Timeline of water transport

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This is a timeline of water transport, focusing on the evolution of watercraft.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Prehistory The earliest seaworthy boats may have been developed as early as 45,000 years ago, at the time of the first migration of humans into Australia.
Ancient history The Ancient Egyptians already have knowledge of sail construction.[1] Sails are also used in boats in Mesopotamia. The Canal of the Pharaohs and the Lighthouse of Alexandria are early pieces of infrastructure for water navigation.
17th century The first submarine is built in this century.
18th century The Industrial Revolution brings steam power to the vessels, with the first steamboats built in the late century. At around the same time, the construction of acueducts and canals accelerate in Western Europe.
19th century The first steam–powered transatlantic, the first ship to transport a cargo of oil, and the first purpose-built icebreaker are made in this century. Antarctica becomes the last continent to be discovered by means of watercraft.
20th century The first aircraft carrier is used in warfare in 1918. Nuclear-powered vessels appear in the 1950s. The container revolution in shipping begins in the late 1960s. By 1983, 90% of countries would have container ports, compared to 1% in 1966.[2]
21th century There are more than 6,000 container vessels currently in service.[3] Cruising has become an important part of the tourism industry.


Full timeline

Year Category Event Geographical location
45000 BC Navigation milestone The first humans arrive in Australia, presumably by boats and land bridge.[4] Australia
6000 BC Watercraf type Egyptians already travel in reed boats.[5] Egypt
4500 BC Technology Mesopotamians make a significant advancement in water transport by adding sails to their boats. This innovation marks one of the earliest uses of wind power for propulsion, allowing boats to travel more efficiently across rivers and seas. By harnessing the wind, Mesopotamian sailors can reduce reliance on rowing, thus enabling longer and faster journeys, particularly along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This development lays the foundation for more advanced sailing technologies, eventually influencing maritime travel and trade across the ancient world, contributing to the growth of Mesopotamia as a cradle of civilization.[5] Irak
3500 BC Watercraft type Oar-powered ships begin to navigate the Eastern Mediterranean seas, marking a pivotal development in ancient maritime technology. These early vessels, often built from wood and featuring a series of oars, are designed for both cargo transport and warfare. Their construction allows them to be agile and maneuverable in the varied and often challenging sea conditions of the region. The use of oars enables these ships to travel faster and more efficiently, facilitating trade and cultural exchange among early civilizations such as the Minoans, Phoenicians, and Egyptians. This advancement in watercraft significantly impacts the growth of maritime trade and exploration in the ancient Mediterranean world.[5] Mediterranean Sea
2000 BC? Infrastructure The Canal of the Pharaohs is constructed in Egypt, representing a significant advancement in ancient water infrastructure. This canal links the Nile River to the Red Sea, facilitating the movement of goods and people between the two vital waterways. Its construction showcases the Egyptians' engineering prowess and their ability to alter the landscape to suit their needs. The canal plays a crucial role in trade, allowing for efficient transportation of resources like grain and stone, and contributes to Egypt's economic and strategic influence in the ancient world.[6] Egypt
Canal of the Pharaohs map
1575 BC – 1520 BC Watercraft type Dover Bronze Age Boat is constructed, marking the oldest known example of a plank-built vessel. This prehistoric boat, discovered in Dover, England, is significant for its advanced construction techniques, using overlapping planks to create a watertight hull. Measuring approximately 9 meters in length, it reflects sophisticated maritime skills of the Bronze Age. The boat's design indicates it was likely used for coastal navigation or river travel, providing insights into early seafaring practices and the technological innovations of ancient maritime cultures.[7][8][9] United Kingdom
Dover boat
542 BC Watercraft First written record of a trireme is documented. The trireme is a naval vessel used predominantly by ancient Mediterranean civilizations, including the Greeks and Phoenicians. Characterized by its three rows of oars on each side, manned by skilled rowers, the trireme is known for its speed, agility, and effectiveness in naval battles. Its design allows it to execute complex maneuvers and swift attacks, playing a crucial role in maritime warfare and trade during this period, significantly influencing naval architecture and military strategies in the ancient world.[10] Mediterranean Sea
Cross-section of a trireme
247 BC Infrastructure The Lighthouse of Alexandria, also known as the Pharos of Alexandria, is completed on the small island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria, Egypt. This monumental structure would be known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and serves as a crucial navigational aid for sailors in the Mediterranean Sea. Standing approximately 100 to 130 meters tall, it is equipped with a large open flame at the top, which is visible for miles and helped guide ships safely into the busy harbor. Its design would influence future lighthouses throughout history.[11][12][13] Egypt
3D reconstruction of the Lighthouse of Alexandria
214 BC Infrastructure The Lingqu Canal is constructed in China under the direction of Emperor Qin Shi Huang during the Qin Dynasty. This canal, spanning approximately 36 kilometers, is designed to connect the Xiang River, which flows into the Yangtze River, with the Li River, a tributary of the Pearl River. The Lingqu Canal is one of the world's oldest contour canals, utilizing locks and dams to control water flow. Its construction plays a vital role in facilitating transportation, military movements, and economic integration between northern and southern China, reflecting the advanced engineering capabilities of the period.[14][15][16] China
Lingqu Canal map
c.200 AC Watercraft type Junks are developed in China, marking a significant advancement in maritime technology. Junks are wooden sailing vessels characterized by their robust design, featuring a flat bottom, high stern, and watertight bulkheads, which provide enhanced stability and safety at sea. Equipped with distinctive, battened sails that can be easily adjusted to varying wind conditions, junks are highly maneuverable and well-suited for long voyages. These ships would play a crucial role in the expansion of Chinese trade, facilitating extensive maritime commerce throughout the South China Sea, Southeast Asia, and beyond. The junk's design would influence shipbuilding in other regions.[17] China
Chinese Junk Keying.jpg
984 AC Infrastructure Pound locks are introduced in China, representing a significant innovation in water transport infrastructure. Pound locks consist of a chamber with gates at both ends, allowing vessels to be raised or lowered between stretches of water with different levels. This technology is crucial in facilitating the efficient and safe movement of boats along canals and rivers, particularly in regions with significant changes in elevation. The implementation of pound locks greatly improves the navigability of China's extensive canal system, including the Grand Canal, enhancing trade and communication across the empire. This invention would later influence lock designs in Europe and other parts of the world.[18][19][20] China
Basic diagram of canal lock gates
c.1000 AC Navigation milestone Norse explorer Leif Erikson is believed to have reached North America around this time, making him one of the first Europeans to set foot on the continent. According to Norse sagas, Ericson, the son of Erik the Red, leads an expedition from Greenland and arrives at a land he called Vinland, likely located in what is now Newfoundland, Canada. Ericson's journey highlights the maritime capabilities of the Norse people and their exploration of the Atlantic beyond their established settlements. Iceland, North Atlantic
Knarr model, used by Norse sailors
1088 Technology Chinese polymath Shen Kuo first describes a magnetic compass in his Dream Pool Essays, marking one of the earliest known descriptions of this important navigation tool. Shen Kuo describes how a lodestone compass can be used to determine direction, particularly for maritime navigation. His account reflects the practical applications of the magnetic compass in water transport, which greatly improves the ability of sailors to navigate long distances. This innovation becomes a critical advancement in navigation, eventually spreading to other parts of the world and revolutionizing sea travel and trade.[21][22][23] China
Shen Kua sketch.jpg
1159 The Hanseatic League is founded in the Baltic Sea port of Lübeck as a maritime league, initially as a maritime alliance of northern German towns. The league aims to protect mutual trading interests, particularly in the Baltic and North Seas. Lübeck's strategic location helps it become a vital hub for commerce, and the league eventually expands to include numerous cities across Europe. The Hanseatic League would dominate maritime trade in northern Europe during the late Middle Ages, facilitating the exchange of goods like timber, furs, and grain. It would also wield significant political and economic influence until its decline in the 17th century.[24][25][26] Germany
Modern, faithful painting of the Adler von Lübeck – the world's largest ship in its time
c.1190 English scholar Alexander Neckam provides the first known European description of the magnetic compass in his work De naturis rerum. He details the use of a needle magnetized by a lodestone to aid in navigation, specifically for sailors. This marks the introduction of the compass to Europe, a tool that is already in use in China. Neckam’s account demonstrates the growing interest in practical technologies for navigation during the medieval period, and the compass soon becomes indispensable for maritime travel, allowing sailors to determine direction more accurately, especially when landmarks or celestial bodies are obscured.[27] England
13th century Technology Portolan charts are introduced in the Mediterranean, marking a significant advancement in navigation technology. These highly detailed maps, often drawn on parchment, depict coastlines, harbors, and compass directions with remarkable accuracy, serving as essential tools for Mediterranean sailors. Unlike earlier maps, portolan charts are based on empirical observation, often using a network of rhumb lines radiating from central points to indicate sailing directions. Their precision revolutionizes maritime navigation, enabling more reliable and efficient sea travel. These charts would remain crucial for European mariners until the advent of more advanced navigational technologies in later centuries.[28][29][30]
Nautical chart of the Mediterranean Sea in portolan style, probably drawn in Genoa circa 1320-1350
1620 Watercraft type Dutch engineer Cornelis Drebbel constructs the world's first submarine. Drebbel's vessel is an early prototype, made from wood and covered in leather, designed to operate underwater for limited periods. It is powered by oars and can dive to depths of about 15 feet, demonstrating the feasibility of underwater travel. Although primarily intended as a novelty or experimental craft rather than for practical military use, Drebbel's submarine lays the groundwork for future developments in underwater navigation and naval warfare.[31][32][33] Netherlands
Drebbel's first submarine. 17th century.
1757 Technology London astronomer John Bird invents the first sextant, a crucial advancement in navigational technology. The sextant, an instrument used to measure the angle between an astronomical object and the horizon, greatly improves the accuracy of celestial navigation. This device allows sailors to determine their latitude and longitude more precisely, enhancing their ability to navigate the seas. Bird’s sextant is a refinement of earlier instruments, such as the octant, and its design incorporates improvements in precision and usability. The sextant would become an essential tool for maritime navigation, significantly influencing exploration and trade during the Age of Discovery and beyond.[34][35][36] United Kingdom
Plath sextant
1783 Watercraft French engineer Claude de Jouffroy constructs the first recorded steamboat, known as the Pyroscaphe. Powered by a steam engine, the boat is tested on the Saône River in France. De Jouffroy's steamboat is a significant advancement in watercraft technology, as it demonstrates the potential of steam power for propulsion, a concept that would eventually revolutionize transportation. While the Pyroscaphe itself is not commercially successful due to technical limitations and lack of sustained development, it paves the way for future innovations in steam-powered vessels, leading to the eventual rise of steamships in the 19th century.[37][38][39] France
Model of Claude de Jouffroy steamship
1787 Watercraft type American inventor John Fitch designs the first steamboat in the United States. Fitch's steamboat, powered by a steam engine driving a series of paddles, successfully navigates the Delaware River during its public demonstration. This marks a pioneering moment in American transportation, showcasing the potential of steam-powered vessels for commercial and passenger use. Although Fitch's early steamboats would be not widely adopted due to technical and financial challenges, his work lays the groundwork for the development of more practical steam-powered watercraft, which would eventually revolutionize river and ocean travel in the 19th century.[40][41][42] United States
Model of John Fitch steamboat
1790 Infrastructure Canal Mania –a period of intense canal building, begins in England and Wales, marking a period of intense canal construction driven by the growing demands of the Industrial Revolution. The development of an extensive canal network enables the efficient transportation of heavy goods such as coal, iron, and raw materials between industrial centers and ports. This infrastructure boom is fueled by both public and private investment, as canals provide a cheaper and more reliable method of transportation compared to overland routes. Canal Mania significantly boosts trade and economic growth, shaping the infrastructure of Britain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[43][44][45] United Kingdom
1797 Infrastructure The Lune Aqueduct is completed, marking a significant achievement in water transport infrastructure in England. Spanning the River Lune near Lancaster, this aqueduct is a key feature of the Lancaster Canal, designed to carry waterborne traffic over the river. The aqueduct not only facilitates the movement of goods and people but also demonstrates advancements in engineering that would contribute to the growth of Britain's canal network during the Industrial Revolution.[46] United Kingdom
Lune Aqueduct
1799 Infrastructure The Edstone Aqueduct is completed as part of the Stratford-upon-Avon Canal in Warwickshire, England. This structure, the longest aqueduct in England at 146 meters, is designed to transport canal boats over a railway and a small road. Constructed with an iron trough supported by masonry piers, the aqueduct reflects the engineering advancements of the late 18th century. It would play a significant role in facilitating the movement of goods during the Industrial Revolution, contributing to the growth of Britain's canal network and the efficiency of water-based transport.[46] United Kingdom
Edstone Aqueduct
1803 Watercraft type Scottish engineer William Symington's steamboat, the Charlotte Dundas, makes its first voyage, marking a pivotal moment in maritime history. Generally regarded as the world's first practical steamboat, the Charlotte Dundas demonstrates the viability of steam-powered vessels for water transport. Powered by a Watt steam engine and equipped with a paddle wheel, the steamboat successfully tows two barges along the Forth and Clyde Canal in Scotland. This innovation paves the way for the widespread use of steamships in commercial and passenger transport, revolutionizing the shipping industry and global trade.[47][48][49] United Kingdom
Edstone Aqueduct
1804 Watercraft type American inventor Oliver Evans builds one of the earliest amphibious vehicles, showcasing his innovative engineering skills. Known as the Orukter Amphibolos, this steam-powered vehicle can travel on both land and water, making it a pioneering creation in transportation technology. Originally designed as a dredging machine, the Orukter Amphibolos is equipped with wheels for land movement and paddles for water navigation. While not widely adopted, Evans' invention marks a significant milestone in the development of multi-terrain vehicles, demonstrating the potential for steam power in versatile transportation applications.[50][51][52] United States
Edstone Aqueduct
1805 Infrastructure The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is completed in Wales, becoming an iconic feat of engineering. Designed by Thomas Telford and William Jessop, this aqueduct carries the Llangollen Canal over the River Dee in Denbighshire. Spanning 307 meters with 18 slender stone piers, it is the longest and highest aqueduct in Britain. Its cast iron trough and innovative design makes it a landmark in civil engineering, enabling efficient water transport during the Industrial Revolution. The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct would be inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, symbolizing the ingenuity and ambition of early 19th-century infrastructure projects.[46] United Kingdom
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
1807 Watercraft type American engineer Robert Fulton develops the North River Steamboat, also known as the Clermont, which becomes the first commercially successful steamboat. Powered by a steam engine designed by Fulton and built by Watt and Boulton, the *Clermont* demonstrated the viability of steam-powered vessels for regular passenger and freight transport. It made its maiden voyage along the Hudson River from New York City to Albany, covering the distance in about 32 hours. This achievement revolutionized river transport, leading to the widespread adoption of steamboats and transforming trade and travel in the United States.[53][54][55] United States
North River Steamboat Model
1807 Technology French inventor Nicéphore Niépce patents his Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion engine. Unlike later gasoline-powered engines, the Pyréolophore uses a mixture of controlled explosions from powdered fuel, such as lycopodium or coal dust, to produce mechanical energy. Initially installed in a boat on the Saône River in France, this pioneering invention marks a crucial step in the development of modern engines. Although not widely adopted at the time, the Pyréolophore lays the groundwork for future advancements in internal combustion technology, revolutionizing transportation and industry.[56][57][58] France
1819 Technology The SS Savannah makes the first transatlantic crossing by a steamship, from Savannah, Georgia to London.[59][60][61] United States, United Kingdom
1820 Notable voyage Russian officer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers mainland Antarctica.[62][63][64]
1821 Infrastructure The Avon Aqueduct is completed in Scotland.[46] United Kingdom
1859 Watercraft type The first ironclad warship, the Gloire, is launched.[65][66][67] France
1861 Watercraft type The Elizabeth Watt is generally credited for being the first ship to transport a cargo of oil across the Atlantic.[68]
1861 Watercraft type The USS Ice Boat (1861) launches as the first purpose-built icebreaker.[69][70] United States
1864 Technology Ictineo II, by Spanish engineer Narcís Monturiol, becomes the first submarine powered by an internal-combustion engine.[71][72][73] Spain
1869 Infrastructure The Suez Canal opens.[74][75][76] Egypt
1893 Infrastructure The Corinth Canal opens.[77][78][79] Greece
1895 Infrastructure The Kiel Canal opens.[80][81][82] Germany
1896 Infrastructure The Briare aqueduct opens.[46] France
1897 Watercraft type The Turbinia is launched. It is the first vessel to be powered by a steam turbine.[83][84][85] United Kingdom
1911 Watercraft type Glenn Curtiss builds an early hydroplane.[86][87][88] United States
1911 Technology The MS Selandia becomes the first important ocean-going vessel to be diesel powered.[89][90][91] Denmark
1914 Infrastructure The Panama Canal opens.[92][93][94] Panama
1915 Watercraft type Austrian naval officer Dagobert Müller von Thomamühl creates the first air cushion torpedo speedboat.[95] Austria
1918 Watercraft type The HMS Furious (47) becomes the first aircraft carrier used in warfare.[96][97][98] United Kingdom
1955 Watercraft type USS Nautilus (SSN-571) launches as the world's first nuclear-powered vessel.[99][100][101] United States
1957 Watercraft type Malcom McLean's Gateway City, the first ever ship specifically designed to carry containers, makes its first voyage from New Jersey to Miami.[3] United States
1959 Notable voyage The USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaces at the North Pole.[102][103][104]
1961 Infrastructure The Ringvaart Aqueduct is built in the Netherlands.[46] Netherlands
1966 Notable voyage Sea-Land’s Fairland sails from the United States to the Netherlands with 236 containers on-board, in the first international container ship voyage.[3] United States, Netherlands
1966 Infrastructure Around 1% of countries have container ports.[3]
1977 Notable voyage Soviet icebreaker Arktika makes the first surface voyage to the North Pole.[105][106][107]
1983 Infrastructure 90% of countries have container ports, up from 1% in 1966.[3]
1985 Watercraft type The Sea Shadow (IX-529), an early stealth ship, is launched.[108] United States
1994 Technology The Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes operational.[109][110][111]
2002 Infrastructure The Sart Canal Bridge in Belgium is completed, marking the end of a four-year construction period that began in 1998. Stretching 498 meters, it is built with 65,000 tons of concrete and serves as a crucial link between the Canal du Centre's Grand Large lake and the Brussels–Charleroi Canal. The bridge facilitates navigation and transportation of up to 80,000 tons of water, featuring a unique design with U-shaped girders and prestressed concrete.[112] Belgium
2003 Infrastructure The Magdeburg Water Bridge opens.[46] Germany
2003 Infrastructure The Krabbersgat Naviduct opens in the Netherlands.[46] Netherlands
2006 Watercraft type MS Freedom of the Seas is introduced and becomes the largest cruise liner at the time. It can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew on fifteen passenger decks.[113]
2011 Cruising accounts for US$29.4 billion with over 19 million passengers carried worldwide in the year.[114]
2012 Watercraft type Canadian filmmaker and deep-sea explorer James Cameron reaches the Challenger Deep solo with the Deepsea Challenger.[115][116][117]
2018 Watercraft type MS Symphony of the Seas, the world's largest cruise ship by gross tonnage at 228,021 GT, sets sail from Barcelona.[118] Spain

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.

Year "water transport"
1900 17
1910 16
1920 50
1930 34
1940 48
1950 102
1960 269
1970 662
1980 1,380
1990 2,150
2000 4,620
2010 12,700
2020 16,800
Water transport gscho.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Water transport (Search term), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[119]

Water transport gt.png

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Suez Canal (Topic) and Panama Canal (Waterway in Panama), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[120]

Suez Canal and Panama Canal gt.png

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Maritime transport (Topic) and Inland navigation (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[121]

Maritime transport and Inland navigation gt.png


Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Water transport, watercraft, maritime transport, river transport and canal transport, from 1700 to 2019.[122]

Water transport, watercraft, maritime transport, river transport and canal transport ngram.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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  99. ↑ Castellano, Robert N. Alternative Energy Technologies: Opportunities and Markets. 
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