Comparison of methods of malaria control
From Timelines
This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
TODO
- get more vaccines from Malaria vaccine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_residual_spraying#Approved_insecticides
- other columns? cost, cost-effectiveness, countries in which it is banned/approved, recommendation by orgs, global distribution (how many tons manufactured/used per annum? what percentage of malaria is treated using this drug? etc.)
- C. F. Curtis and H. Townson. "Malaria: existing methods of vector control and molecular entomology". [1]
- Category:Antimalarial agents
- Antimalarial medication
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Mosquito control
- https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html
Methods
Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.
Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both
ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?
also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.
Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?
consider "patient compliance" as a column
include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
| Method | Type | Acts against | Route of administration | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amodiaquine | Treatment | 1951[1] | 1971[1] | |||||
| Artemether | Treatment[2] | "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[2] | Intramuscular injection[3] | |||||
| Artemisinin | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | 1970s[1] | 1998[1], 2009[4] | Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[5] | More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[6]:165 | ||
| Artemotil | Treatment | "Intramuscular injection only."[7] | ||||||
| Artesunate/amodiaquine | Treatment[8] | "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[8] | ||||||
| Atovaquone/proguanil (Malarone) | Both | 1996[1] | 2002[1] | |||||
| Chloroquine | Both | "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[9] | ~1940s (during WWII) | 1957[10] | Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[5] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[11] | |||
| Chlorproguanil-Dapsone | Treatment | "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[12] | "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[12] | |||||
| Clindamycin | Treatment[13] | Plasmodium falciparum[13] | 1960s[13] | |||||
| Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) | Oral (pills)[14] | |||||||
| Doxycycline | ||||||||
| Exchange transfusion (ET) | Treatment[15] | Severe malaria[15] | ||||||
| Halofantrine | Treatment | "Introduced in the 1980s"[16] | "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[16] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[16] | |||||
| Indoor residual spraying | Prevention | Mosquito | "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[17] | "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[18] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[18] | "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[18] | |||
| Lumefantrine (benflumetol) | Treatment[7] | "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[7] | "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[7] | |||||
| Proguanil | Both | Plasmodium falciparum | ||||||
| Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) | Treatment, prevention[19] | "released in the late 1990s"[16] | found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[16] | |||||
| Mefloquine | Both | Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax | 1977[1] | 1982[1] | ||||
| Mosquito net | Prevention | |||||||
| Piperaquine | ||||||||
| Pyrethroid nets | Prevention | It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[20] | ||||||
| Quinine | Treatment | "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[21] | <1700[22] | 1910[1] | ||||
| Quinidine | ||||||||
| Tafenoquine | ||||||||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | Treatment[23] | |||||||
| Intermittent preventive therapy | ||||||||
| Artemether/lumefantrine | Treatment | Plasmodium falciparum | ||||||
| Artesunate suppositories | ||||||||
| Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) | Treatment | 1967[1] | 1967 (same year it was introduced)[1] | "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[1] | ||||
| Primaquine | Treatment | "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[7] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[7] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[5] | "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[5] | |||||
| Artesunate | Treatment | Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[5] | ||||||
| Sulfonamide compounds | ||||||||
| Swamp draining | Prevention | Mosquito | ||||||
| Fogging | ||||||||
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) | ||||||||
| Genetic blood disorders | ||||||||
| Selective eradication of certain mosquito species | ||||||||
| Use of decoys[24] | ||||||||
| RTS,S | Plasmodium falciparum | |||||||
| Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?) | ||||||||
| Other forms of larval control? | ||||||||
| Mosquito coil | Prevention | Mosquito | ||||||
| Mosquito mat | Prevention | Mosquito | ||||||
| Immunity from repeated infection | Prevention | Malaria (just P. falciparum?) |
Insecticides
All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)
Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp
Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.
| Name | Surface | First use | First resistance | Locations where used | Advantages | Disadvantages | Usage status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | 1943[25]:7 | 1946[25]:9 | Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[25]:7 | Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[25]:7 | |||
| Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) | |||||||
| BHC (Lindane?) | |||||||
| Dieldrin | |||||||
| HCH | |||||||
| Deltamethrin | |||||||
| Paris green |
Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs". Portland State Universit y.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Artemether". OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE.
- ↑ "Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal". World Health Organization.
- ↑ "San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research".
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Mondal, Sudeb. "Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology".
- ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. =Palgrave and Macmillan.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. World Health Organization.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" (PDF). WHO.
- ↑ "dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY.
- ↑ "Chloroquine resistance".
- ↑ Semba, Richard David; Martin W. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.". PMC 164103
.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials". Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002.
- ↑ "Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children". WHO.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review". Oxford Academic.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis".
- ↑ "Indoor Residual Spraying".
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC". UNITAID.
- ↑ "Malarone".
- ↑ "ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance".
- ↑ "QUININE".
- ↑ "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144.
- ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.". PMID 7051240.
- ↑ "Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control". Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Palmer, Michael (March 26, 2016). "The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2016.
