Difference between revisions of "Comparison of methods of malaria control"

From Timelines
Jump to: navigation, search
(57 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{INDEX|visible = yes}} <!-- Remove once page is published in main space -->
 
−
 
 
This page is a '''comparison of methods of malaria control''', covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
 
This page is a '''comparison of methods of malaria control''', covering methods of both prevention and treatment.
  
Line 34: Line 32:
 
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Combines with !! Status  
 
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! Route of administration !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Combines with !! Status  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"<ref>{{cite web|title=amodiaquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top|website=nih.gov|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || oral<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|website=wipo.int|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || Africa || Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] which should be taken with fatty food).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Arthur|title=Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2-nwinRKtBQC&pg=PA2005&lpg=PA2005&dq=%22amodiaquine%22+%22advantage%22&source=bl&ots=17vhyc7xHa&sig=MnF_LcWpBvjFRkn9B3WkEa7vCpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq8jS673TAhXMh5AKHQEeAa8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=%22amodiaquine%22%20%22advantage%22&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz|url=http://pharmafactz.com/medicinal-chemistry-of-antimalarial-drugs/|website=http://pharmafactz.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || Artesunate || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
+
| [[wikipedia:Amodiaquine|Amodiaquine]] || Treatment || "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"<ref>{{cite web|title=amodiaquine|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top|website=nih.gov|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || oral<ref>{{cite web|title=ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet|url=http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/data/sanofi/marketed_products/Artesunate_and_Amodiquine.pdf|website=wipo.int|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || 1951<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs">{{cite web|title=Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs|url=http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=open_access_etds|publisher=Portland State Universit y|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1971<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || Africa || Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug [[wikipedia:lumefantrine|lumefantrine]] which should be taken with fatty food).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Arthur|title=Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2-nwinRKtBQC&pg=PA2005&lpg=PA2005&dq=%22amodiaquine%22+%22advantage%22&source=bl&ots=17vhyc7xHa&sig=MnF_LcWpBvjFRkn9B3WkEa7vCpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq8jS673TAhXMh5AKHQEeAa8Q6AEITTAI#v=onepage&q=%22amodiaquine%22%20%22advantage%22&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"<ref>{{cite web|title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz|url=http://pharmafactz.com/medicinal-chemistry-of-antimalarial-drugs/|website=pharmafactz.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || Artesunate || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs|edition=Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1XCmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22Artemether%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=jHK7AwZkdP&sig=kU6mL9_bxLH6A4nPCAEXC2MhwOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDwd-AncDTAhUED5AKHR3_AYs4ChDoAQgnMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Artemether%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>, intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1987 || || || Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration|doi=10.1128/AAC.01428-13|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4187974/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || || [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]]  || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
 
| [[wikipedia:Artemether|Artemether]] || Treatment<ref name=Artemether>{{cite web|title=Artemether|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Artemether#section=Top|publisher=OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE|accessdate= }}</ref> || "Acute uncomplicated malaria."<ref name=Artemether /> || Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs|edition=Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1XCmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=%22Artemether%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=jHK7AwZkdP&sig=kU6mL9_bxLH6A4nPCAEXC2MhwOw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDwd-AncDTAhUED5AKHR3_AYs4ChDoAQgnMAE#v=onepage&q=%22Artemether%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref>, intramuscular injection<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate= }}</ref> || 1987 || || || Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration|doi=10.1128/AAC.01428-13|url=http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4187974/|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || || [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]]  || [[wikipedia:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|WHO Essential Medicine]]
Line 42: Line 40:
 
| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."<ref name="Artemotil">{{cite web|title=Artemotil|url=http://topics.sciencedirect.com/topics/page/Artemotil?|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| 2000 <ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment">{{cite web|title=MALARIA: Artemotil treatment|url=http://www.who.int/tdr/research/progress/9900/regulatory_approval/en/|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>|| || ||  "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."<ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment"/> || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Artemotil|Artemotil]] || Treatment || "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."<ref name="Artemotil">{{cite web|title=Artemotil|url=http://topics.sciencedirect.com/topics/page/Artemotil?|website=sciencedirect.com|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> || "Intramuscular injection only."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria">{{cite book|title=Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria|publisher=World Health Organization|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R-MOrOvUkB8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22artemotil%22+%22malaria%22&source=bl&ots=5_npZiyAk7&sig=HYzfYk2ZGki5hOV3_2RSSEgaojA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbyLX4yd7SAhWDGZAKHRIuATEQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22artemotil%22%20%22malaria%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| 2000 <ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment">{{cite web|title=MALARIA: Artemotil treatment|url=http://www.who.int/tdr/research/progress/9900/regulatory_approval/en/|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>|| || ||  "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."<ref name="MALARIA: Artemotil treatment"/> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Artemether/lumefantrine|Artemether/lumefantrine]] || Treatment || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso"/> || "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso">{{cite journal|title=Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso|doi=10.1086/522985|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/45/11/1453/333938/Randomized-Comparison-of-Amodiaquine-plus|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || || || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>  || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate|Artesunate]] || Treatment || Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally),  severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)<ref name="Artesunate">{{cite web|title=Artesunate|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.11.html|website=who.int|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || Oral, parenteral<ref name="Artesunate"/> || 1996<ref name="THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT">{{cite web|title=THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/communications/pressAndInformationOffice/PDF/Neglected_Diseases_05.pdf|website=lse.ac.uk|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || || Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology">{{cite web|last1=Mondal|first1=Sudeb|title=Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5bu9QB3Px_YC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352&dq=%22quinine%22+%22advantages%22&source=bl&ots=MncTJ5jRCE&sig=1MmXQRSE6uA8NxQSTMX07hj1b9I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT-ZKb_NvSAhWIh5AKHZXzAXo4ChDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=%22quinine%22%20%22advantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>  || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|accessdate= }}</ref>|| Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Artesunate + Amodiaquine|website=msh.org|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=ARAM370T3&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100mg%2B270mg&desc=Artesunate%2BAmodiaquine&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E5%2E3%2E1&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E5%2E3%2E1%29Antimalarial%20medicines%2C%20for%20curative%20treatment%3Cbr%3E|accessdate= }}</ref> || 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available|url=https://www.dndi.org/2007/media-centre/press-releases/new-once-a-day-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria-now-available/|website=dndi.org|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref>|| || Sub-Saharan Africa || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Artesunate/amodiaquine|Artesunate/amodiaquine]] || Treatment<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES" /> || "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"<ref name="APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES">{{cite journal|title=APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF  ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE  COMBINATION TABLETS  IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL  MEDICINES|publisher=WHO|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Sanofi_application.pdf?ua=1|accessdate= }}</ref>|| Oral<ref>{{cite book|title=Artesunate + Amodiaquine|website=msh.org|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=ARAM370T3&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100mg%2B270mg&desc=Artesunate%2BAmodiaquine&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E5%2E3%2E1&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E5%2E3%2E1%29Antimalarial%20medicines%2C%20for%20curative%20treatment%3Cbr%3E|accessdate= }}</ref> || 2007<ref>{{cite web|title=New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available|url=https://www.dndi.org/2007/media-centre/press-releases/new-once-a-day-fixed-dose-combination-against-malaria-now-available/|website=dndi.org|accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref>|| || Sub-Saharan Africa || || || ||
Line 52: Line 50:
 
| [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) ||  Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|accessdate= }}</ref>  || Blood and liver phases of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref name="5  Malaria">{{cite web|title=Malaria|url=http://www.reispassie.nl/losse%20paginas/05-Malaria-00[1].pdf|website=reispassie.nl|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || Oral || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Atovaquone-proguanil|Atovaquone-proguanil]] ([[wikipedia:Malarone|Malarone]]) ||  Treatment, prevention<ref name=Malarone>{{cite web|title=Malarone|url=https://www.drugs.com/malarone.html|accessdate= }}</ref>  || Blood and liver phases of ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref name="5  Malaria">{{cite web|title=Malaria|url=http://www.reispassie.nl/losse%20paginas/05-Malaria-00[1].pdf|website=reispassie.nl|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || Oral || 1996<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || 2002<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|accessdate= }}</ref> || Oral ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Proguanil ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Chloroquine|Chloroquine]] || Both || "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"<ref name="dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum">{{cite journal|title=dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum|publisher=THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY|url=http://www.jbc.org/content/272/5/2652.full.pdf|accessdate= }}</ref> || Oral ||~1940s (during WWII) || 1957<ref>{{cite web|title=Chloroquine resistance|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v8/n4/box/nrmicro2331_BX1.html|accessdate= }}</ref>|| "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"<ref>{{cite journal|title=The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x/full|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.<ref name="Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology" /> "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".<ref name="Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries">{{cite book|last1=Semba|first1=Richard David|last2=Bloem|first2=Martin W.|title=Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22chloroquine%22+%22disadvantages%22&source=bl&ots=7G7buasy6L&sig=FUZAej8Ek1TNznXg1PZ_1vPipQI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCxKPSxt7SAhXKjJAKHWjyD_UQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%22chloroquine%22%20%22disadvantages%22&f=false|accessdate= }}</ref>|| || Proguanil ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Chlorproguanil-Dapsone|Chlorproguanil-Dapsone]] || Treatment || "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.">{{cite journal|title=Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333058|accessdate= |pmc=164103}}</ref> || || || || || "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."<ref name="Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria." /> || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|accessdate= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Clindamycin|Clindamycin]] || Treatment<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials">{{cite journal|title=Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials|publisher=Members of the AAC Editorial Board >>  ASM Journal Press Releases  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|doi=10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002|url=http://aac.asm.org/content/46/8/2315.full|accessdate= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || oral, [[wikipedia:topical|topical]], [[wikipedia:intravenous therapy|intravenous]], [[wikipedia:pessary|intravaginal]]<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Clindamycin Hydrochloride|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clindamycin-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=June 25, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Ley2006>{{cite book|last1=Leyden|first1=James J.|title=Hidradenitis suppurativa|date=2006|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9783540331018|page=152|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hpKFsXwcKlgC&pg=PA152}}</ref> || 1960s<ref name="Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials" /> || || || "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."<ref name="Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance">{{cite web|title=Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11017/chapter/11#293|website=nap.edu|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smieja|first1=Marek|title=Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250868/|accessdate=16 June 2017|pmc=3250868}}</ref> || Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil<ref name=AHFS2015/> ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine|Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine]] (Artekin) || || || Oral (pills)<ref name=>{{cite web|title=Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children|url=http://www.who.int/selection_medicines/committees/expert/18/applications/Piperaquine/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."<ref name="Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso"/>  || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || Treatment || || || || || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Doxycycline|Doxycycline]] || Treatment || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Halofantrine|Halofantrine]] || Treatment || || || "Introduced in the 1980s"<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis">{{cite web|title=Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/malaria/readmore/treatment.html|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Use of Halofantrine  Hydrochloride in  Acute Malaria|url=http://proceedings-szh.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-use-of-halofantrine-hydrochloride-in-acute-malaria.pdf|website=proceedings-szh.com|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>|| "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."<ref name="Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis" /> || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Intermittent preventive therapy|Intermittent preventive therapy]] || || || || || || || || ||
Line 68: Line 66:
 
| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Lumefantrine|Lumefantrine]] ([[wikipedia:benflumetol|benflumetol]]) || Treatment<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || "Multidrug resistant ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''".<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" />|| "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."<ref name="Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" /> || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Mefloquine|Mefloquine]] || Both || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'' || || 1977<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" />|| 1982<ref name="Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs" /> || || "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"<ref name="What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine">{{cite web|title=What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/what-you-need-to-know-about-antimalarial-drug-mefloquine/article32955626/|website=theglobeandmail.com|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> || "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."<ref name="What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>  || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Piperaquine|Piperaquine]] || || [[wikipedia:Plasmodium vivax|Plasmodium vivax]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health|url=https://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/changing-trends-in-malaria-2329-891X.1000124.php?aid=20910|website=esciencecentral.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> || || 1963<ref>{{cite web|title=Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007164|website=plos.org|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref>  || || || || ||
Line 82: Line 80:
 
| [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:RTS,S|RTS,S]] || Prevention || ''[[wikipedia:Plasmodium falciparum|Plasmodium falciparum]]'' || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Tafenoquine|Tafenoquine]] || || "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"<ref name="The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)">{{cite web|title=The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-017-1862-4|website=biomedcentral.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || ||
 
| [[wikipedia:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole|Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] || Treatment<ref name="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.">{{cite journal|title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.|pmid=7051240|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7051240|accessdate= }}</ref> || || || || || || || || ||
Line 89: Line 87:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
  
 
==Non-drug Methods==
 
==Non-drug Methods==
Line 95: Line 92:
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! First use !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Status  
 
! Method !! Type !! Acts against !! First use !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Status  
 +
|-
 +
| Chicken scent || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || ||
 
| Sulfonamide compounds || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/> || Prevention || Mosquito || || || "
 +
*Prevent mosquito maturation by eliminating breeding sites
 +
*Community-wide protective effect
 +
*Useful in peri-urban and urban areas where transmission is focal77
 +
*Useful in economic development sites where nonimmune populations may be concentrated
 +
*Sustainable reductions in transmission, morbidity, and mortality observed when integrated with other interventions
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 +
|| "
 +
*Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., periodic maintenance, labor intensive)
 +
*Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
 +
*High initial costs
 +
*Intersectoral action is required
 +
*Impact difficult to quantify when integrated wth other interventions
 +
*Some undesirable environmental impact if activities target wetlands
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
 
| Exchange transfusion (ET) || Treatment<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review">{{cite web|title=Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/57/7/923/337878/Exchange-Transfusion-for-Severe-Malaria-Evidence?searchresult=1|publisher=Oxford Academic|accessdate= }}</ref> || Severe malaria<ref name="Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review" /> || || || || ||
Line 104: Line 119:
 
| Fogging || || || || || || ||  
 
| Fogging || || || || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> || "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> ||
+
| [[wikipedia:Indoor residual spraying|Indoor residual spraying]] || Prevention || Mosquito || "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor Residual Spraying|url=http://www.africairs.net/indoor-residual-spraying/|accessdate= }}</ref> || "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers">{{cite journal|title=Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC|publisher=UNITAID}}</ref> "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers" /> ||"
 +
*Mosquitoes killed and repelled 
 +
*Community-wide protective effect   
 +
*Once sprayed, *no additional commitment from community   
 +
*Residual activity: 3–12 months, depending on the insecticide   
 +
*Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings   
 +
*No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment.
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies">{{cite web|title=Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1724/table/pg249.t5/?report=objectonly|website=nih.gov|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>
 +
" 
 +
||
 +
"
 +
*Insecticide resistance monitoring and management
 +
*Ineffective against exophilic malaria vectors
 +
*Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., transportation into remote communities are difficult, labor intensive) and resource requirements
 +
*Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
 +
*Acceptability among community members
 +
*Required removal of all belongings, except large pieces of furniture, from the home
 +
*Health and safety of sprayers and communities<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 +
"
 +
"homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers"/>
 +
|-
 +
| Insecticide–treated nets || Prevention || Mosquito || || ||    "
 +
*Mosquitoes killed and repelled
 +
*Community-wide protective effect, if coverage rate is high, extended to neighboring communities15
 +
*Rebound effect not observed75
 +
*Individual and community decisions to use
 +
*Effectively treated nets with sizeable holes remain effective76
 +
*Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings
 +
*No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment
 +
"<ref name="Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies"/>
 +
|| "
 +
*Ineffective against exophagic malaria Vectors
 +
*Decreased susceptibility and increasing resistance to pyrethroids, but nets may still be a practical means of personal protection65
 +
*Periodic net retreatment is required (as long-lasting nets become available, retreatment will cease to be a problem)
 +
*Distribution and sustainability problems, particularly in impoverished areas when nets are not distributed free of charge
 +
*Low coverage rates, particularly in high-risk groups such as children and pregnant women, when nets are not distributed free of charge
 +
*Difficult to promote in areas of unstable transmission
 +
*Individual attitudes and practices (e.g., ineffective for persons sleeping outside)"<ref name="Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers"/>
 +
 
 +
Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."<ref>{{cite web|title=Malaria—should we abandon insecticide-treated bednets?|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-07-malariashould-abandon-insecticide-treated-bednets.html#nRlv|website=medicalxpress.com|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>
 +
||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || ||
 
| Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites) || || || || || || ||
Line 124: Line 179:
 
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||  
 
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito mat|Mosquito mat]] || Prevention || Mosquito || || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Mosquito net|Mosquito net]] || Prevention || Mosquito || 484–?425 BC<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.">{{cite journal|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.|journal=Institute of Medicine (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215620/|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || ||  
 
| [[wikipedia:Premunity|Immunity from repeated infection]] || Prevention || Malaria (just ''P. falciparum''?) || || || ||  
Line 139: Line 194:
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
−
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Usage status
+
! Name !! Surface !! First use !! First resistance !! Locations where used !! Advantages !! Disadvantages !! Duration of effective action (months) !! Usage status
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Alpha-cypermethrin|Alpha-cypermethrin]] || || || || || || || 4–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Bifenthrin|Bifenthrin]] || || circa 1984<ref name="bifenthrin"/>  || || || "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."<ref name="bifenthrin">{{cite web|title=bifenthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/78.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."<ref name="bifenthrin"/> || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Cyfluthrin|Cyfluthrin]] || Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations<ref>{{cite web|title=cyfluthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/192.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || 1983<ref>{{cite web|title=cyfluthrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/192.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || 1974, first described<ref name="deltamethrin">{{cite web|title=deltamethrin|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/205.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || || || "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."<ref name="deltamethrin"/> || "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."<ref name="deltamethrin"/> || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Etofenprox|Etofenprox]] || Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields<ref name="etofenprox">{{cite web|title=etofenprox|url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/283.htm|website=herts.ac.uk|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> || 1987<ref name="etofenprox"/> || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Bendiocarb|Bendiocarb]] || || || || || || || 2–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| BHC ([[wikipedia:Lindane|Lindane]]?) || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| Dieldrin || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Fenitrothion|Fenitrothion]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?">{{cite journal|last1=Sadasivaiah|first1=Shobha|last2=Tozan|first2=Yeim|last3=Breman|first3=Joel G.|title=Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1724/|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> 
 +
|-
 +
| HCH || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[wikipedia:Lambda-cyhalothrin|Lambda-cyhalothrin]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>  || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane|Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane]] (DDT) || || 1943<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}} || 1946<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|9}} || || Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)<ref name="2016_palmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~mpalmer/stuff/DDT-myth.pdf |title=The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria |first=Michael |last=Palmer |date=March 26, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016}}</ref>{{rp|7}} || Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain<ref name="2016_palmer" />{{rp|7}}
+
| [[wikipedia:Malathion|Malathion]] || || || || || || || 2–3<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>   || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase|Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase]] (DLD) || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| BHC ([[wikipedia:Lindane|Lindane]]?) || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Paris green|Paris green]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| Dieldrin || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Pirimiphosmethyl|Pirimiphosmethyl]] || || || || || || || 2–3<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| HCH || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Propoxur|Propoxur]] || || || || || || || 3–6<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/> || "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."<ref name="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Deltamethrin|Deltamethrin]] || || || || || ||  
+
| [[wikipedia:Pyrethrin|Pyrethrin]] || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| [[wikipedia:Paris green|Paris green]] || || || || || ||
 
 
|}
 
|}
  

Revision as of 17:24, 25 June 2017

This page is a comparison of methods of malaria control, covering methods of both prevention and treatment.

TODO

Drug Methods

Use of insecticides has two main variables: method of delivery and the insecticide itself. This table covers the former; the latter are numerous and are covered separately in a second table below.

Type := Prevention | Treatment | Both

ACT (artemisinin combinatorial therapy) -- different from artenisinin?

also "comprehensive surveillance" gets mentioned a lot, in the course of using the other things.

Chemoprophylaxis -- which drugs are included?

consider "patient compliance" as a column

include various Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)

Method Type Acts against Route of administration First use First resistance Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Combines with Status
Amodiaquine Treatment "some chloroquine-resistant strains, particularly Plasmodium falciparum"[1] oral[2] 1951[3] 1971[3] Africa Absorption is not influenced by food (compared with partner drug lumefantrine which should be taken with fatty food).[4] "Formation of toxic amodiaquine quinone imine (AQQI) metabolites"[5] Artesunate WHO Essential Medicine
Artemether Treatment[6] "Acute uncomplicated malaria."[6] Oral[7], intramuscular injection[8] 1987 Complementary advantage with lumefantrine. "Artemether has an initial burst effect on Plasmodium schizonts and a variety of drug-resistant malaria strains."[9] Lumefantrine WHO Essential Medicine
Artemisinin Treatment Plasmodium falciparum oral, intramuscular, rectal[10][11] 1970s[3] 1998[3], 2009[12] Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] More expensive than SP or chloroquine.[14]:165
Artemotil Treatment "Rapidly against Plasmodium during the early blood stage of its development. It also shows gametocytocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparium."[15] "Intramuscular injection only."[16] 2000 [17] "Excellent alternative to quinine, over which it has clear advantages: it causes a swifter decrease in parasite numbers; is simpler to apply; has far fewer undesirable side-effects." "Also has advantages in cases where the patient is not able to retain food (and thus cannot be treated with oral medication)."[17]
Artemether/lumefantrine Treatment Plasmodium falciparum "Artemether-lumefantrine benefits from coformulation, approval in multiple countries in the developing world and Europe, and demonstrated excellent efficacy and safety "[18] "Disadvantages of artemether-lumefantrine therapy include the need for twice-per-day dosing, irregular bioavailability, and recommendation for ingestion with a fatty meal to improve drug levels."[18]
Artesunate Treatment Uncomplicated falciparum malaria (orally), severe falciparum malaria (parenterally)[19] Oral, parenteral[19] 1996[20] Advantages over quinine: Acts rapidly. Causes faster clearance of parasite. It is better tolerated, more effective and more safe.[13]
Artesunate/amodiaquine Treatment[21] "Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially in paediatric patients"[21] Oral[22] 2007[23] Sub-Saharan Africa
Artesunate suppositories
Atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone) Treatment, prevention[24] Blood and liver phases of Plasmodium falciparum[25] Oral 1996[3] 2002[3] Found to be 95% effective in otherwise drug resistant falciparum malaria.[26]
Chloroquine Both "Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum stages"[27] Oral ~1940s (during WWII) 1957[28] "The disadvantages of chloroquine are its effects on protein degradation and direct block of other cardiac ion channels"[29] Safer than quinine. Safe antimalarial in pregnancy.[13] "Low toxicity and cost" "high effectiveness".[30] Proguanil
Chlorproguanil-Dapsone Treatment "uncomplicated falciparum malaria"[31] "cheap, rapidly eliminated, more potent than pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, and could be introduced in the near future to delay the onset of antifolate resistance and as "salvage therapy" for pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine failure."[31]
Clindamycin Treatment[32] Plasmodium falciparum[32] oral, topical, intravenous, intravaginal[33][34] 1960s[32] "Considered safe for use in pregnant women and very young children."[35] "Clindamycin’s disadvantages are its high cost, the common occurrence of rash and the predisposition of patients taking clindamycin to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis. Based on cohort studies, the risk of severe diarrhea in out-patients is as low as one per 1000, but the risk of in-patients acquiring C difficile colonization may be as high as 30%."[36] Used in conjunction with quinine, doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, atovaquone and proguanil[33]
Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (Artekin) Oral (pills)[37] "Excellent antimalarial efficacy in available trials and appears to offer advantages over artemether-lumefantrine, including simpler dosing and the longer half-life of piperaquine, compared with that of lumefantrine."[18]
Doxycycline Treatment
Halofantrine Treatment "Introduced in the 1980s"[26] "A major advantage of halofantrine is it's rapid onset of action."[38] "Due to its short half life of 1 to 2 days, is not suitable for use as a prophylactic."[26] "Resistant forms are increasingly being reported and there is some concern about its side effects. Halofantrin has been associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and is not advised to women who are breastfeeding. Abdominal pain, diarrhea, puritus and skin rash have also been reported."[26]
Intermittent preventive therapy
Lumefantrine (benflumetol) Treatment[16] "Multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum".[16] "Oral preparation coformulated with artemether."[16]
Mefloquine Both Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax 1977[3] 1982[3] "The once-weekly dosing is quite attractive to some people" " Mefloquine is relatively inexpensive"[39] "There can be severe neurological and psychiatric side effects, especially for people with any history of mental illness" "A major drawback is intolerability" "The issues are as minor as unpleasant dreams to issues as major as severe neuropsychiatric adverse events in the range of 1 in 10,000 healthy people."[39]
Piperaquine Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum[40] 1963[41]
Primaquine Treatment "Plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale."[16] "Gametocytocidal against plasmodium falciparum".[16] "The only antimalatial drug that is effective against exo-erythrocytic schizogony and is used for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria."[13] "Hemolysis in patients with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."[13]
Proguanil Both Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine, atovaquone
Quinidine
Quinine Treatment "asexual erythrocytic forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum and is gametosidal to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae."[42] <1700[43] 1910[3]
RTS,S Prevention Plasmodium falciparum
Tafenoquine "Tafenoquine and mefloquine exhibit similar prophylactic efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in field studies"[44]
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Treatment[45]
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansidar) Treatment 1967[3] 1967 (same year it was introduced)[3] "cheap, practicable (only one dose is needed because it eliminates from the body slowly)"[3]

Non-drug Methods

Method Type Acts against First use Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Status
Chicken scent Prevention Mosquito
Sulfonamide compounds
Environmental management ("encompasses draining and filling of breeding habitats, clearance of vegetation, and eliminating pools of stagnant water.")[46] Prevention Mosquito "
  • Prevent mosquito maturation by eliminating breeding sites
  • Community-wide protective effect
  • Useful in peri-urban and urban areas where transmission is focal77
  • Useful in economic development sites where nonimmune populations may be concentrated
  • Sustainable reductions in transmission, morbidity, and mortality observed when integrated with other interventions

"[46]

"
  • Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., periodic maintenance, labor intensive)
  • Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
  • High initial costs
  • Intersectoral action is required
  • Impact difficult to quantify when integrated wth other interventions
  • Some undesirable environmental impact if activities target wetlands

"[46]

Exchange transfusion (ET) Treatment[47] Severe malaria[47]
Swamp draining Prevention Mosquito
Fogging
Indoor residual spraying Prevention Mosquito "Large-scale IRS with DDT for malaria control started in 1946."[48] "A single spraying can protect a home for up to 9 months."[49] "Spraying requires no behavourial change – after spraying teams have treated a dwelling, the occupiers can continue as before."[49] "
  • Mosquitoes killed and repelled
  • Community-wide protective effect
  • Once sprayed, *no additional commitment from community
  • Residual activity: 3–12 months, depending on the insecticide
  • Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings
  • No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment.

"[46] "

"

  • Insecticide resistance monitoring and management
  • Ineffective against exophilic malaria vectors
  • Difficult to implement and maintain because of operational complexity (e.g., transportation into remote communities are difficult, labor intensive) and resource requirements
  • Programs require technical capacity for implementation and vector surveillance
  • Acceptability among community members
  • Required removal of all belongings, except large pieces of furniture, from the home
  • Health and safety of sprayers and communities[46]

" "homes must be regularly resprayed for the treatment to remain effective over longer periods."[49]

Insecticide–treated nets Prevention Mosquito "
  • Mosquitoes killed and repelled
  • Community-wide protective effect, if coverage rate is high, extended to neighboring communities15
  • Rebound effect not observed75
  • Individual and community decisions to use
  • Effectively treated nets with sizeable holes remain effective76
  • Proven effectiveness in a variety of epidemiological settings
  • No documented serious adverse effects on human health and the environment

"[46]

"
  • Ineffective against exophagic malaria Vectors
  • Decreased susceptibility and increasing resistance to pyrethroids, but nets may still be a practical means of personal protection65
  • Periodic net retreatment is required (as long-lasting nets become available, retreatment will cease to be a problem)
  • Distribution and sustainability problems, particularly in impoverished areas when nets are not distributed free of charge
  • Low coverage rates, particularly in high-risk groups such as children and pregnant women, when nets are not distributed free of charge
  • Difficult to promote in areas of unstable transmission
  • Individual attitudes and practices (e.g., ineffective for persons sleeping outside)"[49]

Mosquitoes are becoming highly resistant to insecticides on nets. "Insecticides are designed to kill mosquitoes immediately on contact, so when more than 10% of them are still alive in the day following exposure we know they are getting resistant to insecticides."[50]

Larviciding (application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites)
Genetic blood disorders
Selective eradication of certain mosquito species
Use of decoys[51]
Personal protection (like long-sleeved clothing?)
Other forms of larval control?
Pyrethroid nets Prevention It has promoted resistance among malaria vectors in specific geographic areas.[52]
Mosquito coil Prevention Mosquito
Mosquito mat Prevention Mosquito
Mosquito net Prevention Mosquito 484–?425 BC[53]
Immunity from repeated infection Prevention Malaria (just P. falciparum?)

Insecticides

All insecticides act against mosquitoes and are used for prevention. (?)

Surface := Bednet | Wall | Swamp

Also consider the length the insecticide lasts (in different contexts)? For IRS, DCP2 p423 gives 6+ months for DDT, 3–6 months for lambda-cyhalothrin, and 2–3 months for malathion and deltamethrin.

Name Surface First use First resistance Locations where used Advantages Disadvantages Duration of effective action (months) Usage status
Alpha-cypermethrin 4–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Bifenthrin circa 1984[55] "There is a low risk of groundwater contamination based on its chemical properties and it is not persistent in soil."[55] "There are some concerns about bioaccumulation and the pesticide shows a high oral toxicity to mammals as well as being an endocrine distupter and a neurotoxicant. It is toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms."[55] 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Cyfluthrin Field corn, Sweetcorn, Popcorn, Silage corn, Citrus, Public health situations[56] 1983[57] 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Deltamethrin 1974, first described[58] "It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile."[58] "Highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees."[58] 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 1943[59]:7 1946[59]:9 Cheap, chemically stable, lipophilic (so not easily washed off)[59]:7 Persists in environment, accumulates along food chain[59]:7
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD)
Etofenprox Fruit, Vegetables, Paddy fields[60] 1987[60] 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Bendiocarb 2–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
BHC (Lindane?)
Dieldrin
Fenitrothion 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
HCH
Lambda-cyhalothrin 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Malathion 2–3[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Deltamethrin
Paris green
Pirimiphosmethyl 2–3[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Propoxur 3–6[54] "Recommended by the World Health Organization for indoor residual spraying."[54]
Pyrethrin

Carbamate insecticides http://files.givewell.org/files/conversations/Abraham%20Mnzava10-%2018-13%20(public).pdf

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ "amodiaquine". nih.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  2. ↑ "ARTESUNATE AMODIAQUINE WINTHROP 25 mg/67.5 mg, tablet" (PDF). wipo.int. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 "Simpli fied R eversed C hloroquines t o Overcome M alaria Resistance to Quinoline-b ased D rugs". Portland State Universit y. 
  4. ↑ Turner, Arthur. Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear, 10Ed. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Medicinal Chemistry of Antimalarial Drugs - PharmaFactz". pharmafactz.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Artemether". OPEN CHEMISTRY DATABASE. 
  7. ↑ Pharmaceutical Product Development: Insights Into Pharmaceutical Processes, Management and Regulatory Affairs (Vandana B. Patravale, John I. Disouza, Maharukh Rustomjee ed.). Retrieved 25 April 2017. 
  8. ↑ "Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal". World Health Organization. 
  9. ↑ "Enhanced Antimalarial Activity by a Novel Artemether-Lumefantrine Lipid Emulsion for Parenteral Administration". doi:10.1128/AAC.01428-13. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  10. ↑ "The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after oral, intramuscular and rectal administration to volunteers.". PMID 1982311. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  11. ↑ "Rectal administration of artemisinin derivatives for the treatment of malaria". Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  12. ↑ "San Antonio scientist awarded $4.6 million for malaria research". 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Mondal, Sudeb. "Basic Undergraduate Pharmacology". 
  14. ↑ Dowling, John Malcolm; Yap, Chin-Fang (2014). Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the global epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhoea. Palgrave and Macmillan. 
  15. ↑ "Artemotil". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. World Health Organization. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "MALARIA: Artemotil treatment". Retrieved 26 April 2017. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Randomized Comparison of Amodiaquine plus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, Artemether-Lumefantrine, and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Burkina Faso". doi:10.1086/522985. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Artesunate". who.int. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
  20. ↑ "THE NEW LANDSCAPE OF NEGLECTED DISEASE DRUG DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2017. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF ARTESUNATE/AMODIAQUINE FIXED DOSE COMBINATION TABLETS IN THE WHO MODEL LISTS OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES" (PDF). WHO. 
  22. ↑ Artesunate + Amodiaquine. msh.org. 
  23. ↑ "New, Once-a-Day Fixed-Dose Combination Against Malaria Now Available". dndi.org. Retrieved 27 April 2017. 
  24. ↑ "Malarone". 
  25. ↑ "Malaria" (PDF). reispassie.nl. Retrieved 26 April 2017. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Malaria: Past and Present History of Treatment and Prophylaxis". 
  27. ↑ "dentification of a Chloroquine Importer in Plasmodium falciparum" (PDF). THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL C HEMISTRY. 
  28. ↑ "Chloroquine resistance". 
  29. ↑ "The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine blocks KIR2.x-mediated inward rectifier current by entering the cytoplasmic pore region of the channel". British Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00658.x. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
  30. ↑ Semba, Richard David; Bloem, Martin W. Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Chlorproguanil-dapsone: effective treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria.". PMC 164103Freely accessible. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Clindamycin as an Antimalarial Drug: Review of Clinical Trials". Members of the AAC Editorial Board >> ASM Journal Press Releases Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. doi:10.1128/AAC.46.8.2315-2320.2002. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Clindamycin Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved June 25, 2017. 
  34. ↑ Leyden, James J. (2006). Hidradenitis suppurativa. Berlin: Springer. p. 152. ISBN 9783540331018. 
  35. ↑ "Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance". nap.edu. Retrieved 5 June 2017. 
  36. ↑ Smieja, Marek. "Current indications for the use of clindamycin: A critical review". PMC 3250868Freely accessible. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
  37. ↑ "Dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine (Inclusion) -- Adults and Children". WHO. 
  38. ↑ "The Use of Halofantrine Hydrochloride in Acute Malaria" (PDF). proceedings-szh.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "What you need to know about antimalarial drug mefloquine". theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved 26 June 2017. 
  40. ↑ "Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health". esciencecentral.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017. 
  41. ↑ "Randomized Trial of Piperaquine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Dihydroartemisinin for Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children". plos.org. Retrieved 26 April 2017. 
  42. ↑ "QUININE". 
  43. ↑ "Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria". doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144. 
  44. ↑ "The blood schizonticidal activity of tafenoquine makes an essential contribution to its prophylactic efficacy in nonimmune subjects at the intended dose (200 mg)". biomedcentral.com. Retrieved 5 June 2017. 
  45. ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and pediculosis.". PMID 7051240. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 "Advantages and disadvantages of key malaria vector control strategies". nih.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Exchange Transfusion for Severe Malaria: Evidence Base and Literature Review". Oxford Academic. 
  48. ↑ "Indoor Residual Spraying". 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 "Malaria and Vector Control Question and Answers - IVCC". UNITAID. 
  50. ↑ "Malaria—should we abandon insecticide-treated bednets?". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
  51. ↑ "Malaria Site: History of Malaria Control". Retrieved December 20, 2016. 
  52. ↑ "ITNs: Challenges - Insecticide Resistance". 
  53. ↑ "Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.". Institute of Medicine (US). Retrieved 16 June 2017. 
  54. ↑ 54.00 54.01 54.02 54.03 54.04 54.05 54.06 54.07 54.08 54.09 54.10 54.11 54.12 54.13 54.14 54.15 54.16 54.17 54.18 54.19 54.20 54.21 Sadasivaiah, Shobha; Tozan, Yeim; Breman, Joel G. "Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for Indoor Residual Spraying in Africa: How Can It Be Used for Malaria Control?". Retrieved 21 June 2017. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 "bifenthrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
  56. ↑ "cyfluthrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
  57. ↑ "cyfluthrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 "deltamethrin". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 Palmer, Michael (March 26, 2016). "The ban of DDT did not cause millions to die from malaria" (PDF). Retrieved December 22, 2016. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "etofenprox". herts.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2017. 
Retrieved from "http://timelines.issarice.com/index.php?title=Comparison_of_methods_of_malaria_control&oldid=15116"