20by%20the%20Tayle%20and%20Pulling%20the%20Wooll%20off%20Living%20Sheep%22&f=false | title=Ravished by Beauty: The Surprising Legacy of Reformed Spirituality |author=Belden C. Lane |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
|1800-1870||The first national animal welfare law is enacted in the United Kingdom,<ref name="ukwelfare">{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/animal-welfare |title=Animal Welfare |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> followed by laws in Germany, Switzerland,<ref name="rupke">{{cite book |title=Vivisection in Historical Perspective |editor=Nicolaas A. Rupke |chapter=Anti-vivisection in 19th century Germany and Switzerland: Motives and Methods |author=Ulrich Trohler |author2=Andreas-Holger Maehle |date=1990 |publisher=Croom Helm, Ltd. |location=Beckenham, Kent}}</ref> France,<ref name="apifrance">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/france |title=France |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> and Sweden.<ref name="striwing">{{cite journal |title=Animal Law and Animal Rights on the Move in Sweden |author=Helena Striwing |journal=Animal Law |date=2002 |volume=8 |pages=93}}</ref> These laws are largely concerned with public mistreatment of animals as a violation of decency, rather than the suffering of the animals themselves.<ref name="rupke" /><ref name="lavi">{{cite journal |title=Animal Laws and the Politics of Life: Slaughterhouse Regulation in Germany, 1870-1917 |author=Shai Lavi |journal=Theoretical Inquiries in Law |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=2007 |doi=10.2202/1565-3404.1149}}</ref><ref name="lelanchon">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-anti-maltreatment-laws-france-and-spain |title=Detailed Discussion of Anti-maltreatment Laws in France and Spain |author=Lois Laimene Lelanchon |date=2013 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> The first animal protection society is founded in the UK,<ref name="ukwelfare" /> followed by organizations in Germany and Switzerland.<ref name="rupke" /> | |1800-1870||The first national animal welfare law is enacted in the United Kingdom,<ref name="ukwelfare">{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/animal-welfare |title=Animal Welfare |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> followed by laws in Germany, Switzerland,<ref name="rupke">{{cite book |title=Vivisection in Historical Perspective |editor=Nicolaas A. Rupke |chapter=Anti-vivisection in 19th century Germany and Switzerland: Motives and Methods |author=Ulrich Trohler |author2=Andreas-Holger Maehle |date=1990 |publisher=Croom Helm, Ltd. |location=Beckenham, Kent}}</ref> France,<ref name="apifrance">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/france |title=France |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> and Sweden.<ref name="striwing">{{cite journal |title=Animal Law and Animal Rights on the Move in Sweden |author=Helena Striwing |journal=Animal Law |date=2002 |volume=8 |pages=93}}</ref> These laws are largely concerned with public mistreatment of animals as a violation of decency, rather than the suffering of the animals themselves.<ref name="rupke" /><ref name="lavi">{{cite journal |title=Animal Laws and the Politics of Life: Slaughterhouse Regulation in Germany, 1870-1917 |author=Shai Lavi |journal=Theoretical Inquiries in Law |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=2007 |doi=10.2202/1565-3404.1149}}</ref><ref name="lelanchon">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-anti-maltreatment-laws-france-and-spain |title=Detailed Discussion of Anti-maltreatment Laws in France and Spain |author=Lois Laimene Lelanchon |date=2013 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> The first animal protection society is founded in the UK,<ref name="ukwelfare" /> followed by organizations in Germany and Switzerland.<ref name="rupke" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1870-1914||The anti-vivisection movement takes hold in the UK, where the first legislation to regulate animal experimentation is passed.<ref name="antiviv">{{cite web |url=https://brebisnoire.wordpress.com/a-history-of-antivivisection-from-the-1800s-to-the-present-part-i-mid-1800s-to-1914/ |title=A History of Antivivisection from the 1800s to the Present: Part 1 (mid-1800s to 1914) |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> European anti-vivisectionists and moderate animal protectionists clash, with little significant legislation on animal experimentation appearing outside of England, and interest in anti-vivisection waning by [[World War I]].<ref name="rupke" /><ref name="antiviv" /> Animal protection societies in Scandinavia and Germany push for humane slaughter regulations.<ref name="lavi" /><ref name="metcalf">{{cite journal |author=Michael F. Metcalf |title=Regulating slaughter: Animal protection and antisemitism in Scandinavia, 1880-1941 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=32–48 |doi=10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970018}}</ref> European animal protection societies begin to shift from opposing animal cruelty as a harm to property and public morals, to opposing animal cruelty as a harm to the animal itself.<ref name="lavi" /> | + | |1870-1914||The anti-vivisection movement takes hold in the UK, where the first legislation to regulate animal experimentation is passed.<ref name="antiviv">{{cite web |url=https://brebisnoire.wordpress.com/a-history-of-antivivisection-from-the-1800s-to-the-present-part-i-mid-1800s-to-1914/ |title=A History of Antivivisection from the 1800s to the Present: Part 1 (mid-1800s to 1914) |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> European anti-vivisectionists and moderate animal protectionists clash, with little significant legislation on animal experimentation appearing outside of England, and interest in anti-vivisection waning by [[wikipedia:World War I|World War I]].<ref name="rupke" /><ref name="antiviv" /> Animal protection societies in Scandinavia and Germany push for humane slaughter regulations.<ref name="lavi" /><ref name="metcalf">{{cite journal |author=Michael F. Metcalf |title=Regulating slaughter: Animal protection and antisemitism in Scandinavia, 1880-1941 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=32–48 |doi=10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970018}}</ref> European animal protection societies begin to shift from opposing animal cruelty as a harm to property and public morals, to opposing animal cruelty as a harm to the animal itself.<ref name="lavi" /> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1914-1970||The number of European countries with national animal welfare laws grows.<ref name="chrono">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Mark Bekoff and Carron A. Meaney |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare |date=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |title=Chronology}}</ref> The number of animals raised and killed for food increases dramatically with the advent of [[Intensive animal farming|intensive animal agriculture]]<ref name="godley">{{cite web |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/management/050.pdf |author=Andrew C. Godley |author2=Bridget Williams |title=The chicken, the factory farm and the supermarket: the emergence of the modern poultry industry in Britain |date=2007 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> The number of animal used in research also increases significantly with the growth of scientific and medical research.<ref name="research">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/resources/animal-research-essay-resources/history-of-animal-research/ |title=History of animal research |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> | + | |1914-1970||The number of European countries with national animal welfare laws grows.<ref name="chrono">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Mark Bekoff and Carron A. Meaney |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare |date=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |title=Chronology}}</ref> The number of animals raised and killed for food increases dramatically with the advent of [[wikipedia:Intensive animal farming|intensive animal agriculture]]<ref name="godley">{{cite web |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/management/050.pdf |author=Andrew C. Godley |author2=Bridget Williams |title=The chicken, the factory farm and the supermarket: the emergence of the modern poultry industry in Britain |date=2007 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> The number of animal used in research also increases significantly with the growth of scientific and medical research.<ref name="research">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/resources/animal-research-essay-resources/history-of-animal-research/ |title=History of animal research |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1970-2016||Meat consumption continues to rise.<ref name="krantz">{{cite web |url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/137865-8-reasons-meat-is-bad-for-you-yes-even-chicken |author=Rachel Krantz |title=8 Reasons Meat Is Bad For Your (Yes, Even Chicken) |date=February 15, 2016 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="key">{{cite journal |title=The effect of diet on risk of cancer |author=Timothy J Key |date=September 14, 2002 |pages=861–868 |volume=360 |issue=9336 |journal=The Lancet|display-authors=etal |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09958-0 |pmid=12243933}}</ref> Countries continue to enact legislation regulating the use and treatment of animals in agriculture and science, with several recognizing animals as sentient beings deserving of basic protections.<ref name="apifrance" /><ref name="chrono" /><ref name="pedersen">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-european-animal-welfare-laws-2003-present-explaining-downturn |author=Nicholas K. Pedersen |title=Detailed Discussion of European Animal Welfare Laws 2003 to Present: Explaining the Downturn |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> A number of international agreements are adopted, culminating in measures by the [[European Union|European Union (EU)]] to recognize animals as sentient beings whose basic needs should be provided for; ban [[battery cage]]s, [[veal]] crates, and gestation crates; and to regulate and monitor animal agriculture and experimentation in various other ways.<ref name="pedersen" /> | + | |1970-2016||Meat consumption continues to rise.<ref name="krantz">{{cite web |url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/137865-8-reasons-meat-is-bad-for-you-yes-even-chicken |author=Rachel Krantz |title=8 Reasons Meat Is Bad For Your (Yes, Even Chicken) |date=February 15, 2016 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="key">{{cite journal |title=The effect of diet on risk of cancer |author=Timothy J Key |date=September 14, 2002 |pages=861–868 |volume=360 |issue=9336 |journal=The Lancet|display-authors=etal |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09958-0 |pmid=12243933}}</ref> Countries continue to enact legislation regulating the use and treatment of animals in agriculture and science, with several recognizing animals as sentient beings deserving of basic protections.<ref name="apifrance" /><ref name="chrono" /><ref name="pedersen">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-european-animal-welfare-laws-2003-present-explaining-downturn |author=Nicholas K. Pedersen |title=Detailed Discussion of European Animal Welfare Laws 2003 to Present: Explaining the Downturn |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> A number of international agreements are adopted, culminating in measures by the [[wikipedia:European Union|European Union (EU)]] to recognize animals as sentient beings whose basic needs should be provided for; ban [[wikipedia:battery cage|battery cage]]s, [[wikipedia:veal|veal]] crates, and gestation crates; and to regulate and monitor animal agriculture and experimentation in various other ways.<ref name="pedersen" /> |
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! Year !! Event !! Location | ! Year !! Event !! Location | ||
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| − | |c. 530 BCE|| Greek philosopher [[Pythagoras]] is the first in a line of several Greek and Roman philosophers to teach that animals have souls and advocate for vegetarianism.<ref name="morgan" /> ||Ancient Greece | + | |c. 530 BCE|| Greek philosopher [[wikipedia:Pythagoras|Pythagoras]] is the first in a line of several Greek and Roman philosophers to teach that animals have souls and advocate for vegetarianism.<ref name="morgan" /> ||Ancient Greece |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |100s||Greek medical researcher and philosopher [[Galen|Galen's]] experiments on live animals help establish vivisection as a widely used scientific tool.<ref name="sharp" /><ref name="vivhist" /> ||Rome | + | |100s||Greek medical researcher and philosopher [[wikipedia:Galen|Galen's]] experiments on live animals help establish vivisection as a widely used scientific tool.<ref name="sharp" /><ref name="vivhist" /> ||Rome |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |Early 1600s|| Philosopher and scientist [[René Descartes]] argues that animals are machines without feeling, and performs biological experiments on living animals.<ref name="animalcon">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ |title=Animal Consciousness |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||Netherlands | + | |Early 1600s|| Philosopher and scientist [[wikipedia:René Descartes|René Descartes]] argues that animals are machines without feeling, and performs biological experiments on living animals.<ref name="animalcon">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ |title=Animal Consciousness |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||Netherlands |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1635|| The [[Parliament of Ireland]] passes [[An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep]], one of the first known pieces of animal protection legislation.<ref name="lane" /> ||Ireland | + | |1635|| The [[wikipedia:Parliament of Ireland|Parliament of Ireland]] passes [[wikipedia:An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep|An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep]], one of the first known pieces of animal protection legislation.<ref name="lane" /> ||Ireland |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1751||[[William Hogarth]] paints ''[[The Four Stages of Cruelty]]'', which depicts children committing cruelty against animals progressing into adults who commit cruelty against other humans.<ref name="hogart">{{cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/hogarth/hogarth-hogarths-modern-moral-series/hogarth-hogarths-4 |title=Hogarth's Modern Moral Series, The Four Stages of Cruelty |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1751||[[wikipedia:William Hogarth|William Hogarth]] paints ''[[wikipedia:The Four Stages of Cruelty|The Four Stages of Cruelty]]'', which depicts children committing cruelty against animals progressing into adults who commit cruelty against other humans.<ref name="hogart">{{cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/hogarth/hogarth-hogarths-modern-moral-series/hogarth-hogarths-4 |title=Hogarth's Modern Moral Series, The Four Stages of Cruelty |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1754||Philosopher [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] argues against the mistreatment of animals on the grounds that they are "sensitive beings" and advocates for vegetarianism.<ref name="giraud" /> ||[[Geneva]] | + | |1754||Philosopher [[wikipedia:Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] argues against the mistreatment of animals on the grounds that they are "sensitive beings" and advocates for vegetarianism.<ref name="giraud" /> ||[[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1764||Philosopher [[Voltaire]] writes ''Beasts'', a short essay denouncing the mechanistic view of animals.<ref name="giraud" /> ||France | + | |1764||Philosopher [[wikipedia:Voltaire|Voltaire]] writes ''Beasts'', a short essay denouncing the mechanistic view of animals.<ref name="giraud" /> ||France |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1780||In ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' philosopher [[Jeremy Bentham]] argues for better treatment of animals on the basis of their ability to feel pleasure and pain, famously writing, "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"<ref name="bentham">{{cite web |url=http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf |title=An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation |author=Jeremy Bentham |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1780||In ''An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation'' philosopher [[wikipedia:Jeremy Bentham|Jeremy Bentham]] argues for better treatment of animals on the basis of their ability to feel pleasure and pain, famously writing, "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"<ref name="bentham">{{cite web |url=http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf |title=An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation |author=Jeremy Bentham |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1785||Philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]] argues that animals are not ends-in-themselves, but that in abusing animals we fail in our duties to other people by damaging our humanity.<ref name="animalcon">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ |title=Animal Consciousness |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||[[Prussia]] | + | |1785||Philosopher [[wikipedia:Immanuel Kant|Immanuel Kant]] argues that animals are not ends-in-themselves, but that in abusing animals we fail in our duties to other people by damaging our humanity.<ref name="animalcon">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/ |title=Animal Consciousness |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:Prussia|Prussia]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1822|| Led by [[Richard Martin (Irish politician)|Richard Martin]], the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passes the [[Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822]].<ref name="ukwelfare" /> ||United Kingdom | + | |1822|| Led by [[wikipedia:Richard Martin (Irish politician)|Richard Martin]], the [[wikipedia:Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passes the [[wikipedia:Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822|Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822]].<ref name="ukwelfare" /> ||United Kingdom |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1824|| Richard Martin, along with Reverend Arthur Broome and abolitionist Member of Parliament [[William Wilberforce]], founds the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]]), the world's first animal protection organization.<ref name="ukwelfare" /> ||United Kingdom | + | |1824|| Richard Martin, along with Reverend Arthur Broome and abolitionist Member of Parliament [[wikipedia:William Wilberforce|William Wilberforce]], founds the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now the [[wikipedia:Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]]), the world's first animal protection organization.<ref name="ukwelfare" /> ||United Kingdom |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1830s||Early [[veganism|vegan]] and anti-vivisectionist [[Lewis Gompertz]] leaves the SPCA to found the Animals' Friend Society, opposing all uses of animals which are not for their benefit.<ref name="renier">{{cite journal |author=Hannah Renier |title=An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz |journal=London Historians |url=http://www.londonhistorians.org/?s=articles |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1830s||Early [[wikipedia:veganism|vegan]] and anti-vivisectionist [[wikipedia:Lewis Gompertz|Lewis Gompertz]] leaves the SPCA to found the Animals' Friend Society, opposing all uses of animals which are not for their benefit.<ref name="renier">{{cite journal |author=Hannah Renier |title=An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz |journal=London Historians |url=http://www.londonhistorians.org/?s=articles |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1835|| After many similar bills had failed over the previous three decades, the British Parliament passes its first [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835|Cruelty to Animal Act]], outlawing [[blood sport]]s.<ref>Robert W. Malcolmson, ''Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850'' (Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 124.</ref> ||United Kingdom | + | |1835|| After many similar bills had failed over the previous three decades, the British Parliament passes its first [[wikipedia:Cruelty to Animals Act 1835|Cruelty to Animal Act]], outlawing [[wikipedia:blood sport|blood sport]]s.<ref>Robert W. Malcolmson, ''Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850'' (Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 124.</ref> ||United Kingdom |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1837||The first German animal protection society is founded.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[Stuttgart]] | + | |1837||The first German animal protection society is founded.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[wikipedia:Stuttgart|Stuttgart]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1838||The [[Kingdom of Saxony]] enacts the first law against animal cruelty in Germany.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[Saxony]] | + | |1838||The [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Saxony|Kingdom of Saxony]] enacts the first law against animal cruelty in Germany.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[wikipedia:Saxony|Saxony]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1842||The Swiss [[Canton of Schaffhausen]] introduces the first law against animal cruelty in Switzerland.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[Schaffhausen]] | + | |1842||The Swiss [[wikipedia:Canton of Schaffhausen|Canton of Schaffhausen]] introduces the first law against animal cruelty in Switzerland.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[wikipedia:Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1844||The first Swiss animal protection society is founded.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[Berne]] | + | |1844||The first Swiss animal protection society is founded.<ref name="rupke" /> ||[[wikipedia:Berne|Berne]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1847||The term "vegetarian" is coined and the British [[Vegetarian Society]] is founded.<ref name="words">{{cite web|url=http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html |title=History of Vegetarianism: Origins of Some Words |accessdate=April 20, 2016 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630114643/http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html |archivedate=June 30, 2008 }}</ref> ||England | + | |1847||The term "vegetarian" is coined and the British [[wikipedia:Vegetarian Society|Vegetarian Society]] is founded.<ref name="words">{{cite web|url=http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html |title=History of Vegetarianism: Origins of Some Words |accessdate=April 20, 2016 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630114643/http://www.ivu.org/history/renaissance/words.html |archivedate=June 30, 2008 }}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1850||France passes law criminalizing the public mistreatment of animals.<ref name="apifrance" /> ||France | |1850||France passes law criminalizing the public mistreatment of animals.<ref name="apifrance" /> ||France | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1857||[[Sweden]] enacts its Criminal Law, which includes statutes against animal cruelty. Unlike most contemporary European penal statutes, the Swedish law penalizes cruelty towards an animal regardless of its property aspects.<ref name="striwing" /> ||Sweden | + | |1857||[[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]] enacts its Criminal Law, which includes statutes against animal cruelty. Unlike most contemporary European penal statutes, the Swedish law penalizes cruelty towards an animal regardless of its property aspects.<ref name="striwing" /> ||Sweden |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1859||[[Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin's]] ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' is published, demonstrating that humans are the evolutionary descendants of non-human animals.<ref name="darwin">{{cite web |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html |title=On the Origin of Species |author=R. B. Freeman |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1859||[[wikipedia:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin's]] ''[[wikipedia:On the Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species]]'' is published, demonstrating that humans are the evolutionary descendants of non-human animals.<ref name="darwin">{{cite web |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html |title=On the Origin of Species |author=R. B. Freeman |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1870s onward|| European animal protection advocates begin to focus less on animal cruelty as a harm to property and public morals, and more on animal cruelty as a harm to the animal itself. For instance, Germany's Animal Protection Society calls for the expansion of laws so that "the animal itself be protected and not only out of regard for the public".<ref name="lavi" /> || | |1870s onward|| European animal protection advocates begin to focus less on animal cruelty as a harm to property and public morals, and more on animal cruelty as a harm to the animal itself. For instance, Germany's Animal Protection Society calls for the expansion of laws so that "the animal itself be protected and not only out of regard for the public".<ref name="lavi" /> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |By 1871||All German states except [[Lübeck]] have regulations against animal cruelty.<ref name="rupke" /> ||Germany | + | |By 1871||All German states except [[wikipedia:Lübeck|Lübeck]] have regulations against animal cruelty.<ref name="rupke" /> ||Germany |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1875||[[Frances Power Cobbe]] founds the British [[National Anti-Vivisection Society]], the world's first anti-vivisection organization.<ref name="antiviv" /> ||England | + | |1875||[[wikipedia:Frances Power Cobbe|Frances Power Cobbe]] founds the British [[wikipedia:National Anti-Vivisection Society|National Anti-Vivisection Society]], the world's first anti-vivisection organization.<ref name="antiviv" /> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1876||After lobbying from anti-vivisectionists, the UK passes the [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1876|Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876]], the first piece of national legislation to regulate animal experimentation.<ref name="adams">{{cite web |url=https://awic.nal.usda.gov/legislative-history-animal-welfare-act/intro |title=Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction |author=Benjamin Adams |author2=Jean Larson |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||United Kingdom | + | |1876||After lobbying from anti-vivisectionists, the UK passes the [[wikipedia:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876|Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876]], the first piece of national legislation to regulate animal experimentation.<ref name="adams">{{cite web |url=https://awic.nal.usda.gov/legislative-history-animal-welfare-act/intro |title=Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction |author=Benjamin Adams |author2=Jean Larson |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||United Kingdom |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1877||[[Anna Sewell|Anna Sewell's]] ''[[Black Beauty]]'', the first English novel to be written from the perspective of a non-human animal, spurs concern for the welfare of horses.<ref name="antiviv" /> ||England | + | |1877||[[wikipedia:Anna Sewell|Anna Sewell's]] ''[[wikipedia:Black Beauty|Black Beauty]]'', the first English novel to be written from the perspective of a non-human animal, spurs concern for the welfare of horses.<ref name="antiviv" /> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1877||Spain passes its first anti-cruelty provision, which prohibits the maltreatment of dogs.<ref name="lelanchon">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-anti-maltreatment-laws-france-and-spain |title=Detailed Discussion of Anti-maltreatment Laws in France and Spain |author=Lois Laimene Lelanchon |date=2013 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> ||Spain | |1877||Spain passes its first anti-cruelty provision, which prohibits the maltreatment of dogs.<ref name="lelanchon">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-anti-maltreatment-laws-france-and-spain |title=Detailed Discussion of Anti-maltreatment Laws in France and Spain |author=Lois Laimene Lelanchon |date=2013 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> ||Spain | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1878-1879||Responding to the moderate positions taken by the German animal protection organizations on [[Animal testing|animal experimentation]], Marie Espérance von Schwartz, Ernst Georg Friedrich Grysanowski, and Ernst von Weber begin to form a dedicated anti-vivisection movement in Germany. Von Weber distributes a highly successful pamphlet, winning the support of [[Richard Wagner]].<ref name="rupke" /> ||Germany | + | |1878-1879||Responding to the moderate positions taken by the German animal protection organizations on [[wikipedia:Animal testing|animal experimentation]], Marie Espérance von Schwartz, Ernst Georg Friedrich Grysanowski, and Ernst von Weber begin to form a dedicated anti-vivisection movement in Germany. Von Weber distributes a highly successful pamphlet, winning the support of [[wikipedia:Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner]].<ref name="rupke" /> ||Germany |
|- | |- | ||
|1879||Anti-vivisectionists clash with moderate animal protectionists at the German Animal Protection Congress, leading von Weber and von Schwartz to found the International Society for Combat Against Scientific Torture of Animals, which receives financial support from Wagner.<ref name="rupke" />||Germany | |1879||Anti-vivisectionists clash with moderate animal protectionists at the German Animal Protection Congress, leading von Weber and von Schwartz to found the International Society for Combat Against Scientific Torture of Animals, which receives financial support from Wagner.<ref name="rupke" />||Germany | ||
| Line 94: | Line 94: | ||
|1891|| Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish animal protection societies publish an appeal for humane slaughter.<ref name="metcalf" /> ||Denmark, Norway, and Sweden | |1891|| Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish animal protection societies publish an appeal for humane slaughter.<ref name="metcalf" /> ||Denmark, Norway, and Sweden | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1892||Social reformer [[Henry Stephens Salt|Henry Salt]] publishes ''[[Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress]]'', an early exposition of the philosophy of [[animal rights]].<ref name="module2">{{cite web |url=http://worldanimal.net/documents/3_Movement_History.pdf |title=History of the Movement |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1892||Social reformer [[wikipedia:Henry Stephens Salt|Henry Salt]] publishes ''[[wikipedia:Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress|Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress]]'', an early exposition of the philosophy of [[wikipedia:animal rights|animal rights]].<ref name="module2">{{cite web |url=http://worldanimal.net/documents/3_Movement_History.pdf |title=History of the Movement |accessdate=April 19, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1903-1910||The [[Brown Dog affair]] brings anti-vivisection to the forefront of public debate in the UK.<ref name="antiviv" /> ||England | + | |1903-1910||The [[wikipedia:Brown Dog affair|Brown Dog affair]] brings anti-vivisection to the forefront of public debate in the UK.<ref name="antiviv" /> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1928||The Criminal Code of 1928 is the first Spanish law to incriminate abuse of domestic animals in general.<ref name="lelanchon" /> ||Spain | |1928||The Criminal Code of 1928 is the first Spanish law to incriminate abuse of domestic animals in general.<ref name="lelanchon" /> ||Spain | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1944||[[Donald Watson]] coins the word "[[Veganism|vegan]]" and founds [[The Vegan Society]] in the UK.<ref name="words" /> ||England | + | |1944||[[wikipedia:Donald Watson|Donald Watson]] coins the word "[[wikipedia:Veganism|vegan]]" and founds [[wikipedia:The Vegan Society|The Vegan Society]] in the UK.<ref name="words" /> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1950||Denmark passes its Animal Protection Law.<ref name="chrono" /> ||Denmark | |1950||Denmark passes its Animal Protection Law.<ref name="chrono" /> ||Denmark | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |Early 1950s||Willem van Eelen recognizes the possibility of [[In vitro meat|generating meat from tissue culture]].<ref name="bhat">{{cite journal |pmc=3551074 |author=Zuhaib Fayaz Bhat |author2=Hina Fayaz |title=Prospectus of cultured meat—advancing meat alternatives |date=April 2011 |journal=Journal of Food Science Technology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=125–140 |doi=10.1007/s13197-010-0198-7}}</ref> ||Netherlands | + | |Early 1950s||Willem van Eelen recognizes the possibility of [[wikipedia:In vitro meat|generating meat from tissue culture]].<ref name="bhat">{{cite journal |pmc=3551074 |author=Zuhaib Fayaz Bhat |author2=Hina Fayaz |title=Prospectus of cultured meat—advancing meat alternatives |date=April 2011 |journal=Journal of Food Science Technology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=125–140 |doi=10.1007/s13197-010-0198-7}}</ref> ||Netherlands |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1950s||[[Intensive animal farming]] begins in the UK, driving a massive increase in the number of animals raised and slaughtered for food.<ref name="godley" /> | + | |1950s||[[wikipedia:Intensive animal farming|Intensive animal farming]] begins in the UK, driving a massive increase in the number of animals raised and slaughtered for food.<ref name="godley" /> |
|- | |- | ||
|1959||France issues decree incriminating the maltreatment of domestic or captive animals.<ref name="lelanchon" /> ||France | |1959||France issues decree incriminating the maltreatment of domestic or captive animals.<ref name="lelanchon" /> ||France | ||
| Line 112: | Line 112: | ||
|1961||Netherlands passes its Animal Protection Act.<ref name="bordes">{{cite book |author=Eugenie C. de Bordes |title=The Human-animal Relationship: Forever and a Day |chapter=Chapter 14: Animal protection legislation in the Netherlands: past and present |editor=Freek de Jonge |editor2=R. Van den Bos |publisher=Gorcum b.v., Koninklijke Van |edition=1st |date=2005}}</ref> ||Netherlands | |1961||Netherlands passes its Animal Protection Act.<ref name="bordes">{{cite book |author=Eugenie C. de Bordes |title=The Human-animal Relationship: Forever and a Day |chapter=Chapter 14: Animal protection legislation in the Netherlands: past and present |editor=Freek de Jonge |editor2=R. Van den Bos |publisher=Gorcum b.v., Koninklijke Van |edition=1st |date=2005}}</ref> ||Netherlands | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1964||The [[Hunt Saboteurs Association]] is founded to sabotage hunts and oppose bloodsports.<ref name="best">{{cite book |author=Steven Best (ed.) |title=Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? |date=2004 |publisher=[[Lantern Books]]}}</ref> ||England | + | |1964||The [[wikipedia:Hunt Saboteurs Association|Hunt Saboteurs Association]] is founded to sabotage hunts and oppose bloodsports.<ref name="best">{{cite book |author=Steven Best (ed.) |title=Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? |date=2004 |publisher=[[wikipedia:Lantern Books|Lantern Books]]}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1964||[[Ruth Harrison|Ruth Harrison's]] ''Animal Machines'', which documents the conditions of animals on industrial farms, helps to galvanize the animal movement.<ref name="pedersen">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-european-animal-welfare-laws-2003-present-explaining-downturn |author=Nicholas K. Pedersen |title=Detailed Discussion of European Animal Welfare Laws 2003 to Present: Explaining the Downturn |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||United Kingdom | + | |1964||[[wikipedia:Ruth Harrison|Ruth Harrison's]] ''Animal Machines'', which documents the conditions of animals on industrial farms, helps to galvanize the animal movement.<ref name="pedersen">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-european-animal-welfare-laws-2003-present-explaining-downturn |author=Nicholas K. Pedersen |title=Detailed Discussion of European Animal Welfare Laws 2003 to Present: Explaining the Downturn |accessdate=April 20, 2016}}</ref> ||United Kingdom |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1964||Largely due to the outcry following ''Animal Machines'', British Parliament forms the Brambell Committee to investigate animal welfare. The Committee concludes that animals should be afforded the [[Five Freedoms]], which consist of the animal's freedom to "have sufficient freedom of movement to be able without difficulty to turn around, groom itself, get up, lie down, [and] stretch its limbs."<ref name="pedersen" /><ref name="mosel">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/what-about-wilbur-proposing-federal-statute-provide-minimum-humane-living-conditions-farm |author=Amy Mosel |title=What About Wilbur? Proposing a Federal Statute to Provide Minimum Humane Living Conditions for Farm Animals Raised for Food Production |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||United Kingdom | + | |1964||Largely due to the outcry following ''Animal Machines'', British Parliament forms the Brambell Committee to investigate animal welfare. The Committee concludes that animals should be afforded the [[wikipedia:Five Freedoms|Five Freedoms]], which consist of the animal's freedom to "have sufficient freedom of movement to be able without difficulty to turn around, groom itself, get up, lie down, [and] stretch its limbs."<ref name="pedersen" /><ref name="mosel">{{cite web |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/what-about-wilbur-proposing-federal-statute-provide-minimum-humane-living-conditions-farm |author=Amy Mosel |title=What About Wilbur? Proposing a Federal Statute to Provide Minimum Humane Living Conditions for Farm Animals Raised for Food Production |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||United Kingdom |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1969||The [[Council of Europe]] adopts the Convention on Animals in Transport.<ref name="chrono" /> || | + | |1969||The [[wikipedia:Council of Europe|Council of Europe]] adopts the Convention on Animals in Transport.<ref name="chrono" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1970||Animal rights activist [[Richard D. Ryder|Richard Ryder]] coins the term "[[speciesism]]" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone.<ref name="speciesism">{{cite web |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/amacguru/Critical%20SocietyJournal/Archives_files/CS%20Issue%202%20Entire%20Articles.pdf |author=Richard D. Ryder |title=Speciesism Again: the original leaflet |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1970||Animal rights activist [[wikipedia:Richard D. Ryder|Richard Ryder]] coins the term "[[wikipedia:speciesism|speciesism]]" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone.<ref name="speciesism">{{cite web |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/amacguru/Critical%20SocietyJournal/Archives_files/CS%20Issue%202%20Entire%20Articles.pdf |author=Richard D. Ryder |title=Speciesism Again: the original leaflet |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1972||Germany passes its Animal Protection Act.<ref name="chrono" /> ||Germany | |1972||Germany passes its Animal Protection Act.<ref name="chrono" /> ||Germany | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1974||[[Ronnie Lee]] and Cliff Goodman of the Band of Mercy, a militant group founded by former members of the Hunt Saboteurs Association, are jailed for firebombing a British animal research center.<ref name="alf">{{cite web |url=http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln&haitian_elite_2021_organizations=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln_animal_liberation_front |title=US Domestic Terrorism: Animal Liberation Front |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||England | + | |1974||[[wikipedia:Ronnie Lee|Ronnie Lee]] and Cliff Goodman of the Band of Mercy, a militant group founded by former members of the Hunt Saboteurs Association, are jailed for firebombing a British animal research center.<ref name="alf">{{cite web |url=http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln&haitian_elite_2021_organizations=us_domestic_terrorism_tmln_animal_liberation_front |title=US Domestic Terrorism: Animal Liberation Front |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1974||The [[Council of Europe]] passes a directive requiring that animals be rendered unconscious before slaughter.<ref name="pedersen"/> || | + | |1974||The [[wikipedia:Council of Europe|Council of Europe]] passes a directive requiring that animals be rendered unconscious before slaughter.<ref name="pedersen"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
|1975||Spain's first animal welfare organization, the Association for the Defense of Animal Rights, is founded.<ref name="spain">{{cite web |url=http://www.animalrightsextremism.info/resources/document-library/ |title=The evolution of animal rights groups in Spain |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||Spain | |1975||Spain's first animal welfare organization, the Association for the Defense of Animal Rights, is founded.<ref name="spain">{{cite web |url=http://www.animalrightsextremism.info/resources/document-library/ |title=The evolution of animal rights groups in Spain |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||Spain | ||
| Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
|1976||The European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which mandates that animals be kept in conditions meeting their "physiological and ethological needs", is passed.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | |1976||The European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which mandates that animals be kept in conditions meeting their "physiological and ethological needs", is passed.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1976||Released from prison, Ronnie Lee founds the [[Animal Liberation Front]], which soon spreads to the US and Europe.<ref name="alf" /> ||England | + | |1976||Released from prison, Ronnie Lee founds the [[wikipedia:Animal Liberation Front|Animal Liberation Front]], which soon spreads to the US and Europe.<ref name="alf" /> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|1976||France passes animal welfare law which recognizes that (domestic) animals are sentient beings, and requires that alternatives to animal experimentation be used where possible.<ref name="apifrance" /> ||France | |1976||France passes animal welfare law which recognizes that (domestic) animals are sentient beings, and requires that alternatives to animal experimentation be used where possible.<ref name="apifrance" /> ||France | ||
| Line 148: | Line 148: | ||
|1988||The Swedish Animal Welfare Act is passed.<ref name="chrono" /> ||Sweden | |1988||The Swedish Animal Welfare Act is passed.<ref name="chrono" /> ||Sweden | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1992||[[Switzerland]] becomes the first country to include protections for animals in its constitution.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Switzerland | + | |1992||[[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] becomes the first country to include protections for animals in its constitution.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Switzerland |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1997||The [[European Union|European Union's]] Protocol on Animal Protection is annexed to the treaty establishing the [[European Community]]. The Protocol recognizes animals as "sentient beings" (rather than mere property) and requires countries to pay "full regard to the welfare requirements of animals" when making laws regarding their use.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | + | |1997||The [[wikipedia:European Union|European Union's]] Protocol on Animal Protection is annexed to the treaty establishing the [[wikipedia:European Community|European Community]]. The Protocol recognizes animals as "sentient beings" (rather than mere property) and requires countries to pay "full regard to the welfare requirements of animals" when making laws regarding their use.<ref name="pedersen" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
|1998||The EU passes the Council Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which is based on a revised Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury, and disease; from fear and distress; and to express normal behavior.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | |1998||The EU passes the Council Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which is based on a revised Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury, and disease; from fear and distress; and to express normal behavior.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | ||
| Line 158: | Line 158: | ||
|1999||Willem van Eelen secures the first patent for in vitro meat.<ref name="bhat" /> || | |1999||Willem van Eelen secures the first patent for in vitro meat.<ref name="bhat" /> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2000||The [[Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000]] is enacted by the British Parliament, outlawing fur farming in [[England and Wales]].<ref name="pedersen" /> ||England and Wales | + | |2000||The [[wikipedia:Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000|Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000]] is enacted by the British Parliament, outlawing fur farming in [[wikipedia:England and Wales|England and Wales]].<ref name="pedersen" /> ||England and Wales |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2001||The [[European Court of Justice]] issues a conservative interpretation of the 1997 Protocol on Animal Protection in the ''Jippes'' case, stating that the law did not create new protections for animals but only codified existing ones.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | + | |2001||The [[wikipedia:European Court of Justice|European Court of Justice]] issues a conservative interpretation of the 1997 Protocol on Animal Protection in the ''Jippes'' case, stating that the law did not create new protections for animals but only codified existing ones.<ref name="pedersen" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2002||The [[Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002]] is enacted by the [[Scottish Parliament]], outlawing fur farming in Scotland.||Scotland | + | |2002||The [[wikipedia:Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002|Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002]] is enacted by the [[wikipedia:Scottish Parliament|Scottish Parliament]], outlawing fur farming in Scotland.||Scotland |
|- | |- | ||
|2002||Germany extends constitutional protection to animals.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Germany | |2002||Germany extends constitutional protection to animals.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Germany | ||
| Line 170: | Line 170: | ||
|2004||Austria's Animal Welfare Act is passed following a campaign by animal rights groups. The law bans all battery cages effective 2009, makes it illegal to kill any animal without reason, and enacts a federal bans on fur farming and the use of wild animals in circuses.<ref name="balluch">{{cite book |author=Martin Balluch |title=In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave |editor=Peter Singer |chapter=Chapter 11: How Austria Achieved a Historic Breakthrough for Animals |date=2005 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}</ref> ||Austria | |2004||Austria's Animal Welfare Act is passed following a campaign by animal rights groups. The law bans all battery cages effective 2009, makes it illegal to kill any animal without reason, and enacts a federal bans on fur farming and the use of wild animals in circuses.<ref name="balluch">{{cite book |author=Martin Balluch |title=In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave |editor=Peter Singer |chapter=Chapter 11: How Austria Achieved a Historic Breakthrough for Animals |date=2005 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}</ref> ||Austria | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2004||England amends its [[Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001|Criminal Justice and Police Act of 2001]] to give police more power to stop animal activist tactics such as intimidating demonstrations.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||England | + | |2004||England amends its [[wikipedia:Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001|Criminal Justice and Police Act of 2001]] to give police more power to stop animal activist tactics such as intimidating demonstrations.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||England |
|- | |- | ||
|2005||French government resists EU ban on animal cosmetics testing, taking its case to the European Court of Justice, where it is rejected.<ref name="apifrance" /> ||France | |2005||French government resists EU ban on animal cosmetics testing, taking its case to the European Court of Justice, where it is rejected.<ref name="apifrance" /> ||France | ||
| Line 176: | Line 176: | ||
|2005||The Council of Europe adopts a recommendation on the welfare of farmed fish.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | |2005||The Council of Europe adopts a recommendation on the welfare of farmed fish.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2006||The [[European Commission]] passes minimum requirements on the collection of information during inspection of animal farms so that the European Community can evaluate the impact of its welfare policies.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | + | |2006||The [[wikipedia:European Commission|European Commission]] passes minimum requirements on the collection of information during inspection of animal farms so that the European Community can evaluate the impact of its welfare policies.<ref name="pedersen" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2006||[[Veal|Veal crates]] become illegal in the EU.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | + | |2006||[[wikipedia:Veal|Veal crates]] become illegal in the EU.<ref name="pedersen" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
|2006||The Animal Welfare Act in England and Wales and the Animal Health and Welfare Act in Scotland recognize all vertebrates as sentient.<ref name="apiuk">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/united-kingdom |title=United Kingdom |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||England, Wales, and Scotland | |2006||The Animal Welfare Act in England and Wales and the Animal Health and Welfare Act in Scotland recognize all vertebrates as sentient.<ref name="apiuk">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/united-kingdom |title=United Kingdom |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||England, Wales, and Scotland | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2008||A crackdown by the Austrian government targets nonviolent activists responsible for recent reforms, imprisoning ten leaders of nonviolent animal welfare organizations (including [[Martin Balluch]] of the Association Against Animal Factories). Balluch is released under no charge or evidence of illegal activity after 100 days.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Austria | + | |2008||A crackdown by the Austrian government targets nonviolent activists responsible for recent reforms, imprisoning ten leaders of nonviolent animal welfare organizations (including [[wikipedia:Martin Balluch|Martin Balluch]] of the Association Against Animal Factories). Balluch is released under no charge or evidence of illegal activity after 100 days.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Austria |
|- | |- | ||
|2008||All fox fur farming in the Netherlands ceases.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Netherlands | |2008||All fox fur farming in the Netherlands ceases.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Netherlands | ||
| Line 188: | Line 188: | ||
|2008||Spain passes a non-legislative measure to grant non-human primates the right to life, liberty, and freedom from use in experiments. However, this requires further action by the government to become formal law, which has not been taken.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Spain | |2008||Spain passes a non-legislative measure to grant non-human primates the right to life, liberty, and freedom from use in experiments. However, this requires further action by the government to become formal law, which has not been taken.<ref name="pedersen" /> ||Spain | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2011||The [[Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland) 2011]] is enacted, recognizing all vertebrates as sentient.<ref name="apiuk">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/united-kingdom |title=United Kingdom |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||Northern Ireland | + | |2011||The [[wikipedia:Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland) 2011|Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland) 2011]] is enacted, recognizing all vertebrates as sentient.<ref name="apiuk">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/united-kingdom |title=United Kingdom |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||Northern Ireland |
|- | |- | ||
|2012||The EU's ban on battery cages goes into effect.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | |2012||The EU's ban on battery cages goes into effect.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2012||A group of prominent scientists issue the [[Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness]], which states that "the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates."<ref name="cambridge">{{cite web |url=http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf |title=The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||[[Cambridge]], England | + | |2012||A group of prominent scientists issue the [[wikipedia:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness|Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness]], which states that "the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates."<ref name="cambridge">{{cite web |url=http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf |title=The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:Cambridge|Cambridge]], England |
|- | |- | ||
|2013||The EU ban on all gestation crates goes into effect.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | |2013||The EU ban on all gestation crates goes into effect.<ref name="pedersen" /> || | ||
| Line 198: | Line 198: | ||
|2013||Spain passes legislation protecting bullfighting and running of the bulls.<ref name="apispain">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/spain/ |title=Spain |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||Spain | |2013||Spain passes legislation protecting bullfighting and running of the bulls.<ref name="apispain">{{cite web |url=http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/spain/ |title=Spain |accessdate=May 3, 2016}}</ref> ||Spain | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2015||[[Pope Francis]]' [[encyclical]] ''[[Laudato si']]'' calls for better treatment of animals, and notes that animal testing is only permissible "if it remains within reasonable limits [and] contributes to caring for or saving human lives".<ref name="pacelle">{{cite web |url=http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2015/06/pope-encyclical-embraces-animal-protection.html |author=Wayne Pacelle |title=Pope Francis's Unreserved Embrace of Animal Protection |date=June 18, 2015 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> ||[[Vatican City]] | + | |2015||[[wikipedia:Pope Francis|Pope Francis]]' [[wikipedia:encyclical|encyclical]] ''[[wikipedia:Laudato si'|Laudato si']]'' calls for better treatment of animals, and notes that animal testing is only permissible "if it remains within reasonable limits [and] contributes to caring for or saving human lives".<ref name="pacelle">{{cite web |url=http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2015/06/pope-encyclical-embraces-animal-protection.html |author=Wayne Pacelle |title=Pope Francis's Unreserved Embrace of Animal Protection |date=June 18, 2015 |accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:Vatican City|Vatican City]] |
|} | |} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| − | *[[Timeline of animal welfare and rights]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Timeline of animal welfare and rights|Timeline of animal welfare and rights]] |
| − | *[[Timeline of animal welfare and rights in the United States]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Timeline of animal welfare and rights in the United States|Timeline of animal welfare and rights in the United States]] |
| − | *[[History of vegetarianism]] | + | *[[wikipedia:History of vegetarianism|History of vegetarianism]] |
| − | *[[Animal welfare in the United States]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Animal welfare in the United States|Animal welfare in the United States]] |
| − | *[[Animal welfare and rights in India]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Animal welfare and rights in India|Animal welfare and rights in India]] |
| − | *[[Animal welfare and rights in China]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Animal welfare and rights in China|Animal welfare and rights in China]] |
| − | *[[Animal consciousness]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Animal consciousness|Animal consciousness]] |
| − | *[[Speciesism]] | + | *[[wikipedia:Speciesism|Speciesism]] |
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|30em}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Animal rights]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Animal rights|Category:Animal rights]] |
| − | [[Category:Animal welfare]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Animal welfare|Category:Animal welfare]] |
| − | [[Category:Animal rights and welfare legislation]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Animal rights and welfare legislation|Category:Animal rights and welfare legislation]] |
| − | [[Category:Political timelines|Animal welfare]] | + | [[wikipedia:Category:Political timelines|Animal welfare]] |
Revision as of 14:51, 13 March 2017
The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of animal welfare and rights in Europe". The original page still exists at Timeline of animal welfare and rights in Europe. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.
This page is a timeline of the major events in the history of animal welfare and rights in Europe.
Big picture
| Period | Description |
|---|---|
| 600 BCE - 200 | In ancient Greece and Rome, a number of philosophers advocate for vegetarianism and kindness towards animals,[1] while the use of vivisection - operations on live animals - as a scientific tool spreads.[2][3] |
| 1600-1800 | Philosophers take up the question of animals and their treatment, some arguing that they are sentient beings who deserve protection.[4][5][6] The first known modern animal protection law is passed in Ireland.[7] |
| 1800-1870 | The first national animal welfare law is enacted in the United Kingdom,[8] followed by laws in Germany, Switzerland,[9] France,[10] and Sweden.[11] These laws are largely concerned with public mistreatment of animals as a violation of decency, rather than the suffering of the animals themselves.[9][12][13] The first animal protection society is founded in the UK,[8] followed by organizations in Germany and Switzerland.[9] |
| 1870-1914 | The anti-vivisection movement takes hold in the UK, where the first legislation to regulate animal experimentation is passed.[14] European anti-vivisectionists and moderate animal protectionists clash, with little significant legislation on animal experimentation appearing outside of England, and interest in anti-vivisection waning by World War I.[9][14] Animal protection societies in Scandinavia and Germany push for humane slaughter regulations.[12][15] European animal protection societies begin to shift from opposing animal cruelty as a harm to property and public morals, to opposing animal cruelty as a harm to the animal itself.[12] |
| 1914-1970 | The number of European countries with national animal welfare laws grows.[16] The number of animals raised and killed for food increases dramatically with the advent of intensive animal agriculture[17] The number of animal used in research also increases significantly with the growth of scientific and medical research.[18] |
| 1970-2016 | Meat consumption continues to rise.[19][20] Countries continue to enact legislation regulating the use and treatment of animals in agriculture and science, with several recognizing animals as sentient beings deserving of basic protections.[10][16][21] A number of international agreements are adopted, culminating in measures by the European Union (EU) to recognize animals as sentient beings whose basic needs should be provided for; ban battery cages, veal crates, and gestation crates; and to regulate and monitor animal agriculture and experimentation in various other ways.[21] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|
| c. 530 BCE | Greek philosopher Pythagoras is the first in a line of several Greek and Roman philosophers to teach that animals have souls and advocate for vegetarianism.[1] | Ancient Greece |
| 100s | Greek medical researcher and philosopher Galen's experiments on live animals help establish vivisection as a widely used scientific tool.[2][3] | Rome |
| Early 1600s | Philosopher and scientist René Descartes argues that animals are machines without feeling, and performs biological experiments on living animals.[4] | Netherlands |
| 1635 | The Parliament of Ireland passes An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep, one of the first known pieces of animal protection legislation.[7] | Ireland |
| 1751 | William Hogarth paints The Four Stages of Cruelty, which depicts children committing cruelty against animals progressing into adults who commit cruelty against other humans.[22] | England |
| 1754 | Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau argues against the mistreatment of animals on the grounds that they are "sensitive beings" and advocates for vegetarianism.[5] | Geneva |
| 1764 | Philosopher Voltaire writes Beasts, a short essay denouncing the mechanistic view of animals.[5] | France |
| 1780 | In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation philosopher Jeremy Bentham argues for better treatment of animals on the basis of their ability to feel pleasure and pain, famously writing, "The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?"[6] | England |
| 1785 | Philosopher Immanuel Kant argues that animals are not ends-in-themselves, but that in abusing animals we fail in our duties to other people by damaging our humanity.[4] | Prussia |
| 1822 | Led by Richard Martin, the British Parliament passes the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822.[8] | United Kingdom |
| 1824 | Richard Martin, along with Reverend Arthur Broome and abolitionist Member of Parliament William Wilberforce, founds the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), the world's first animal protection organization.[8] | United Kingdom |
| 1830s | Early vegan and anti-vivisectionist Lewis Gompertz leaves the SPCA to found the Animals' Friend Society, opposing all uses of animals which are not for their benefit.[23] | England |
| 1835 | After many similar bills had failed over the previous three decades, the British Parliament passes its first Cruelty to Animal Act, outlawing blood sports.[24] | United Kingdom |
| 1837 | The first German animal protection society is founded.[9] | Stuttgart |
| 1838 | The Kingdom of Saxony enacts the first law against animal cruelty in Germany.[9] | Saxony |
| 1842 | The Swiss Canton of Schaffhausen introduces the first law against animal cruelty in Switzerland.[9] | Schaffhausen |
| 1844 | The first Swiss animal protection society is founded.[9] | Berne |
| 1847 | The term "vegetarian" is coined and the British Vegetarian Society is founded.[25] | England |
| 1850 | France passes law criminalizing the public mistreatment of animals.[10] | France |
| 1857 | Sweden enacts its Criminal Law, which includes statutes against animal cruelty. Unlike most contemporary European penal statutes, the Swedish law penalizes cruelty towards an animal regardless of its property aspects.[11] | Sweden |
| 1859 | Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species is published, demonstrating that humans are the evolutionary descendants of non-human animals.[26] | England |
| 1870s onward | European animal protection advocates begin to focus less on animal cruelty as a harm to property and public morals, and more on animal cruelty as a harm to the animal itself. For instance, Germany's Animal Protection Society calls for the expansion of laws so that "the animal itself be protected and not only out of regard for the public".[12] | |
| By 1871 | All German states except Lübeck have regulations against animal cruelty.[9] | Germany |
| 1875 | Frances Power Cobbe founds the British National Anti-Vivisection Society, the world's first anti-vivisection organization.[14] | England |
| 1876 | After lobbying from anti-vivisectionists, the UK passes the Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876, the first piece of national legislation to regulate animal experimentation.[27] | United Kingdom |
| 1877 | Anna Sewell's Black Beauty, the first English novel to be written from the perspective of a non-human animal, spurs concern for the welfare of horses.[14] | England |
| 1877 | Spain passes its first anti-cruelty provision, which prohibits the maltreatment of dogs.[13] | Spain |
| 1878-1879 | Responding to the moderate positions taken by the German animal protection organizations on animal experimentation, Marie Espérance von Schwartz, Ernst Georg Friedrich Grysanowski, and Ernst von Weber begin to form a dedicated anti-vivisection movement in Germany. Von Weber distributes a highly successful pamphlet, winning the support of Richard Wagner.[9] | Germany |
| 1879 | Anti-vivisectionists clash with moderate animal protectionists at the German Animal Protection Congress, leading von Weber and von Schwartz to found the International Society for Combat Against Scientific Torture of Animals, which receives financial support from Wagner.[9] | Germany |
| Early 1880s | Political debates on the regulation of animal experimentation take place in Germany, resulting in a government inquiry into the need for regulation. A significant majority of German animal protection societies oppose the abolition of vivisection.[9] | Germany |
| 1882 | The Swedish Nordic Association (now Djurens Rätt, or Animal Rights) is founded to oppose cruelty to animals in science.[28] | Sweden |
| 1886 | The Germany Society for the Protection of Animals petitions the Reichstag to regulate slaughterhouses, initiating a national debate over slaughter regulation in Germany. By this time there are already nearly 100 public slaughterhouses controlled by local ordinances, including those against unnecessary cruelty.[12] | Germany |
| Late 1880s-early 1890s | German anti-vivisectionists fail to achieve national regulations on animal experimentation, and interest in anti-vivisection wanes.[9] | Germany |
| 1891 | Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish animal protection societies publish an appeal for humane slaughter.[15] | Denmark, Norway, and Sweden |
| 1892 | Social reformer Henry Salt publishes Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress, an early exposition of the philosophy of animal rights.[29] | England |
| 1903-1910 | The Brown Dog affair brings anti-vivisection to the forefront of public debate in the UK.[14] | England |
| 1928 | The Criminal Code of 1928 is the first Spanish law to incriminate abuse of domestic animals in general.[13] | Spain |
| 1944 | Donald Watson coins the word "vegan" and founds The Vegan Society in the UK.[25] | England |
| 1950 | Denmark passes its Animal Protection Law.[16] | Denmark |
| Early 1950s | Willem van Eelen recognizes the possibility of generating meat from tissue culture.[30] | Netherlands |
| 1950s | Intensive animal farming begins in the UK, driving a massive increase in the number of animals raised and slaughtered for food.[17] | |
| 1959 | France issues decree incriminating the maltreatment of domestic or captive animals.[13] | France |
| 1961 | Netherlands passes its Animal Protection Act.[31] | Netherlands |
| 1964 | The Hunt Saboteurs Association is founded to sabotage hunts and oppose bloodsports.[32] | England |
| 1964 | Ruth Harrison's Animal Machines, which documents the conditions of animals on industrial farms, helps to galvanize the animal movement.[21] | United Kingdom |
| 1964 | Largely due to the outcry following Animal Machines, British Parliament forms the Brambell Committee to investigate animal welfare. The Committee concludes that animals should be afforded the Five Freedoms, which consist of the animal's freedom to "have sufficient freedom of movement to be able without difficulty to turn around, groom itself, get up, lie down, [and] stretch its limbs."[21][33] | United Kingdom |
| 1969 | The Council of Europe adopts the Convention on Animals in Transport.[16] | |
| 1970 | Animal rights activist Richard Ryder coins the term "speciesism" to describe the devaluing of nonhuman animals on the basis of species alone.[34] | England |
| 1972 | Germany passes its Animal Protection Act.[16] | Germany |
| 1974 | Ronnie Lee and Cliff Goodman of the Band of Mercy, a militant group founded by former members of the Hunt Saboteurs Association, are jailed for firebombing a British animal research center.[35] | England |
| 1974 | The Council of Europe passes a directive requiring that animals be rendered unconscious before slaughter.[21] | |
| 1975 | Spain's first animal welfare organization, the Association for the Defense of Animal Rights, is founded.[36] | Spain |
| 1976 | The European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which mandates that animals be kept in conditions meeting their "physiological and ethological needs", is passed.[21] | |
| 1976 | Released from prison, Ronnie Lee founds the Animal Liberation Front, which soon spreads to the US and Europe.[35] | England |
| 1976 | France passes animal welfare law which recognizes that (domestic) animals are sentient beings, and requires that alternatives to animal experimentation be used where possible.[10] | France |
| 1977 | The Dutch Experiments on Animals Act is passed.[31] | |
| 1977 | The Lega Antivivisezione Italiana (Italian Antivivisection League)—"arguably the most successful animal rights group in Italy"—is founded.[37] | Italy |
| 1978 | The Swiss Animal Welfare Act is passed.[16] | Switzerland |
| 1979 | The first European Conference on Farm Animal Welfare is held.[16] | Netherlands |
| 1986 | The Council of Europe issues the European Directive Regarding the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes.[16] | |
| 1988 | The Swedish Animal Welfare Act is passed.[16] | Sweden |
| 1992 | Switzerland becomes the first country to include protections for animals in its constitution.[21] | Switzerland |
| 1997 | The European Union's Protocol on Animal Protection is annexed to the treaty establishing the European Community. The Protocol recognizes animals as "sentient beings" (rather than mere property) and requires countries to pay "full regard to the welfare requirements of animals" when making laws regarding their use.[21] | |
| 1998 | The EU passes the Council Directive 98/58/EC Concerning the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, which is based on a revised Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst; from discomfort; from pain, injury, and disease; from fear and distress; and to express normal behavior.[21] | |
| 1999 | The EU passes a law phasing out the use of barren battery cages.[21] | |
| 1999 | Willem van Eelen secures the first patent for in vitro meat.[30] | |
| 2000 | The Fur Farming (Prohibition) Act 2000 is enacted by the British Parliament, outlawing fur farming in England and Wales.[21] | England and Wales |
| 2001 | The European Court of Justice issues a conservative interpretation of the 1997 Protocol on Animal Protection in the Jippes case, stating that the law did not create new protections for animals but only codified existing ones.[21] | |
| 2002 | The Fur Farming (Prohibition) (Scotland) Act 2002 is enacted by the Scottish Parliament, outlawing fur farming in Scotland. | Scotland |
| 2002 | Germany extends constitutional protection to animals.[21] | Germany |
| 2003 | EU bans the construction of new gestation crates.[21] | |
| 2004 | Austria's Animal Welfare Act is passed following a campaign by animal rights groups. The law bans all battery cages effective 2009, makes it illegal to kill any animal without reason, and enacts a federal bans on fur farming and the use of wild animals in circuses.[38] | Austria |
| 2004 | England amends its Criminal Justice and Police Act of 2001 to give police more power to stop animal activist tactics such as intimidating demonstrations.[21] | England |
| 2005 | French government resists EU ban on animal cosmetics testing, taking its case to the European Court of Justice, where it is rejected.[10] | France |
| 2005 | The Council of Europe adopts a recommendation on the welfare of farmed fish.[21] | |
| 2006 | The European Commission passes minimum requirements on the collection of information during inspection of animal farms so that the European Community can evaluate the impact of its welfare policies.[21] | |
| 2006 | Veal crates become illegal in the EU.[21] | |
| 2006 | The Animal Welfare Act in England and Wales and the Animal Health and Welfare Act in Scotland recognize all vertebrates as sentient.[39] | England, Wales, and Scotland |
| 2008 | A crackdown by the Austrian government targets nonviolent activists responsible for recent reforms, imprisoning ten leaders of nonviolent animal welfare organizations (including Martin Balluch of the Association Against Animal Factories). Balluch is released under no charge or evidence of illegal activity after 100 days.[21] | Austria |
| 2008 | All fox fur farming in the Netherlands ceases.[21] | Netherlands |
| 2008 | Spain passes a non-legislative measure to grant non-human primates the right to life, liberty, and freedom from use in experiments. However, this requires further action by the government to become formal law, which has not been taken.[21] | Spain |
| 2011 | The Welfare of Animals Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 is enacted, recognizing all vertebrates as sentient.[39] | Northern Ireland |
| 2012 | The EU's ban on battery cages goes into effect.[21] | |
| 2012 | A group of prominent scientists issue the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, which states that "the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates."[40] | Cambridge, England |
| 2013 | The EU ban on all gestation crates goes into effect.[21] | |
| 2013 | Spain passes legislation protecting bullfighting and running of the bulls.[41] | Spain |
| 2015 | Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato si' calls for better treatment of animals, and notes that animal testing is only permissible "if it remains within reasonable limits [and] contributes to caring for or saving human lives".[42] | Vatican City |
See also
- Timeline of animal welfare and rights
- Timeline of animal welfare and rights in the United States
- History of vegetarianism
- Animal welfare in the United States
- Animal welfare and rights in India
- Animal welfare and rights in China
- Animal consciousness
- Speciesism
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nathan Morgan. "The Hidden History of Greco-Roman Vegetarianism". Retrieved April 19, 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Richard R. Sharp. "Ethical Issues in the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research". Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Vivisection - An Ancient History". Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Animal Consciousness". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Raymond Giraud. "Rousseau and Voltaire: The Enlightenment and Animal Rights". Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jeremy Bentham. "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Belden C. Lane. "Ravished by Beauty: The Surprising Legacy of Reformed Spirituality". Retrieved April 19, 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Animal Welfare". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 Ulrich Trohler; Andreas-Holger Maehle (1990). "Anti-vivisection in 19th century Germany and Switzerland: Motives and Methods". In Nicolaas A. Rupke. Vivisection in Historical Perspective. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm, Ltd.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 "France". Retrieved May 3, 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Helena Striwing (2002). "Animal Law and Animal Rights on the Move in Sweden". Animal Law. 8: 93.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Shai Lavi (2007). "Animal Laws and the Politics of Life: Slaughterhouse Regulation in Germany, 1870-1917". Theoretical Inquiries in Law. 8 (1). doi:10.2202/1565-3404.1149.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Lois Laimene Lelanchon (2013). "Detailed Discussion of Anti-maltreatment Laws in France and Spain". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "A History of Antivivisection from the 1800s to the Present: Part 1 (mid-1800s to 1914)". Retrieved April 19, 2016.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Michael F. Metcalf. "Regulating slaughter: Animal protection and antisemitism in Scandinavia, 1880-1941". Patterns of Prejudice. 23 (3): 32–48. doi:10.1080/0031322x.1989.9970018.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Mark Bekoff and Carron A. Meaney, ed. (1998). "Chronology". Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Greenwood Press.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Andrew C. Godley; Bridget Williams (2007). "The chicken, the factory farm and the supermarket: the emergence of the modern poultry industry in Britain" (PDF). Retrieved May 4, 2016.
- ↑ "History of animal research". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
- ↑ Rachel Krantz (February 15, 2016). "8 Reasons Meat Is Bad For Your (Yes, Even Chicken)". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
- ↑ Timothy J Key; et al. (September 14, 2002). "The effect of diet on risk of cancer". The Lancet. 360 (9336): 861–868. PMID 12243933. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09958-0.
- ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 21.20 21.21 21.22 Nicholas K. Pedersen. "Detailed Discussion of European Animal Welfare Laws 2003 to Present: Explaining the Downturn". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ "Hogarth's Modern Moral Series, The Four Stages of Cruelty". Retrieved May 3, 2016.
- ↑ Hannah Renier. "An Early Vegan: Lewis Gompertz". London Historians. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850 (Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 124.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 "History of Vegetarianism: Origins of Some Words". Archived from the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ R. B. Freeman. "On the Origin of Species". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ Benjamin Adams; Jean Larson. "Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
- ↑ "History of animal rights in Sweden" (PDF). Retrieved May 2, 2016.
- ↑ "History of the Movement" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2016.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Zuhaib Fayaz Bhat; Hina Fayaz (April 2011). "Prospectus of cultured meat—advancing meat alternatives". Journal of Food Science Technology. 48 (2): 125–140. PMC 3551074
. doi:10.1007/s13197-010-0198-7.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Eugenie C. de Bordes (2005). "Chapter 14: Animal protection legislation in the Netherlands: past and present". In Freek de Jonge; R. Van den Bos. The Human-animal Relationship: Forever and a Day (1st ed.). Gorcum b.v., Koninklijke Van.
- ↑ Steven Best (ed.) (2004). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?. Lantern Books.
- ↑ Amy Mosel. "What About Wilbur? Proposing a Federal Statute to Provide Minimum Humane Living Conditions for Farm Animals Raised for Food Production". Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ↑ Richard D. Ryder. "Speciesism Again: the original leaflet" (PDF). Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 "US Domestic Terrorism: Animal Liberation Front". Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ↑ "The evolution of animal rights groups in Spain". Retrieved May 3, 2016.
- ↑ "A history of Animal Rights Activity in Italy". Retrieved May 3, 2016.
- ↑ Martin Balluch (2005). "Chapter 11: How Austria Achieved a Historic Breakthrough for Animals". In Peter Singer. In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave. Wiley-Blackwell.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 "United Kingdom". Retrieved May 3, 2016.
- ↑ "The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness" (PDF). Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ↑ "Spain". Retrieved May 3, 2016.
- ↑ Wayne Pacelle (June 18, 2015). "Pope Francis's Unreserved Embrace of Animal Protection". Retrieved May 4, 2016.
Category:Animal rights Category:Animal welfare Category:Animal rights and welfare legislation Animal welfare
