Timeline of DeepMind

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This is a timeline of DeepMind, a leading artificial intelligence company based in the United Kingdom. DeepMind is subsidiary of Google.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
2010–2014 DeepMind initiates as a British AI startup. Before being acquired by Google, it remains relatively unknown.[1]
Since 2014 Google's DeepMind era. The acquired company starts being known worldwide. Since being acquired by Google, DeepMind's AI would be used to beat humans at board games and create free apps with the British National Health Service.[2]
Since 2016 DeepMind becomes renowned after its AlphaGo program beats a human professional Go player for the first time and again when AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol, the world champion, in a five-game match.[3]
Present time DeepMind is considered today one of the leading AI companies in the world. It has a team of around 700 people, with most of those based out of Google's headquarters in King's Cross, London.[4]

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details
1997 Prelude British student Demis Hassabis, a chess child prodigy, attains a double first in Computer Science at Cambridge University.[5]
2009 Prelude Demis Hassabis attains a doctorate in Cognitive Neuroscience from University College London.[5]
2010 September Creation DeepMind Technologies is co-founded by Demis Hassabis alongside Shane Legg, a machine learning researcher from New Zealand, and childhood friend Mustafa Suleyman.[6][7][8]
2011 February 1 Funding DeepMind raises an undisclosed amount from Founders Fund and Horizons Ventures.[9]
2012 December Acquisition Facebook reportedly fails to acquire DeepMind, according to Forbes.[5] Discussions between DeepMind and Facebook about the acquisition happen around this time.[10]
2013 December AI development DeepMind reveals having developed an AI algorithm able to learn how to play iconic early video games like Breakout and Pong simply by watching them being played on a vintage 1977 Atari 2600 games console. The algorithm deduces the rules and rewards from the way the pixels are batted about the screen, then it is able to beat human opponents at playing the games.[11]
2013 December Team DeepMind reportedly has around 75 employees.[10]
2014 January 27 Acquisition Google engages in its largest European acquisition to date with a deal to buy DeepMind for £400 million (US$650 million). From then on, DeepMind starts becoming known worldwide.[2][12][6][11][13]
2014 October 29 AI development DeepMind unveils a neural network that can access an external memory like a conventional Turing machine. The project mimics properties of the human brain's short-term working memory. The result is a computer able to mimic some of the brain’s memory skills and even program like a human.[14][15][16][17]
2014 November Notable comment Elon Musk submits a comment to edge.com about the threat of AI:
The pace of progress in artificial intelligence (I'm not referring to narrow AI) is incredibly fast. Unless you have direct exposure to groups like Deepmind, you have no idea how fast-it is growing at a pace close to exponential. The risk of something seriously dangerous happening is in the five year timeframe. 10 years at most. This is not a case of crying wolf about something I don't understand.

I am not alone in thinking we should be worried. The leading AI companies have taken great steps to ensure safety. The recognize the danger, but believe that they can shape and control the digital superintelligences and prevent bad ones from escaping into the Internet. That remains to be seen...

[18]
2014 Recognition DeepMind receives the "Company of the Year" award from Cambridge Computer Laboratory.[19]
2015 June Notable comment Mustafa Suleyman describes DeepMind's work during a machine learning conference in London:
"Our deep learning tool has now been deployed in many environments, particularly across Google in many of our production systems."
[6]
2015 September Partnership DeepMind partners with the Royal Free NHS Trust to develop a patient safety application aimed at reviewing test results for signs of sickness and sending staff instant alerts if an urgent assessment is required. The app would also help clinicians to quickly check for other serious conditions such as acute kidney injury and display results of blood tests, scans, and x-rays at the touch of a button.[6][20]
2015 October Achievement DeepMind's AlphaGo beats the European Go champion Fan Hui, a 2 dan (out of 9 dan possible) professional, five to zero.[21] This is the first time an artificial intelligence defeats a professional Go player.[22]
2015 February 25 AI development DeepMind develops an artificial intelligence capable of learning how to successfully play 49 classic Atari games by itself, with minimal input. The researchers claim software that learns to play video games could graduate to the real world before long.[23][24][25][26]
2016 February Partnership DeepMind announces that it is teaming with the National Health Service to build an app called Streams to help hospital staff monitor patients with kidney disease.[27]
2016 February 24 Team DeepMind launches a new division called DeepMind Health, an initiative aimed at creating apps for medical professionals that can help identify patients at risk of complications.[28][29][30][31]
2016 April Controversy New Scientist obtains a copy of a data-sharing agreement between DeepMind and the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust. The latter operates three London hospitals where an estimated 1.6 million patients are treated annually. The agreement shows DeepMind Health had access to admissions, discharge and transfer data, accident and emergency, pathology and radiology, and critical care at these hospitals, including personal details such as whether patients have been diagnosed with HIV, suffered from depression or have ever undergone an abortion in order to conduct research to seek better outcomes in various health conditions.[32][33]
2016 June 3 AI development DeepMind develops a ‘big red button’ to stop AIs from causing harm, using a framework in the form of "safely interruptible" artificial intelligence. It guarantees that a machine will not learn to resist attempts by humans to intervene in its learning processes.[34][35][36]. The system is described in a paper by Laurent Orseau from DeepMind and Stuart Armstrong from the Future of Humanity Institute.[37]
2016 July AI development DeepMind announces the ability to cut Google's data centers' energy consumption by 15%, using a machine learning algorithm.[38][39]
2016 August 30 Partnership DeepMind announces a partnership with University College London Hospital to explore using artificial intelligence to treat patients with head and neck cancers. The goal is to develop tools to automatically identify cancerous cells for radiology machines.[40][41][42][43]
2016 September 9 AI development DeepMind claims having significantly improved computer-generated speech with its new system called WaveNet, an AI technology making machines sound more like humans. The system generates voices by sampling real human speech and directly modeling audio waveforms based on it, as well as its previously generated audio.[44][45][46][47]
2016 October 12 AI development DeepMind unveils an AI “working memory” able to learn how to solve tasks for itself, such as how best to get from A to B on the London tube network. The AI combines both data processing with self-learning code. The new algorithm is able to retain information in its memory and use its learnings to solve problems in some areas.[48][49][50]
2016 November 4 Partnership DeepMind teams with Blizzard Entertainment to release an open test environment within the StarCraft II game for artificial intelligence researchers to use worldwide. DeepMind would use deep reinforcement learning to develop an AI agent that can play StarCraft II effectively.[51][52][53]
2016 November 22 Partnership DeepMind announces a five-year agreement with a UK National Health Service trust that would give it access to patient data to develop and deploy its healthcare app, Streams. The agreement lasts until at least 2021.[54][55][56]
2016 December 5 Userbase DeepMind announces open-sourcing DeepMind Lab, its 3D game-like platform for agent-based AI research, so that others can try and make advances in the field of AI. The DeepMind Lab project was used to create enviroments capable of testing AI systems’ ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments. Tasks such as navigation in mazes, collecting fruit, traversing dangerous passages, laser tag and interaction with bots have been developed to refine the programs. The development of mazes and challenges were designed using video game Quake III Arena’s 17-year-old software, to teach its artificial intelligence programs how to operate in 3D spaces.[57][58][59][60]
2016 Financial DeepMind records £40.3 million (US$ 52 million) in revenue in the year.[61]
2017 January Collaboration DeepMind's experts pledge to pass on their knowledge to students enrolled on machine learning master's programs at University College London.[62]
2017 March AI development DeepMind announces development of a new way to protect confidential health data from itself, in an attempt to assure hospitals, and the public at large, that patient confidentiality isn’t compromised as DeepMind processes the sensitive medical health records entrusted to it.[63][64]
2017 March AI development DeepMind develops algorithms that can anticipate energy demand and supply, with the potential to cut the United Kingdom energy consumption by up to 10%.[65][66][67][68]
2017 April 17 Userbase DeepMind open sources TensorFlow library Sonnet, its object-oriented neural network library. Sonnet is a higher-level library that meshes well with DeepMind’s internal best-practices for research.[69][70]
2017 May Controversy Sky News publishes a leaked letter from the National Data Guardian, Dame Fiona Caldicott, revealing that in her "considered opinion" the data-sharing agreement between DeepMind and the Royal Free took place on an "inappropriate legal basis".[71]
2017 June Partnership DeepMind’s safety team partners wit OpenAi in the development of an algorithm which can infer what humans want by being told which of two proposed behaviors is better. The learning algorithm uses small amounts of human feedback to solve modern reinforcement learning environments.[72]
2017 July International expansion DeepMind announces its first international research lab in Edmonton, Canada.[73][74][75][76]
2017 July Controversy The UK Information Commissioner's Office rules that the Royal Free has breached the Data Protection Act by providing DeepMind with the personal data of around 1.6 million patients.[6]
2017 Kuly 10 AI development DeepMind uses reinforcement learning to master parkour, using a virtual course designed by the researchers which features drops, hurdles, and ledges. All of the navigation is self-taught by the AI using a trial-and-error approach to working out how to move forward and progress across the course as fast as possible.[77][78]
2017 July 19 AI development DeepMind releases a paper describing new developments for "imagination-based planning" to AI and algorithms that simulate the human ability to construct plans. The AI can reason through decisions and make plans for the future, without being bound by human instructions.[79][80][81][82]
2017 October 4 Team DeepMind launches DeepMind Ethics & Society (DMES), a new research group recruiting advisers from academia and charity sector with the purpose to ‘help technologists put ethics into practice’ and help coping with artificial intelligence to consider the “real-world impacts” of replicating human intelligence. The group consists of six independent research fellows, eight full-time researchers, and nine partnerships with other research institutions. It would explore topics such as algorithmic bias, accountability, and autonomous killing machines.[83][84][85]
2017 October 18 AI development DeepMind announces AlphaGo Zero, a software capable of mastering the Chinese game of Go without help from human players. The new version is an improvement on the original AlphaGo, which had to be trained over time using large quantities of human knowledge and supervision.[86][87][88][89][90]
2017 October 20 Recognition The DeepMind team behind AlphaGo is awarded the inaugural Marvin Minsky Medal by the International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) in Stockholm, for outstanding achievements in the field of AI.[91][92][93][94]
2017 November Partnership DeepMind announces a research partnership with the Cancer Research UK Center at Imperial College London with the goal of improving breast cancer detection by applying machine learning to mammography.[95]
2017 December 5 AI development DeepMind team introduces AlphaZero, a program using generalized AlphaGo Zero's approach, which achieved within 24 hours a superhuman level of play in chess, shogi, and Go, defeating world-champion programs, Stockfish, Elmo, and 3-day version of AlphaGo Zero in each case.[96]
2017 Financial DeepMind recorded £54.4 million (US$ 71 million) in revenue in 2017, up 35% from £40.3 million (US$ 52 million) in 2016.[61]
2018 February Partnership DeepMind announces that it is teaming with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in an attempt to use machine learning to predict the onset of acute kidney injury in patients, and also more broadly the general deterioration of patients during a hospital stay so that doctors and nurses can more quickly treat patients in need.[97]
2018 February AI development DeepMind develops an artificial intelligence capable of an ability that most children only develop at around age 4, which is to infer what someone else is thinking. This new technology is thought to have useful application in the future, from warfare to elderly care.[98][99][100]
2018 May 9 AI development DeepMind develops a neural network loosely modeled on mammalian brains, that is better at navigating a maze than humans.[101][102][103][104]
2018 June 14 AI development DeepMind develops a neural network that teaches itself to ‘imagine’ a scene from different viewpoints, based on just a single image. The new type of computer vision algorithm can generate 3D models of a scene from 2D snapshots, unraveling details from the static images and solving spatial relationships, including the camera’s position. Dubbed a Generative Query Network (GQN), the system gets rid of labels and focuses on what's known as unsupervised learning.[105][106][107][108]
2018 June 15 Controversy The DeepMind Health Independent Reviewers’ 2018 report warns about the potential for DeepMind Health to be able to “exert excessive monopoly power” as a result of the data access and streaming infrastructure that’s bundled with provision of the Streams app, which would position DeepMind as the access-controlling intermediary between the structured health data and any other third parties.[109][110]
2018 June 26 Demis Hassabis is enlisted by the British government's Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), as an adviser to the Government’s new Office for Artificial Intelligence.[111][112]
2018 November 19 Partnership DeepMind partners with OpenAI in a new paper that proposes a new method to train reinforcement learning agents in ways that enables them to surpass human performance. The paper, titled Reward learning from human preferences and demonstrations in Atari, introduces a training model that combines human feedback and reward optimization to maximize the knowledge of RL agents.[113]
2018 July AI development Researchers from DeepMind train one of its systems to play the famous computer game Quake III Arena.[114]
2018 July 11 AI development DeepMind presents a paper titled "Measuring abstract reasoning in neural networks", which details its attempt to measure various AIs’ abstract reasoning capabilities, much like IQ tests for humans.[115][116]
2018 July 18 Commitment DeepMind, along with tech leaders, including Elon Musk, sign a pledge promising to not develop “lethal autonomous weapons.” They also call on governments to institute laws against such technology. The pledge is organized by the Future of Life Institute, an outreach group focused on tackling existential risks.[117][118][119]
2018 August 13 AI development DeepMind announces an AI capable of detecting over 50 eye diseases and making correct diagnoses 94.5% of the time after trial with Moorfields Eye Hospital in London.[120][121][122][123]
2018 September 26 Partnership DeepMind announces a partnership with Unity Technologies with the purpose to accelerate machine learning and artificial intelligence research. The new collaboration would focus on "virtual environments" that DeepMind can use to test and visualize experimental algorithms.[124][125][126][127]
2018 October 4 AI development DeepMind furthers cancer research and announces having been given access to mammograms from roughly 30,000 women that were taken at Jikei University Hospital in Tokyo, Japan between 2007 and 2018. The data would be used to refine DeepMind's AI breast cancer detection algorithms.[128][129]
2018 November 13 Team Google announces DeepMind’s health care unit to be absorbed to the holding company to create an ‘AI assistant for nurses and doctors’.[130][131]
2018 November 19 AI development DeepMind safety research team publishes a paper on scalable agent alignment via reward modeling. The paper gives a summary of a research direction for solving the agent alignment problem.[132][133]
2018 December 2 AI development DeepMind unveils AlphaFold, an algorithm able to predict the complex, three-dimensional shapes into which proteins can be folded. The prediction is based solely on their genetic sequence.[134][135][136][137]
2018 December Notable comment Demis Hassabis announces:
"I'd be much more pessimistic about the way the world is going to go if I didn't know there was something as game-changing as AI on the way."
[6]
2019 February Achievement DeepMind's AI AlphaStar is revealed to outperform human professionals at StarCraft II, beating the humans 10 games in a row.[138][139][140][141]
2019 February AI development DeepMind develops an algorithm aimed at boosting wind energy efficiency. Google reports having increased energy production by 20% after installing its own AI software across its largest renewable energy facilities in the United States.[142][143]
2019 April Team Google disbands the advisory board for DeepMind Health. It is the second disbanded review panel related to Alphabet's AI dealings.[144][145][146]
2019 April AI development DeepMind researchers develop an AI tasked with teaching itself to solve arithmetic, algebra and probability problems, among others. However, the neural network performs poorly when tested on a maths exam taken by 16-year-olds in the United Kingdom, getting just 14 out of 40 questions correct, or the equivalent of an E grade.[147][148]
20149 June DeepMind medical director Dominic King says AI could soon be used in predictive medicine, achieving this by looking at a medical record and electronic health record data to make predictions.[149]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ "How Google's Amazing AI Start-Up 'DeepMind' Is Making Our World A Smarter Place". forbes.com. Retrieved 1 June 2019. 
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  113. ↑ Rodriguez, Jesus. "What's New in Deep Learning Research: OpenAI and DeepMind Join Forces to Achieve Superhuman Performance in Reinforcement Learning". towardsdatascience.com. Retrieved 29 June 2019. 
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  116. ↑ Houser, Kristin. "DeepMind created an IQ test for AI, and it didn't do too well". weforum.org. Retrieved 3 June 2019. 
  117. ↑ Vincent, James. "Elon Musk, DeepMind founders, and others sign pledge to not develop lethal AI weapon systems". theverge.com. Retrieved 1 June 2019. 
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  119. ↑ Quach, Katyanna. "Elon Musk, his arch nemesis DeepMind swear off AI weapons". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2019. 
  120. ↑ Burgess, Matt. "Now DeepMind's AI can spot eye disease just as well as your doctor". wired.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2019. 
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  123. ↑ Vincent, James. "DeepMind's AI can detect over 50 eye diseases as accurately as a doctor". theverge.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019. 
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  146. ↑ Merriman, Chris. "DeepMind becomes the second Alphabet company to disband an AI ethics panel". theinquirer.net. Retrieved 3 June 2019. 
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