Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"
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! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages | ! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || || || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || || || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|editorial=Portland State Universit y||accessdate18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|editorial=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|editorial=World Health Organization||accessdate18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Artemisinin|Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Artemisinin|Artemisinin]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || 1970s<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 1998<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />, 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/San-Antonio-scientist-awarded-4-6-million-for-10884365.php||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || More expensive than SP or chloroquine.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John Malcolm |last1=Dowling |first2=Chin-Fang |last2=Yap |year=2014 |title=Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea |publisher=Palgrave and Macmillan}}</ref>{{rp|165}} |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|editorial=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| Atovaquone/proguanil ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Both || || || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || | | Atovaquone/proguanil ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Both || || || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html||accessdate18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|name1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058||accessdate16 de marzo de 2017|pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|editorial=WHO||accessdate18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || || || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{ | + | | Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|editorial=Oxford Academic||accessdate18 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html||accessdate15 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/||accessdate15 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || | ||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
| [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Proguanil|Proguanil]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) || Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || "released in the late 1990s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || || || || found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || | | [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || | ||
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid]] nets || Prevention || || || || || || || It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.<ref>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Pyrethroid|Pyrethroid]] nets || Prevention || || || || || || || It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance|url=https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/malaria-updated/page/itns-challenges-insecticide-resistance||accessdate16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] || Treatment || "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]], [[wikipedia:Plasmodium malariae|Plasmodium malariae]] and [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]] and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."<ref>{{cite web|title=QUININE|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Quinine.htm||accessdate16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || ||<1700<ref>{{cite journal|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121651/||accessdate16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || 1910<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Quinidine|Quinidine]] || || || || || || || || | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240||accessdate17 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || || || || || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || | | [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || | ||
| Line 92: | Line 92: | ||
| [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> | | [[wikipedia:Primaquine|Primaquine]] || Treatment || "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]] malaria."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> || || || || || || "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{ | + | | [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|name1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false||accessdate16 de marzo de 2017}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || || | | Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || || || | ||
Revision as of 19:11, 18 March 2017
This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
TODO
- get more vaccines from Malaria vaccine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
- other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
- C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [1]
- :Category:Antimalarial agents
- Antimalarial medication
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Mosquito control
- https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
Methods
Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.
Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both
ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?
also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?
consider "patient compliance" as a column
include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
| Method | Type | Acts against | Route of administration | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amodiaquine | Treatment | 1951[1] | 1971[1] | |||||
| Artemether | Treatment[2] | "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[2] | Intramuscular injection[3] | |||||
| Artemisinin | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | 1970s[1] | 1998[1], 2009[4] | Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[5] | More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[6]:165 | ||
| Artemotil | Treatment | "Intramuscular injection only."[7] | ||||||
| Artesunate/amodiaquine | Treatment[8] | "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[8] | ||||||
| Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) | Both | 1996[1] | 2002[1] | |||||
| Chloroquine | Both | "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[9] | ~1940s (during WWII) | 1957[10] | Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[5] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[11] | |||
| Chlorproguanil-Dapsone | Treatment | "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[12] | "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[12] | |||||
| Clindamycin | Treatment[13] | Plasmodium falciparum[13] | 1960s[13] | |||||
| Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) | Oral (pills)[14] | |||||||
| Doxycycline | ||||||||
| Exchange transfusion (ET) | Treatment[15] | Severe malaria[15] | ||||||
| Halofantrine | Treatment | "Introduced in the 1980s"[16] | "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[16] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[16] | |||||
| Indoor residual spraying | Prevention | Mosquito | "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[17] | "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[18] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[18] | "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[18] | |||
| Lumefantrine (benflumetol) | Treatment[7] | "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[7] | "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[7] | |||||
| Proguanil | Both | Plasmodium falciparum | ||||||
| Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) | Treatment, prevention[19] | "released in the late 1990s"[16] | found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[16] | |||||
| Mefloquine | Both | Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax | 1977[1] | 1982[1] | ||||
| Mosquito net | Prevention | |||||||
| Piperaquine | ||||||||
| Pyrethroid nets | Prevention | It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[20] | ||||||
| Quinine | Treatment | "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[21] | <1700[22] | 1910[1] | ||||
| Quinidine | ||||||||
| Tafenoquine | ||||||||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Treatment[23] | |||||||
| Intermittent preventive therapy | ||||||||
| Artemether/lumefantrine | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | ||||||
| Artesunate suppositories | ||||||||
| Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) | Treatment | 1967[1] | 1967 (same year it was introduced)[1] | "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[1] | ||||
| Primaquine | Treatment | "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[7] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[7] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[5] | "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[5] | |||||
| Artesunate | Treatment | Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[5] | ||||||
| Sulfonamide compounds | ||||||||
| Swamp draining | Prevention | Mosquito | ||||||
| Fogging | ||||||||
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) | ||||||||
| Genetic blood disorders | ||||||||
| Selective eradication of certain mosquito species | ||||||||
| Use of decoys[24] | ||||||||
| RTS,S | Plasmodium falciparum | |||||||
| Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) | ||||||||
| Other forms of larval control? | ||||||||
| Mosquito coil | Prevention | Mosquito | ||||||
| Mosquito mat | Prevention | Mosquito | ||||||
| Immunity from repeated infection | Prevention | Malaria (just P. falciparum?) |
Insecticides
All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)
Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.
| Name | Surface | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Usage status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 1943[25]:7 | 1946[25]:9 | Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[25]:7 | Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[25]:7 | |||
| Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) | |||||||
| BHC (Lindane?) | |||||||
| Dieldrin | |||||||
| HCH | |||||||
| Deltamethrin | |||||||
| Paris green |
Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ "San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research". Text "accessdate17 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. Palgrave and Macmillan.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" (PDF). WHO. Text "accessdate17 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY. Text "accessdate17 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "Chloroquine resistance". Text "accessdate18 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.". PMC 164103
. Text "accessdate16 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials". Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002. Text "accessdate17 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis". Text "accessdate15 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "Indoor Residual Spraying". Text "accessdate15 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC". UNITAID.
- ↑ "Malarone". Text "accessdate17 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance". Text "accessdate16 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "QUININE". Text "accessdate16 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144. Text "accessdate16 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.". PMID 7051240. Text "accessdate17 de marzo de 2017" ignored (help)
- ↑ "Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control". Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Palmer, Michael (March 26, 2016). "The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2016.
