Difference between revisions of "Timeline of silicon"

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Revision as of 17:58, 3 July 2018

This is a timeline of silicon.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient history The use of silicon in agriculture probably begins in China more than 2000 years ago, with farmers at that time incorporating rice straw along with manure as a fertilizer to enhance plant performance and yield.[1] silicon is familiar to the predynastic Egyptians, who use it for beads and small vases. It is also familiar to the early Chinese, and probably to many others of the ancients.[2]
20th century In the early 1900s, silicon is recognized as one of the 15 elements needed for plant life. Research pursuing the role of silicon as a nutrient for different crops begins early in the century.[3]
1950s Silicon becomes the industry’s preferred material in the transistor industry, and Texas Instruments the dominant semiconductor vendor.[4]
1980s As a result of research, silicon’s potential to decrease the intensity of many plant diseases is discovered for a large number of plant species.[1]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
1500 BC Egyptians and Phoenicians manufacture glass containing silica.[2] Egypt
1787 Antoine Lavoisier first identifies silicon.[5]
1811 Joseph Gay Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard react silicon tetrachloride with potassium metal and produce some very impure form of silicon.[6][5]
1824 Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovers silicon by heating chips of potassium in a silica container and then carefully washing away the residual by-products.[7]
1854 French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville first prepares crystaline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element.[8][9][10][11]
1857 Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville and German chemist Friedrich Wöhler discover silicon nitride.[12][13][14]
1891 – 1893 American chemist Edward Goodrich Acheson discovers a method for making an industrial abrasive composed of silicon carbide, which Acheson would patent in 1893 and name it carborundum.[15] United States
1893 Silicon carbide (SiC) starts being produced in powder form for use as an abrasive.[16][17] United States
1904 Organization Norwegian company Elkem is founded by industrial entrepreneur Sam Eyde. It is one of the world’s leading providers of silicones and silicon solutions. Norway
1907 Electroluminescence is first discovered using silicon carbide light emitting diodes (LEDs).[16]
1917 Agriculture The potential of silicon to reduce blast on rice is first reported by a plant chemist. This discovery would trigger a cascade of silicon research in Japan.[1]
1939 Agriculture The role of silicon in plant growth and potential disease reduction is first noted for dicots.[1]
1940 American engineer Russell Ohl discovers the p-n junction and photovoltaic effects in silicon that would lead to the development of junction transistors and solar cells.[18] United States
1941 Techniques for producing high purity germanium and silicon crystals are developed for wartime radar microwave detectors.[18]
1948 – 1952 American Carborundum Company applies for several patents on the manufacture and application of silicon nitride.[12]
1954 American engineer Gordon Kidd Teal develops a working silicon transistor.[19] United States
1954 – 1955 The first working silicon transistor is developed at Bell Labs by Morris Tanenbaum.[20][4] United States
1955 American technology company Texas Instruments creates the first commercial, mass-produced silicon transistor.[20] United States
1955 Photolithography techniques are used to make silicon devices. Jules Andrus and Walter Bond at Bell Labs adapt photoengraving techniques from printing technology to enable precise etching of diffusion "windows" in silicon wafers.[18] United States
1955 Development of Oxide Masking. Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick at Bell Labs grow a silicon dioxide film on wafers to protect their surface and allow controlled diffusion into the underlying silicon.[18] United States
1956 Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory –a pioneering semiconductor developer founded by American physicist William Shockley, develops Northern California's first prototype silicon devices while training young engineers and scientists for the future Silicon Valley.[18] United States
1958 Silicon transistors replace germanium transistors, which break down at high temperatures.[21]
1958 American company Fairchild Semiconductor produces double-diffused silicon mesa transistors to meet demanding aerospace applications.[18] United States
1958 A double-diffused silicon mesa transistor is introduced.[4]
1960 Silicon transistors appear in the product market.[22]
1961 American computer architect Seymour Cray funds development of the first silicon device to meet the performance demands of the world's fastest machine.[18] United States
1968 Federico Faggin and Tom Klein improve the reliability, packing density, and speed of MOS integrated circuits with a silicon-gate structure. Faggin designs the first commercial silicon-gate, the Fairchild 3708.[18]
1971 Silicon-gate process technology and design advances squeeze computer central processing units (CPU) onto single chips.[18]
1974 The Microma liquid crystal display (LCD) digital watch becomes the first product to integrate a complete electronic system onto a single silicon chip, called System on a chip or SOC.[18]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

[1], , [2], [3], [4], [5],

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "History of Silicon and Plant Disease". link.springer.com. Retrieved 19 June 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Silicon". britannica.com. Retrieved 19 June 2018. 
  3. ↑ Tubana, Brenda S.; Babu, Tapasya; Datnoff, Lawrence E. "A Review of Silicon in Soils and Plants and Its Role in US Agriculture: History and Future Perspectives". doi:10.1097/SS.0000000000000179. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Who Invented the Transistor?". computerhistory.org. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chemical Elements. 
  6. ↑ "Silicon". rsc.org. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  7. ↑ "The Element Silicon". education.jlab.org. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  8. ↑ Haynes, William M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 93rd Edition. 
  9. ↑ Berger, Lev I. Semiconductor Materials. 
  10. ↑ Enghag, Per. Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data - History - Processing - Applications. 
  11. ↑ Fantasy & Science Fiction, Volume 63, Issues 374-379. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Carter, C. Barry; Norton, M. Grant. Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering. 
  13. ↑ Keen, Robin. The life and works of Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882). 
  14. ↑ Lange, Horst; Wötting, Gerhard; Winter, Gerhard. "Silicon Nitride—From Powder Synthesis to Ceramic Materials". 
  15. ↑ Sherwood, Anand. Essentials of Operative Dentistry. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Miron, Rich. "Silicon Carbide (SiC): History and Applications". digikey.com. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  17. ↑ Cardarelli, François. Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 "The Silicon Engine". computerhistory.org. Retrieved 4 July 2018. 
  19. ↑ "The First Silicon Transistor". pbs.org. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Anthony, Sebastian. "The genesis of the transistor, the single greatest discovery in the last 100 years". extremetech.com. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  21. ↑ "Evolution of the Transistor". pbs.org. Retrieved 18 June 2018. 
  22. ↑ Okada, Yoshitaka. Competitive-cum-Cooperative Interfirm Relations and Dynamics in the Japanese Semiconductor Industry. 
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