Timeline of genetic engineering in humans

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This is a timeline of genetic engineering in humans.

There are some evidence that humans might have self-domesticated, which could be seen as a form of genetic engineering. [1]

However, actual genetic engineering started in the 20th century. The timeline below details those milestones.

For a full history of the biotechnologial context in which that happened, see the Genetic Literacy Project's timeline, Biotechnology timeline: Humans have manipulated genes since the ‘dawn of civilization’. For a timeline of the CRISPR technology, see Timeline of CRISPR.


Full timeline

Year Month and date Details
1978 July 25 The first human is born through in vitro fertilization.[2]
1983 The first pregnancy derived from a cryopreserve human embryo (but was aborted naturally at ten weeks of gestation). [3]
1984 The first human derived from a cryopreserve human embryo was born.[3]
1990 The first human that had received preimplantation genetic diagnosis was born.[4]
1990 Sept. 14 For the first time, a human receive a gene therapy. They had white blood cells extracted from them, injected with normal genes for making adenosine deaminase, and then were inserted again into them.[5]
1990 Oct. 1 The Human Genome Project to map the entire human genome was officially launched.[6]
1997 June The world's first genetically modified human was born. They received a ooplasmic transfer, which consist in taking the contents of a donor egg from a fertile female and injecting it into the egg of an infertile woman along with the fertilizing sperm from her mate.[7]
1998 November The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It was created using Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) - a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo was destroyed after 12 days.[8]
2000-06-26 The Human Genome Project (HGP) and Celera Genomics announced the completion of the first draft of the human genome.
2008 January Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. Each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos were developed only to the blastocyst stage.[9][10]
2013 First report of embryonic stem cells created using SCNT. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. All four lines were derived using oocytes from the same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited was identical.[11] A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.[12]
2015 April 18 Junjiu Huang and colleagues at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou published a paper on their attempt to use the CRISPR/Cas-9 system to edit the hemoglobin-B gene (HBB) in 86 non-viable human embryos. [13] Two days later, 54 embryos had survived, only 4 had the desired genetic changes, and all 4 were mosaic (meaning only some cells had the desired changes), and they contained a lot of unintended mutations.[13]
2016 Nov. 15 For the first time, CRISPR gene-editing was tested in a person.[14]
2017 The first attempt in the United States of using CRISPR to genetically modify human embryos.[15]
2018 Nov. 25 He Jiankui of Shenzhen, a Chinese researcher, claims that he helped make the first genetically edited babies. [16] The babies are twin girls named Lulu and Nana. [17]. They are claimed to have been born a few weeks before he announced it.[16] He’s stated goal was to make sure the babies would have the ability to resist an HIV infection, a trait few people naturally have.[16] He gave official notice of his work on November 8, 2018 on a Chinese registry of clinical trials.[16]

One-off target edit was found before implementing the embryo, but wasn’t confirmed when the babies were sequenced after birth.[17] Only some of the cells of the early-stage embryo were successfully edited, and one edit resulted in a CCR5 protein missing five amino acids, so it’s unclear whether the babies will actually be resistant to HIV.[17]

China’s vice minister of science and technology, Xu Nanping, said the effort “crossed the line of morality and ethics and was shocking and unacceptable.”[18]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Mati.


References

  1. ↑ "CARTA: Domestication and Human Evolution - Richard Wrangham: Did Homo sapiens Self-Domesticate?". Retrieved December 9, 2018. 
  2. ↑ Weule, Genelle (24 July 2018). "The first IVF baby was born 40 years ago today". ABC News. Retrieved 9 December 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trounson A, Leeton J, Besanko M, Wood C, Conti A (March 1983). "Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 286 (6368): 835–8. PMC 1547212Freely accessible. PMID 6403104. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6368.835. 
  4. ↑ Handyside AH, Lesko JG, Tarín JJ, Winston RM, Hughes MR (September 1992). "Birth of a normal girl after in vitro fertilization and preimplantation diagnostic testing for cystic fibrosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (13): 905–9. PMID 1381054. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209243271301. 
  5. ↑ "Gene Therapy". 
  6. ↑ "About NHGRI: A Brief History and Timeline". 
  7. ↑ "World's first genetically altered babies born". CNN.com. 2001-05-05. 
  8. ↑ "Details of hybrid clone revealed". BBC News. June 18, 1999. Retrieved December 9, 2018. 
  9. ↑ Rick Weiss for the Washington Post January 18, 2008 Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells
  10. ↑ French AJ, Adams CA, Anderson LS, Kitchen JR, Hughes MR, Wood SH (2008). "Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts". Stem Cells. 26 (2): 485–93. PMID 18202077. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0252. 
  11. ↑ Trounson A, DeWitt ND (2013). "Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last". Cell Stem Cell. 12 (6): 636–8. PMID 23746970. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.022. 
  12. ↑ Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR (2014). "Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6): 777–80. PMID 24746675. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Chinese paper on embryo engineering splits scientific community". 2015-04-24. 
  14. ↑ "CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time". 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-09. 
  15. ↑ "First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.". 2017-07-26. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 "Chinese researcher claims birth of first gene-edited babies — twin girls". 2018-11-25. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Amid uproar, Chinese scientist defends creating gene-edited babies". 2018-11-28. 
  18. ↑ "Despite CRISPR baby controversy, Harvard University will begin gene-editing sperm". 2018-11-29. 
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