Timeline of wild-animal suffering

From Timelines
Revision as of 01:18, 16 July 2018 by Louis (talk | contribs) (create page)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search

This is a timeline of the movement to reduce wild-animal suffering (sometimes also called the "WAS" or "RWAS" movement).

Big picture

Year/period Key developments
1800s-1970 Wild-animal suffering is occasionally mentioned by philosophers as an example of the amorality of nature. In general, there is no suggestion that humans can or should intervene to improve the situation.
1970–2000 After the emergence of the contemporary animal rights/welfare movement, wild-animal suffering is discussed by animal rights philosophers and their critics. The critics consider intervention in nature a reductio ad absurdum of animal rights, while some animal rights authors take it to be a serious moral issue.
2000–present Online communities dedicated to utilitarian ethics and effective altruism discuss wild-animal suffering as a serious issue. Activists begin forming organizations dedicated to WAS research and outreach. The academic moral philosophy community also continues debating the issue.

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details
1851 Publication Arthur Schopenhauer compares the pleasure experienced by a predator to the pain experienced by the prey to argue that the world contains more pain than pleasure.[1]
1856 Publication Charles Darwin discusses wild-animal suffering as an example of the theological problem of evil.[2]
1874 Publication John Stuart Mill's essay "On Nature" is published posthumously. The essay discusses the amorality and cruelty of nature and argues that humans should struggle against it.[3]
1973 June 14 Publication Peter Singer responds to a question about predation, arguing against interference in practice because the long-term consequences of intervention cannot be predicted. However, he accepts that intervention is justified if we could be reasonably confident that the long-term effects would be positive.[4]
1987 Publication Animal rights philosopher Steve Sapontzis's article "Predation" is published in Ethics and Animals.[5]
1991 Publication Deep ecologist Arne Naess publishes an article arguing that humans should intervene in some cases of wild-animal suffering.[6]
1993 June Publication David Olivier publishes the article "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste" (Why I am not an environmentalist) in the French animal rights journal Les Cahiers antispécistes.[7]
1995 Publication Economist Yew-Kwang Ng's paper "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" is published in Biology and Philosophy.[8] Ng introduces the term "welfare biology" (cf. conservation biology), which he defines as the positive study of the well-being of affectively sentient individuals. He discusses which species possess affective sentience. Ng then mentions that many species produce a large number of offspring, only a few of which survive to maturity. The paper argues that non-survivors suffer negative welfare. Since non-survivors greatly outnumber survivors, Ng considers this evidence in favor of the "Buddhist premise" (that wild animals experience more total suffering than happiness).
1995 Publication David Pearce publishes his transhumanist manifesto The Hedonistic Imperative, which argues that biotechnology can and should be used to eliminate the experience of suffering.[9] It includes a section on wild-animal suffering.
1996 December Publication Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes an article by French animal rights advocate Yves Bonnardel entitled "Contre l’apartheid des espèces: À propos de la prédation et de l’opposition entre écologie et libération animale" ("Against the apartheid of species: On predation and the conflict between ecology and animal liberation").[10]
1998 October 20 Presentation David Olivier of Les Cahiers antispécistes discusses wild-animal suffering at a debate at the Maison de l’Écologie in Lyon.[11]
2003 (summer) Publication Tyler Cowen's paper "Policing Nature" is published in Environmental Ethics.[12] Cowen gives arguments from utilitarian, rights-based, and holistic moral perspectives in support of policing nature. He criticizes the argument that humans should refrain from interfering in nature because it is hard to predict the results of intervention. Cowen discusses predator population reduction as a possible intervention.
2006 June Publication Brian Tomasik's collection of essays on utilitarianism is first posted to his website at utilitarian-essays.com.
2006 (summer) Publication Brian Tomasik writes "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering".[13]
2006 December Community Seth Baum starts a utilitarian community blog Felicifia.com.[14] He had previously had a personal blog under the same name. Wild-animal suffering would become a popular topic of discussion on the site and its successor forum Felicifia.org.[15]
2006 April 29 Publication Matthew Clarke and Yew-Kwang Ng publish an article analyzing a kangaroo cull from the perspective of welfare biology.[16]
2006 July Publication Brian Tomasik writes "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem".[17]
2009 April Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Do Bugs Feel Pain?".[18]
2009 June 4 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Caring about Animal Suffering".[19]
2009 July Publication Brian Tomasik writes the first version of his article "The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering".[20]
2009 Publication David Pearce publishes "Reprogramming Predators".[21] The post receives criticism from ScienceBlogs.[22]
2009 December 25 Community Brian Tomasik starts the Felicifia thread "How Best to Encourage Concern for Wild Animals?".[23]
2010 March 2 Community Felicifia member spindoctor starts the thread "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?".[24]
2010 May 10 Community Brian Tomasik considers forming an organization to promote concern for wild-animal suffering, and solicits advice on Felicifia.[25]
2010 April 19 Community Brian Tomasik creates the Facebook group "Most of the world's animal suffering occurs in the wild".[26]

[27]

2010 September 19 Publication Jeff McMahan's piece "The Meat Eaters" is published in the New York Times.[28][29] He argues in favor of intervention in nature, and specifically reducing predation.
2010 Publication Philosopher Oscar Horta's article "Debunking the idyllic view of natural processes" is published.[30]
2012 October 30 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Medicine vs. Deep Ecology", which responds to the argument that we should not intervene in nature because ecosystems are complex systems.[31]
2012 May 24 Community The Facebook group is renamed to "Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering" following a poll.[32]
2013 June 24 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering".[33]
2013 June 24 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature".[34]
2013 September 4 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals".[35]
2013 December 15 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?".[36]
2013 Project Sentience Politics, an "anti-speciesist political think-tank", is founded as a subdivision of the Effective Altruism Foundation.[37] One of the issues originally considered by the project is wild-animal suffering.
2014 January 19 Project The first (non-placeholder) Wayback Machine snapshot of Animal Ethics is from this date.[38] Wild-animal suffering is one of their focus areas. Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta are two of its three founders.[39]
2015 February 3 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "The Importance of Insect Suffering".[40]
2015 February Podcast Brian Tomasik is interviewed about wild-animal suffering on the podcast The Reality Check.[41][42]
2015 March 5 Project Animal Ethics announces its first Essay Prize on suffering in nature and intervention, with a reward of $1,500.[43]
2015 April 12 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Why Vegans Should Care about Suffering in Nature", which is reblogged on Reasonable Vegan.[44][45]
2015 May The philosophy journal Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism publishes a special double volume on the ethics of wild-animal suffering and intervention in nature, edited by Animal Ethics staff.[46]
2015 September Publication Simon Knutsson publishes "How Good or Bad Is the Life of an Insect?".[47]
2015 October 31 Community The /r/wildanimalsuffering subreddit is created.[48]
2015 December 14 Publication Vox publishes an article by Jacy Reese arguing in favor of reducing wild-animal suffering.[49] This prompts critical responses from Motherboard and the National Audubon Society.[50][51]
2015 December Project Animal Charity Evaluators announces that Animal Ethics is one of their standout charities.[52]
2016 February Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "How Painful Is Death from Starvation or Dehydration?".
2016 March 15 Publication Catia Faria submits her PhD thesis "Animal Ethics Goes Wild: The Problem of Wild Animal Suffering and Intervention in Nature".[53]
2016 March 23 Project Animal Ethics announces that none of the submissions to its Essay Prize met the standards they expected, and the prize was not awarded. However, they gave a $1,500 grant to the author of the best paper, Meera Inglis from the Department of Politics of the University of Sheffield, to continue her research on invasive species.[54]
2016 April 22 Publication Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable".[55]
2016 May Publication Sentience Politics publishes the policy paper "Reducing suffering among invertebrates such as insects" by Simon Knutsson.[56]
2016 June Project The Foundational Research Institute publishes research plans announcing that it is "greatly increasing research on wild-­animal suffering".[57] However, this never came to pass and WAS is not a focus area of FRI as of 2018.
2016 August 25 Publication Michael Dickens publishes the blog post "Why the Open Philanthropy Project Should Prioritize Wild Animal Suffering".[58]
2016 September 1 Publication Phillipp Ryf submits his Master's Thesis "Environmental Ethics: The Case of Wild Animals".[59]
2016 September Presentation Stijn Bruers and Stefan Torges give talks about wild-animal suffering at the 2016 International Animal Rights Conference.[60][61]
2016 November 15 Presentation Peter Singer gives a talk on wild-animal suffering at the Princeton Environmental Institute.[62]
2016 November 19 Project Animal Ethics announces its second Essay Prize on suffering in nature and intervention, with a reward of $1,500.[63]
2016 November 25 Publication Michael Plant writes a blog post critiquing arguments for the claim that wild animals experience net suffering.[64] Brian Tomasik responds on his blog.[65]
2017 April 22 Project Utility Farm publishes its first article which argued for "An Ethics of Intervention" with regard to wild-animal suffering.[66]
2017 April 26 Project Utility Farm announces its 2017 essay contest with a top prize of $1,500.[67] The contest received no quality submissions, and the prize was not awarded.[68]
2017 April Funding Lewis Bollard of Open Philanthropy Project allocates $30K from the animal welfare EA Fund to the Effective Altruism Foundation's research of wild-animal suffering, stating that he is impressed with their work but is unsure how tractable it will be. He also cites internal changes at EAF that left WAS research with no funding.[69]
2017 June Project Wild-Animal Suffering Research is split off from Sentience Politics as a separate organization under the Effective Altruism Foundation. Sentience Politics shifts gears to focus exclusively on political campaigns in Switzerland, and gains independence from EAF.[70][71]
2017 June 10 Publication Utility Farm publishes "Keep (Known) Space Neutral" by Abraham Rowe.[72]
2017 June 11 Publication Utility Farm publishes "When Caring For Pets And Service Animals, Keep Other Animals In Mind" by Ari Benjamin.[73]
2017 June 29 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Vertebrates" by Persis Eskander.[74]
2017 July 5 Publication Brian Tomasik publishes "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?".[75]
2017 July 11 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates" by Persis Eskander.[76]
2017 July 12 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis" by Ozy Brennan.[77]
2017 July 13 Publication Utility Farm publishes "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering" by Briana Schulzetenberg and Abraham Rowe, which found that WAS materials describing humans as "stewards of" or "participants in" nature were more effective than materials describing humans as "intervening" in nature.[78]
2017 October 4 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "We Have No Idea If There Are Cost-Effective Interventions Into Wild-Animal Suffering" by Ozy Brennan.[79]
2017 October 12 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Infant Mortality and the Argument from Life History" by Ozy Brennan.[80]
2017 October 18 Project Utility Farm publishes "Reviewing 2017 and Looking to 2018" by Abraham Rowe.[81]
2017 November 10 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "“Fit and Happy”: How Do We Measure Wild-Animal Suffering?" by Ozy Brennan.[82]
2017 November 22 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes "Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals" by Georgia Ray.[83]
2017 November 25 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal" by Ozy Brennan.[84]
2017 November Funding Lewis Bollard of Open Philanthropy Project allocates $50K from the animal welfare EA Fund to Wild-Animal Suffering Research.[85]
2017 (fall) Project Rebecca Raible is awarded a £4,710 grant from the Centre for Effective Altruism to research WAS intervention ideas and write an overview of wild-animal suffering.[86]
2017 December 27 Publication Animal Ethics announces the winner of its second Essay Prize, "Life-fates: meaningful categories to estimate animal suffering in the wild" by Brazilian scientists Wladimir J. Alonso and Cynthia Schuck-Paim.[87]
2018 January 19 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Invertebrate Sentience: Urgent But Understudied" by Georgia Ray.[88]
2018 January 24 Publication Utility Farm publishes "Seven Broad Rules for Effective Discussions of Participation Ethics" by Abraham Rowe.[89]
2018 February 16 Publication Animal Ethics publishes their 2018 strategic plan, which includes initiating "the development of welfare biology in academia with some biologists and animal welfare scientists beginning to work in this field ".[90]
2018 February 23 Publication Wild-Animal Suffering Research publishes the blog post "Are seafood substitutes good for wild fish?" by Georgia Ray.[91]
2018 March 23 Project Utility Farm announces the launch of Nature Ethics, a wild animal suffering outreach project.[92]
2018 March Funding Lewis Bollard allocates $100K to Wild-Animal Suffering Research via the EA Funds.[93]
2018 April 14 Podcast Persis Eskander of Wild-Animal Suffering Research is interviewed about wild-animal suffering on the animal rights podcast Our Hen House.[94]
2018 April 30 Publication Animal Ethics publishes a bibliography of wild-animal suffering.[95]
2018 April Publication Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes a volume devoted to wild-animal suffering.[96]
2018 May Publication Les Cahiers antispécistes publishes a book entitled "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature" (Eliminate animals for their own good: walk among the reducers of suffering in nature) by Estiva Reus. The book critiques the wild-animal suffering movement.[97]
2018 June 10 Presentation EA Global 2018 takes place in San Francisco. Persis Eskander of WASR gives a talk about "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering".[98] Ozy Brennan (WASR), Persis Eskander (WASR), Kieran Greig (ACE), and Abraham Rowe (Utility Farm) participate in a panel on "Strategic Movement Building for Wild-Animal Suffering".[99] There is also a meetup for people interested in the topic.[100]
2018 June Funding Lewis Bollard allocates $70K to Animal Ethics, $40K to Utility Farm, and $30K to Wild-Animal Suffering Research via the EA Funds.[101]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Louis.

What the timeline is still missing

  • MANY MANY Tomasik articles that I didn't bother to add so far
  • New Nature Ethics articles
  • New WASR articles
  • ACE Research Funding
  • "Wild-Animal Welfare Project Discussion" (?)
  • There should definitely be stuff between Mill and Singer.

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). On the Sufferings of the World. 
  2. ↑ Murray, Michael (April 30, 2011). Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199596324. 
  3. ↑ JS Mill. On Nature.
  4. ↑ Singer, Peter (June 14, 1973). "Food for Thought". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09. 
  5. ↑ Sapontzis, Steve F. (1984). "Predation". Ethics and Animals. 5 (2). ISSN 0197-9094. doi:10.15368/ea.1984v5n2.1. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. 
  6. ↑ Naess, Arne (1991). "Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature?" (PDF). Pan Ecology. 6: 1–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-20. 
  7. ↑ Olivier, David (June 1993). "Pourquoi je ne suis pas écologiste". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. 
  8. ↑ Ng, Yew-Kwang (1995). "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousness and Suffering" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 10 (3): 255–285. doi:10.1007/BF00852469. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  9. ↑ Pearce, David (1995). The Hedonistic Imperative. hedweb.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. 
  10. ↑ Bonnardel, Yves (December 1996). "Contre l'apartheid des espèces". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 14. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03. 
  11. ↑ Olivier, David (April 1999). "Contribution au débat à la maison de l'écologie". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 17. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. 
  12. ↑ Cowen, Tyler (2003). "Policing Nature" (PDF). Environment Ethics. 25 (2): 169–182. doi:10.5840/enviroethics200325231. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17. 
  13. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (2006). "Calculations Regarding Wild-Animal Suffering" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-12. 
  14. ↑ "Felificia Blog Post List". Utilitarianism Wiki. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  15. ↑ "Google search results for wild animal suffering on Felicifia". google.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. 
  16. ↑ Clarke, Matthew; Ng, Yew-Kwang (29 April 2006). "Population Dynamics and Animal Welfare: Issues Raised by the Culling of Kangaroos in Puckapunyal" (PDF). Social Choice and Welfare. 27 (2): 407–422. doi:10.1007/s00355-006-0137-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-17. 
  17. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (August 2007). "The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem" (PDF). A Collection of Essays on Utilitarianism. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  18. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (April 2009). "Do Bugs Feel Pain?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05. 
  19. ↑ http://reducing-suffering.org/caring-about-animal-suffering/
  20. ↑ https://foundational-research.org/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering/
  21. ↑ https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/reprogramming-predators.html
  22. ↑ http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/08/28/predatory-animals-are-bad/
  23. ↑ https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?t=223
  24. ↑ "Lobby group for wild animal suffering?". Felicifia. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. 
  25. ↑ https://felicifia.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=270
  26. ↑ "Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering – Members". Facebook. Retrieved 16 July 2018. (registration required (help)). Brian Tomasik: Created group on April 19, 2010 
  27. ↑ http://reducing-suffering.org/how-i-started-writing-about-wild-animal-suffering/
  28. ↑ McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). "The Meat Eaters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  29. ↑ McMahan, Jeff (September 28, 2010). "Predators: A Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  30. ↑ Horta, Oscar (2010). "Debunking the Idyllic View of Natural Processes: Population Dynamics and Suffering in the Wild" (PDF). Télos. 17 (1): 73–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  31. ↑ http://reducing-suffering.org/medicine-vs-deep-ecology/
  32. ↑ "Best new name for this group (and/or movement)?". Facebook — Reducing Wild-Animal Suffering. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  33. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (24 June 2013). "Ideas for Volunteering to Reduce Wild-Animal Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2017-12-23. 
  34. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (24 June 2013). "Applied Welfare Biology and Why Wild-Animal Advocates Should Focus on Not Spreading Nature". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  35. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (September 4, 2013). "Intention-Based Moral Reactions Distort Intuitions about Wild Animals". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  36. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (December 15, 2013). "Does the Animal-Rights Movement Encourage Wilderness Preservation?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  37. ↑ "About Our Organization". Sentience Politics. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Sentience Politics was founded as a project of the Effective Altruism Foundation (EAF) in 2013. 
  38. ↑ "HOME | Animal Ethics". Wayback Machine. 19 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  39. ↑ "Conversation with Leah McKelvie and Oscar Horta of Animal Ethics". Animal Charity Evaluators. August 14, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  40. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (February 3, 2015). "The Importance of Insect Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30. 
  41. ↑ http://www.trcpodcast.com/trc-336-american-sniper-brian-tomasik-on-wild-animal-suffering-rent-to-own/
  42. ↑ http://www.trcpodcast.com/trc-337-women-in-science-brian-tomasik-on-wild-animal-suffering-part-2-blue-blood/
  43. ↑ "Animal Ethics Essay Prize". Animal Ethics. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-09-28. 
  44. ↑ http://reducing-suffering.org/why-vegans-should-care-about-suffering-in-nature/
  45. ↑ http://rvgn.org/2015/04/12/why-vegans-should-care-about-wild-animal-suffering/
  46. ↑ "Academic work on wild animal suffering edited by Animal Ethics activists". Animal Ethics. 23 December 2015. 
  47. ↑ http://www.simonknutsson.com/how-good-or-bad-is-the-life-of-an-insect
  48. ↑ "r/wildanimalsuffering". reddit. Archived from the original on 2017-05-17. 
  49. ↑ Reese, Jacy (14 December 2015). "Wild animals endure illness, injury, and starvation. We should help.". Vox. Retrieved 17 April 2016. 
  50. ↑ Gunther, Kristen (15 December 2015). "Nature Is Violent". Motherboard. 
  51. ↑ Matthews, Susan (16 December 2015). "Nature Can't Exist Without Suffering—And We Can't Change That". Audubon. 
  52. ↑ https://animalcharityevaluators.org/charity-review/animal-ethics/2015-dec/
  53. ↑ Faria, Catia (2016-03-15). Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature. Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16. 
  54. ↑ http://www.animal-ethics.org/announcement-regarding-the-animal-ethics-essay-prize/
  55. ↑ Dickens, Michael (April 22, 2016). "The Myth that Reducing Wild Animal Suffering Is Intractable". Philosophical Multicore. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  56. ↑ https://ea-foundation.org/files/reducing-suffering-invertebrates.pdf
  57. ↑ "FRI: Research Plans 2016 — Research on wild-animal suffering and ways to reduce it" (PDF). Foundational Research Institute. June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-25. 
  58. ↑ Dickens, Michael (August 26, 2016). "Why the Open Philanthropy Project Should Prioritize Wild Animal Suffering". Effective Altruism Forum. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  59. ↑ http://www.academia.edu/28500092/Environmental_Ethics_The_Case_of_Wild_Animals
  60. ↑ VeganKanal (10 September 2016). "Stijn Bruers - The moral blind spots in the animal rights community (IARC 2016)". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018. 
  61. ↑ VeganKanal (11 September 2016). "Stefan Torges - Wild animal suffering: Why 99% of wild animals die as babies already (IARC 2016)". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018. 
  62. ↑ Princeton Environmental Institute (21 November 2016). "The Suffering of Wild Animals: Should we do anything about it, and if so, what? – Peter Singer". YouTube. Retrieved 16 July 2018. 
  63. ↑ "2nd Animal Ethics Essay Prize on Animal Suffering in the Wild". Animal Ethics. 19 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  64. ↑ Plant, Michael (25 November 2016). "The Unproven (And Unprovable) Case For Wild Animal Suffering – Planting Happiness". www.plantinghappiness.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. 
  65. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (28 November 2016). "Is There Net Suffering in Nature? A Reply to Michael Plant | Essays on Reducing Suffering". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  66. ↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/4/22/an-ethic-of-intervention
  67. ↑ "Utility Farm has launched its 2017 essay contest". Facebook — Utility Farm. April 26, 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  68. ↑ "2017 essay contest". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  69. ↑ Bollard, Lewis (April 2017). "April 2017: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. 
  70. ↑ "Update on the future of Sentience Politics". Effective Altruism Foundation. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  71. ↑ "Introducing the Wild-Animal Suffering Research Project". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  72. ↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/6/10/keep-known-space-neutral
  73. ↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/6/11/caring-for-pets-and-service-animals
  74. ↑ Eskander, Persis (29 June 2017). "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Vertebrates". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  75. ↑ Tomasik, Brian (July 5, 2017). "Which Stimuli Are Painful to Invertebrates?". Essays on Reducing Suffering. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  76. ↑ Eskander, Persis (11 July 2017). "An Analysis of Lethal Methods of Wild Animal Population Control: Invertebrates". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  77. ↑ Brennan, Ozy (12 July 2017). "Euthanizing Elderly Elephants: An Impact Analysis". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05. 
  78. ↑ Schulzetenberg, Briana (July 13, 2017). "Study: Effective Communication Strategies For Addressing Wild Animal Suffering". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  79. ↑ Brennan, Ozy (4 October 2017). "We Have No Idea If There Are Cost-Effective Interventions Into Wild-Animal Suffering". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  80. ↑ Brennan, Ozy (12 October 2017). "Infant Mortality and the Argument from Life History". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  81. ↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2017/10/18/reviewing-2017-and-looking-to-2018
  82. ↑ Brennan, Ozy (10 November 2017). ""Fit and Happy": How Do We Measure Wild-Animal Suffering?". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  83. ↑ Ray, Georgia (22 November 2017). "Parasite Load and Disease in Wild Animals". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-05. 
  84. ↑ Brennan, Ozy (25 November 2017). "Creating Welfare Biology: A Research Proposal". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  85. ↑ Bollard, Lewis (November 2017). "November 2017: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. 
  86. ↑ "EA Grants Fall 2017 Recipients". Google Docs. 
  87. ↑ http://www.animal-ethics.org/2nd-animal-ethics-essay-prize-announcement/
  88. ↑ Ray, Georgia (19 January 2018). "Invertebrate Sentience: Urgent But Understudied". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. 
  89. ↑ https://www.utility.farm/words/2018/1/24/seven-broad-rules-for-effective-discussions-of-participation-ethics
  90. ↑ http://www.animal-ethics.org/animal-ethics-2018-strategic-plan/
  91. ↑ Ray, Georgia (23 February 2018). "Are seafood substitutes good for wild fish?". Wild-Animal Suffering Research. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  92. ↑ Rowe, Abraham (March 23, 2018). "Announcing Nature Ethics". utility farm. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  93. ↑ Bollard, Lewis (March 2018). "March 2018: Animal Welfare Fund Update". Effective Altruism Funds. Centre for Effective Altruism. 
  94. ↑ Sullivan, Mariann; Singer, Jasmin (April 14, 2018). "Episode 431: Persis Eskander and Nora Kramer". Our Hen House. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 16 July 2018. 
  95. ↑ "Publications about wild animal suffering". Animal Ethics. April 30, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  96. ↑ "Réduire la souffrance des animaux sauvages". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 40. April 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-04-26. 
  97. ↑ Reus, Estiva (April 2018). "Éliminer les animaux pour leur bien: promenade chez les réducteurs de la souffrance dans la nature". Les Cahiers antispécistes (in français). 41. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. 
  98. ↑ "Crucial Considerations in Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 9, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. 
  99. ↑ "Strategic Movement Building for Wild-Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10. 
  100. ↑ "Meetup: Wild Animal Suffering". EA Global San Francisco 2018. June 10, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10. 
  101. ↑ https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nTS2AEOLkuQEmEQ5ePa7opt9eoN_utvWvXPbFGJL90s/edit
Retrieved from "http://timelines.issarice.com/index.php?title=Timeline_of_wild-animal_suffering&oldid=23944"