Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"

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This page is a '''comparison of methods of malaria control''', covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
 
This page is a '''comparison of methods of malaria control''', covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
  
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Combines with !! Status  
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! Method !! Focus !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Combines with !! Status  
 
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| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"<ref>{{cite web|title=amodiaquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top|website=nih.gov|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || oral<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|website=wipo.int|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || Africa || Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] which should be taken with fatty food).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Arthur|title=Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2-nwinRKtBQC&pg=PA2005&lpg=PA2005&dq=%22amodiaquine%22+%22advantage%22&source=bl&ots=17vhyc7xHa&sig=MnF_LcWpBvjFRkn9B3WkEa7vCpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq8jS673TAhXMh5AKHQEeAa8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=%22amodiaquine%22%20%22advantage%22&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz|url=http://pharmafactz.com/medicinal-chemistry-of-antimalarial-drugs/|website=http://pharmafactz.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || Artesunate || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
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| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"<ref>{{cite web|title=amodiaquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top|website=nih.gov|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || oral<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|website=wipo.int|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || Africa || Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] which should be taken with fatty food).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Arthur|title=Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2-nwinRKtBQC&pg=PA2005&lpg=PA2005&dq=%22amodiaquine%22+%22advantage%22&source=bl&ots=17vhyc7xHa&sig=MnF_LcWpBvjFRkn9B3WkEa7vCpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq8jS673TAhXMh5AKHQEeAa8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=%22amodiaquine%22%20%22advantage%22&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz|url=http://pharmafactz.com/medicinal-chemistry-of-antimalarial-drugs/|website=pharmafactz.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || Artesunate || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs|edition=Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1XCmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22Artemether%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=jHK7AwZkdP&sig=kU6mL9_bxLH6A4nPCAEXC2MhwOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDwd-AncDTAhUED5AKHR3_AYs4ChDoAQgnMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Artemether%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>, intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1987 || || || Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration|doi=10.1128/AAC.01428-13|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4187974/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || || [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]]  || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
 
| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs|edition=Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1XCmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22Artemether%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=jHK7AwZkdP&sig=kU6mL9_bxLH6A4nPCAEXC2MhwOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDwd-AncDTAhUED5AKHR3_AYs4ChDoAQgnMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Artemether%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>, intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1987 || || || Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration|doi=10.1128/AAC.01428-13|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4187974/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || || [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]]  || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artemisinin|Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || oral, intramuscular, rectal<ref>{{cite journal|title=The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.|pmid=1982311|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1982311|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0025027/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-scientist-awarded-4-6-million-for-10884365.php|accessdate= }}</ref> || || Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || More expensive than SP or chloroquine.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Malcolm |last1=Dowling |first2=Chin-Fang |last2=Yap |year=2014 |title=Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea |publisher=Palgrave and Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|165}} || ||
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| [[wikipedia:Artemisinin|Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' || Oral, intramuscular, rectal<ref>{{cite journal|title=The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.|pmid=1982311|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1982311|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0025027/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-scientist-awarded-4-6-million-for-10884365.php|accessdate= }}</ref> || || Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || More expensive than SP or chloroquine.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Malcolm |last1=Dowling |first2=Chin-Fang |last2=Yap |year=2014 |title=Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea |publisher=Palgrave and Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|165}} || ||
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."<ref name="Artemotil">{{cite web|title=Artemotil|url=http://topics.sciencedirect.com/topics/page/Artemotil?|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| 2000 <ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment">{{cite web|title=MALARIA: Artemotil treatment|url=http://www.who.int/tdr/research/progress/9900/regulatory_approval/en/|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>|| || ||  "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."<ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment"/> || || ||
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| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Artemotil">{{cite web|title=Artemotil|url=http://topics.sciencedirect.com/topics/page/Artemotil?|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| 2000 <ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment">{{cite web|title=MALARIA: Artemotil treatment|url=http://www.who.int/tdr/research/progress/9900/regulatory_approval/en/|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>|| || ||  "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."<ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment"/> || || ||
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || ||
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| {{w|Artemether/lumefantrine}} || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso"/> || "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso">{{cite journal|title=Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso|doi=10.1086/522985|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/11/1453/333938/Randomized-Comparison-of-Amodiaquine-plus|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || ||  
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>  || ||
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| {{w|Artesunate}} || Treatment || Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally),  severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)<ref name="Artesunate">{{cite web|title=Artesunate|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.11.html|website=who.int|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || Oral, parenteral<ref name="Artesunate"/> || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>  || ||
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|accessdate= }}</ref>|| Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Artesunate + Amodiaquine|website=msh.org|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=ARAM370T3&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100mg%2B270mg&desc=Artesunate%2BAmodiaquine&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E5%2E3%2E1&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E5%2E3%2E1%29Antimalarial%20medicines%2C%20for%20curative%20treatment%3Cbr%3E|accessdate= }}</ref> || 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available|url=https://www.dndi.org/2007/media-centre/press-releases/new-once-a-day-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria-now-available/|website=dndi.org|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref>|| || Sub-Saharan Africa || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|accessdate= }}</ref>|| Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Artesunate + Amodiaquine|website=msh.org|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=ARAM370T3&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100mg%2B270mg&desc=Artesunate%2BAmodiaquine&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E5%2E3%2E1&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E5%2E3%2E1%29Antimalarial%20medicines%2C%20for%20curative%20treatment%3Cbr%3E|accessdate= }}</ref> || 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available|url=https://www.dndi.org/2007/media-centre/press-releases/new-once-a-day-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria-now-available/|website=dndi.org|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref>|| || Sub-Saharan Africa || || || ||
 
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| [[wikipedia:Artesunate suppositories|Artesunate suppositories]] || || || || || || || || ||
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| {{w|Artesunate suppositories}} || Treatment<ref name="Severe Mal">{{cite web |title=Rectal Artesunate Suppository |url=https://www.severemalaria.org/rectal-artesunate-suppository |website=Severe Malaria Observatory |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || || || || || || || ||
 
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| [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|accessdate= }}</ref>  || Blood and liver phases of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref name="5  Malaria">{{cite web|title=Malaria|url=http://www.reispassie.nl/losse%20paginas/05-Malaria-00[1].pdf|website=reispassie.nl|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || Oral || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
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| {{w|Atovaquone-proguanil}} ({{w|Malarone}}) || Both prevention and treatment<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|accessdate= }}</ref>  || Blood and liver phases of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref name="5  Malaria">{{cite web|title=Malaria|url=http://www.reispassie.nl/losse%20paginas/05-Malaria-00[1].pdf|website=reispassie.nl|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || Oral || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|accessdate= }}</ref> || Oral ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Proguanil ||
+
| {{w|Chloroquine}} || Both prevention and treatment || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|accessdate= }}</ref> || Oral ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|accessdate= }}</ref>|| "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"<ref>{{cite journal|title=The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x/full|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Proguanil ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || || ||
+
| {{w|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone}} || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|accessdate= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Clindamycin}} || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|accessdate= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || oral, [[wikipedia:topical|topical]], [[wikipedia:intravenous therapy|intravenous]], [[wikipedia:pessary|intravaginal]]<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Clindamycin Hydrochloride|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clindamycin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=June 25, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Ley2006>{{cite book|last1=Leyden|first1=James J.|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|date=2006|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9783540331018|page=152|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA152}}</ref> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."<ref name="Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance">{{cite web|title=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11017/chapter/11#293|website=nap.edu|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smieja|first1=Marek|title=Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250868/|accessdate=16 June 2017|pmc=3250868}}</ref> || Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil<ref name=AHFS2015/> ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine}} (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso"/>  || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || Treatment || || || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Doxycycline}} || Treatment || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
+
| {{w|Halofantrine}} || Treatment || || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Use of Halofantrine  Hydrochloride in  Acute Malaria|url=http://proceedings-szh.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-use-of-halofantrine-hydrochloride-in-acute-malaria.pdf|website=proceedings-szh.com|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>|| "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Intermittent preventive therapy}} || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Lumefantrine}} ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || ||
+
| {{w|Mefloquine}} || Both prevention and treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"<ref name="What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine">{{cite web|title=What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/what-you-need-to-know-about-antimalarial-drug-mefloquine/article32955626/|website=theglobeandmail.com|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."<ref name="What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>  || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>  || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" />  || ||
+
| {{w|Primaquine}} || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" />  || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || chloroquine, atovaquone || ||
+
| {{w|Proguanil}} || Both prevention and treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || chloroquine, atovaquone || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Quinidine}} || Treatment || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|accessdate= }}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Quinine}} || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm|accessdate= }}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|RTS,S}} || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Tafenoquine}} || || "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"<ref name="The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)">{{cite web|title=The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-017-1862-4|website=biomedcentral.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || ||
+
| {{w|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole}} || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] ([[wikipedia:Fansidar|Fansidar]]) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
+
| {{w|Vibramycin}} || Prevention || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| {{w|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine}} ({{w|Fansidar}}) || Treatment || || || 1967<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1967 (same year it was introduced)<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
== Herbal methods ==
 +
 +
The table below lists mostly traditional herbal medicine methods of treatment of malaria. It also may include researched non-traditional herbal species.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Species !! Family !! Focus !! Acts against !! Locations where used !! Comments/support quote 
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Abutilon grandifolium}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acacia nilotica}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acacia polyacantha}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acacia tortilis}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acacia xanthoploea}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acampe pachyglossa}}'' || {{w|Orchidaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acanthospermum hispidum}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Achyranthes aspera}}'' || {{w|Amaranthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || 
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acmella caulirhiza}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Acridocarpus chloropterus}}'' || {{w|Malpighiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Adansonia digitata}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Adenia cissampeloides}}'' || {{w|Passiforaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Ghana}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Adhatoda latibracteata}}'' || {{w|Acanthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Gabon}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aerva javanica}}'' || {{w|Amaranthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Sudan}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aerva lanata}}'' || {{w|Amaranthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aframomum giganteum}}'' || {{w|Zingiberaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Gabon}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Agathosma apiculata}}'' || {{w|Rutaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ageratum conyzoides}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimalarial activity of aqueous extract and fractions of leaves of Ageratum conyzoides in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266251758_Antimalarial_activity_of_aqueous_extract_and_fractions_of_leaves_of_Ageratum_conyzoides_in_mice_infected_with_Plasmodium_berghei |website=researchgate.net |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || Two continents, {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || "Study indicated that aqueous extract of ''A. conyzoides'' had the ability to potentiate the antimalarial activity of chloroquine and artesunate against induced plasmodiasis in mice. It contributes a lot in the malaria endemic and poverty stricken tropics."<ref name="Ukwe Chi">{{cite journal |last1=V |first1=Ukwe Chinwe |last2=I |first2=Ekwunife Obinna |last3=A |first3=Epueke Ebele |last4=M |first4=Ubaka Chukwuemeka |title=Antimalarial activity of Ageratum conyzoides in combination with chloroquine and artesunate |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=December 2010 |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60005-9}}</ref> It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || [[File:Ageratum conyzoides 1.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''{{w|Ageratum conyzoides}}'']]
 +
|-
 +
| {{w|Ajuga remota}} || {{w|Lamiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Alafa barteri}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Albizia coriaria}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Albizia gummifera}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Albizia lebbek}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || Treatment<ref name="Kalia"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Kalia">{{cite journal |last1=Kalia |first1=Shagun |last2=Walter |first2=Neha Sylvia |last3=Bagai |first3=Upma |title=Antimalarial efficacy of Albizia lebbeck (Leguminosae) against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro & P. berghei in vivo |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=December 2015 |volume=142 Suppl |pages=S101–107 |doi=10.4103/0971-5916.176635 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26905234/ |issn=0971-5916}}</ref>, ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Kalia"/> || Two continents || "Significant antiplasmodial activity of ''A. lebbeck'' should be exploited as a potential source of useful antimalarial drug in the future."<ref name="Kalia"/> || [[File:Starr 080531-4752 Albizia lebbeck.jpg|thumb|center|100px|''[[w:Albizia lebbek|A. lebeek]]'']]
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Albizia versicolor}}'' || {{w|Fabaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Alchornea cordifolia}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Ivory Coast}}, {{w|Congo D.R.}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Alepidea amatymbica}}'' || {{w|Apiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aloe ferox}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aloe maculata}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aloe marlothii}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aloe pulcherrima}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Ethiopia}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aloe secundifora}}'' || {{w|Xanthorrhoeaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Aloe weloensis}}'' || {{w|Aloaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Njogu">{{cite journal |last1=Amare |first1=Gedefaw Getnet |last2=Degu |first2=Amsalu |last3=Njogu |first3=Peter |last4=Kifle |first4=Zemene Demelash |title=Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex of Aloe weloensis (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium Parasites |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM |date=2021 |volume=2021 |pages=6664711 |doi=10.1155/2021/6664711}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Njogu"/>, ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''?<ref name="Njogu"/> || {{w|Ethiopia}}<ref name="Njogu"/> || "The leaf latex of ''Aloe weloensis'' was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use."<ref name="Njogu"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Alstonia boonei}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Nkongmeneck">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=6 January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22079831/ |issn=1872-7573}}</ref> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Otuu |first1=Chidiebere A. |last2=Obiezue |first2=Rose N. N. |last3=Okoye |first3=Chris I. |last4=Omalu |first4=Innocent C. J. |last5=Otuu |first5=Ada Q. A. |last6=Eke |first6=Samuel S. |last7=Udeh |first7=Emmanuel. O. |last8=Ekuma |first8=Innocent C. |last9=Yamman |first9=Hadijah U. |last10=Okafor |first10=Fabian C. |title=Antimalarial Activity, Phytochemical Composition and Acute Toxicity Tests of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild |journal=International Journal of Pathogen Research |date=16 December 2020 |pages=55–63 |doi=10.9734/ijpr/2020/v5i430144}}</ref> || "Results presented in study suggest that the extract of ''A. boonei'' is safe and possesses potent anti-malarial activity which justifies its continuous use in folk medicine as an anti-malarial remedy. Further works are on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the active ingredients from this plant."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyiola |first1=O.A. |last2=Tijani |first2=A.Y. |last3=Lateef |first3=K.M. |title=Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Alstonia boonei in Mice |journal=Asian Journal of Biological Sciences |date=15 March 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.3923/ajbs.2011.235.243}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Alstonia congensis}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Congo D.R.}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Amorpha fruticosa}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ampelocissus africana}}'' || {{w|Vitaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Andrographis peniculata}}'' || {{w|Acanthaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cambodia}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Anisopappus chinensis}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Frédérich">{{cite web |last1=Lusakibanza |first1=M. |last2=Mesia |first2=G. |last3=Tona |first3=G. |last4=Karemere |first4=S. |last5=Lukuka |first5=A. |last6=Tits |first6=M. |last7=Angenot |first7=L. |last8=Frédérich |first8=M. |title=In vitro and in vivo antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of five plants used in congolese traditional medicine |url=10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007. |website=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |pages=398–402 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.007 |date=June 2010}}</ref> || || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."<ref name="Frédérich"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annickia chlorantha}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Nkongmeneck">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=6 January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22079831/ |issn=1872-7573}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "The aqueous extract of the plant ''Enantia chlorantha'' was found effective in suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agbaje |first1=E. O. |last2=Onabanjo |first2=A. O. |title=The effects of extracts of Enantia chlorantha in malaria |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology |date=January 1991 |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=585–590 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1991.11812613}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annickia kummeriae}}'' || Annonaceae || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona ambotay}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guiana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Wayampi}} region<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona cherimola}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Latin America}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona coriacea}}'' || || Treatment || || || "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (''Annona coriacea'', ''Duguetia lanceolata'', ''Duguetia furfuracea'', ''Guatteria australis'', ''Xylopia brasiliensis'' and ''Xylopia emarginata'')"<ref name="Frausin"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona crassiflora}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Brazil}} ({{w|Brasilia}})<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona foetida}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Brazil}} ({{w|Bahia}})<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona glabra}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Caribbean}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona haematantha}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guiana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Wayampi}} region<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona muricata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Boyom">{{cite journal |last1=Yamthe |first1=Lauve |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick |last3=Mbouna |first3=Cedric |last4=Keumoe |first4=Rodrigue |last5=Ndjakou |first5=Bruno |last6=Djouonzo |first6=Paul |last7=Mfopa |first7=Alvine |last8=Legac |first8=Jennifer |last9=Tsabang |first9=Nole |last10=Gut |first10=Jiri |last11=Rosenthal |first11=Philip |last12=Boyom |first12=Fabrice |title=Extracts from Annona Muricata L. and Annona Reticulata L. (Annonaceae) Potently and Selectively Inhibit Plasmodium Falciparum |journal=Medicines |date=30 April 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.3390/medicines2020055}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Boyom"/><ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || Three continents, {{w|Ivory Coast}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || "The importance of ''A. muricata'' leaves to treat malaria is very crucial in tropical countries such as {{w|Cameroon}}, {{w|Togo}}, and {{w|Vietnam}}."<ref name="Abdul Wahab">{{cite journal |last1=Abdul Wahab |first1=Siti Mariam |last2=Jantan |first2=Ibrahim |last3=Haque |first3=Md. Areeful |last4=Arshad |first4=Laiba |title=Exploring the Leaves of Annona muricata L. as a Source of Potential Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Agents |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=2018 |volume=9 |pages=661 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00661 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00661/full |issn=1663-9812}}</ref> It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || [[File:Annona muricata fleur2.jpg|thumb|center|90px|''[[w:Annona muricata|A. muricata]]'']]
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona purpurea}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Mexico}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Colombia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Caribean}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona reticulata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Boyom"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Boyom"/> || {{w|Brazil}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Guatemala}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Cameroon}} || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona senegalensis}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Annona squamosa}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo">{{cite journal |last1=Frausin |first1=Gina |last2=Lima |first2=Renata Braga Souza |last3=Hidalgo |first3=Ari de Freitas |last4=Maas |first4=Paul |last5=Pohlit |first5=Adrian Martin |title=Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review |journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura |date=2014 |volume=36 |issue=spe1 |pages=315–337 |doi=10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038}}</ref> || || {{w|Africa}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|India}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "The fresh leaves of this plant are used together with ''{{w|Ocimum americanum}}'' and ''{{w|Ocimum gratissimum}}'' ({{w|Lamiaceae}}) for the treatment of malaria in different communities found in Africa."<ref name="Hidalgo"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Anogeissus leiocarpus}}'' || {{w|Combretaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Anonidium mannii}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/><ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/><ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh">{{cite journal |last1=Tajbakhsh |first1=Elahe |last2=Kwenti |first2=Tebit Emmanuel |last3=Kheyri |first3=Parya |last4=Nezaratizade |first4=Saeed |last5=Lindsay |first5=David S. |last6=Khamesipour |first6=Faham |title=Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature |journal=Malaria Journal |date=December 2021 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=349 |doi=10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ansellia africana}}'' || {{w|Orchidaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Tanzania}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Anthocleista grandifora}}'' || {{w|Gentianaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Anthocleista nobilis}}'' || {{w|Gentianaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Burkina Faso}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Anthocleista vogelii}}'' || {{w|Gentianaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Arenga engleri}}'' || {{w|Arecaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Artabotrys monteiroae}}'' || {{w|Arecaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Artemisia afra}}'' || {{w|Asteraceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Kenya}}, {{w|South Africa}}, {{w|Zimbabwe}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity in {{w|Kenya}} and {{w|South Africa}}. It has moderate antiplasmodial activity in {{w|Zimbabwe}}.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Artemisia annua}}'' || {{w|Asteraceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |title=Sweet Wormwood Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/sweet-wormwood.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>|| ''{{w|Kenya}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>|| It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Artocarpus communis}}'' || Moraceae || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Asparagus virgatus}}'' || {{w|Asparagaceae}} || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>
 +
|-
 +
| Aspilia africana Asteraceae [56] Uganda Shoots Ethyl Acetate Moderate 9.3–11.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, K1 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Aspilia pruliseta Compositae [24] Kenya Root BARKS Methanol Good 6.8–9.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Azadirachta indica}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Oj">{{cite journal |last1=Oj |first1=Afolabi |last2=Oj |first2=Afolabi |title=Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica) in Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei |doi=10.23937/2572-3987.1510024 |url=https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iacp/international-archives-of-clinical-pharmacology-iacp-7-024.php?jid=iacp |issn=2572-3987}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Oj"/> || || " Azadirachta indica plants from the Meliaceae family are extensively used as traditional remedies against malaria in the tropics"<ref name="Pillai">{{cite journal |last1=Farahna |first1=Mohammed |last2=Bedri |first2=Selma |last3=Khalid |first3=Sami |last4=Idris |first4=Mustafa |last5=Pillai |first5=C. Radhakrishna |last6=Khalil |first6=Eltahir A. |title=Anti-plasmodial effects of Azadirachta indica in experimental cerebral malaria: Apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice as a marker |journal=North American Journal of Medical Sciences |date=November 2010 |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.4297/najms.2010.2518 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338214/ |issn=2250-1541}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Azadirachta indica Meliaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stems, leaves Water Very Good 2.35–6.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd Cambodia Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 4.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd [58] Sudan Leaves Methanol Very Good 1.7–5.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd5 Nd [59] Togo Leaves Ethanol Very Good 2.48–2.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Azanza garckeana Malvaceae [60] Malawi Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 11·79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum, Vl/S Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae [24] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 8.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Root barks Methanol Very good 3.49 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
 +
|-
 +
| Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae [25] South Africa Stem barks Dichloromethane Very good 1.94 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Barringtonia racemosa Lecythidaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 5.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Berberis holstii Berberidaceae [61] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane/Methanol Very good 0.17 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Bergia sufruticosa Elatinaceae [62] Burkina Faso Whole plant Dichloromethane Moderate 19.53 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Berula erecta Apiaceae [22] South Africa Whole plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.6 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 9.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [22] South Africa Leaves Methanol Good 5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Bidens engleri Compositae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 9–18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=10 µg/
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Biophytum sensitivum}}'' || {{w|Oxalidaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Bixa orellana}}'' || {{w|Bixaceae}} Cambodia Leaves Water Good 9.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falcip
 +
|-
 +
| Boscia angustifolia Capparaceae [24] Kenya Stem barks Water Very good 1.4–4.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Boscia salicifolia Capparaceae [26] Kenya Stem barks Methanol good 1.1–8.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Boswellia dalzielii Burseraceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 14.59–15.1 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥101; Mouse [NBMH] Burkina Faso Leaves Methanol Moderate 18.85 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Moderate 14.2–19.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Bridelia mollis Hutch Phyllanthaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 3.06 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Brucea javanica Simaroubaceae [45] Cambodia Roots Dichloromethane Very good 1.0 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 11.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Burchellia bubalina Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Caesalpinia bonducella}}'' || Fabaceae [64] Nigeria Aerial Parts Ethyl Acetate Moderate 16 µg/ml EC50 Plasmodium falciparum Yes (SI=0.29–0.69;
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Calotropis gigantea}}'' || {{w|Apocynaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Kumari">{{cite journal |last1=Satish |first1=P.V.V. |last2=Kumari |first2=DSantha |last3=Sunita |first3=K |title=Antiplasmodial efficacy of Calotropis gigantea (L.) against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) |journal=Journal of Vector Borne Diseases |date=2017 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=215 |doi=10.4103/0972-9062.217612}}</ref> || ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''<ref name="Kumari"/> || || "The methanolic leaf extract of ''C. gigantea'' may act as potent alternative source for development of new medicines or drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria."<ref name="Kumari"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Calotropis procera}}'' || {{w|Asclepiadaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cananga latifolia}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cambodia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "''Cananga latifolia'', a Thai medical plant, is used for the treatment of dizziness and fever."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phatchana |first1=Ratchanee |last2=Thongsri |first2=Yordhathai |last3=Somwaeng |first3=Ratree |last4=Piboonpol |first4=Kewalin |last5=Yenjai |first5=Chavi |title=Canangalias A and B from the stem bark of Cananga latifolia |journal=Phytochemistry Letters |date=September 2015 |volume=13 |pages=147–151 |doi=10.1016/j.phytol.2015.05.025}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cananga odorata}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| Canthium setosum Rubiaceae [65] Benin Aerial Parts Methylene Chloride Very good 2.77–4.80 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Capparis tomentosa Lam Capparaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 2.19 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Capsicum annuum}}'' || {{w|Solanaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 20 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Carica papaya}}'' || {{w|Caricaceae}} || [66] Nigeria Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very good 2.96 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, DD2 No
 +
|-
 +
| Carissa edulis Apocynaceae [21] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 6.41 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
 +
|-
 +
| Carpolobia alba Polygalaceae [53] Nigeria Roots Dichloromethane Good 7.10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cassia abbreviata Fabaceae [60] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 2·88 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Vl/S Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cassia alata Fabaceae [67] D.R.Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1—5.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium Falciparum Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cassia fistula}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Cassia siamea Fabaceae [70] Togo Leaves Water Good <7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cassia tora Fabaceae [23] Sudan Aerial parts Methanol Good 3.3–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd2 No
 +
|-
 +
| Catha edulis Celastraceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 0.68 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 N
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cedrela odorata}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Cedrelopsis grevei Rutaceae [71] Madagascar Leaves Water Moderate 17.5 mg/L IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Celtis integrifolia Cannabaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI≥0.5; HepG2
 +
|-
 +
| Centella asiatica Apiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 14.9–15.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, NF54 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cephalanthus natalensis Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Ceratotheca sesamoides Pedaliaceae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 15–23 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=50 µg
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Chenopodium ambrosioides}}'' || {{w|Chenopodiaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Sapotaceae [43] Ivory Coast Stem Barks Ethanol Moderate 12.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFCB1 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cinchona officinalis}}'' || {{w|Rubiaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Cinchona succirubra Rubiaceae [73] S. Tome´ And Prı ´Ncipe Barks Petroleum Ether, Dichloromethane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol Good <10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7 And Dd2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cinnamonum camphora Lauraceae [57] Ivory Coast Cortex Water Moderate 9.37–16.6 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 & F32 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cissampelos mucronata Menispermaceae [20] Tanzania Roots Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.38 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd  Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cissampelos pareira}}'' || {{w|Menispermaceae}} || || || Three continents || Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 5.2–6.5 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [74] Kenya Root Methanol Good 5.85–7.70 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54, ENT30 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cissus populnea Vitaceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 15.81– 19.91 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥84, Mouse [NBMH])
 +
|-
 +
| Citropsis articulata Rutaceae [75] Uganda Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Nd nd Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Citrus aurantiifolia}}'' || {{w|Rutaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Clausena anisota Rutaceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 8.4–9.2 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cleistopholis glauca}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cleistopholis patens}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>, {{w|Ghana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cleistopholis staudtii}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| Clematis brachiata Thunb Ranunculaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 5.36 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd Kenya Root Barks Methanol Very Good 4.15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6 No
 +
|-
 +
| Clerodendrum eriophyllum Lamiaceae [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 2.7–5.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good <1.8–3.9 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey Lamiaceae [37] South Africa Leaves Dicloromethane Good 8.89 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Clerodendrum johnstonii Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 8.5 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 N
 +
|-
 +
| Clerodendrum rotundifolium Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Leaves Dichloromethane Good <3.9–15.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [77] Uganda Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.03–0.21 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 & FCR3 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Clutia abyssinica Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Moderate 7.8–11.3 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Clutia hirsuta Peraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Clutia robusta Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 3.4–7.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cochlospermum planchonii Bixaceae [78] Burkina Faso Rhizomes Methanol, Dichloromethane Gooda 2.4–11.5 μg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd  Ivory Coast Roots Methylene Chloride Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 No
 +
|-
 +
| Cochlospermum tinctorium Bixaceae [79] Burkina Faso Tubecles Ns Very Good 1–2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [79] Burkina Faso Tubercles Water Very Good 0.4–1.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcbl And F32 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cola caricaefolia Malvaceae [48] Ivory Coast Leaves Pentane Moderate 11–16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCM29, CQ-S (Nigerian) No
 +
|-
 +
| Combretum collinum Combretaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 0.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Combretum micranthum Combretaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stem, Leaves Water Very Good 0.88–1.7 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Combretum psidioides subsp. Psilophyllum Combretaceae [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Good 6.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Commiphora africana Burseraceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 9.6–10.2 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Commiphora schimperi Burseraceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Very Good 3.9–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd  Kenya Inner Barks Methanol Very Good 4.63 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
 +
|-
 +
| Copaifera religiosa Fabaceae [33] Gabon Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 8.5–13.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCB, 3D7 Yes (CC50=4.87 µg/
 +
|-
 +
| Conyza albida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Conyza podocephala Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Conyza scabrida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Flower Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 7.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cordia myxa Boraginaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Good 6.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI=0.5–0.9; HrpG2 cells)
 +
|-
 +
| Coula edulis Olacaceae [80] Cameroon Stem Barks Methanol Good 5.79–13.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, DD2 N
 +
|-
 +
| Crossopteryx febrifuga Rubiaceae [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Crotalaria burkeana Fabaceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 9.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Croton lobatus Euphorbiaceae [65] Benin Roots Methanol Good 2.80–6.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae [30] Kenya Leaves, Stems Dichloromethane Very Good 2.72 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Croton menghartii Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 1.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Croton pseudopulchellus Euphorbiaceae [25] South Africa Stem Barks Chloroform Very Good 3.45 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Croton zambesicus Euphorbiaceae [55] Cameroon Stem Barks Ethanol, Water, Dichloromethane, Methanol, Hexane Good 0.88–9.14 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd    Sudan Fruits Petroleum Ether/ Chloroform Very Good <5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
 +
|-
 +
| Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Apocynaceae [81] GuineaBissau Leaves, Roots Ethanol, Chcl3, Chloroform Very Good 1.79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, T996 Nd [82] Ghana Roots Ethanol Very gooda 0.031 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, Plasmodium berghei Nd [83] D.R. Congo Root barks Water, ethanol, chloroform Very good 27–41 ng/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, K1, W2, Plasmodium berghei yoelii, Plasmodium berghei berghei Nd [84] Ghana Roots Hexane, ethanol, dichloromethane Very gooda 0.2–0.6 μM IC50 Plasmodium vinckei petteri, Plasmodium berghei ANKA N
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cuminum cyminum}}'' || {{w|Umbelliferae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Curcuma longa}}'' || {{w|Zingiberaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| Cussonia spicata Thunb Araliaceae [22] South Africa Fruits Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 14 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [37] South Africa Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 3.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Cymbopetalum brasiliense}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Colombia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Dennettia tripetala}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Nigeria}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Desmos teysmannii}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Malaysia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''Dicoma anomala'' subsp. ''gerrardii'' || Compositae || || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || {{w|South Africa}}<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/> || It has very good antiplasmodial activity.<ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Duguetia duckei}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Brazil}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Duguetia furfuracea}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Brazil}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (''Annona coriacea'', ''Duguetia lanceolata'', ''Duguetia furfuracea'', ''Guatteria australis'', ''Xylopia brasiliensis'' and ''Xylopia emarginata'')"<ref name="Frausin"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Duguetia lanceolata}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || ||  "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (''Annona coriacea'', ''Duguetia lanceolata'', ''Duguetia furfuracea'', ''Guatteria australis'', ''Xylopia brasiliensis'' and ''Xylopia emarginata'')"<ref name="Frausin">{{cite journal |last1=Frausin |first1=Gina |last2=Lima |first2=Renata Braga Souza |last3=Hidalgo |first3=Ari de Freitas |last4=Maas |first4=Paul |last5=Pohlit |first5=Adrian Martin |title=Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review |journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura |date=2014 |volume=36 |issue=spe1 |pages=315–337 |doi=10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Duguetia spixiana}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Bolivia}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || 
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Duguetia staudtii}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>, {{w|Democratic Republic of Congo}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Elephantopus scaber}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || 
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Enantia chlorantha}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="ResearchGa">{{cite journal |title=(PDF) Traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles, and toxicity of Enantia chlorantha (Oliver): An overview |journal=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311607552_Traditional_uses_phytochemical_and_pharmacological_profiles_and_toxicity_of_Enantia_chlorantha_Oliver_An_overview |language=en}}</ref> || || || "Enantia chlorantha stem bark has been scientifically studied for its several pharmacological activities. These include antimalarial".<ref name="ResearchGa"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Erythrina indica}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Eucalyptus citriodora}}'' || {{w|Myrtaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Euphorbia hirta}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Fissistigma rigidum}}'' || || Treatment || || {{w|Asia}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Gossypium barbadense}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Greenwayodendron}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Ghana}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Guatteria australis}}'' || || Treatment || || || "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (''Annona coriacea'', ''Duguetia lanceolata'', ''Duguetia furfuracea'', ''Guatteria australis'', ''Xylopia brasiliensis'' and ''Xylopia emarginata'')"<ref name="Frausin"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Guatteria discolor}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|French Guyana}}, Guayapi Indians ({{w|Colombia}})<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Guatteria megalophylla}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || Witoto indians<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Guatteria schunkevigoi}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Ecuador}} || "Schultes and Raffauf (1994) reported the use of the bark of Guatteria schunkevigoi among the local populations in the Napo region of Ecuador. In the procedure described, the bark is ground and mixed with water and rubbed on the body to combat fevers."<ref name="Plants of the Annonaceae">{{cite journal |last1=Frausin |first1=Gina |last2=Lima |first2=Renata Braga Souza |last3=Hidalgo |first3=Ari de Freitas |last4=Maas |first4=Paul |last5=Pohlit |first5=Adrian Martin |title=Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review |journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura |date=2014 |volume=36 |issue=spe1 |pages=315–337 |doi=10.1590/S0100-29452014000500038}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Hexalobus crispiflorus}}'' || || Treatment (fever)<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha">{{cite journal |last1=Tsabang |first1=Nolé |last2=Fokou |first2=Patrick Valère Tsouh |last3=Tchokouaha |first3=Lauve Rachel Yamthe |last4=Noguem |first4=Béatrice |last5=Bakarnga-Via |first5=Issakou |last6=Nguepi |first6=Mireille Sylviane Dongmo |last7=Nkongmeneck |first7=Bernard Aloys |last8=Boyom |first8=Fabrice Fekam |title=Ethnopharmacological survey of Annonaceae medicinal plants used to treat malaria in four areas of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=January 2012 |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.035}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Isolona hexaloba}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Jatropha curcas}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Kalanchoe pinnata}}'' || {{w|Crassulaceae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Lantana camara}}'' || Labiatae || || Vector<ref>{{cite web |title=The Promise of a Plant in the Fight against Malaria - United Republic of Tanzania |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/united-republic-tanzania/promise-plant-fight-against-malaria |website=ReliefWeb |access-date=3 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Leonotis nepetaefolia}}'' || {{w|Labiatae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Mangifera indica}}'' || {{w|Anacardiaceae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Melia azedarach}}'' || {{w|Meliaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Monodora brevipes}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Monodora tenuifolia}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Moringa oleifera}}'' || {{w|Moraceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Momordica charantia}}'' || {{w|Cucurbitaceae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Monodora myristica}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>, {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || [[File:Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Plate 3059 (Volume 58, 1831).png|thumb|center|150px|''{{w|Monodora myristica}}'']]
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Nigella sativa}}'' || {{w|Ranunculaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ocimum americanum}}'' || {{w|Labiatae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ocimum basilicum}}'' || {{w|Labiatae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ocimum canum}}'' || {{w|Labiatae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ocimum gratissimum}}'' || {{w|Labiatae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Pachypodanthium mannii}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Phyllanthus amarus}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oronsaye |first1=F. E. |title=Treatment of malaria using a new plant Phyllantus amarus |url=https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/proceedings/treatment-of-malaria-using-a-new-plant-phyllantus-amarus-9821.html |website=Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology |access-date=3 January 2022 |doi=10.4172/2155-9597-C1-032 |date=0000}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Phyllanthus niruri}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olawale |first1=Jeje Temitope |last2=Bando |first2=Hironori |last3=Fukuda |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=Oluwafemi |first4=Ibukun Emmanuel |last5=Kato |first5=Kentaro |title=Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri protects against severe malaria by blocking erythrocyte invasion and modulating the host immune response |date=10 July 2021 |pages=2021.07.09.451735 |doi=10.1101/2021.07.09.451735v1.full |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451735v1.full |language=en}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Physalis angulata}}'' || {{w|Solanaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Frédérich"/> || || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."<ref name="Frédérich"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Plantago major}}'' || {{w|Plantaginaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Plumbago zeylanica}}'' || {{w|Plumbaginaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Polyalthia debilis}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Hidalgo"/><ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Thailand}}<ref name="sassrer"/> || "The ethanol extracts of Polyalthia debilis (...) proved to be quite active against ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in vitro."<ref name="Hidalgo"/> "Antimalarial activity of the extracts and fractions was tested against chloroquine resistant ''P. falciparum''."<ref name="sassrer">{{cite journal |last1=Prachayasittikul |first1=Supaluk |last2=Manam |first2=Patumporn |last3=Chinworrungsee |first3=Maneekarn |last4=Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya |first4=Chartchalerm |last5=Ruchirawat |first5=Somsak |last6=Prachayasittikul |first6=Virapong |title=Bioactive Azafluorenone Alkaloids from Polyalthia debilis (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. |journal=Molecules |date=3 November 2009 |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=4414–4424 |doi=10.3390/molecules14114414}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Polyalthia suaveolens}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Democratic Republic of Congo}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>, other parts of {{w|Africa}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || A study result supports the traditional use of ''P. suaveolens'' to treat malaria and relative symptoms."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mfopa |first1=Alvine Ngoutane |title=Antiplasmodial activity and acute toxicity of fractions from Cameroonian plant Polyalthia suaveolens |date=2014 |doi=10.13140/2.1.1753.1848}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Polyceratocarpus}}'' (genus) || {{w|Annonaceae}} || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Prosopis juliflora}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || || "This[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S175646461830077X] study reports for the first time the in vivo antimalarial activity of julifloridine, juliprosopine and alkaloid-enriched extracts from ''P. juliflora'' (Fabaceae)."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batista |first1=Ronan |last2=Santana |first2=Clarissa Cunha |last3=Azevedo-Santos |first3=Alene Vanessa |last4=Suarez-Fontes |first4=Ana Márcia |last5=Ferraz |first5=José Lucas de Almeida Antunes |last6=Silva |first6=Luiz Alberto Mattos |last7=Vannier-Santos |first7=Marcos André |title=In vivo antimalarial extracts and constituents of Prosopis juliflora (Fabaceae) |journal=Journal of Functional Foods |date=May 2018 |volume=44 |pages=74–78 |doi=10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.032}}</ref> || [[File:Vilaiti Keekar (Prosopis juliflora) W IMG 6935.jpg|thumb|center|150px|''{{w|Prosopis juliflora}}'']]
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Psidium guajava}}'' || {{w|Myrtaceae}} || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Ricinus communis}}'' || {{w|Euphorbiaceae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ubulom |first1=Peace ME. |last2=Ettebong |first2=Ette O. |last3=Udofia |first3=Edidiong J. |last4=Inyang Etuk |first4=Rachel S |title=In vivo antiplasmodial potential of aqueous seed extract of Ricinus communis |journal=Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology |date=25 February 2019 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.15171/jhp.2019.21 |url=http://herbmedpharmacol.com/Article/jhp-1290 |language=en |issn=2345-5004}}</ref> || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| Rotheca myricoides Lamiaceae [76] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.0—8.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum(K39, ENT30, NF54, V1/S) Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.7–8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Moderate 11 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 10.9–15.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Scoparia dulcis}}'' || {{w|Scrophulariaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Senna alata}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Senna obtusifolia}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Senna occidentalis}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || Three continents Senna occidentalis L Fabaceae [68] Mozambique And Portugal Roots N-Hexane Moderate 19.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Moderate 18.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [69] D.R. Congo Leaves Petroleum Ether Very Good 1.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [67] D.R. Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1— 0.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Senna tora}}'' || {{w|Leguminosae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Sida rhombifolia}}'' || {{w|Malvaceae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Solanum nigrum}}'' || {{w|Solanaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Spondias mombin}}'' || {{w|Anacardiaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Strychnos icaja}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Frédérich"/> || || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."<ref name="Frédérich"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Tagetes erecta}}'' || {{w|Compositae}}
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Tamarindus indica}}'' || Leguminosae || Treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhadoriya |first1=Santosh Singh |last2=Ganeshpurkar |first2=Aditya |last3=Narwaria |first3=Jitendra |last4=Rai |first4=Gopal |last5=Jain |first5=Alok Pal |title=Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |date=January 2011 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=73–81 |doi=10.4103/0973-7847.79102 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22096321/ |issn=0976-2787}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Tinthonia diversifolia}}'' || {{w|Compositae}} || Treatment<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elufioye |first1=T. O. |last2=Agbedahunsi |first2=J. M. |title=Antimalarial activities of Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) and Crossopteryx febrifuga (Rubiaceae) on mice in vivo |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=August 2004 |volume=93 |issue=2-3 |pages=167–171 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.009 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15234749/ |issn=0378-8741}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Uvaria banmanni}}'' || {{w|Annonaceae}} || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || || "Non-volatile extracts from ''Annickia chlorantha'', ''Annona muricata'', ''Anonidium mannii'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Polyalthia suaveolens'', ''Uvaria banmanni'', ''Xylopia aethiopica'', and ''Xylopia parviflora'' also showed potency against ''Plasmodium falciparum'' in vitro."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia aethiopica}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Plants of the Annonaceae"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Plants of the Annonaceae"/> || "In Cameroon Xylopia aethiopica, commonly named Ethiopian Pepper is the only species of this genus claimed to be useful for the treatment of malaria and other diseases."<ref name="Plants of the Annonaceae"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia aromatica}}'' || ''{{w|Annonaceae}}'' || Treatment<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || {{w|Brazil}}<ref name="Hidalgo"/> || "''Xylopia aromatica'' is reported to be useful for the treatment of malaria by local populations in the region around the Brazilian Federal Capital, {{w|Brasília}}"<ref name="Hidalgo"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia brasiliensis}}'' || || Treatment || || || "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (''Annona coriacea'', ''Duguetia lanceolata'', ''Duguetia furfuracea'', ''Guatteria australis'', ''Xylopia brasiliensis'' and ''Xylopia emarginata'')"<ref name="Frausin"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia emarginata}}'' || || Treatment || || ||  "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (''Annona coriacea'', ''Duguetia lanceolata'', ''Duguetia furfuracea'', ''Guatteria australis'', ''Xylopia brasiliensis'' and ''Xylopia emarginata'')"<ref name="Frausin"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia hypolampra}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia parviflora}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}''<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Xylopia staudtii}}'' || || Treatment<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Tchokouaha"/> || "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to ''Annona muricata'', ''Annona senegalensis'', ''Annona squamosa'', ''Annonidium mannii'', ''Hexalobus crispiflorus'', ''Isolona hexaloba'', ''Monodora myristica'', ''Monodora brevipes'', ''Monodora tenuifolia'', {{w|Polyceratocarpus}} sp., ''Xylopia aethiopica'', ''Xylopia hypolampra'', ''Xylopia parviflora'', ''Xylopia staudtii'', ''{{w|Uvaria}}'' sp."<ref name="Tchokouaha"/>
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Zanthoxylum macrophylla}}'' || || Treatment || || {{w|Cameroon}}<ref name="Nkongmeneck"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Zingiber officinale}}'' || {{w|Zingiberaceae}} || || || Three continents
 +
|-
 +
| ''{{w|Zizyphus mauritiana}}'' || {{w|Rhamnaceae}} ||
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
==Non-drug Methods==
+
== Other Methods==
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! First use !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Status  
+
! Method !! Focus !! Acts against !! First use !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Status  
 +
|-
 +
| Chicken scent || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || ||
 
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/> || Prevention || Mosquito || || || "
 +
*Prevent mosquito maturation by eliminating breeding sites
 +
*Community-wide protective effect
 +
*Useful in peri-urban and urban areas where transmission is focal77
 +
*Useful in economic development sites where nonimmune populations may be concentrated
 +
*Sustainable reductions in transmission, morbidity, and mortality observed when integrated with other interventions
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 +
|| "
 +
*Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., periodic maintenance, labor intensive)
 +
*Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
 +
*High initial costs
 +
*Intersectoral action is required
 +
*Impact difficult to quantify when integrated wth other interventions
 +
*Some undesirable environmental impact if activities target wetlands
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
 
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
Line 104: Line 602:
 
| Fogging || || || || || || ||  
 
| Fogging || || || || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> ||"
 +
*Mosquitoes killed and repelled 
 +
*Community-wide protective effect   
 +
*Once sprayed, *no additional commitment from community   
 +
*Residual activity: 3–12 months, depending on the insecticide   
 +
*Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings   
 +
*No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment.
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies">{{cite web|title=Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1724/table/pg249.t5/?report=objectonly|website=nih.gov|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>
 +
 +
||
 +
"
 +
*Insecticide resistance monitoring and management
 +
*Ineffective against exophilic malaria vectors
 +
*Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., transportation into remote communities are difficult, labor intensive) and resource requirements
 +
*Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
 +
*Acceptability among community members
 +
*Required removal of all belongings, except large pieces of furniture, from the home
 +
*Health and safety of sprayers and communities<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 +
"
 +
"homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers"/>
 +
|-
 +
| Insecticide–treated nets || Prevention || Mosquito || || ||    "
 +
*Mosquitoes killed and repelled
 +
*Community-wide protective effect, if coverage rate is high, extended to neighboring communities15
 +
*Rebound effect not observed75
 +
*Individual and community decisions to use
 +
*Effectively treated nets with sizeable holes remain effective76
 +
*Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings
 +
*No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 +
|| "
 +
*Ineffective against exophagic malaria Vectors
 +
*Decreased susceptibility and increasing resistance to pyrethroids, but nets may still be a practical means of personal protection65
 +
*Periodic net retreatment is required (as long-lasting nets become available, retreatment will cease to be a problem)
 +
*Distribution and sustainability problems, particularly in impoverished areas when nets are not distributed free of charge
 +
*Low coverage rates, particularly in high-risk groups such as children and pregnant women, when nets are not distributed free of charge
 +
*Difficult to promote in areas of unstable transmission
 +
*Individual attitudes and practices (e.g., ineffective for persons sleeping outside)"<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers"/>
 +
 
 +
Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria—should we abandon insecticide-treated bednets?|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-07-malariashould-abandon-insecticide-treated-bednets.html#nRlv|website=medicalxpress.com|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>
 +
||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || ||
 
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || ||
Line 124: Line 662:
 
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||  
 
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || Mosquito || 484–?425 BC<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.">{{cite journal|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.|journal=Institute of Medicine (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215620/|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || ||  
 
| [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || ||  
Line 139: Line 677:
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Usage status
+
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Duration of effective action (months) !! Usage status
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}}
+
| [[wikipedia:Alpha-cypermethrin|Alpha-cypermethrin]] || || || || || || || 4–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Bifenthrin|Bifenthrin]] || || circa 1984<ref name="bifenthrin"/>  || || || "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."<ref name="bifenthrin">{{cite web|title=bifenthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/78.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."<ref name="bifenthrin"/> || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 
|-
 
|-
| BHC ([[wikipedia:Lindane|Lindane]]?) || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Cyfluthrin|Cyfluthrin]] || Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations<ref>{{cite web|title=cyfluthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/192.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || 1983<ref>{{cite web|title=cyfluthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/192.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 
|-
 
|-
| Dieldrin || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || 1974, first described<ref name="deltamethrin">{{cite web|title=deltamethrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/205.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || || || "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."<ref name="deltamethrin"/> || "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."<ref name="deltamethrin"/> || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 
|-
 
|-
| HCH || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Etofenprox|Etofenprox]] || Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields<ref name="etofenprox">{{cite web|title=etofenprox|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/283.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || 1987<ref name="etofenprox"/> || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Bendiocarb|Bendiocarb]] || || || || || || || 2–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| BHC ([[wikipedia:Lindane|Lindane]]?) || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| Dieldrin || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Fenitrothion|Fenitrothion]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?">{{cite journal|last1=Sadasivaiah|first1=Shobha|last2=Tozan|first2=Yeim|last3=Breman|first3=Joel G.|title=Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1724/|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| HCH || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Lambda-cyhalothrin|Lambda-cyhalothrin]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Malathion|Malathion]] || || || || || || || 2–3<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Paris green|Paris green]] || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Pirimiphosmethyl|Pirimiphosmethyl]] || || || || || || || 2–3<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Propoxur|Propoxur]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Pyrethrin|Pyrethrin]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| [[wikipedia:Paris green|Paris green]] || || || || || ||
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
[[wikipedia:Carbamate#Carbamate insecticides|Carbamate insecticide]]s http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
 
[[wikipedia:Carbamate#Carbamate insecticides|Carbamate insecticide]]s http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
 +
 +
== Vaccine developments ==
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
Line 163: Line 728:
 
* [[wikipedia:History of malaria|History of malaria]]
 
* [[wikipedia:History of malaria|History of malaria]]
 
* [[wikipedia:User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria|User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria]]
 
* [[wikipedia:User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria|User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria]]
 +
 +
{{funding info}} is available.
 +
 +
== What the table is missing ==
 +
 +
* [https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0.pdf] check here! ref name: <ref name="Tajbakhsh"/>
 +
* [https://www.scielo.br/j/rbf/a/RWW5Sk3dtj5vSQYzSRLmfHN/?lang=en#ModalTablea38tab01]
 +
* [https://www.scielo.br/j/rbf/a/RWW5Sk3dtj5vSQYzSRLmfHN/?lang=en#]
 +
* [http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz.htm]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18848979/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32724666/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27321410/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24638906/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32045683/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28183236/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31692025/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734792/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784919/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32518693/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33364508/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28890153/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29097636/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30947717/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33732056/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19429309/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17572031/]
 +
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21093570/]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Latest revision as of 15:09, 21 May 2022

This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.

TODO

Drug Methods

Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.

Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both

ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?

also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.

Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?

consider "patient compliance" as a column

include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Method Focus Acts against Route of administration First use First resistance Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Combines with Status
Amodiaquine Treatment "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"[1] oral[2] 1951[3] 1971[3] Africa Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug lumefantrine which should be taken with fatty food).[4] "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"[5] Artesunate WHO Essential Medicine
Artemether Treatment[6] "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[6] Oral[7], intramuscular injection[8] 1987 Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."[9] Lumefantrine WHO Essential Medicine
Artemisinin Treatment Plasmodium falciparum Oral, intramuscular, rectal[10][11] 1970s[3] 1998[3], 2009[12] Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[14]:165
Artemotil Treatment Plasmodium falciparum[15] "Intramuscular injection only."[16] 2000 [17] "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."[17]
Artemether/lumefantrine Treatment Plasmodium falciparum "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "[18] "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."[18]
Artesunate Treatment Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally), severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)[19] Oral, parenteral[19] 1996[20] Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[13]
Artesunate/amodiaquine Treatment[21] "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[21] Oral[22] 2007[23] Sub-Saharan Africa
Artesunate suppositories Treatment[24]
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) Both prevention and treatment[25] Blood and liver phases of Plasmodium falciparum[26] Oral 1996[3] 2002[3] Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[27]
Chloroquine Both prevention and treatment "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[28] Oral ~1940s (during WWII) 1957[29] "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"[30] Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[31] Proguanil
Chlorproguanil-Dapsone Treatment "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[32] "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[32]
Clindamycin Treatment[33] Plasmodium falciparum[33] oral, topical, intravenous, intravaginal[34][35] 1960s[33] "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."[36] "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."[37] Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil[34]
Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) Oral (pills)[38] "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."[18]
Doxycycline Treatment
Halofantrine Treatment "Introduced in the 1980s"[27] "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."[39] "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[27] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[27]
Intermittent preventive therapy
Lumefantrine (benflumetol) Treatment[16] "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[16] "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[16]
Mefloquine Both prevention and treatment Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax 1977[3] 1982[3] "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"[40] "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."[40]
Piperaquine Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum[41] 1963[42]
Primaquine Treatment "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[16] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[16] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[13] "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[13]
Proguanil Both prevention and treatment Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine, atovaquone
Quinidine Treatment Plasmodium falciparum
Quinine Treatment "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[43] <1700[44] 1910[3]
RTS,S Prevention Plasmodium falciparum
Tafenoquine "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"[45]
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Treatment[46]
Vibramycin Prevention
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) Treatment 1967[3] 1967 (same year it was introduced)[3] "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[3]

Herbal methods

The table below lists mostly traditional herbal medicine methods of treatment of malaria. It also may include researched non-traditional herbal species.

Species Family Focus Acts against Locations where used Comments/support quote
Abutilon grandifolium Malvaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47]
Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acacia polyacantha Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acacia tortilis Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acacia xanthoploea Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acampe pachyglossa Orchidaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acanthospermum hispidum Compositae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Burkina Faso[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acmella caulirhiza Compositae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Acridocarpus chloropterus Malpighiaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Adansonia digitata Malvaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Adenia cissampeloides Passiforaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Ghana[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Adhatoda latibracteata Acanthaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Gabon[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aerva javanica Amaranthaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Sudan[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aframomum giganteum Zingiberaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Gabon[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Agathosma apiculata Rutaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ageratum conyzoides Compositae Treatment[48] Plasmodium falciparum[47] Two continents, Kenya[47] "Study indicated that aqueous extract of A. conyzoides had the ability to potentiate the antimalarial activity of chloroquine and artesunate against induced plasmodiasis in mice. It contributes a lot in the malaria endemic and poverty stricken tropics."[49] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ajuga remota Lamiaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Alafa barteri Apocynaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Nigeria[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Albizia coriaria Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Albizia gummifera Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Albizia lebbek Leguminosae Treatment[50] Plasmodium falciparum[50], Plasmodium berghei[50] Two continents "Significant antiplasmodial activity of A. lebbeck should be exploited as a potential source of useful antimalarial drug in the future."[50]
Albizia versicolor Fabaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Alchornea cordifolia Euphorbiaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Ivory Coast, Congo D.R.[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Alepidea amatymbica Apiaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe ferox Xanthorrhoeaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe maculata Xanthorrhoeaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe marlothii Xanthorrhoeaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe pulcherrima Xanthorrhoeaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Ethiopia[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe secundifora Xanthorrhoeaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aloe weloensis Aloaceae Treatment[51] Plasmodium falciparum[51], Plasmodium berghei?[51] Ethiopia[51] "The leaf latex of Aloe weloensis was endowed with the antimalarial activity at various doses, corroborating the plant's claimed traditional use."[51]
Alstonia boonei Treatment[52] Cameroon[52], Nigeria[53] "Results presented in study suggest that the extract of A. boonei is safe and possesses potent anti-malarial activity which justifies its continuous use in folk medicine as an anti-malarial remedy. Further works are on-going to isolate, identify and characterize the active ingredients from this plant."[54]
Alstonia congensis Apocynaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Congo D.R.[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Amorpha fruticosa Euphorbiaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ampelocissus africana Vitaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Andrographis peniculata Acanthaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Cambodia[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anisopappus chinensis Treatment[55] Democratic Republic of the Congo "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55]
Annickia chlorantha Annonaceae Treatment[52] Plasmodium falciparum[56] Cameroon[52], Nigeria[57] "The aqueous extract of the plant Enantia chlorantha was found effective in suppressing Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice"[58]
Annickia kummeriae Annonaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Annona ambotay Annonaceae Treatment[57] French Guiana[57], Wayampi region[57]
Annona cherimola Treatment[57] Latin America[57]
Annona coriacea Treatment "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Annona crassiflora Annonaceae Treatment[57] Brazil (Brasilia)[57]
Annona foetida Treatment[57] Brazil (Bahia)[57]
Annona glabra Treatment[57] Caribbean[57]
Annona haematantha Treatment[57] French Guiana[57], Wayampi region[57]
Annona muricata Annonaceae Treatment[60] Plasmodium falciparum[60][56] Three continents, Ivory Coast[47] "The importance of A. muricata leaves to treat malaria is very crucial in tropical countries such as Cameroon, Togo, and Vietnam."[61] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Annona purpurea Treatment[57] Mexico[57], Colombia[57], Caribean[57]
Annona reticulata Annonaceae Treatment[60] Plasmodium falciparum[60] Brazil[57], Guatemala[57], Cameroon It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Treatment[57] Cameroon[57], Nigeria[57]
Annona squamosa Annonaceae Treatment[57] Africa[57], India[57] "The fresh leaves of this plant are used together with Ocimum americanum and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) for the treatment of malaria in different communities found in Africa."[57]
Anogeissus leiocarpus Combretaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Nigeria[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anonidium mannii Annonaceae Treatment (fever)[57] Plasmodium falciparum[56][47] Cameroon[57][47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Ansellia africana Orchidaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Tanzania[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anthocleista grandifora Gentianaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anthocleista nobilis Gentianaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Burkina Faso[47] It has moderate antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Anthocleista vogelii Gentianaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Nigeria[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Arenga engleri Arecaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Artabotrys monteiroae Arecaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Artemisia afra Asteraceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity in Kenya and South Africa. It has moderate antiplasmodial activity in Zimbabwe.[47]
Artemisia annua Asteraceae Treatment[62] Plasmodium falciparum[47] Kenya[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Artocarpus communis Moraceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] Cameroon[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Asparagus virgatus Asparagaceae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Aspilia africana Asteraceae [56] Uganda Shoots Ethyl Acetate Moderate 9.3–11.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, K1 Nd
Aspilia pruliseta Compositae [24] Kenya Root BARKS Methanol Good 6.8–9.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Treatment[63] Plasmodium berghei[63] " Azadirachta indica plants from the Meliaceae family are extensively used as traditional remedies against malaria in the tropics"[64]
Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stems, leaves Water Very Good 2.35–6.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd Cambodia Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 4.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd [58] Sudan Leaves Methanol Very Good 1.7–5.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd5 Nd [59] Togo Leaves Ethanol Very Good 2.48–2.5 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd
Azanza garckeana Malvaceae [60] Malawi Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 11·79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum, Vl/S Nd
Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae [24] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 8.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Root barks Methanol Very good 3.49 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
Balanites maughamii Zygophyllaceae [25] South Africa Stem barks Dichloromethane Very good 1.94 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd
Barringtonia racemosa Lecythidaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 5.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Berberis holstii Berberidaceae [61] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane/Methanol Very good 0.17 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd
Bergia sufruticosa Elatinaceae [62] Burkina Faso Whole plant Dichloromethane Moderate 19.53 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd
Berula erecta Apiaceae [22] South Africa Whole plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.6 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 9.9 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [22] South Africa Leaves Methanol Good 5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Bidens engleri Compositae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 9–18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=10 µg/
Biophytum sensitivum Oxalidaceae
Bixa orellana Bixaceae Cambodia Leaves Water Good 9.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falcip
Boscia angustifolia Capparaceae [24] Kenya Stem barks Water Very good 1.4–4.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Boscia salicifolia Capparaceae [26] Kenya Stem barks Methanol good 1.1–8.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Boswellia dalzielii Burseraceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 14.59–15.1 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥101; Mouse [NBMH] Burkina Faso Leaves Methanol Moderate 18.85 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & W2 Nd
Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Moderate 14.2–19.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Bridelia mollis Hutch Phyllanthaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 3.06 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd
Brucea javanica Simaroubaceae [45] Cambodia Roots Dichloromethane Very good 1.0 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 11.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Burchellia bubalina Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Caesalpinia bonducella Fabaceae [64] Nigeria Aerial Parts Ethyl Acetate Moderate 16 µg/ml EC50 Plasmodium falciparum Yes (SI=0.29–0.69;
Calotropis gigantea Apocynaceae Treatment[65] Plasmodium berghei[65] "The methanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea may act as potent alternative source for development of new medicines or drugs for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria."[65]
Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae
Cananga latifolia Annonaceae Treatment (fever)[57] Cambodia[57] "Cananga latifolia, a Thai medical plant, is used for the treatment of dizziness and fever."[66]
Cananga odorata Annonaceae Treatment[57]
Canthium setosum Rubiaceae [65] Benin Aerial Parts Methylene Chloride Very good 2.77–4.80 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd
Capparis tomentosa Lam Capparaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very good 2.19 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd
Capsicum annuum Solanaceae
Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 20 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Carica papaya Caricaceae [66] Nigeria Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very good 2.96 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10, DD2 No
Carissa edulis Apocynaceae [21] Kenya Root barks Methanol Good 6.41 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
Carpolobia alba Polygalaceae [53] Nigeria Roots Dichloromethane Good 7.10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Cassia abbreviata Fabaceae [60] Malawi Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 2·88 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Vl/S Nd
Cassia alata Fabaceae [67] D.R.Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1—5.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium Falciparum Nd
Cassia fistula Leguminosae
Cassia siamea Fabaceae [70] Togo Leaves Water Good <7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
Cassia tora Fabaceae [23] Sudan Aerial parts Methanol Good 3.3–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, Dd2 No
Catha edulis Celastraceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Very Good 0.68 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 N
Cedrela odorata Meliaceae
Cedrelopsis grevei Rutaceae [71] Madagascar Leaves Water Moderate 17.5 mg/L IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
Celtis integrifolia Cannabaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI≥0.5; HepG2
Centella asiatica Apiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 14.9–15.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, NF54 Nd
Cephalanthus natalensis Rubiaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 16.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Ceratotheca sesamoides Pedaliaceae [63] Senegal Leaves Petroleum ether Moderate 15–23 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri Yes (IC50=50 µg
Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Sapotaceae [43] Ivory Coast Stem Barks Ethanol Moderate 12.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFCB1 Nd
Cinchona officinalis Rubiaceae
Cinchona succirubra Rubiaceae [73] S. Tome´ And Prı ´Ncipe Barks Petroleum Ether, Dichloromethane, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol Good <10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7 And Dd2 Nd
Cinnamonum camphora Lauraceae [57] Ivory Coast Cortex Water Moderate 9.37–16.6 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 & F32 Nd
Cissampelos mucronata Menispermaceae [20] Tanzania Roots Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.38 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd
Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae Three continents Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 5.2–6.5 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [74] Kenya Root Methanol Good 5.85–7.70 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54, ENT30 Nd
Cissus populnea Vitaceae [50] Nigeria Ns Methanol, Water, Butanol, Ethyl Acetate Moderate 15.81– 19.91 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum3D7, K1 Yes (SI≥84, Mouse [NBMH])
Citropsis articulata Rutaceae [75] Uganda Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Nd nd Plasmodium falciparumFcb1 Nd
Citrus aurantiifolia Rutaceae
Clausena anisota Rutaceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 8.4–9.2 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 18 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD10 Nd
Cleistopholis glauca Treatment (fever)[57] Cameroon[57]
Cleistopholis patens Treatment[57] Cameroon[57], Ghana[57]
Cleistopholis staudtii Treatment (fever)[57] Cameroon[57]
Clematis brachiata Thunb Ranunculaceae [37] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 5.36 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd Kenya Root Barks Methanol Very Good 4.15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6 No
Clerodendrum eriophyllum Lamiaceae [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 2.7–5.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Very Good <1.8–3.9 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd
Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey Lamiaceae [37] South Africa Leaves Dicloromethane Good 8.89 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 Nd
Clerodendrum johnstonii Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 8.5 µg/ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 N
Clerodendrum rotundifolium Lamiaceae [24] Kenya Leaves Dichloromethane Good <3.9–15.7 µg/ ml C50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [77] Uganda Leaves Ethyl Acetate Very Good 0.03–0.21 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumNF54 & FCR3 Nd
Clutia abyssinica Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Moderate 7.8–11.3 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Clutia hirsuta Peraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Clutia robusta Peraceae [24] Kenya Leaves Methanol Good 3.4–7.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Cochlospermum planchonii Bixaceae [78] Burkina Faso Rhizomes Methanol, Dichloromethane Gooda 2.4–11.5 μg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd Ivory Coast Roots Methylene Chloride Very Good 4.4 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 No
Cochlospermum tinctorium Bixaceae [79] Burkina Faso Tubecles Ns Very Good 1–2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [79] Burkina Faso Tubercles Water Very Good 0.4–1.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcbl And F32 Nd
Cola caricaefolia Malvaceae [48] Ivory Coast Leaves Pentane Moderate 11–16 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCM29, CQ-S (Nigerian) No
Combretum collinum Combretaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 0.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Nd
Combretum micranthum Combretaceae [57] Ivory Coast Stem, Leaves Water Very Good 0.88–1.7 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Fcb1 & F32 Nd
Combretum psidioides subsp. Psilophyllum Combretaceae [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Good 6.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1 Nd
Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae [22] South Africa Twigs Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 15 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Commiphora africana Burseraceae [24] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Good 9.6–10.2 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd
Commiphora schimperi Burseraceae [26] Kenya Stem Barks Methanol Very Good 3.9–5.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd Kenya Inner Barks Methanol Very Good 4.63 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6 No
Copaifera religiosa Fabaceae [33] Gabon Leaves Dichloromethane Moderate 8.5–13.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum FCB, 3D7 Yes (CC50=4.87 µg/
Conyza albida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Conyza podocephala Asteraceae [22] South Africa Whole Plant Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 6.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Conyza scabrida Asteraceae [22] South Africa Flower Dichloromethane/Methanol Good 7.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Cordia myxa Boraginaceae [52] Burkina Faso Leaves Dichloromethane Good 6.2 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodiumfalciparum Yes (SI=0.5–0.9; HrpG2 cells)
Coula edulis Olacaceae [80] Cameroon Stem Barks Methanol Good 5.79–13.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7, DD2 N
Crossopteryx febrifuga Rubiaceae [27] Burkina Faso Leaves Crude Alkaloid Good 4–10 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd
Crotalaria burkeana Fabaceae [22] South Africa Roots Dichloromethane Good 9.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Croton gratissimus var. subgratissimus Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane Very Good 3.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Croton lobatus Euphorbiaceae [65] Benin Roots Methanol Good 2.80–6.56 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 & K1 Nd
Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae [30] Kenya Leaves, Stems Dichloromethane Very Good 2.72 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2, D6 Nd
Croton menghartii Euphorbiaceae [22] South Africa Leaves Dichloromethane/Methanol Very Good 1.7 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd
Croton pseudopulchellus Euphorbiaceae [25] South Africa Stem Barks Chloroform Very Good 3.45 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum UP1 (CQ-R) Nd
Croton zambesicus Euphorbiaceae [55] Cameroon Stem Barks Ethanol, Water, Dichloromethane, Methanol, Hexane Good 0.88–9.14 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum W2 Nd Sudan Fruits Petroleum Ether/ Chloroform Very Good <5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Apocynaceae [81] GuineaBissau Leaves, Roots Ethanol, Chcl3, Chloroform Very Good 1.79 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, T996 Nd [82] Ghana Roots Ethanol Very gooda 0.031 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum K1, Plasmodium berghei Nd [83] D.R. Congo Root barks Water, ethanol, chloroform Very good 27–41 ng/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, K1, W2, Plasmodium berghei yoelii, Plasmodium berghei berghei Nd [84] Ghana Roots Hexane, ethanol, dichloromethane Very gooda 0.2–0.6 μM IC50 Plasmodium vinckei petteri, Plasmodium berghei ANKA N
Cuminum cyminum Umbelliferae
Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae
Cussonia spicata Thunb Araliaceae [22] South Africa Fruits Dichloromethane/Methanol Moderate 14 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D10 Nd [37] South Africa Root Barks Dichloromethane Very Good 3.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum NF54 Nd
Cymbopetalum brasiliense Treatment (fever)[57] Colombia[57]
Dennettia tripetala Treatment[57] Nigeria[57]
Desmos teysmannii Treatment[57] Malaysia[57]
Dicoma anomala subsp. gerrardii Compositae Plasmodium falciparum[47] South Africa[47] It has very good antiplasmodial activity.[47]
Duguetia duckei Treatment (fever)[57] Brazil[57]
Duguetia furfuracea Treatment[57] Brazil[57] "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Duguetia lanceolata Treatment[57] "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Duguetia spixiana Treatment (fever)[57] Bolivia[57]
Duguetia staudtii Annonaceae Treatment[57] Cameroon[56], Democratic Republic of Congo[56]
Elephantopus scaber Compositae
Enantia chlorantha Treatment[67] "Enantia chlorantha stem bark has been scientifically studied for its several pharmacological activities. These include antimalarial".[67]
Erythrina indica Leguminosae
Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae
Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae
Fissistigma rigidum Treatment Asia
Gossypium barbadense Malvaceae
Greenwayodendron Treatment[57] Ghana[57]
Guatteria australis Treatment "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Guatteria discolor Treatment (fever)[57] French Guyana, Guayapi Indians (Colombia)[57]
Guatteria megalophylla Treatment[57] Witoto indians[57]
Guatteria schunkevigoi Treatment (fever)[57] Ecuador "Schultes and Raffauf (1994) reported the use of the bark of Guatteria schunkevigoi among the local populations in the Napo region of Ecuador. In the procedure described, the bark is ground and mixed with water and rubbed on the body to combat fevers."[68]
Hexalobus crispiflorus Treatment (fever)[57] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Isolona hexaloba Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Three continents
Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Three continents
Lantana camara Labiatae Vector[69]
Leonotis nepetaefolia Labiatae
Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Three continents
Melia azedarach Meliaceae
Monodora brevipes Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Monodora tenuifolia Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Moringa oleifera Moraceae
Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Three continents
Monodora myristica Treatment[56] Plasmodium falciparum[56] Cameroon[56], Democratic Republic of the Congo[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Nigella sativa Ranunculaceae
Ocimum americanum Labiatae
Ocimum basilicum Labiatae
Ocimum canum Labiatae
Ocimum gratissimum Labiatae
Pachypodanthium mannii Treatment[57] Cameroon[57]
Phyllanthus amarus Euphorbiaceae Treatment[70]
Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae Treatment[71]
Physalis angulata Solanaceae Treatment[55] Democratic Republic of the Congo "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55]
Plantago major Plantaginaceae
Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae
Polyalthia debilis Annonaceae Treatment[57] Plasmodium falciparum[57][56] Thailand[72] "The ethanol extracts of Polyalthia debilis (...) proved to be quite active against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."[57] "Antimalarial activity of the extracts and fractions was tested against chloroquine resistant P. falciparum."[72]
Polyalthia suaveolens Treatment[56] Plasmodium falciparum[56] Democratic Republic of Congo[56], other parts of Africa[56] A study result supports the traditional use of P. suaveolens to treat malaria and relative symptoms."[73]
Polyceratocarpus (genus) Annonaceae Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Prosopis juliflora Leguminosae "This[2] study reports for the first time the in vivo antimalarial activity of julifloridine, juliprosopine and alkaloid-enriched extracts from P. juliflora (Fabaceae)."[74]
Psidium guajava Myrtaceae
Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Treatment[75] Three continents
Rotheca myricoides Lamiaceae [76] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.0—8.4 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum(K39, ENT30, NF54, V1/S) Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Good 4.7–8.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumD6, W2 Nd [20] Tanzania Root Barks Ethyl Acetate Moderate 11 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1 Nd [72] Kenya Root Barks Dichloromethane Moderate 10.9–15.8 µg/ ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparumK1, NF54 Nd
Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae
Senna alata Leguminosae
Senna obtusifolia Leguminosae
Senna occidentalis Leguminosae Three continents Senna occidentalis L Fabaceae [68] Mozambique And Portugal Roots N-Hexane Moderate 19.3 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 Nd [26] Kenya Root Barks Methanol Moderate 18.8 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2 Nd [69] D.R. Congo Leaves Petroleum Ether Very Good 1.5 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd [67] D.R. Congo Leaves Ethanol, Methanol, Petroleum Ether, Chloroform Very Good <0.1— 0.25 µg/ml IC50 Plasmodium falciparum Nd
Senna tora Leguminosae Three continents
Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Three continents
Solanum nigrum Solanaceae
Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae
Strychnos icaja Treatment[55] Democratic Republic of the Congo "Three plants showed a very interesting antiplasmodial activity (Anisopappus chinensis, Physalis angulata and Strychnos icaja) and one of them showed a good selectivity index (>10, Anisopappus chinensis). Anisopappus chinensis and Physalis angulata were also active in vivo."[55]
Tagetes erecta Compositae
Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Treatment[76]
Tinthonia diversifolia Compositae Treatment[77]
Uvaria Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Uvaria banmanni Annonaceae Plasmodium falciparum[56] "Non-volatile extracts from Annickia chlorantha, Annona muricata, Anonidium mannii, Monodora myristica, Polyalthia suaveolens, Uvaria banmanni, Xylopia aethiopica, and Xylopia parviflora also showed potency against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro."[56]
Xylopia aethiopica Treatment[68] Plasmodium falciparum[56] Cameroon[68] "In Cameroon Xylopia aethiopica, commonly named Ethiopian Pepper is the only species of this genus claimed to be useful for the treatment of malaria and other diseases."[68]
Xylopia aromatica Annonaceae Treatment[57] Plasmodium falciparum[57] Brazil[57] "Xylopia aromatica is reported to be useful for the treatment of malaria by local populations in the region around the Brazilian Federal Capital, Brasília"[57]
Xylopia brasiliensis Treatment "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Xylopia emarginata Treatment "Fischer et al. (2004) reported the in vitro antimalarial activity of crude extracts and alkaloid-containing fractions from six species of Annonaceae (Annona coriacea, Duguetia lanceolata, Duguetia furfuracea, Guatteria australis, Xylopia brasiliensis and Xylopia emarginata)"[59]
Xylopia hypolampra Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Xylopia parviflora Treatment[56] Plasmodium falciparum[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Xylopia staudtii Treatment[56] Cameroon[56] "Annonaceae plants to treat malaria and/or symptoms in Cameroon, including but not limited to Annona muricata, Annona senegalensis, Annona squamosa, Annonidium mannii, Hexalobus crispiflorus, Isolona hexaloba, Monodora myristica, Monodora brevipes, Monodora tenuifolia, Polyceratocarpus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia hypolampra, Xylopia parviflora, Xylopia staudtii, Uvaria sp."[56]
Zanthoxylum macrophylla Treatment Cameroon[52]
Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Three continents
Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae

Other Methods

Method Focus Acts against First use Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Status
Chicken scent Prevention Mosquito
Sulfonamide compounds
Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")[78] Prevention Mosquito "
  • Prevent mosquito maturation by eliminating breeding sites
  • Community-wide protective effect
  • Useful in peri-urban and urban areas where transmission is focal77
  • Useful in economic development sites where nonimmune populations may be concentrated
  • Sustainable reductions in transmission, morbidity, and mortality observed when integrated with other interventions

"[78]

"
  • Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., periodic maintenance, labor intensive)
  • Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
  • High initial costs
  • Intersectoral action is required
  • Impact difficult to quantify when integrated wth other interventions
  • Some undesirable environmental impact if activities target wetlands

"[78]

Exchange transfusion (ET) Treatment[79] Severe malaria[79]
Swamp draining Prevention Mosquito
Fogging
Indoor residual spraying Prevention Mosquito "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[80] "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[81] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[81] "
  • Mosquitoes killed and repelled
  • Community-wide protective effect
  • Once sprayed, *no additional commitment from community
  • Residual activity: 3–12 months, depending on the insecticide
  • Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings
  • No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment.

"[78] "

"

  • Insecticide resistance monitoring and management
  • Ineffective against exophilic malaria vectors
  • Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., transportation into remote communities are difficult, labor intensive) and resource requirements
  • Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
  • Acceptability among community members
  • Required removal of all belongings, except large pieces of furniture, from the home
  • Health and safety of sprayers and communities[78]

" "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[81]

Insecticide–treated nets Prevention Mosquito "
  • Mosquitoes killed and repelled
  • Community-wide protective effect, if coverage rate is high, extended to neighboring communities15
  • Rebound effect not observed75
  • Individual and community decisions to use
  • Effectively treated nets with sizeable holes remain effective76
  • Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings
  • No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment

"[78]

"
  • Ineffective against exophagic malaria Vectors
  • Decreased susceptibility and increasing resistance to pyrethroids, but nets may still be a practical means of personal protection65
  • Periodic net retreatment is required (as long-lasting nets become available, retreatment will cease to be a problem)
  • Distribution and sustainability problems, particularly in impoverished areas when nets are not distributed free of charge
  • Low coverage rates, particularly in high-risk groups such as children and pregnant women, when nets are not distributed free of charge
  • Difficult to promote in areas of unstable transmission
  • Individual attitudes and practices (e.g., ineffective for persons sleeping outside)"[81]

Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."[82]

Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites)
Genetic blood disorders
Selective eradication of certain mosquito species
Use of decoys[83]
Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?)
Other forms of larval control?
Pyrethroid nets Prevention It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[84]
Mosquito coil Prevention Mosquito
Mosquito mat Prevention Mosquito
Mosquito net Prevention Mosquito 484–?425 BC[85]
Immunity from repeated infection Prevention Malaria (just P. falciparum?)

Insecticides

All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)

Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp

Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.

Name Surface First use First resistance Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Duration of effective action (months) Usage status
Alpha-cypermethrin 4–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Bifenthrin circa 1984[87] "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."[87] "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."[87] 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Cyfluthrin Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations[88] 1983[89] 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Deltamethrin 1974, first described[90] "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."[90] "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."[90] 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 1943[91]:7 1946[91]:9 Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[91]:7 Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[91]:7
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD)
Etofenprox Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields[92] 1987[92] 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Bendiocarb 2–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
BHC (Lindane?)
Dieldrin
Fenitrothion 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
HCH
Lambda-cyhalothrin 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Malathion 2–3[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Deltamethrin
Paris green
Pirimiphosmethyl 2–3[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Propoxur 3–6[86] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[86]
Pyrethrin

Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf

Vaccine developments

See also

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the table is missing

External links

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