Timeline of bacteriology

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This is a timeline of bacteriology.

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Time period Development summary
1854–1920 This period is known as the "golden age of microbiology", in which standardized microbiological techniques are developed and most of the disease-causing bacteria are discovered. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch stand out as the great scientists in the field.[1]
1940s The genetics of bacteriophage begin to be studied vigorously, after the development of techniques for the study of bacteriophage infection in single bacteria.[2]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Geographical location
2 billion BC A bacterium becomes symbiotic with the cell from which animals and plants later develop. Chromosomes from this bacterium’s mitochondria would later carry 37 genes in the human body.[3]
1590 Z. Janssen and H. Janssen produce the operational compound microscope.[4]
1676 Dutch merchant Antony Van Leeuwenhoek observes microorganisms using a single lens microscope designed by him and names them animalcules.[5] Van Leeuwenhoek is considered the first to discover microorganisms.[6]
1749 John Needham "germination theory".[4]
1762 Austrian medical doctor Marcus Antonius Von Plenciz in Vienna publishes a germ theory of infectious diseases and reports that each disease is caused by a separate organism.[4][7][1][8] Austria
1828 German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the name bacterium.[5][9]
c.1830 "c.1830. Turning to the study of microscopic organisms in water, soil, and dust, Ehrenberg described many new types of unicells, Protista, diatoms and general infusoria. He also demonstrated that sedimentary rocks, such as chalk, are composed of microscopic shells of ancient creatures."
1832 "1832. G.E. Winslow publishes a standard text on cholera from the pre-bacterial era, Essay on the Nature, Symptoms and Treatment of Asiatic Cholera,1832, New York: Sleight & Robinson."
1835 Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg coins the term Bacillus to contain rod-shaped bacteria.[10][11][12]
1839 German physiologist Theodor Schwann demonstrates the cellular basis of the body, asserting that all organs and tissues are composed of a multitude of structural units called cells.[13][14][15]
1840 German pathologist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle offers his theory of contagion by arguing that the "material of contagions is endowed with a life of its own, which is, in relation to the diseased body, a parasitic organism.[16]
1844 Italian entomologist Agostino Bassi asserts that microorganisms cause human disease.[6]
1847 " Cranston R. Low and T.C. Dodds publish the illustrated Atlas of Bacteriology. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone"
1857 ". Carl Zeiss (1816-1888), a German optical-instrument maker, produces his Stand I-compound model microscope."
1858 Publication French biologist Louis Pasteur publishes Memoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique (Memoir on Lactic Fermentation) which is considered a foundation stone of the cell theory, microbiology, and bacteriology.[17][18] France
1865 British surgeon Joseph Lister develops antiseptic surgery, which greatly increases survival rates.[19]
c.1868 German botanist Ferdinand Cohn starts studying bacteria. From his accurate studies of their morphology, or bodily form, Cohn is among the first to attempt to arrange the different varieties of bacteria into genera and species on a systematic basis.[20] Cohn studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria would lead him to describe several bacteria including Bacillus and Beggiatoa. The field of bacteriology is considered by many to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn.[5]
1876 Louis Pasteur discards the theory of spontaneous generation and investigates the principles of pasteurization.[4] France
1876 German physician and microbiologist Robert Koch in Berlin isolates the anthrax bacillus, and becomes the first to show a specific organism as the cause of a disease.[4][21][22][23] Germany
1877 Louis Pasteur notes that some bacteria produce substances that kill other bacteria, setting the basis of antibiotics.[24] France
1878 Koch observes bacteria bearing a close resemblance to staphylococci.[25]
1878 British pioneer of antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister becomes the first person to obtain a pure culture of a bacterium (Streptococcus lactis) in a liquid medium. Lister isolates a pure culture from sour milk and names it Bacterium lactis.[26][27][28][29]
1880 Louis Pasteur manages to isolate the bacterium responsible for chicken cholera and grows it in pure culture. [25][30][24] France
1880 Publication George M. Sternberg M.D. translation of Les bactéries becomes the first general bacteriology book in English.[31]
1881 German Jewish physician Paul Ehrlich introduces the dye methylene blue into bacteriology.[32]
1881 British surgeon Alexander Ogston, Professor at the University of Aberdeen, carries out the first detailed studies on staphylococci.[4] After injecting the bacteria into animals and producing experimental infections in the laboratory, Ogston links staphylococcus to the serious infections then called "hospital sepsis".[33][34] United Kingdom
1882 German pathologist and microbiologist Carl Friedländer discovers the microorganism that he believes causes bacterial pneumonia. The organism would later be named Bacillus friedlanderi.[35][36][37]
1882 Robert Koch discovers Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis.[21]
1883 Belfield publishes the first original general bacteriology book in English, On the Relations of Micro-organisms to Disease.[31]
1883 Robert Koch leads an expedition to Egypt and India, and discovers bacterium Vibrio cholerae as the cause of cholera.[21] Egypt, India
1884 German Jewish internist Arthur Nicolaier discovers the causal agent of tetanus Clostridium tetani.[4][38][39][40] Germany
1884 Hans Christian Gram discovers a differential stain used the identification of bacteria.[4]
1886 H. Hellriegel and H. Wilfarth establish the relationship between legumes and nitrogen fixing bacteria.[4]
1886 F. Frankel isolates Pneumococcus bacteria.[4]
1888 "M.W. Beijerinck" "isolation and cultivation of root nodule bacteria".[4]
1890 Sergeius N. Winogradsky is the first to demonstrate N2 fixation by free living soil bacteria.[4]
1894 A. Yersing discovers Pasteurella pestis.[4]
1894 Japanese physician Kitasato Shibasaburō discovers the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis.[4][41][42][43] Hong Kong
1898 Japanese bacteriologist Shiga Kiyoshi discovers dysentery bacillus Shigella (named after him).[4][44][45][46] Japan
1900 Shiga Kiyoshi develops a dysentery antiserum.[44] Japan
1910 American plant Erwin Frink Smith publishes the earliest description of the pathogenic relationship of Corynebacterium michiganense to tomato.[4][47][48][49] Smith is considered to have played a major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease.[50][51]
1923 The Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology is published. It is written to provide a modern identification key for bacteria but little of it is based on direct experience of the organisms.[27]
1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers antibiotic penicillin.[4][52][53][54] United Kingdom
1928 English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith discovers transformation in bacteria. Griffith finds that extracts from killed encapsulated streptococci could change the living, harmless bacteria to the disease-producing virulent type. [4][55][56][57]
1944 O. T. Avery, C.M. Macleod and M. McCarty show the significance of DNA as hereditary material by studies of transformation in bacteria.[4][58][59][60]
1946 American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg and American geneticist Edward Tatum discover bacterial conjugation.[2][4][61][62][63]
1952 N. Zinder and J. Lederberg discover the transduction in bacteria.[4]
1971 B. Pierson and K. Castenholz discover the green non-sulphus bacteria Chloroflexus.[4][64][65]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

[1] [2], [3], [4] [5]

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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