Difference between revisions of "Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria"
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| Entomological infection rate || EIR || || In endemic areas of Africa, generally from 1 to over 1,000 infective bites per year;<ref>{{cite journal |first=John C. |last=Beier |title=Vector Incrimination and Entomological Inoculation Rates |journal=Methods in Molecular Medicine |volume=72}} From ''Malaria Methods and Protocols''.</ref> ''DCP2'' gives less than 1 to over 300,<ref>http://dcp-3.org/sites/default/files/dcp2/DCP21.pdf</ref> but later on p420 says "With a high EIR (10 to 1,000)" || Annual ''Plasmodium falciparum'' EIR (APfEIR)<ref name="2006_hay_snow">{{cite web |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030473 |first1=Simon I |last1=Hay |first2=Robert W |last2=Snow |title=The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk |date=December 5, 2006 |accessdate=January 11, 2017}}</ref> || | | Entomological infection rate || EIR || || In endemic areas of Africa, generally from 1 to over 1,000 infective bites per year;<ref>{{cite journal |first=John C. |last=Beier |title=Vector Incrimination and Entomological Inoculation Rates |journal=Methods in Molecular Medicine |volume=72}} From ''Malaria Methods and Protocols''.</ref> ''DCP2'' gives less than 1 to over 300,<ref>http://dcp-3.org/sites/default/files/dcp2/DCP21.pdf</ref> but later on p420 says "With a high EIR (10 to 1,000)" || Annual ''Plasmodium falciparum'' EIR (APfEIR)<ref name="2006_hay_snow">{{cite web |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030473 |first1=Simon I |last1=Hay |first2=Robert W |last2=Snow |title=The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk |date=December 5, 2006 |accessdate=January 11, 2017}}</ref> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Entomological inoculation rate || EIR<ref name="Modelling Parasite Transmission and Control" /> || "Is the product of the human biting rate and the sporozoite rate, the proportion of mosquitoes that have sporozoites in their salivary glands".<ref name="Modelling Parasite Transmission and Control">{{ | + | | Entomological inoculation rate || EIR<ref name="Modelling Parasite Transmission and Control" /> || "Is the product of the human biting rate and the sporozoite rate, the proportion of mosquitoes that have sporozoites in their salivary glands".<ref name="Modelling Parasite Transmission and Control">{{cite book|last=Michael|first=Edwin|last2=Spear|first2=Robert C.|title=Modelling Parasite Transmission and Control|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jLJ7xW74mv8C&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%22parasite+rate+is%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=mE6j7wQh-3&sig=as7dTMLh9bImAfopo_nMU4FrzXs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib2e7G0dnSAhWKPpAKHRSsDQkQ6AEINTAE#v=onepage&q=%22parasite%20rate%20is%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate=March 15, 2017}}</ref> "Is a commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656515/]</ref> || 500 to 1.0<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lakkam|first1=Milinda|last2=Wein|first2=Lawrence M.|title=Analysing the nutrition-disease nexus: the case of malaria|doi=10.1186/s12936-015-0894-x|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-015-0894-x|accessdate=May 7, 2017}}</ref> || Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rate (Pf EIR)<ref name="Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda"/> || [https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-015-0661-z See tables 1,3] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Force of infection || FOI<ref name="Estimating malaria force of infection accounting for heterogeneity in the risk of infection">{{ | + | | Force of infection || FOI<ref name="Estimating malaria force of infection accounting for heterogeneity in the risk of infection">{{cite web|title=Estimating malaria force of infection accounting for heterogeneity in the risk of infection|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282357192_Estimating_malaria_force_of_infection_accounting_for_heterogeneity_in_the_risk_of_infection|fechaacceso=16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || "The number of new infections per person per unit of time."<ref name="Estimating malaria force of infection accounting for heterogeneity in the risk of infection" /> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| Happenings rate || ''h=bE''<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || "Is the force of infection, i.e., the per capita rate that uninfected people become infected with malaria."<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || || | | Happenings rate || ''h=bE''<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || "Is the force of infection, i.e., the per capita rate that uninfected people become infected with malaria."<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Human biting rate<ref name="2010_fornadel">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0088| issn = 0002-9637| volume = 83| issue = 4| pages = 838–842| last1 = Fornadel| first1 = Christen M.| last2 = Norris| first2 = Laura C.| last3 = Norris| first3 = Douglas E.| title = Centers for Disease Control Light Traps for Monitoring Anopheles arabiensis Human Biting Rates in an Area with Low Vector Density and High Insecticide-Treated Bed Net Use| journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene| accessdate = 2017-01-13| date = 2010-10-05| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946753/| pmid = 20889876| pmc = 2946753}}</ref> || HBR<ref>[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-11-56 Malaria Journal] Light traps fail to estimate reliable malaria mosquito biting rates on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea</ref>, ''ma''<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission">{{ | + | | Human biting rate<ref name="2010_fornadel">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0088| issn = 0002-9637| volume = 83| issue = 4| pages = 838–842| last1 = Fornadel| first1 = Christen M.| last2 = Norris| first2 = Laura C.| last3 = Norris| first3 = Douglas E.| title = Centers for Disease Control Light Traps for Monitoring Anopheles arabiensis Human Biting Rates in an Area with Low Vector Density and High Insecticide-Treated Bed Net Use| journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene| accessdate = 2017-01-13| date = 2010-10-05| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946753/| pmid = 20889876| pmc = 2946753}}</ref> || HBR<ref>[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-11-56 Malaria Journal] Light traps fail to estimate reliable malaria mosquito biting rates on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea</ref>, ''ma''<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission">{{cite journal|title=Indices of Malaria Transmission|journal=Plos|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050042|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> || "The nightly biting pressure of the vector on a human population"<ref name="2010_fornadel" /> "The expected number of bites by malaria vectors, per person, per day (or per year)."<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| Human feeding rate || '''''a'''=fQ''<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || "The number of bites on a human, per mosquito, per day" || || || | | Human feeding rate || '''''a'''=fQ''<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || "The number of bites on a human, per mosquito, per day" || || || | ||
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| Hyperparasitemia || || "Is defined as more than 5% erythrocytes parasitized."<ref>[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jyTRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA304&lpg=PA304&dq=%22hyperparasitemia+is%22&source=bl&ots=rDi0309qsb&sig=U3iOV8WgIPN0MjcL8Kzq8N-wYGo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU9-nGz9PSAhXKhZAKHfrPA2oQ6AEISDAH#v=onepage&q=%22hyperparasitemia%20is%22&f=false The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual]</ref> "Is defined in endemic areas by the WHO as parasite greater than or equal to 500,000/µl (10% parasitemia)".<ref>[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3082&lpg=PA3082&dq=%22hyperparasitemia+is%22&source=bl&ots=UYjufwUsm4&sig=kCrbboRqXbbdx6GngixK6kx0sNA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHs5De0NPSAhVLh5AKHS5cD8A4ChDoAQgZMAE#v=onepage&q=%22hyperparasitemia%20is%22&f=false Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases]</ref>|| || || | | Hyperparasitemia || || "Is defined as more than 5% erythrocytes parasitized."<ref>[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jyTRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA304&lpg=PA304&dq=%22hyperparasitemia+is%22&source=bl&ots=rDi0309qsb&sig=U3iOV8WgIPN0MjcL8Kzq8N-wYGo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU9-nGz9PSAhXKhZAKHfrPA2oQ6AEISDAH#v=onepage&q=%22hyperparasitemia%20is%22&f=false The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual]</ref> "Is defined in endemic areas by the WHO as parasite greater than or equal to 500,000/µl (10% parasitemia)".<ref>[https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=73pYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3082&lpg=PA3082&dq=%22hyperparasitemia+is%22&source=bl&ots=UYjufwUsm4&sig=kCrbboRqXbbdx6GngixK6kx0sNA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHs5De0NPSAhVLh5AKHS5cD8A4ChDoAQgZMAE#v=onepage&q=%22hyperparasitemia%20is%22&f=false Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases]</ref>|| || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Molecular force of infection || mFOI, molFOI<ref name="A High Force of Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Infection Drives the Rapid Acquisition of Immunity in Papua New Guinean Children">{{ | + | | Molecular force of infection || mFOI, molFOI<ref name="A High Force of Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Infection Drives the Rapid Acquisition of Immunity in Papua New Guinean Children">{{cite journal|title=A High Force of Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Infection Drives the Rapid Acquisition of Immunity in Papua New Guinean Children|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002403|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764149/|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref>|| "Defined as number of distinct clones entering the body over time."<ref name="A High Force of Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Infection Drives the Rapid Acquisition of Immunity in Papua New Guinean Children"/> "The number of incident parasite strains detected by genotyping per person-year at risk."<ref name="Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait">{{cite journal|title=Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335384/|accessdate=March 16, 2017}}</ref>|| || || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335384/ See Table 2] |
|- | |- | ||
| Multiplicity of infection || MOI || "Is the number of different Plasmodium falciparum strains co-infecting a single host."<ref>[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-7-17 Malaria Journal], Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants.</ref> || || || [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004355 here] | | Multiplicity of infection || MOI || "Is the number of different Plasmodium falciparum strains co-infecting a single host."<ref>[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-7-17 Malaria Journal], Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants.</ref> || || || [http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004355 here] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Net infectiousness of humans to mosquitoes || κ<ref name="Advances in Parasitology, Volume 84">{{ | + | | Net infectiousness of humans to mosquitoes || κ<ref name="Advances in Parasitology, Volume 84">{{cite book|title=Advances in Parasitology, Volume 84|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PABeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156&lpg=PA156&dq=%22Net+infectiousness+of+humans+to+mosquitoes%22+%22k%22&source=bl&ots=-lJLRDOC5M&sig=2jIqMfARTQ7cPjOIPW3IVQMMdo4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia15yN5dnSAhUFDpAKHWcDDMUQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=%22Net%20infectiousness%20of%20humans%20to%20mosquitoes%22%20%22k%22&f=false|accessdate=March 16, 2017}}</ref> || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Parasite rate || PR<ref name="2006_hay_snow" /><ref name="Advances in Parasitology, Volume 84" /> || || || Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR)<ref name="Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate">{{ | + | | Parasite rate || PR<ref name="2006_hay_snow" /><ref name="Advances in Parasitology, Volume 84" /> || || || Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR)<ref name="Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate">{{cite journal|title=Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-6-131|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653619/table/tbl1/ here] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Parasite ratio || ''X''<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || "The prevalence of infection in humans, i.e., the proportion of humans with parasites."<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /><ref name="Revisiting the Basic Reproductive Number for Malaria and Its Implications for Malaria Control">{{ | + | | Parasite ratio || ''X''<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || "The prevalence of infection in humans, i.e., the proportion of humans with parasites."<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /><ref name="Revisiting the Basic Reproductive Number for Malaria and Its Implications for Malaria Control">{{cite journal|title=Revisiting the Basic Reproductive Number for Malaria and Its Implications for Malaria Control|journal=P L o S BIOLOGY|url=http://izt.ciens.ucv.ve/ecologia/Archivos/ECO_POB%202010/ECOPO6_2010/Smith%20et%20al.%202007.%20Ro%20y%20Malaria.pdf|accessdate=March 16, 2017}}</ref> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| Parasitemia || || "The presence of parasites, especially malarial forms, in the blood."<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parasitemia Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition.], parasitemia.</ref> || From 5-20 parasites/µl (0.0001-0.0004 % of parasitemia) to 500,000 parasites/µl (10% of parasitemia).<ref>[http://www.med-chem.com/para-site.php?url=info_table&subsection=d13_interpret PARA-SITE Online], Informational Tables.</ref> || Hyperparasitemia, Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia (APFP)<ref>[https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-244 BMC Infectious Diseases], Impact of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia on the imunohematological indices among school children and adolescents in a rural area highly endemic for Malaria in southern Mozambique.</ref> || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160692/table/T4/ here] | | Parasitemia || || "The presence of parasites, especially malarial forms, in the blood."<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parasitemia Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition.], parasitemia.</ref> || From 5-20 parasites/µl (0.0001-0.0004 % of parasitemia) to 500,000 parasites/µl (10% of parasitemia).<ref>[http://www.med-chem.com/para-site.php?url=info_table&subsection=d13_interpret PARA-SITE Online], Informational Tables.</ref> || Hyperparasitemia, Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia (APFP)<ref>[https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-244 BMC Infectious Diseases], Impact of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia on the imunohematological indices among school children and adolescents in a rural area highly endemic for Malaria in southern Mozambique.</ref> || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160692/table/T4/ here] | ||
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| Sampling bias index || ''σ''<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || "The proportion of mosquitoes that become infected after biting a human divided by the proportion of people with detected parasites."<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || || || | | Sampling bias index || ''σ''<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || "The proportion of mosquitoes that become infected after biting a human divided by the proportion of people with detected parasites."<ref name=2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay /> || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Seroconversion rate || λ<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity" />, SCR<ref name="Sample size and power calculations for detecting changes in malaria transmission using antibody seroconversion rate">{{ | + | | Seroconversion rate || λ<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity" />, SCR<ref name="Sample size and power calculations for detecting changes in malaria transmission using antibody seroconversion rate">{{cite journal|title=Sample size and power calculations for detecting changes in malaria transmission using antibody seroconversion rate|doi=10.1186/s12936-015-1050-3|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-015-1050-3|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref>|| "Is a function of antimalarial antibodies in the population and indicates exposure to infection."<ref>{{cite web|title=Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: Precision, accuracy and costs of metrics|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4847140/|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> || || || [https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-015-0661-z See table 1,2,3] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Seroprevalence || SP<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity">{{ | + | | Seroprevalence || SP<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity">{{cite journal|title=Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity|doi=10.1186/s12936-015-0661-z|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-015-0661-z|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> ||"Prevalence of a marker as measured by results of serologic testing."<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/seroprevalence Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary]</ref> || || ||[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-015-0661-z See table 3] |
|- | |- | ||
| Seroreversion rate || SRR<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity" />, ρ<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity" /> || || || || | | Seroreversion rate || SRR<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity" />, ρ<ref name="Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity" /> || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Slide positivity rate || SPR || "Used as a surrogate measure of malaria incidence."<ref>{{ | + | | Slide positivity rate || SPR || "Used as a surrogate measure of malaria incidence."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Use of the slide positivity rate to estimate changes in malaria incidence in a cohort of Ugandan children|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-213|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-8-213|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Spleen rate || SR || "Is the proportion of people in a given population having enlarged spleens expressed as a percentage."<ref name="Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria">{{ | + | | Spleen rate || SR || "Is the proportion of people in a given population having enlarged spleens expressed as a percentage."<ref name="Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria">{{cite journal|last=Baird|first=J. Kevin|last2=Bangs|first2=Michael J.|last3=Maguire|first3=Jason D.|last4=Barcus|first4=Mazie J.|title=Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria}}</ref> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| Sporozoite rate || SR<ref name="Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda">[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-111 Malaria Journal], Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda.</ref> ''Y''<ref name="2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay" /><ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || "The fraction of female mosquitoes with [[sporozoite]]s". "The fraction of infectious mosquitoes, i.e., with sporozoites in their salivary glands."<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || 0–?? || || | | Sporozoite rate || SR<ref name="Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda">[https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-111 Malaria Journal], Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda.</ref> ''Y''<ref name="2007_smith_mckenzie_snow_hay" /><ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || "The fraction of female mosquitoes with [[sporozoite]]s". "The fraction of infectious mosquitoes, i.e., with sporozoites in their salivary glands."<ref name="Indices of Malaria Transmission" /> || 0–?? || || | ||
Revision as of 18:40, 4 June 2017
This page compares various measures of the abundance of malaria in a given location.
Comparison table
| Measures | Variable and Formula | Explanation | Range | Derivatives | Sample table |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic reproductive number[1] | R0=bcV/r[2] | "the expected number of hosts who would be infected after one generation of the parasite by a single infectious person who had been introduced into an otherwise naïve population"[3] ""[2] | Less than 1 in eliminated regions to possibly 3,000 in highly endemic areas[3] | ||
| Biting disparity index | α[3] | "The squared coefficient of variation of the human biting rate".[3] | |||
| Entomological infection rate | EIR | In endemic areas of Africa, generally from 1 to over 1,000 infective bites per year;[4] DCP2 gives less than 1 to over 300,[5] but later on p420 says "With a high EIR (10 to 1,000)" | Annual Plasmodium falciparum EIR (APfEIR)[1] | ||
| Entomological inoculation rate | EIR[2] | "Is the product of the human biting rate and the sporozoite rate, the proportion of mosquitoes that have sporozoites in their salivary glands".[2] "Is a commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission."[6] | 500 to 1.0[7] | Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rate (Pf EIR)[8] | See tables 1,3 |
| Force of infection | FOI[9] | "The number of new infections per person per unit of time."[9] | |||
| Happenings rate | h=bE[3] | "Is the force of infection, i.e., the per capita rate that uninfected people become infected with malaria."[3] | |||
| Human biting rate[10] | HBR[11], ma[12] | "The nightly biting pressure of the vector on a human population"[10] "The expected number of bites by malaria vectors, per person, per day (or per year)."[12] | |||
| Human feeding rate | a=fQ[3] | "The number of bites on a human, per mosquito, per day" | |||
| Hyperparasitemia | "Is defined as more than 5% erythrocytes parasitized."[13] "Is defined in endemic areas by the WHO as parasite greater than or equal to 500,000/µl (10% parasitemia)".[14] | ||||
| Molecular force of infection | mFOI, molFOI[15] | "Defined as number of distinct clones entering the body over time."[15] "The number of incident parasite strains detected by genotyping per person-year at risk."[16] | See Table 2 | ||
| Multiplicity of infection | MOI | "Is the number of different Plasmodium falciparum strains co-infecting a single host."[17] | here | ||
| Net infectiousness of humans to mosquitoes | κ[18] | ||||
| Parasite rate | PR[1][18] | Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR)[19] | here | ||
| Parasite ratio | X[12] | "The prevalence of infection in humans, i.e., the proportion of humans with parasites."[12][20] | |||
| Parasitemia | "The presence of parasites, especially malarial forms, in the blood."[21] | From 5-20 parasites/µl (0.0001-0.0004 % of parasitemia) to 500,000 parasites/µl (10% of parasitemia).[22] | Hyperparasitemia, Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia (APFP)[23] | here | |
| Sampling bias index | σ[3] | "The proportion of mosquitoes that become infected after biting a human divided by the proportion of people with detected parasites."[3] | |||
| Seroconversion rate | λ[24], SCR[25] | "Is a function of antimalarial antibodies in the population and indicates exposure to infection."[26] | See table 1,2,3 | ||
| Seroprevalence | SP[24] | "Prevalence of a marker as measured by results of serologic testing."[27] | See table 3 | ||
| Seroreversion rate | SRR[24], ρ[24] | ||||
| Slide positivity rate | SPR | "Used as a surrogate measure of malaria incidence."[28] | |||
| Spleen rate | SR | "Is the proportion of people in a given population having enlarged spleens expressed as a percentage."[29] | |||
| Sporozoite rate | SR[8] Y[3][12] | "The fraction of female mosquitoes with sporozoites". "The fraction of infectious mosquitoes, i.e., with sporozoites in their salivary glands."[12] | 0–?? | ||
| Stability index | S=a/g[3] | "The expected number of human bites taken by a vector over its lifetime."[3] | |||
| Susceptibility bias index | BE[12] | "The infectivity of mosquitoes in a naïve population divided by the infectivity of mosquitoes in an endemic population."[12] | |||
| Vectorial capacity[1] | C, V[3], cV[3] | "Is the daily rate at which future inoculations arise from a currently infective case, provided that all females mosquitoes biting that case become infected."[30] "The number of infectious bites on humans that arise from all the mosquitoes that are infected by a single person on a single day."[3] |
Other variables:
Also mentions things like "the age at first infection, the fraction of a population that is infected (i.e., the parasite rate [PR]), the frequency and type of disease syndromes, the incidence of severe disease, the development and loss of functional immunity (i.e., immunity that reduces the frequency and severity of clinical symptoms), total malaria mortality, and the expected outcome of malaria control"
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hay, Simon I; Snow, Robert W (December 5, 2006). "The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk". Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Michael, Edwin; Spear, Robert C. Modelling Parasite Transmission and Control. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Smith, David L; McKenzie, F. Ellis; Snow, Robert W; Hay, Simon I (February 20, 2007). "Revisiting the Basic Reproductive Number for Malaria and Its Implications for Malaria Control". Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- ↑ Beier, John C. "Vector Incrimination and Entomological Inoculation Rates". Methods in Molecular Medicine. 72. From Malaria Methods and Protocols.
- ↑ http://dcp-3.org/sites/default/files/dcp2/DCP21.pdf
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Lakkam, Milinda; Wein, Lawrence M. "Analysing the nutrition-disease nexus: the case of malaria". doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0894-x. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Malaria Journal, Estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in Uganda.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fornadel, Christen M.; Norris, Laura C.; Norris, Douglas E. (2010-10-05). "Centers for Disease Control Light Traps for Monitoring Anopheles arabiensis Human Biting Rates in an Area with Low Vector Density and High Insecticide-Treated Bed Net Use". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (4): 838–842. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2946753
. PMID 20889876. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0088. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
- ↑ Malaria Journal Light traps fail to estimate reliable malaria mosquito biting rates on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 "Indices of Malaria Transmission". Plos. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual
- ↑ Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "A High Force of Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Infection Drives the Rapid Acquisition of Immunity in Papua New Guinean Children". doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002403. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Evidence for both innate and acquired mechanisms of protection from Plasmodium falciparum in children with sickle cell trait". Retrieved March 16, 2017.
- ↑ Malaria Journal, Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection in asymptomatic children in Senegal: relation to transmission, age and erythrocyte variants.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Advances in Parasitology, Volume 84. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
- ↑ "Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate". Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Revisiting the Basic Reproductive Number for Malaria and Its Implications for Malaria Control" (PDF). P L o S BIOLOGY. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
- ↑ Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition., parasitemia.
- ↑ PARA-SITE Online, Informational Tables.
- ↑ BMC Infectious Diseases, Impact of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia on the imunohematological indices among school children and adolescents in a rural area highly endemic for Malaria in southern Mozambique.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Sample size determination for estimating antibody seroconversion rate under stable malaria transmission intensity". doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0661-z. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Sample size and power calculations for detecting changes in malaria transmission using antibody seroconversion rate". doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1050-3. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: Precision, accuracy and costs of metrics". doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary
- ↑ "Use of the slide positivity rate to estimate changes in malaria incidence in a cohort of Ugandan children". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-213. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ↑ Baird, J. Kevin; Bangs, Michael J.; Maguire, Jason D.; Barcus, Mazie J. "Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria".
- ↑ scielo.br Vectorial capacity, basic reproduction number, force of infection and all that: formal notation to complete and adjust their classical concepts and equations.
