Timeline of assertive community treatment

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This is a timeline of Assertive community treatment, a service-delivery model that provides comprehensive, locally based treatment to people with serious and persistent mental illnesses.[1] ACT has been widely implemented in the United States, Canada, and England.[2]

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1960s ACT starts development late in the decade.[3]
1970s ACT is launched the early 1970s in Madison, Wisconsin by a group of clinicians at Mendota State Hospital who believe that persons with severe mental illness should be given the opportunity to live in the community by receiving intensive treatment, rehabilitation, and support there, rather than on long-term mental hospital wards.[4]. The approach subsequently spreads throughout the United States, especially in the Midwest.[5]
1980s A tension between ACT as a possible model for all persons with mental illness and the need to focus ACT development on the most costly and difficult to treat populations remains in the decade.[6]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
Late 1960s Arnold Marx, Mary Ann Test, and Leonard Stein at Mendota State Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin start development of their Program Of Assertive Community Treatment.[3] United States
1972 Arnold Marx, Mary Ann Test, and Leonard Stein move hospital-ward treatment staff into the community to test their Program Of Assertive Community Treatment.[3][7]
1973 The Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT), also called "Madison Model", is formally launched. The program is designed to teach life skills to patients in the community, rather than in a state hospital.[8]
1974 The training in ACT receives the Gold Achievement Award from the Hospital and Community Psychiatry Service of the American Psychiatric Association.[9]
1978 The first big-city adaptation of ACT and the first such program to focus on the most frequently hospitalized segment of the mental health consumer population is developed in Chicago, and called Bridge assertive outreach program.[10] United States}}
1978 Test and Stein, the inventors of ACT, report: “Community treatment results in less time spent in the hospital. This finding is certainly not surprising since experimental patients were usually not admitted to hospitals initially and there were subsequent concentrated efforts to keep them out.”.[11] United States
1980 In order to deinstitutionalize patients with severe mental illness, Stein describes in the United States the Assertive Community Treatment model (ACT), characterized as an individualized, intensive, multidisciplinary treatment.[12] United States
1987 The Connecticut Department of Mental Health begins creating assertive community treatment teams.[13]
1988 California creates two integrated service agencies that combine ACT with a capitated model of funding. Unlike the full-fidelity model, these programs specifically target a cross-section of persons with severe mental illness rather than focusing exclusively on high service utilizers.[14]
1990 An ACT program is established in the Delaware correctional system, designed to ease the transition of drug-involved prison releasees into the community by providing both treatment and case management services.[15]
1990 Harbinger determines that indirect service requirements inherent in the ACT team treatment model could reach over 50% of the cost of care, as service intensity approaches one contact per month.[6] United States
1992 Kent County in Michigan establishes two ACT teams to provide intensive support to a group of very seriously ill consumers who were treated successfully only in state hospitals. These ACT teams would work in partnership with newly developed intensive residential programs to provide 128 Carol T. Mowbray, Thomas B. Plum, and Ted Masterton support and care to this target group. ACT was expected to provide intensive support to consumers and residential staff, and to facilitate eventual consumer movement to less restrictive settings.
1994 – 2004 The United States National Alliance on Mental Illness operates an ACT technical assistance center, dedicated to the advocacy and training to make the model more widely available, with funding from the United States federal government's Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.[10] United States
1997 Meisler, Blankertz, Santos, and McKay evaluated ACT for people who are homeless and suffer from co-occurring severe psychiatric and substance use disorders. While abstinence levels and social benefits are not high, the authors manage to report high rates of retention in treatment, housing stability and community tenure.[16]
1998 The United States National Alliance on Mental Illness publishes the first manualization of the ACT model, writen by two of its original developers, Allness and Knoedler.[10] United States
1998 Literature Alberto B. Santos publishes Assertive Community Treatment of Persons With Severe Mental Illness.[17]
1999 The American Psychiatric Association recognizes Project Link in Rochester, New York as the first Forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) program –an adaptation of ACT.[18]
2002 An early reference to Forensic assertive community treatment (FACT) –an adaptation of the assertive community treatment (ACT) as an emerging model of care is published in the textbook Serving Mentally Ill Offenders.[18]
2004 The first study of Forensic assertive community treatment (FACT), is conducted. The program is designed to transition adults with severe mental illnesses from correctional facilities into the community. This treatment strategy would proliferate across the United States.[18]
2010 Literature Sandra J. Johnson publishes Assertive Community Treatment: Evidence-Based Practice or Managed Recovery.[19]

Meta information on the timeline

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See also

External links

References

  1. "PACT (Program Of Assertive Community Treatment)". losangeles.networkofcare.org. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  2. "The ACT Model". ontarioactassociation.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Mental / Behavioral Health". orange.networkofcare.org. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  4. "12 Current Developments in Assertive Community Treatment". jstor.org. Retrieved 5 March 2019. 
  5. Sourcebook of Rehabilitation and Mental Health Practice (David P. Moxley, John R. Finch ed.). 
  6. 6.0 6.1 "HARBINGER II: DEPLOYMENT AND EVOLUTION OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNITY TREATMENT IN MICHIGAN" (PDF). deepblue.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  7. Franklin, Larry L. Cherry Blossoms & Barren Plains. 
  8. Moniz, Cynthia D.; Gorin, Stephen H. Health Care Policy and Practice: A Biopsychosocial Perspective. 
  9. "ASSERTIVE COMMUNITY TREATMENT: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF GOLD". ps.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Assertive community treatment". whatmenneeds.blogspot.com. Retrieved 5 March 2019. 
  11. "A Critique of the Effectiveness of Assertive Community Treatment". ps.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  12. "IMPACT OF ASSERTIVE COMMUNITY TREATMENT IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS". researchgate.net. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  13. Essock, SM; Kontos, N. "Implementing assertive community treatment teams.". PMID 7552558. doi:10.1176/ps.46.7.679. 
  14. Meyer, Piper S.; Morrissey, Joseph P. "A Comparison of Assertive Community Treatment and Intensive Case Management for Patients in Rural Areas". 
  15. MARTIN, STEVEN S.; INCIARDI, JAMES A. "Case Management Outcomes for Drug-Involved Offenders". doi:10.1177/0032855597077002004. 
  16. "Impact of Flexible Duration Assertive Community Treatment: Program Utilization Patterns and State Hospital Use". questia.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  17. "Assertive Community Treatment of Persons With Severe Mental Illness (Norton Professional Books)". amazon.com. Retrieved 2 November 2018. 
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Forensic Assertive Community Treatment: Origins, Current Practice, and Future Directions". researchgate.net. Retrieved 6 March 2019. 
  19. "Assertive Community Treatment: Evidence-Based Practice or Managed Recovery Hardcover – September 3, 2010". amazon.com. Retrieved 2 November 2018.