Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Tata Group"

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| 1979 || || Subsidiary || Tata Projects Limited is established as an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) company in the engineering sector of the Tata Group.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Admired Companies: Tata Projects |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/articles/cover-story/Most-Admired-Companies:-Tata-Projects/3109 |website=constructionworld.in |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1982 || || || "The Taj Group accelerates its international expansion with the acquisition of St. James Court in London, UK, two years after the company's first international hotel in Yemen."<ref name="The Complete Story"/>
 
| 1982 || || || "The Taj Group accelerates its international expansion with the acquisition of St. James Court in London, UK, two years after the company's first international hotel in Yemen."<ref name="The Complete Story"/>

Revision as of 07:47, 19 September 2019

This is a timeline of Tata Group.

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
21st century "Tata Steel was one of the biggest producers of steel in India after SAIL. Till the earlier 21st century it was not on the top positions in the world of steel in terms of production around the world. The year 2004 and 2005 saw some of the biggest acquisitions made by Tata steel in its history of 100 years."[1]

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details
1868 "The Tata Group was founded as a private trading firm in 1868 by entrepreneur and philanthropist Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata."[2] "29-year-old Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata starts a trading company with a capital of ₹21,000 — the early beginnings of what would one day become the Tata group."[3][1]
1869 "In 1869 Tata moved into textiles, in Chinchpokli he acquired bankrupt oil mill in the industrial heart of Bombay, later on the property was converted into the cotton mill and renamed as Alexandra Mill. Two years later, he sold the mill for a significant profit to a local cotton merchant."[1]
1871 "In 1869 Tata moved into textiles, in Chinchpokli he acquired bankrupt oil mill in the industrial heart of Bombay, later on the property was converted into the cotton mill and renamed as Alexandra Mill. Two years later, he sold the mill for a significant profit to a local cotton merchant."[1]
1874 "In a bold move, Jamsetji establishes a textile mill in Nagpur instead of Bombay — India's textile hub. The Empress Mills experiment would prove to be a stroke of genius."[3]
1874 "In 1874, a new venture was started by Jamsetji, the Central India Spinning which was a weaving and manufacturing company in Nagpur. He invested a capital of INR 1,50,000/- in Central India Spinning."[1]
1877 "T.R. Doongaji hails from Nagpur, the place where Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata started his first venture, Empress Mills, in 1877. "[4]
1886 "Empress Mills pioneers employee welfare initiatives, long before they are enacted by law. 150 years later, the Tata group remains a 'people-first' enterprise."[3]
1892 "Jamsetji establishes the JN Tata Endowment Fund to help Indian students pursue higher studies abroad."[3]
1898 "In 1898 Jamshetji Tata opened a Hotel Taj in Mumbai, it was the first hotel of such standard in India and laid a foundation of a multimillionaire venture known to be as Taj Group of hotels. The first of its kind, with German fans and English butlers."[1]
1902 " In 1902 the group incorporated the Indian Hotels Company to commission the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, the first luxury hotel in India, which opened the following year. "[2]
1903 December 16 The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel opens as the first luxury hotel in India.[2][3]
1904 "After Jamsetji’s death in 1904, his son Sir Dorab Tata took over as chair of the Tata Group.[2] "It falls to his older son, Sir Dorabji Tata, to bring his father's grand vision for India to life. He becomes Chairman when Jamsetji passes away in Germany in 1904."[3][4]
1907 Fulfilling the dream of Jamshedji, Dorabji Tata establishes the Tata Iron and Steel company (TISCO) (now known as Tata Steel) in Sakchi, and builds a hospital for the village.[2][3][4][1]
1909 May The Indian Institute of Science is established through the vision of Jamsetji Tata, 5 years after his death. [3][5]
1910 "Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932)."[2]"Jamsetji's dream of bringing clean energy to Mumbai by establishing Western India's first hydro plant, is brought to life by Sir Dorab. Tata Power is born."[3][4]
1911 "Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932)."[2]
1911 The first batch of students is admitted to the Indian Institute of Science.
1912 "Moved by widespread poverty in India, Sir Ratan Tata, Jamsetji's younger son and a philanthropist, funds research into its causes at the University of London."[3]
1917 "Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932)."[2]
1917 "The group makes its consumer space debut with Tata Oil Mills Co (TOMCO), known for popular soap brands, Hamam and Moti. It is sold to Hindustan Lever in 1984."[3]
1917 Tata Sons is registered as a private limited company.[1]
1919 "Sir Ratan Tata passes away this year, and the first of the Tata Trusts, the Sir Ratanji Tata Trust & Allied Trusts, is set up in accordance with his will. It has a corpus of Rs. 8 million."[3]
1919 Tata Power is founded by Dorabji Tata.
1920 "India sends her first Olympic team to the games in Antwerp, largely due to Sir Dorab's efforts. In 1924, he finances the Indian team headed to the Paris games."[3]
1922 Tata Coffee is founded.
1929 "24-year-old JRD Tata receives the first pilot licence in India, the culmination of a childhood fascination with flying and with legendary aviator Louis Bleriot."[3]
1932 "Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932)."[2]
1932 "India's aviation aspirations soar as JRD pilots the first flight of the subcontinent from Karachi to Mumbai. Tata Airlines (later, Air India) is born."[3]
1932 June Dorabji Tata dies on June 3. Nowroji Saklatwala (son of Bapuji Saklatwala and Virbaiji Tata) becomes the third chairman of the Tata Group.[2]
1936 The Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work (later known as Tata Institute of Social Sciences) is established.[3]
1938 "Sir Nowroji passes away in France, propelling JRD Tata to the most powerful position in the group. At 34, he is the youngest Chairman in the group's history."[3][4]
1939 " Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)"[2] "Tata Chemicals is incorporated in isolated, coastal Mithapur. A thriving community grows around the plant as the company grows into a market leader."[3]
1939 "Ratan Tata (son of Jamshetji) established Tata Iron and Steel Company on August 26, 1907, and fulfilled the dream of Jamshedji [1]. By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire."[1]
1939 Tata Chemicals is founded in Mithapur, Gujarat.[6]
1941 "The Tata Memorial Hospital is commissioned by the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. It pioneers cancer treatment in the country, and offers access to cancer care for all."[3]
1944 The Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work is renamed as Tata Institute of Social Sciences.[7]
1945 " Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)"[2]
1945 ". In 1945 Tata Group established the Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) to manufacture engineering and locomotive products; it was renamed Tata Motors in 2003."[2] "The group's rapid business expansion continues with the establishment of Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company. By 2003, it is rechristened Tata Motors."[3][4]
1946 "Naval Tata is named President of the Indian Hockey Association. Under his watch, India achieves Olympic glory, with golds in 1948, 1952 & 1956."[3]
1952 " Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)"[2]
1952 "Women across the country celebrate as the group launches India's first cosmetics brand, Lakme. It is sold to Hindustan Unilever, along with TOMCO, in 1984."[3]
1953 ""Air India is nationalized""[4]
1954 " Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)"[2]
1954 "Voltas is incorporated and is associated with multiple prestigious projects, making it a leading engineering solutions provider and airconditioning brand."[3]
1956 "Tata Sons were registered as a private limited company in 1917. After the Companies Act 1956 it was termed as a deemed public holding company with articles remaining unchanged."[1]
1961 Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery is founded.
1962 " Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)"[2]
1962 "The group's interest in the beverages space is brewing. The country wakes up to a cup of Tata Finlay (later, the iconic Tata Tea; now, Tata Global Beverages)."[3]
1964 The Tata Institute of Social Sciences is declared Deemed university under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act (UGC), 1956.[7]
1968 " Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)"[2]
1968 Subsidiary Tata Consultancy Services is established as India's first software services company. It would grow to a global enterprise with a presence in 46 countries.[3][4]
1969 "JRD Tata and Dr. Jamshed Bhabha envision a world-class performing arts centre to preserve India's heritage. Enter, the National Centre for the Performing Arts."[3]
1971 A first unsuccessful attempt to nationalize Tata Steel is made.[1]
1979 A second unsuccessful attempt to nationalize Tata Steel is made.[1]
1979 Subsidiary Tata Projects Limited is established as an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) company in the engineering sector of the Tata Group.[8]
1982 "The Taj Group accelerates its international expansion with the acquisition of St. James Court in London, UK, two years after the company's first international hotel in Yemen."[3]
1983 "Tata Chemicals changes the way India consumes salt. Tata Salt is the country's first iodised branded salt — the 'desh ka namak' to build a strong, healthy nation."[3] "Tata Salt was launched in 1983 by Tata Chemicals as India's first packaged iodised salt brand"
1984 "The group clocks another win as Titan Industries, a JV with the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO), makes a splash in a watch-starved market."[3][4]
1989 Tata Technologies Limited is founded.
1990 "Tata Steel started expansion plan and established its subsidiary Tata Inc. in New York."[1]
1991 " In 1991 J.R.D.’s nephew, Indian business mogul Ratan Tata, succeeded him as chairman of the Tata Group. Upon assuming leadership of the conglomerate, Ratan aggressively sought to expand it, and increasingly he focused on globalizing its businesses. "[2][4]
1991 "After its success with commercial vehicles, TELCO (now Tata Motors) cruises into the passenger vehicle space with Tata Sierra, followed by Tata Estate in 1992."[3]
1991 "Tata Central Archives (TCA) was launched by JRD Tata in Bombay (now Mumbai) in January of 1991; it became a division of Tata Services in 1997. In 2001, the archives moved to Pune. Housed in the lush green precincts of Tata Management Training Centre, TCA was formally inaugurated by Ratan Tata, Chairman, Tata Sons, on February 13, 2001."[9]
1992 "With an eye on an evolving market, Titan launches Raga to tap into the women's watch segment. Fastrack (launched 1998) becomes an iconic youth brand."[3]
1993 ""J.R.D. Tata dies" "[4]
1994 "Titan revolutionises the Indian jewellery market with the launch of Tanishq. The retail brand brings transparency and reliability to an unorganised sector."[3]
1996 Subsidiary Tata Teleservices is founded.
1997 ""Tata Central Archives (TCA) was launched by JRD Tata in Bombay (now Mumbai) in January of 1991; it became a division of Tata Services in 1997. In 2001, the archives moved to Pune. Housed in the lush green precincts of Tata Management Training Centre, TCA was formally inaugurated by Ratan Tata, Chairman, Tata Sons, on February 13, 2001."[9]
1998 "Tata Indica, India's first indigenously designed and manufactured car, and Tata Safari, India's first SUV, are launched by TELCO (now, Tata Motors)."[3][4]
2000 "Tata Tea (now Tata Global Beverages) acquires the iconic, then 160-year-old, British Tetley group. Today, it is the second largest tea brand, globally."[3] It is the first major acquisition of an international brand by an Indian business group.[4]
2000 February Acquisition February 2000 – Tetley Tea Company, $407 million[10]
2001 ""Tata Central Archives (TCA) was launched by JRD Tata in Bombay (now Mumbai) in January of 1991; it became a division of Tata Services in 1997. In 2001, the archives moved to Pune. Housed in the lush green precincts of Tata Management Training Centre, TCA was formally inaugurated by Ratan Tata, Chairman, Tata Sons, on February 13, 2001."[9]
2001 "In 2000 the group acquired London-based Tetley Tea, and in 2004 it purchased the truck-manufacturing operations of South Korea’s Daewoo Motors. "[2]
2001 "In 2001 Tata Group partnered with American International Group, Inc. (AIG) to create the insurance company Tata-AIG."[2]
2001 "The group strengthens its presence in the insurance sector with two joint ventures — Tata AIG this year, and Tata AIA in 2000."[3]
2002 "The Tata group acquires a controlling stake in VSNL, establishing Tata Communications. The company is a global leader in network solutions, mobility and IoT."[3]
2003 ". In 1945 Tata Group established the Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) to manufacture engineering and locomotive products; it was renamed Tata Motors in 2003."[2]
2003 "TCS is the first Indian software company to cross one billion dollars in revenues. It goes public in 2004 in the largest IPO in India, raising nearly $1.2bn."[3]
2003 Subsidiary Tata Power Trading Company Limited is incorporated. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Tata Power Company Limited.[11]
2004 "In 2000 the group acquired London-based Tetley Tea, and in 2004 it purchased the truck-manufacturing operations of South Korea’s Daewoo Motors. "[2]
2004 "Tata Motors acquires the heavy vehicles unit of Daewoo Motors, and in the same year, is listed on the New York Stock Exchange."[3]
2004 August Acquisition "August 2004 – NatSteel's Steel business, $292 million"
2004 "TCS goes public; raises nearly $1.2 billion"[4]
2004 ""Tata Motors buys heavy vehicles units of Daewoo Motors, South Korea"[4]
2004 Subsidiary Tata Business Support Services is founded.
2004 November Acquisition "November 2004 – Tyco Global Network, $130 million"
2005 "Tata Steel buys Singapore-based NatSteel"[4]
2005 July Acquisition "July 2005 – Teleglobe International Holdings, $239 million"
2005 "In 2005 the company changed its name from TISCO to Tata Steel."[1]
2005 October Acquisition "October 2005 – Good Earth Corporation"
2005 December Acquisition "December 2005 – Millennium Steel, Thailand, $165 million"
2005 December Acquisition December 2005 – Brunner Mond Chemicals, $10 million
2006 "The group responds to the transforming satellite entertainment space by launching DTH (Direct-to-Home) provider, Tata Sky."[3]
2006 June Acquisition "June 2006 – Eight O'Clock Coffee, $220 million"
2006 August 10 Tata Sky is founded.
2006 November Acquisition November 2006 – Ritz Carlton Boston, $170 million
2007 January Acquisition January 2007 – Corus Group, $12 billion
2007 March Acquisition March 2007 – PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC) (Bumi Resources), $1.1 billion
2007 April Acquisition April 2007 – Campton Place Hotel, San Francisco, $60 million
2007 "The biggest acquisition by Tata was made on 31 January 2007, it won their bid from CSN for Corus after offering 608 pence per share, valuing Corus at £6.7 billion ($12 billion)."[1]
2007 "In 2007 Tata Steel completed the biggest corporate takeover by an Indian company when it acquired the giant Anglo-Dutch steel manufacturer Corus Group. The following year the company made headlines worldwide when it ventured into the automotive industry."[2] "Tata Steel acquires Corus (now, Tata Steel Europe). It is Europe's second largest steel producer serving construction, automotive, packaging & engineering industries."[3] "and becomes the fifth largest steel producer"[4]
2007 Tata Advanced Systems is founded.
2008 January Acquisition January 2008 – Imacid Chemical Company, Morocco[
2008 February Acquisition February 2008 – General Chemical Industrial Products, $1 billion
2008 February Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), which is credited to have brought internet into India[12], is completely acquired by the Tata Group and renamed as Tata Communications.
2008 "In 2007 Tata Steel completed the biggest corporate takeover by an Indian company when it acquired the giant Anglo-Dutch steel manufacturer Corus Group. The following year the company made headlines worldwide when it ventured into the automotive industry."[2]
2008 "On January 10, 2008, Tata Motors officially launched the Nano, a tiny, rear-engine, pod-shaped vehicle that eventually sold at a base price (excluding options, tax, and transportation fees) equivalent to $1,500 to $3,000. Although only slightly more than 3 metres (10 feet) long and about 1.5 metres (5 feet) wide, the highly touted “People’s Car” could seat up to five adults and, in Tata’s words, would provide a “safe, affordable, all-weather form of transport” for millions of middle- and lower-income consumers both in India and abroad. "[2] "Tata Motors unveils the 'people's car', Tata Nano, to make safe transport affordable to millions. It also acquires iconic British car maker, Jaguar Land Rover."[3]
2008 "Tata Motors purchased the elite British brands Jaguar and Land Rover from the Ford Motor Company in 2008."[2][4]
2008 Tata Marcopolo is founded.
2008 March Acquisition March 2008 – Jaguar Cars and Land Rover, $2.3 billion. March 2008 – Serviplem SA, Spain
2008 April Acquisition April 2008 – Comoplesa Lebrero SA, Spain
2008 May Acquisition May 2008 – Piaggio Aero Industries S.p.A., Italy - Sold Off in 2015
2008 June Acquisition June 2008 – China Enterprise Communications, China
2008 October Acquisition October 2008 – Miljo Grenland / Innovasjon, Norway
2009 " The first Nano hit the road in India in July 2009."[2]
2009 "In 2009 Japan telecom giant DOCOMO acquired the 26.5% stake in Tata Teleservices. This was the first time Tata was venturing into telecom services, it was a great collaboration for both the companies but the collaboration did not last."[1]
2009 Mid-year "In mid-2009, finishing right around a year and half of transactions, DOCOMO put $2.7 billion in wireless business, Teleservices (TTSL) on the understanding that if certain targets weren’t met in the next five years, the Tata would either discover a purchaser for the Japanese organization’s 26.5% stake at equitable esteem, or pay 50% portion of the first venture, whichever was higher. Those targets were:number of supporters and towers, money related breakthroughs like, EBITDA, and, Benefits" "It came as a shock to both the companies when Tata fared badly in the next five years and could not even earn half of the profits expected. By then, RBI had framed new rules that banned the exit by a foreign equity investor at an assured price. But this time the RBI also wanted to make an exception as it was the question of honoring a contract by an Indian company"[1]
2010 April Acquisition April 2010 – Hewitt Robins International, United Kingdom
2011 "Tata Medical Center, a comprehensive cancer care and treatment facility designed especially to serve the poor in the region, is inaugurated by Ratan Tata."[3]
2011 "Tata enters club of 50 global brands"[4]
2012 " Ratan Tata retired and was succeeded by Cyrus Mistry."[2][4]
2012 "TGBL's JV with international coffee giant, Starbucks, is welcomed by coffee lovers. The next 5 years see the fastest rollout of stores in Starbucks' history."[3]
2012 October 19 Tata Starbucks is founded.
2013 July Acquisition July 2013 – Alti SA, France
2014 "Bombay House, is the first heritage building in India to receive a gold rating by Indian Green Building Council. Two years later, it receives a platinum rating."[3]
2014 "Vistara launches; joint venture of Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines"[3]
2014 "When DOCOMO submitted an exit proposal in 2014 to end its collaboration with Tata TeleService, subsidiary of Tata Sons and hence started a legal battle between the two companies. Telecom went to arbitration in the UK where it got the award in its favor. On June 24, DOCOMO won the ruling that ordered Tata Sons to pay it $1.3 billion to buy its stake in the mobile phone joint venture, Tata Teleservices."[1]
2014 December Acquisition December 2014 – Energy Products Limited, India
2015 "The group follows up that development with Vistara, Tata Sons' JV with Singapore Airlines. It celebrates flying 1 million customers that same year."[3]
2016 June Acquisition June 2016 – Welspun Renewables Energy, India
2016 October " Mistry was abruptly dismissed as chairman in October 2016—reportedly over disagreements with members of the Tata family regarding business strategy—and Ratan returned to the position on an interim basis."[2] ""Tata Sons board removes Mistry; Ratan Tata comes back""[4] "Natarjan Chandrasekaran becomes chairman"[4]
2017 January " Ratan’s second stint as chairman ended in January 2017 when Natarajan Chandrasekaran was appointed to the position."[2]
2017 "N. Chandrasekaran, CEO and MD of TCS since 2009, is appointed Chairman of Tata Sons by the Board of Directors."[3]
2017 Tata Chemicals is ranked 1st in 2017 Responsible Business Rankings developed by {{w|IIM Udaipur}.[13]
2018 "Tata Steel and Thyssenkrupp sign a landmark JV to create a new, strong pan-European steel champion that is structurally robust and competitive."[3]
2018 May Acquisition May 2018 – Bhushan Steel Limited, India
2018 Tata Consultancy Services becomes the first Indian Information technology to reach US$100 billion market capitalization.[4]

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References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 "A brief history of the Tata Group". blog.ipleaders.in. Retrieved 18 September 2019. 
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 "Tata Group". britannica.com. Retrieved 17 September 2019. 
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 "Our Timeline: The Complete Story, Tata group". tata.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019. 
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 Tyagi, Rachna. "Tata Group history is also the history of Indian industry". theweek.in. Retrieved 18 September 2019. 
  5. "History". iisc.ac.in. Retrieved 18 September 2019. 
  6. "Company profile". tatachemicals.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Historyvvv
  8. "Most Admired Companies: Tata Projects". constructionworld.in. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Treasures from the Past". tata.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019. 
  10. "Tatas' shopping spree: 27 in 6 years!". Rediff. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2015. 
  11. "Tata Power Trading". tatapowertrading.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  12. Block, Daniel. "How Reliance Jio is monopolising the telecom sector". The Caravan. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  13. "Are businesses becoming more responsible?". livemint.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019.