Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cervical cancer"

This is a '''timeline of [[cervical cancer]]''', describing especially major discoveries and advances in treatment of the disease.

|19th century||[[Cervical cancer]] is identified as a sexually transmitted disease. At the end of the century, [[surgery]] is introduced for treating the disease.

|1920s||[[Georgios Papanikolaou|Papanikolaou]] develops his eponymous technique. The [[colposcope]] is developed.

|1940s||[[Pap smear]] screening begins.

|1980s||First concrete evidence that specific [[Human papillomavirus infection|Human Papillomavirus (HPV)]] types are linked to [[cervical cancer]].<ref name="Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen">{{cite web|title=Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen|url=http://www.hu.ufsc.br/projeto_hpv/Cervical%20cancer%20From%20Hippocrates%20through%20Rigoni-Stern%20to%20zur%20Hausen.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref> Tobacco use is linked to cervical cancer.

|2000s||First [[HPV vaccines|Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine]] is released. Several nations introduce the vaccination, such as [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[Japan]].<ref name="Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen" />

|Recent years||Today, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common cause of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women.<ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 5.12}}</ref> In 2012, approximately 528,000 cases of cervical cancer occurred, with 266,000 deaths.<ref name=WCR2014/> This is about 8% of the total cases and total deaths from cancer.<ref name=WCR2014Total>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> About 70% of cervical cancers occur in [[developing countries]].<ref name=WCR2014/>

| 400&nbsp;BCE||Development||First description of cervical cancer by [[Hippocrates]].<ref name="Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen" />||

|1898||Development||Austrian gynecologist [[Ernst Wertheim]] describes the operation of radical [[hysterectomy]] including removal of the [[parametrium]] and pelvic lymph nodes. A few years later, the [[Wertheim-Meigs operation]] is introduced as a surgical procedure for the treatment of cervical cancer performed by way of an abdominal incision.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Radical Hysterectomy with Pelvic Lymphadenectomy: Indications, Technique, and Complications|doi=10.1155/2010/587610|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ogi/2010/587610/ | volume=2010|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology International|pages=1–9}}</ref>||

|1925||Development||German gynecologist [[Hans Hinselmann]] first describes the foundation of the [[colposcope]], a device used to examine the [[cervix]], [[vagina]] and [[vulva]] for signs of disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a colposcope?|url=http://blog.boviemed.com/blog-1/what-is-a-colposcope|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||

|1928||Development||Greek cytopathologist [[Georgios Papanikolaou]] develops a cervical cytology smear test (today called [[Pap smear]]) to detect [[cancer]] cells. This test will save thousands of lives and help reduce cervical cancer mortality by a wide margin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bower|first1=Mark|last2=Waxman|first2=Jonathan|title=Lecture Notes: Oncology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=0JSbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22papanicolau%22&source=bl&ots=KvgHbl8CUG&sig=zHr-DW5xegWeOpbrgkhNC4jXhYg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip4I74_pvPAhWFDZAKHRpIDQUQ6AEIHDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201928%22%20%22papanicolau%22&f=false}}</ref>||

|1943||Development||The [[Pap test]] is first generalized as a procedure, enabling doctors to detect and begin treating cervical cancer before it has a chance to spread. Over the following decades, the Pap test is credited with driving down cervical cancer death rates in developed countries.<ref name="Progress & Timeline" />||

|1946||Development||[[Aylesbury spatula]], a wooden spatula with an extended tip, is introduced to scrape the [[cervix]], collecting the sample for the [[Pap smear]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shariff|first1=Shameem|last2=Kaler|first2=Amrit Kaur|title=Principles & Interpretation of Laboratory Practices in Surgical Pathology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=j3SJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232&lpg=PA232&dq=%22Aylesbury+spatula%22+%221946%22&source=bl&ots=R9nSZYJpJn&sig=DvtuJBY_pXeykjnEOVXebJfRfWY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQj8vM-ZzPAhVKg5AKHRslBJYQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=%22Aylesbury%20spatula%22%20%221946%22&f=false}}</ref>||

|1951||Development||First successful in-vitro cell line, [[HeLa]], is derived from [[biopsy]] of cervical cancer of [[Henrietta Lacks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Study of Cervical Cancer That Killed 'Medical Miracles' Woman Henrietta Lacks Published for First Time|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/henrietta-lacks-cervical-cancer-hela-cells-immortal-497528|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[United States]]

|1953||Discovery||[[Adenocarcinoma in situ]] (AIS) of the [[uterine cervix]] is first described.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cervical squamous and glandular intraepithelial neoplasia: Identification and current management approaches|url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342003000900016|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||

|1983||Discovery||Team led by German virologists [[Harald Zur Hausen]] and [[Lutz Gissmann]] identify [[HPV 16]] in precursor lesions of genital cancer.<ref name="Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen" />||

|1984||Discovery||[[Cigarette smoking]] is found to increase risk of cervical cancer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Smoking increases risk of cervical cancer|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19840406&id=fKkfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=etYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1544,1784027&hl=en|publisher=Gadsden Times}}</ref>||

|1985||Discovery||[[Harald Zur Hausen]] and [[Lutz Gissmann]] demonstrate the presence of [[HPV]] [[DNA]] in cervical cancer cells. These findings create the basis for subsequent studies leading to the development of preventive vaccines.<ref name="Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen" />||

|1988||Development||The [[Bethesda system]] (TBS) is introduced as a system for reporting [[cervix|cervical]] or vaginal [[Cytopathology|cytologic]] diagnoses. It is considered to be an important achievement in the standardization of screening results.<ref name="Cervical cancer: From Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen" />||

|1989||Discovery||[[Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix]] (a rare type of cervical cancer) is first described.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dilley|first1=Sarah|last2=Newbill|first2=Colin|last3=Pejovic|first3=Tanja|last4=Munroc|first4=Elizabeth|title=Two cases of endocervical villoglandular adenocarcinoma: Support for conservative management|doi=10.1016/j.gore.2015.02.004|pmc=4442649|pmid=26076156|volume=12|year=2015|journal=Gynecol Oncol Rep|pages=34–6}}</ref>||

|1989||Development||[[Loop electrosurgical excision procedure]] (LEEP), which is performed in the surgical treatment of [[cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]], is first described.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jiang|first1=Yan-Ming|last2=Chen|first2=Chang-Xian|last3=Li|first3=Li|title=Meta-analysis of cold-knife conization versus loop electrosurgical excision procedure for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia|doi=10.2147/OTT.S108832|pmc=4934869|pmid=27418835|volume=9|year=2016|journal=Onco Targets Ther|pages=3907–15}}</ref>||

|1990||Policy||The Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Prevention Act is launched, providing nationwide access to free or low-cost breast and cervical cancer screenings to underserved women.<ref name="Progress & Timeline" /> ||[[United States]]

|1996–1999||Development||United States [[FDA]] approves two new liquid-based [[Pap test]]s. In these tests the swab is placed into a special preservative solution, instead of smearing a swab of cervical cells on a slide as in the conventional tests. Compared to the traditional method, these liquid tests provide a clearer, easier to read sample for pathologists to review under a [[microscope]].<ref name="Progress & Timeline" />||[[United States]]

|1998||Development||Researchers begin human testing of a possible vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cervical cancer vaccine|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19980617&id=EiUfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cccEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4824,3283230&hl=en|publisher=Ellensburg Daily Record}}</ref>||[[United States]]

|1999||Discovery||Study shows that widespread screening reduces cases of advanced cervical cancer in older women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decreased Incidence of Cervical Cancer in Medicare‐Eligible California Women|url=http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2002/07000/decreased_incidence_of_cervical_cancer_in.13.aspx|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[California]], [[US]]

|1999|| ||The United States [[National Cancer Institute]] issues an alert recommending chemotherapy radiation combination for invasive cervical cancer (cancer that has spread within the cervix or [[pelvis]]). This is based on trials showing that women live longer when treated with both radiation and chemotherapy, compared to those treated with the prior standard of radiation or surgery alone.<ref name="Progress & Timeline" />||[[United States]]

|1999||Development||[[DNA]] test is approved to detect [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), the virus that causes cervical cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Human Papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou  Screening Tests for Cervical Cancer|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071430|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa071430 | volume=357|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|pages=1579–1588}}</ref>||

|2006||Treatment||United States [[FDA]] approves [[Gardasil]], a vaccine that prevents infection with the two high-risk strains of human [[papillomavirus]] (HPV) known to cause about 70 percent of cervical cancers. Gardasil is approved for girls and young women aged 9 to 26.<ref name="Progress & Timeline" />||[[United States]]

|2007||Discovery||Study suggests that the act of performing a [[Pap smear]] produces an inflammatory [[cytokine]] response, which may initiate immunologic clearance of [[HPV]], thus reducing the risk of cervical cancer.<ref name="Papanicolaou smears and cervical inflammatory cytokine responses">{{cite journal|last1=Passmore|first1=Jo-Ann S|last2=Williamson|first2=Anna-Lise|last3=Hoffman|first3=Margaret|last4=Shapiro|first4=Samual|last5=Morroni|first5=Chelsea|title=Papanicolaou smears and cervical inflammatory cytokine responses|doi=10.1186/1476-9255-4-8|url=http://journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-9255-4-8|volume=4|journal=Journal of Inflammation|pages=8|pmid=17456234|pmc=1868022|year=2007}}</ref>||[[South Africa]]

|2008||Discovery||Researchers discover that two minimally invasive techniques, [[laparoscopy|laparoscopic]] and robotic radical [[hysterectomy]] (removal of the uterus) with radical pelvic [[lymphadenectomy]] (removal of surrounding pelvic lymph nodes) are as effective as traditional radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy in women with cervical cancer.<ref name="Progress & Timeline" />||

|2009||Discovery||[[HPV]] [[vaccine]] [[Gardasil]] is found to be over 90 percent effective in preventing cervical cancer in women aged 24 to 45 who received all three vaccine doses, and who are not infected by the virus.<ref name="Progress & Timeline" />||

|2010||Policy||Young women in Japan become eligible to receive cervical cancer vaccination for free. However, in 2013 the local Health Ministry withdraws the vaccine recommendation for girls due to several hundred adverse reactions to the vaccines reported.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japan's Health Ministry Withdraws Cervical Cancer Vaccine Recommendation|url=http://preventdisease.com/news/13/061713_Japans-Health-Ministry-Withdraws-Cervical-Cancer-Vaccine.shtml|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Japan]]

|2013||Discovery||Adding targeted drug [[bevacizumab]] ([[Avastin]]) to standard [[chemotherapy]] is found to improve survival for patients with relapsed and advanced cervical cancers.<ref name="Progress & Timeline">{{cite web|title=Cervical Cancer|url=http://cancerprogress.net/timeline/cervical-cancer|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||

* [[Timeline of lung cancer]]

* [[Timeline of brain cancer]]

* [[Timeline of kidney cancer]]

* [[Timeline of colorectal cancer]]

* [[Timeline of pancreatic cancer]]

* [[Timeline of liver cancer]]

* [[Timeline of bladder cancer]]

[[Category:Health-related timelines|Cervical cancer]]

[[Category:Gynaecological cancer]]