Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"
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* [[wikipedia:History of malaria|History of malaria]] | * [[wikipedia:History of malaria|History of malaria]] | ||
* [[wikipedia:User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria|User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria]] | * [[wikipedia:User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria|User:Riceissa/Comparison of measures of abundance of malaria]] | ||
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+ | {{funding info}} is available. | ||
==External links== | ==External links== |
Revision as of 09:45, 21 October 2017
This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
Contents
TODO
- get more vaccines from Malaria vaccine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
- other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
- C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [1]
- :Category:Antimalarial agents
- Antimalarial medication
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Mosquito control
- https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
Drug Methods
Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.
Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both
ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?
also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?
consider "patient compliance" as a column
include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
Method | Type | Acts against | Route of administration | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Combines with | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amodiaquine | Treatment | "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"[1] | oral[2] | 1951[3] | 1971[3] | Africa | Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug lumefantrine which should be taken with fatty food).[4] | "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"[5] | Artesunate | WHO Essential Medicine |
Artemether | Treatment[6] | "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[6] | Oral[7], intramuscular injection[8] | 1987 | Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."[9] | Lumefantrine | WHO Essential Medicine | |||
Artemisinin | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | oral, intramuscular, rectal[10][11] | 1970s[3] | 1998[3], 2009[12] | Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] | More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[14]:165 | |||
Artemotil | Treatment | "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."[15] | "Intramuscular injection only."[16] | 2000 [17] | "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."[17] | |||||
Artemether/lumefantrine | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "[18] | "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."[18] | ||||||
Artesunate | Treatment | Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally), severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)[19] | Oral, parenteral[19] | 1996[20] | Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[13] | |||||
Artesunate/amodiaquine | Treatment[21] | "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[21] | Oral[22] | 2007[23] | Sub-Saharan Africa | |||||
Artesunate suppositories | ||||||||||
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) | Treatment, prevention[24] | Blood and liver phases of Plasmodium falciparum[25] | Oral | 1996[3] | 2002[3] | Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[26] | ||||
Chloroquine | Both | "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[27] | Oral | ~1940s (during WWII) | 1957[28] | "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"[29] | Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[30] | Proguanil | ||
Chlorproguanil-Dapsone | Treatment | "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[31] | "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[31] | |||||||
Clindamycin | Treatment[32] | Plasmodium falciparum[32] | oral, topical, intravenous, intravaginal[33][34] | 1960s[32] | "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."[35] | "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."[36] | Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil[33] | |||
Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) | Oral (pills)[37] | "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."[18] | ||||||||
Doxycycline | Treatment | |||||||||
Halofantrine | Treatment | "Introduced in the 1980s"[26] | "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."[38] | "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[26] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[26] | ||||||
Intermittent preventive therapy | ||||||||||
Lumefantrine (benflumetol) | Treatment[16] | "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[16] | "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[16] | |||||||
Mefloquine | Both | Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax | 1977[3] | 1982[3] | "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"[39] | "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."[39] | ||||
Piperaquine | Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum[40] | 1963[41] | ||||||||
Primaquine | Treatment | "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[16] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[16] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[13] | "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[13] | |||||||
Proguanil | Both | Plasmodium falciparum | chloroquine, atovaquone | |||||||
Quinidine | ||||||||||
Quinine | Treatment | "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[42] | <1700[43] | 1910[3] | ||||||
RTS,S | Prevention | Plasmodium falciparum | ||||||||
Tafenoquine | "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"[44] | |||||||||
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Treatment[45] | |||||||||
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) | Treatment | 1967[3] | 1967 (same year it was introduced)[3] | "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[3] |
Non-drug Methods
Method | Type | Acts against | First use | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicken scent | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
Sulfonamide compounds | |||||||
Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")[46] | Prevention | Mosquito | "
"[46] |
"
"[46] | |||
Exchange transfusion (ET) | Treatment[47] | Severe malaria[47] | |||||
Swamp draining | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
Fogging | |||||||
Indoor residual spraying | Prevention | Mosquito | "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[48] | "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[49] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[49] | "
"[46] " |
"
" "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[49] | |
Insecticide–treated nets | Prevention | Mosquito | "
"[46] |
"
Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."[50] |
|||
Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) | |||||||
Genetic blood disorders | |||||||
Selective eradication of certain mosquito species | |||||||
Use of decoys[51] | |||||||
Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) | |||||||
Other forms of larval control? | |||||||
Pyrethroid nets | Prevention | It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[52] | |||||
Mosquito coil | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
Mosquito mat | Prevention | Mosquito | |||||
Mosquito net | Prevention | Mosquito | 484–?425 BC[53] | ||||
Immunity from repeated infection | Prevention | Malaria (just P. falciparum?) |
Insecticides
All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)
Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.
Name | Surface | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Duration of effective action (months) | Usage status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha-cypermethrin | 4–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
Bifenthrin | circa 1984[55] | "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."[55] | "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."[55] | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | |||
Cyfluthrin | Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations[56] | 1983[57] | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||
Deltamethrin | 1974, first described[58] | "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."[58] | "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."[58] | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | |||
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 1943[59]:7 | 1946[59]:9 | Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[59]:7 | Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[59]:7 | ||||
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) | ||||||||
Etofenprox | Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields[60] | 1987[60] | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||
Bendiocarb | 2–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
BHC (Lindane?) | ||||||||
Dieldrin | ||||||||
Fenitrothion | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
HCH | ||||||||
Lambda-cyhalothrin | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
Malathion | 2–3[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
Deltamethrin | ||||||||
Paris green | ||||||||
Pirimiphosmethyl | 2–3[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
Propoxur | 3–6[54] | "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54] | ||||||
Pyrethrin |
Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
See also
Funding information for this timeline is available.
External links
References
- ↑ "amodiaquine". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet" (PDF). wipo.int. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs". Portland State Universit y.
- ↑ Turner, Arthur. Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz". pharmafactz.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Artemether". OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE.
- ↑ Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs (Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee ed.). Retrieved 25 April 2017.
- ↑ "Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal". World Health Organization.
- ↑ "Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration". doi:10.1128/AAC.01428-13. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.". PMID 1982311. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria". Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ "San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research".
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Mondal, Sudeb. "Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology".
- ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. Palgrave and Macmillan.
- ↑ "Artemotil". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. World Health Organization.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "MALARIA: Artemotil treatment". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso". doi:10.1086/522985. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Artesunate". who.int. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" (PDF). WHO.
- ↑ Artesunate + Amodiaquine. msh.org.
- ↑ "New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available". dndi.org. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ↑ "Malarone".
- ↑ "Malaria" (PDF). reispassie.nl. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis".
- ↑ "dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY.
- ↑ "Chloroquine resistance".
- ↑ "The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel". British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ Semba, Richard David; Bloem, Martin W. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.". PMC 164103.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials". Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Clindamycin Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
- ↑ Leyden, James J. (2006). Hidradenitis suppurativa. Berlin: Springer. p. 152. ISBN 9783540331018.
- ↑ "Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance". nap.edu. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ↑ Smieja, Marek. "Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review". PMC 3250868. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ "Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children". WHO.
- ↑ "The Use of Halofantrine Hydrochloride in Acute Malaria" (PDF). proceedings-szh.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 "What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine". theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ↑ "Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health". esciencecentral.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children". plos.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
- ↑ "QUININE".
- ↑ "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144.
- ↑ "The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)". biomedcentral.com. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.". PMID 7051240.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 "Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies". nih.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review". Oxford Academic.
- ↑ "Indoor Residual Spraying".
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 "Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC". UNITAID.
- ↑ "Malaria—should we abandon insecticide-treated bednets?". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ "Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control". Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ↑ "ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance".
- ↑ "Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.". Institute of Medicine (US). Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ↑ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 54.18 54.19 54.20 54.21 Sadasivaiah, Shobha; Tozan, Yeim; Breman, Joel G. "Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?". Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 "bifenthrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "cyfluthrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "cyfluthrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 "deltamethrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Palmer, Michael (March 26, 2016). "The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2016.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 "etofenprox". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017.