Difference between revisions of "Timeline of bicycle transportation"
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− | This is a '''timeline of bicycle transportation'''. | + | This is a '''timeline of bicycle transportation''', attempting to describe significant events in the development of the technology and use of bicycles. |
==Big picture== | ==Big picture== | ||
Line 6: | Line 6: | ||
! Time period !! Development summary | ! Time period !! Development summary | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | Before 19th century || Multiple events lead to the development of the bicycle, starting with the invention of the {{w|wheel}}. As early as 500 BC, Chinese engineer {{w|Lu Ban}} is probably the first to mention a pedal powered cycle. During the Italian {{w|Renaissance}}, [[w:Giovanni Fontana (engineer)|Giovanni Fontana]], {{w|Leonardo Da Vinci}} and his student {{w|Gian Giacomo Caprotti}} lead the development of early prototypes. In the 17th century, Johann Hautsch and {{w|Stephan Farffler}} in {{w|Germany}} contribute with the development of the technology. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 19th century || The {{w|velocipede}} from 1860 is considered the first true bicycle. {{w|John Kemp Starley}}'s Rover {{w|Safety Bicycle}} is regarded as the first model of “modern” bicycle.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> In the 1860s, several different French inventors develop prototypes with pedals attached to the front wheel.<ref name="Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle’s Bumpy History"/> In the 1870s there are several advances in {{w|metallurgy}}, including hollow frame tubes and wire-spoked wheels.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> From the 1880s onward, manufacturing technology improves even further and allows factories to mass-produce bicycles at lower costs.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> By 1890, bikes are already popular.<ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/> The pneumatic tire and the chain drive, followed by the development of gears, revolutionize bicycling in the later century.<ref name="Frames & Mateerials">{{cite web |title=Frames & Mateerials |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/cycling/frames1.html |website=exploratorium.edu |accessdate=1 October 2019}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1900s–1950s || Golden Age of Bicycles. This means of transport becomes one of the primary means of public road transportation. Early bicycle clubs popularize recreational driving across Europe and the United States. Throughout time, the manufacturing costs come down significantly, which increase the use of bicycle all over the world.<ref name="History of the Bicyclebicyclehistory.net"/> During {{w|World War I}}, bicycles play a valuable role as the French, British and Germans deploy bicycle regiments and battalions.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1960s onwards || The modern age of bicycles starts with the increase of consciousness of the benefits of exercise and energy efficient transport.<ref name="History of the Bicyclebicyclehistory.net"/> In the 1960s there's a revival of interest in folding bikes.<ref name="The History of the Folding Bike"/> During the 1970's the so-called Bike Boom occurs in the {{w|United States}} as the general public becomes aware of the value of exercise and energy-efficient transportation.<ref name="The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle"/> Faster and lighter bicycles are also introduced.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> In the 1980s, the use of {{w|Mountain Bike}}s and {{w|BMX}}s become popular.<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History"/> Bicycle frames in the 1990s become lighter and stronger.<ref name="Frames & Mateerials"/> |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Present time || It is estimated that about 16% of the global population can ride a bicycle. China is the global leader in bicycle production, sales, and export. Dockless bike share systems grow rapidly to involve over 100 cities and millions of bicycles.<ref name="A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Numerical and visual data == | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Mentions on Google Scholar === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
+ | ! Year | ||
+ | ! bicycle transportation | ||
+ | ! pedestrian bicycle transportation | ||
+ | ! bicycle transportation safety | ||
+ | ! bicycle transportation network | ||
+ | ! bicycle transportation model | ||
+ | ! bicycle transportation environmental benefits | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1980 || 784 || 157 || 391 || 240 || 398 || 246 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1985 || 724 || 136 || 355 || 218 || 393 || 184 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1990 || 908 || 181 || 449 || 358 || 534 || 295 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1995 || 1,890 || 519 || 1,100 || 842 || 1,180 || 781 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2000 || 3,260 || 907 || 1,920 || 1,620 || 2,140 || 1,500 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2002 || 3,810 || 1,170 || 2,260 || 1,970 || 2,530 || 1,950 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2004 || 4,750 || 1,510 || 2,870 || 2,550 || 3,170 || 2,360 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2006 || 5,940 || 1,910 || 3,550 || 3,260 || 4,100 || 3,000 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2008 || 7,300 || 2,290 || 4,440 || 4,080 || 5,050 || 3,680 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2010 || 9,910 || 3,250 || 6,000 || 5,610 || 6,960 || 4,830 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2012 || 12,200 || 4,040 || 7,380 || 7,020 || 8,480 || 6,080 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2014 || 13,800 || 4,400 || 8,290 || 7,890 || 9,750 || 6,700 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2016 || 14,500 || 4,940 || 8,750 || 8,480 || 10,500 || 7,270 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2017 || 15,900 || 5,200 || 9,660 || 9,380 || 11,600 || 7,660 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2018 || 17,000 || 5,540 || 10,200 || 10,200 || 12,600 || 8,330 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2019 || 17,700 || 5,800 || 10,800 || 10,900 || 13,600 || 8,610 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2020 || 16,500 || 6,360 || 9,450 || 11,600 || 12,000 || 7,690 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Bycicle transportation tb.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google trends === | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Bicycle transportation.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Ngram Viewer === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Bicycle transportation from 1817 to 2019. | ||
+ | <ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle transportation |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Bicycle+transportation&year_start=1817&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Bicycle trans ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]] | ||
==Full timeline== | ==Full timeline== | ||
{| class="sortable wikitable" | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
− | ! Year !! | + | ! Year !! Category !! Details !! Location |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 3500 BC–1700s AD || Early development || The {{w|wheel}} is invented around this time.<ref name="The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle">{{cite web |title=The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle |url=https://interestingengineering.com/the-long-and-fascinating-history-of-the-bicycle |website=interestingengineering.com |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 500 BC || Early development || Chinese inventor {{w|Lu Ban}} is probably the first to mention a pedal powered cycle.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution">{{cite book |last1=Wonning |first1=Paul R. |title=A History of the Transportation Revolution |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sYeWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Lu+Ban+bicycle&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ55yn2JTkAhUoE7kGHZPLBMEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Lu%20Ban%20bicycle&f=false}}</ref> This is supposed to be a large wooden device with complicated gears and pedals to make it move.<ref name="The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle"/> || {{w|China}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1418 || Early development || Italian engineer [[w:Giovanni Fontana (engineer)|Giovanni Fontana]] is credited with building the first human powered land vehicle: a device featuring four wheels and using a continuous rope, connected via gears to the wheels.<ref name="A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle"/> || {{w|Italy}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1493 || || A bicycle drawing appears in {{w|Leonardo Da Vinci}}'s "Codex Atlanticus". However, the drawing is speculated to be made by his student {{w|Gian Giacomo Caprotti}}.No working prototype of the device would be ever made.<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History">{{cite web |title=Timeline of the Bicycle History |url=http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/bicycle-timeline/ |website=bicyclehistory.net |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of the Bicyclebicyclehistory.net">{{cite web |title=History of the Bicycle |url=http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/history-of-bicycle/ |website=bicyclehistory.net |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || {{w|Italy}} | + | | 1493 || Early development || A bicycle drawing appears in {{w|Leonardo Da Vinci}}'s "Codex Atlanticus". However, the drawing is speculated to be made by his student {{w|Gian Giacomo Caprotti}}.No working prototype of the device would be ever made.<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History">{{cite web |title=Timeline of the Bicycle History |url=http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/bicycle-timeline/ |website=bicyclehistory.net |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of the Bicyclebicyclehistory.net">{{cite web |title=History of the Bicycle |url=http://www.bicyclehistory.net/bicycle-history/history-of-bicycle/ |website=bicyclehistory.net |accessdate=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || {{w|Italy}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1649 || || | + | | 1649 || Early development || German mechanician Johann Hautsch develops a carriage able to transport one passenger over 500m with the use of the complicated mechanical drive. This device reminds more of a motorcar than a bicycle.<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walford |first1=Edward |last2=Latimer Apperson |first2=George |title=The Antiquary, Volume 32 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1OzmaJN7_tAC&q=Johann+Hautsch&dq=Johann+Hautsch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU26ijn-zkAhUYLLkGHTPABaMQ6AEIODAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nuremberg Carriage 1649 Nmade By Johann Hautsch Line Engraving 19Th Century Poster Print by (18 x 24) |url=https://www.newegg.com/artwork-reproduction-frameless-prints/p/2NM-0084-2HNV8 |website=newegg.com |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1680 || || | + | | 1680 || Early development || German inventor {{w|Stephan Farffler}} creates a manumotive carriage which is considered to be the first known tricycle. This model does not feature pedals, but is propelled with the use of hand crank.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Publishing |first1=Arcturus |title=Questions and Answers about: Science |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-4IEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86&dq=Stephan+Farffler+1680&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUz-WzoezkAhWEGLkGHdWWDBkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Stephan%20Farffler%201680&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sierra |first1=Elena Jorge |title=Del Hogar Digital a la Casa Red |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=hmdO5Nv4iVcC&pg=PA30&dq=Stephan+Farffler+1680&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUz-WzoezkAhWEGLkGHdWWDBkQ6AEIOTAC#v=onepage&q=Stephan%20Farffler%201680&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The New Illustrated Library of Science and Invention, Volume 7 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=82RQAAAAMAAJ&q=Stephan+Farffler+1680&dq=Stephan+Farffler+1680&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUz-WzoezkAhWEGLkGHdWWDBkQ6AEIUDAF}}</ref><ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History"/> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1790 || || | + | | 1790 || Early development || Comte Mede de Sivrac in France develops the celerifere, an early precursor of the bicycle.<ref name="The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle"/> || {{w|France}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1817 || || German engineer {{w|Karl Drais}} patents the ''{{w|Laufmaschine}}'', which combines the three main principles of the bicycle: methods of propulsion, steering, and balance.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> It is operated by kicking against the street.<ref name="Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle’s Bumpy History">{{cite web |title=Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle’s Bumpy History |url=https://www.history.com/news/pedal-your-way-through-the-bicycles-bumpy-history |website=history.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline">{{cite web |title=History of the Bicycle: A timeline |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/13things/7083.html |website=brown.edu |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref> | + | | 1817 || Technology || German engineer {{w|Karl Drais}} patents the ''{{w|Laufmaschine}}'', which combines the three main principles of the bicycle: methods of propulsion, steering, and balance.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> It is operated by kicking against the street.<ref name="Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle’s Bumpy History">{{cite web |title=Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle’s Bumpy History |url=https://www.history.com/news/pedal-your-way-through-the-bicycles-bumpy-history |website=history.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline">{{cite web |title=History of the Bicycle: A timeline |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/13things/7083.html |website=brown.edu |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc">{{cite web |title=The History of Bicycles |url=https://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-bicycles/ |website=historycooperative.org |accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}} |
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1820 || || Denis Johnson of London releases his ''{{w|Dandy horse}}'', using an elegantly curved wooden frame which allows the use of larger wheels. These improve the stability during the ride.<ref>{{cite web |title=The dandy horse is a human-powered vehicle that, being the first means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/06/23/regarded-archetype-bicycle-dandy-horse-provided-cheap-efficient-transport-masses-2/ |website=thevintagenews.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | + | | 1820 || Model || Denis Johnson of London releases his ''{{w|Dandy horse}}'', using an elegantly curved wooden frame which allows the use of larger wheels. These improve the stability during the ride.<ref>{{cite web |title=The dandy horse is a human-powered vehicle that, being the first means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/06/23/regarded-archetype-bicycle-dandy-horse-provided-cheap-efficient-transport-masses-2/ |website=thevintagenews.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
| 1830s || Background || Due to improved safety for the rider, tricycles and quadricycles become popular.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> || | | 1830s || Background || Due to improved safety for the rider, tricycles and quadricycles become popular.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1839 || || Scottish blacksmith {{w|Kirkpatrick MacMillan}} develops an early rear wheel pedal driven bicycle.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | + | | 1839 || Model || Scottish blacksmith {{w|Kirkpatrick MacMillan}} develops an early rear wheel pedal driven bicycle.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1850 || Technology || The first three-wheeler is introduced, allowing for a more stable ride.<ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/><ref name="Complete Guide">{{cite web |title=The Complete Guide to Bicycle by Outdoor Lab with J |url=https://everythingsouthcity.com/2019/04/the-complete-guide-to-bicycle-by-outdoor-lab-with-j/ |website=everythingsouthcity.com |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1855–1860 || Technology || Ernest Michaux from France adds crank treadles to a velocipede (round shafts).<ref name="speedplay.com">{{cite web |title=Bicycle pedal timeline |url=http://www.speedplay.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.history |website=speedplay.com |accessdate=1 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1858 || Technology || Pedals are added to the steerable {{w|laufmaschine}}.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1860 || Model || French engineers Ernest Michaux and {{w|Pierre Lallement}} invent the {{w|velocipede}}, which is considered the first true bicycle.<ref name="The Definitive Visual">{{cite book |last1=DK |title=Bicycle: The Definitive Visual History |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6yrvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=%22velocipede%22+%22in+1860..1870%22&source=bl&ots=gX9j4SGvUP&sig=ACfU3U0K5iYdmvHoAkkAOW1-I_RtSFOh8A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidiZDpgpXkAhW_GbkGHUUjB2YQ6AEwAHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22velocipede%22%20%22in%201860..1870%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/><ref name="Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution">{{cite book |last1=Shennan |first1=Stephen |title=Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DVDs3ULooeoC&pg=PA150&dq=%E2%80%9CBoneshaker%E2%80%9D+bicycle+%22in+1850..1870%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3k46H3PHkAhXcHrkGHf_jDK4Q6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CBoneshaker%E2%80%9D%20bicycle%20%22in%201850..1870%22&f=false}}</ref> In {{w|England}} it would be called {{w|boneshaker}}. A stiff contraption, the wheels are pure wood, and the tires are made of iron. Although very impractical and difficult for the rider, it is the first bike in cycling history to have the front-wheel pedals.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know">{{cite web |last1=Hiles |first1=Dillon |title=58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know |url=https://www.icebike.org/58-milestones-from-bicycle-history-you-must-know/ |website=icebike.org |accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1861 || Technology || French blacksmith {{w|Pierre Michaux}} patents the bicycle pedal and starts using rubber tires and ball bearings for faster and easier use.<ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1861 || Technology || Crank and pedals are introduced, but not yet brakes, resulting in many dangerous “headers”.<ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1862 || Manufacturer || The {{w|Bown Manufacturing Company}} is established in {{w|Birmingham}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bown Manufacturing Company |url=https://www.classiccycles.org/1936656/2031128.html |website=classiccycles.org |accessdate=1 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1863 || Technology || French engineer {{w|Pierre Lallement}} in {{w|Paris}} attaches a pair of pedals to a two-wheeler (round spools of wood on a shaft).<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1866 || Technology || {{w|Pierre Lallement}} is granted the first bicycle-related U.S. patent is granted for a single-sided counter-balanced bicycle pedal.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1867 || Model || The {{w|velocipede}} (also called {{w|boneshaker}}) becomes so popular that up to 150 independent manufacturers produce them in France.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/><ref name="Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution"/><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1868 || Technology || French mechanic [[w:Eugène Meyer (inventor)|Eugène Meyer]] patents the wire spoke wheel.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1868 || Early development || The term ''bicycle'' is first used to describe a two-wheeled pedal {{w|velocipede}}.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> || {{w|France}}, {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1868 || Model || The {{w|Roper Steam Velocipede}} is released as the first steam-powered bicycle, coming out around the same time that bicycles begin exploding on the market.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1868 || Application (sport) || The first {{w|velocipede}} race is held in {{w|Paris}}. English racer [[w:James Moore (cyclist)|James Moore]] wins.<ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1868 || Model || British engineer {{w|Thomas Humber}} develops a model fitting the description of future {{w|safety bycicle}}s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Developed in the late 1880s, “The Safety Bicycle” was the most important change in the history of the bicycle |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/05/30/safety-bicycle1880s-2/ |website=thevintagenews.com |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1868 || Technology || French engineer Clément Ader is granted the first patent for rubberized wheels.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1869 || Technology || The first rubber tires are used for bicycles, marking a major change in the development and production as well as the capabilities of bikes.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1870 || Model || The {{w|Penny-farthing}} bicycle is invented in {{w|England}}. With its five-foot diameter front wheel and minuscule rear wheel, the name comes from the idea that the wheels resemble two coins, the penny and the farthing next to each other. An inefficient model, the Penny-farthing is unstable, extremely difficult to get on and off and the front wheel is used for power and steering.<ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1870 || Technology || Radial spokes are added to wheels, adopting some of the technological advances of the {{w|Industrial Revolution}}.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1870 || Model || French mechanic [[w:Eugène Meyer (inventor)|Eugène Meyer]] makes a bicycle with very large front wheel and smaller back wheel.<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History"/> He is believed to be the person primarily responsible for making the {{w|Penny-farthing}} feasible and widely known.<ref name = "Hadland">{{cite book | ||
+ | | title = Bicycle Design, an Illustrated History | ||
+ | | author = Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing | ||
+ | | date = 2014 | ||
+ | | publisher = MIT Press | ||
+ | | quote = Eugene Meyer ... gets the credit for making the high-wheeler feasible and making it known. | ||
+ | | page = 92}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1870 || Model || English engineer {{w|Editing W. H. J. Grout}} patents the ''Grout Tension Bicycle'', which introduces several innovations including hollow forks to save weight, rubber tyres for a better ride and adjustable {{w|spoke}}s which could be tensioned to align the wheel.<ref>{{citation |title=Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs |author=Wiebe E. Bijker |page=35 |publisher=MIT Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-262-52227-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Caunter |first1=C. F. |title=The History and Development of Cycles |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aekMAQAAIAAJ&q=W.+H.+J.+Grout%7D%7D+patents+the+%27%27Grout+Tension+Bicycle+1870&dq=W.+H.+J.+Grout%7D%7D+patents+the+%27%27Grout+Tension+Bicycle+1870&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg3KG3rfHkAhVbD7kGHUzrCCAQ6AEIMTAB}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bijker |first1=Wiebe E. |title=Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IsbmwN8-m1cC&pg=PA35&dq=W.+H.+J.+Grout%7D%7D+patents+the+%27%27Grout+Tension+Bicycle+1870&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg3KG3rfHkAhVbD7kGHUzrCCAQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=W.%20H.%20J.%20Grout%7D%7D%20patents%20the%20''Grout%20Tension%20Bicycle%201870&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Babaian |first1=Sharon Anne |title=The most benevolent machine: a historical assessment of cycles in Canada |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qsu3AAAAIAAJ&q=W.+H.+J.+Grout%7D%7D+patents+the+%27%27Grout+Tension+Bicycle+1870&dq=W.+H.+J.+Grout%7D%7D+patents+the+%27%27Grout+Tension+Bicycle+1870&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg3KG3rfHkAhVbD7kGHUzrCCAQ6AEINjAC}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1870–1880 || Technology || British engineer {{w|Edward Alfred Cowper}} invents the {{w|ball bearing}} for bicycles. Others refine it for wheels, cranks and headsets.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1872 || Model || The {{w|Penny-farthing}} is first manufactured in Britain.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1872 || Technology || Ball-bearings are introduced.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1874 || Model || British engineer {{w|Harry John Lawson}} designs the first rear chain driven "safety bicycle".<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History"/><ref name="When was the bicycle invented?">{{cite web |title=When was the bicycle invented? Complete Bikes History |url=https://bikeshaven.com/when-was-the-bicycle-invented/ |website=bikeshaven.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1874 || Application || "Working bikes" are first mentioned in Paris, as {{w|courier}}s, for a {{w|newspaper}} and the {{w|stock market}} riding penny-farthings.<ref> | ||
+ | {{cite book|url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300104189|title=Bicycle: the History|last=Herlihy|first=David V|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-300-10418-9|location=|pages=177|doi=|id=|authorlink=|coauthors=}} | ||
+ | </ref> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1876 || Technology || English inventors Thomas Browett and William Harrison patent an early version of the caliper brake.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1876 || Model || English engineer {{w|Harry John Lawson}} desings the first bicycle to be called a {{w|safety bicycle}}.<ref name="Herlihy_1">{{cite book | ||
+ | | author = David V. Herlihy | ||
+ | | title = Bicycle: the History | ||
+ | | publisher = Yale University Press | ||
+ | | year = 2004 | ||
+ | | location = | ||
+ | | pages = 216–217 | ||
+ | | url = http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300104189 | ||
+ | | quote = In 1876, the British engineer Henry J. Lawson proposed a new rear-drive machine he called the Safety Bicycle. | ||
+ | | doi = | ||
+ | | isbn = 0-300-10418-9}} | ||
+ | </ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1877 || Technology || Designs for differential gearing mechanisms and shifters are patented.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1879 || Model || British designer {{w|Harry John Lawson}} patents his chain-driven bicycle, with the chain making riding easier.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1880 || Organization || The [[w:League of American Bicyclists|League of American Wheelmen]] is founded. It is one of the most well-known cycling associations in history.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1880 || Model || The first rear-wheel-drive bicycle, featuring a chain connecting the pedals to the rear wheel, is mass-produced in {{w|England}}.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1884 || Model || English industrialist {{w|John Kemp Starley}} designs his [[w:safety bicycle|Rover Safety]], with two wheels of equal size with a similar frame. It is built as the official alternative to the {{w|Penny-farthing}}.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> Starley is widely considered the inventor of the modern bicycle.<ref> |
+ | {{cite book | ||
+ | | title = Bicycle Design, An Illustrated History | ||
+ | | author = Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing | ||
+ | | publisher = {{w|MIT Press}} | ||
+ | | year = 2014 | ||
+ | | pages = 160–161 | ||
+ | | quote = The most famous of the rear-drive safeties introduced in 1885 was the Rover, produced in Coventry by John Kemp Starley. | ||
+ | | isbn = 978-0-262-02675-8 | ||
+ | }}</ref><ref name="herlihy"> | ||
+ | {{cite book | ||
+ | | title = Bicycle: History | ||
+ | | last = Herlihy | ||
+ | | first = David V. | ||
+ | | publisher = Yale University Press | ||
+ | | isbn = 0-300-10418-9 | ||
+ | | pages = 225 | ||
+ | | quote = The Rover pattern rapidly improved, and it not only prevailed as the universal bicycle style, it also triggered an unprecedented world-wide demand that culminated in the great boom. | ||
+ | | year = 2004 | ||
+ | }}</ref><ref name=BertoDancingChain3rdEd> | ||
+ | {{cite book | ||
+ | |page = 38 | ||
+ | |quote = There is also general agreement that J.K. Starley's Rover was the first true safety bicycle. | ||
+ | |author=Berto, Frank J. | ||
+ | |author2=Ron Shepherd | ||
+ | |display-authors=etal | ||
+ | |title=The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle | ||
+ | |edition=3rd | ||
+ | |year=2008 | ||
+ | |origyear=2000 | ||
+ | |isbn=978-1-892495-59-4 | ||
+ | |url=http://www.thedancingchain.com/ | ||
+ | |publisher=Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications | ||
+ | |location = {{w|San Francisco, CA}}, USA | ||
+ | |accessdate=25 September 2019 | ||
+ | }}</ref><ref name=BertoDancingChain5thEd> | ||
+ | {{cite book | ||
+ | |author=Berto, Frank J. | ||
+ | |display-authors=etal | ||
+ | |title=The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle | ||
+ | |edition=5th | ||
+ | |year=2016 | ||
+ | |origyear=2000 | ||
+ | |ISBN=978-1-892495-77-8 | ||
+ | |url=http://www.cyclepublishing.com/cyclingbooks/ | ||
+ | |publisher=Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications | ||
+ | |location = {{w|San Francisco, CA}}, USA | ||
+ | |accessdate=25 September 2019 | ||
+ | }}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1884 || Application || English cyclist [[w:Thomas Stevens (cyclist)|Thomas Stevens]] rides a high-wheeler bike on a journey around the globe.<ref name="Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle’s Bumpy History"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1884 || Technology || British machinist William Bown invents the "Aeolus" pedal with rubber tread, the first pedal with {{w|ball bearing}}s.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1885 || Manufacturer || [[w:Bianchi (company)|Bianchi]] is founded in {{w|Italy}}. It is the world's oldest bicycle manufacturing company in existence, having pioneered the use of equal-sized wheels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bianchi |url=https://www.bianchiusa.com/history/ |website=bianchiusa.com |accessdate=2 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1885 || Manufacturer || British manufacturer {{w|Raleigh Bicycle Company}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raleigh powers up UK assembly lines after 13-year wait |url=https://www.bikeradar.com/news/raleigh-powers-up-uk-assembly-lines-after-13-year-wait/ |website=bikeradar.com |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1885 || Background || The first motorcycle is released.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1887 || Application || English-born American immigrant [[w:Thomas Stevens (cyclist)|Thomas Stevens]] becomes the first person to travel around the world on a bicycle, using the Penny-Farthing.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1887 || Model || American inventor, Emmit G. Latta files a patent for his new folding bike, with the idea to enhance portability and make commuting easy.<ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/><ref name="The History of the Folding Bike"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1888 || Technology || Scottish inventor {{w|John Boyd Dunlop}} develops inflatable pneumatic bicycle tires, thus providing a smoother ride than existing solid-rubber tires.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref name="The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle"/><ref name="The Definitive Visual"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1889 || Technology || Daniel Stover and William Hance patent the bicycle brake operated by backward pedal with a back pedal seat.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle">{{cite web |title=The History & Evolution of the Bicycle |url=https://www.evelo.com/history-of-the-bicycle/ |website=evelo.com |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> This break would later become known as safety brake, and would also later become a standard feature on bicycles.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle">{{cite web |title=The History & Evolution of the Bicycle |url=https://www.evelo.com/history-of-the-bicycle/ |website=evelo.com |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1890 || Technology || The idea to use {{w|aluminum}} for bikes rises, provided its light weight.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1891 || Model || The Tandem Velocipede is patented. It is the world’s first two-seater bike.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1893 || Manufacturer || British manufacturer {{w|Campion Cycle Company}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campion Cycle Co. |url=https://nottstalgia.com/forums/topic/14143-campion-cycle-co/ |website=nottstalgia.com |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1893 || Model || English engineer {{w|William Henry James Grout}} develops an early folding bike.<ref name="The History of the Folding Bike">{{cite web |title=The History of the Folding Bike |url=http://www.foldingcyclist.com/folding-bike-history.html |website=foldingcyclist.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1893 || Model || American engineer Michael B. Ryan files a patent for his folding bicycle model.<ref name="A History of Cycling in 100 Objects">{{cite book |last1=Clemitson |first1=Suze |title=A History of Cycling in 100 Objects |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6IHDDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=1893+%E2%80%93+The+folding+bike&source=bl&ots=JnrR-tyk1s&sig=ACfU3U09V66K55iUXUax2UIjvx5Dr9FxNg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiaqMOglpXkAhX_KLkGHbtIBucQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1893%20%E2%80%93%20The%20folding%20bike&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1894 || Model || The first bamboo bicycle is manufactured.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1894 || Application (transport) || The first bicycle messenger system is launched in {{w|California}}, to relay mail between {{w|Fresno}} and {{w|San Francisco}}, after a railroad strike brings postal delivery to a halt.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1894 || Infrastructure || The first bikeway in the United States is created with the opening of the Brooklyn’s Ocean Parkway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean Parkway Bike Path |url=http://www.nycbikemaps.com/spokes/ocean-parkway-bike-path/ |website=nycbikemaps.com |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | || || | + | | 1895 || Manufacturer || German-born mechanical engineer {{w|Ignatz Schwinn}} and Adolph Arnold establish in {{w|Chicago}} the [[w:Schwinn Bicycle Company|Arnold, Schwinn & Company]] to produce bikes.<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Model || Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel. The device has no gears and the motor can draw up to 100 amperes from a 10-volt battery.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Technology || Julien Simon and Victor Dussault from France invent the folding tandem.<ref name="A History of Cycling in 100 Objects"/> || {{w|France}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Technology || Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=DIVIAAAAEBAJ&dq=552,271|title=Patent US552271 – Electrical bicycle}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Technology || Charles Hanson invents the clipless pedal.<ref name="Velo36">{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Perfecting the Clipless Pedal|journal=Velo News|volume=36|issue=5|pages=60|publisher=Inside Communications, Inc.}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Technology || There are two patent offices in the United States, one for bicycles and one for everything else.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Technology || Charles Hanson from {{w|Rhode Island}} invents the first clipless pedal. It twists to lock and unlock and has rotational float.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1896 || Application (sport) || The {{w|1896 Summer Olympics}} mark the first time that competitive cycling appears in the Olympic games.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|Greece}} |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1896 || Notable comment || American social reformer {{w|Susan B. Anthony}} writes: "Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives woman a feeling of freedom and self-reliance."<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1896 || Technology || Coaster Brakes are developed, allowing the bike to move forward without requiring the pedals to move. These also operate as brakes by turning the pedals backwards.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1897 || Technology || The first butted steel bicycle tube is manufactured.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1897 || Model || An early electric bicycle is built by American engineer Hosea W. Libbey.<ref name="Electric bicycle History">{{cite web |title=Electric bicycle History |url=http://www.nbpowers.com/photo_show.aspx?id=115 |website=nbpowers.com |accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1897 || Technology || Duck Brakes are introduced, using a rod operated by a lever on the handlebar. Inorder to slow down the vehicle, the rider pulls the lever to pull rubber rollers against the front tire.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1897 || Technology || Joseph Hanson patents a new type of floating clipless pedal.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1898 || Technology || Freewheeling brakes are introduced, allowing for bicycles to continue moving without being pedaled. Adding safety and convenience, freewhiling would change the design of almost every bicycle made after its invention.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oliver |first1=Smith Hempstone |last2=Berkebile |first2=Donald H. |title=Wheels and Wheeling: The Smithsonian Cycle Collection |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=t99OAAAAMAAJ&q=1898++Freewheeling&dq=1898++Freewheeling&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW18OOze7kAhXNG7kGHSLsDBkQ6AEIRjAE}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1898 || Model || Gordon J. Scott from {{w|Philadelphia}} files a patent for an electric velocipede, featuring a pedal-powered battery regenerator. In this model, the pedals spin a generator, which in turn drives a small motor.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Velocipede |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US598819 |website=patents.google.com |accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1898 || Technology || The freewheel is commercialized for the first time. Invented by German industrialist Ernst Sachs, the freewheel allows the rider to keep pedals stationary while the bicycle still moves forward, while using a different mechanism to do this than the coaster brake.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || {{w|Germany}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1899 || Manufacturer || The {{w|American Bicycle Company}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kyle|first=James Henderson|last2=Clarke|first2=Albert|title=Volume 13 of Reports of the Industrial Commission|year=1901|publisher= United States Industrial Commission |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Zo6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR126&sig=1YJNx332rrDkkr7WtgQr0UBeUtk&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=cxxvi}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1899 || Application (warfare) || Bicycles are first used in conflict in the {{w|Second Anglo-Boer War}} in {{w|South Africa}}.<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/> || {{w|South Africa}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1899 || Technology || Edmonds and Metzel invent the cylinder pedal.<ref name="speedplay.com"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1900 || Organization || The {{w|International Cycling Union}} (''Union Cycliste Internationale'') is founded in {{w|Paris}}. It is the worldwide governing body for cycling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside UCI |url=https://www.uci.org/inside-uci/about |website=uci.org |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1900 || Model || The bicycle design becomes standardized, adopting a basic diamond shape made from metal, pneumatic rubber tires, roller chain, one gear, and coaster brakes. This standard would remain unchanged for more than 50 years.<ref name="Timeline of the Bicycle History"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1901 || Model || Bike manufacturers create the first recumbent bikes.<ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1903 || Application (sport) || The first [[w:1903 Tour de France|Tour De France]] is organized as a cycling race.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1903 || Technology || {{w|Sturmey-Archer}} is {{w|England}} invents the internal {{w|hub gear}}s.<ref name="A Review on Design">{{cite web |title=A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/735c/25e619eb8d60c1d57d9945bd5a28dbc9efab.pdf |website=pdfs.semanticscholar.org |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1904 || Manufacturer || Dutch bicycle manufacturer {{w|Batavus}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Batavus |url=https://www.steel-vintage.com/batavus |website=steel-vintage.com |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1905 || Technology || French engineer {{w|Paul de Vivie}} develops the first derailleur successful bicycle sprocket system. It consists of two sprockets that offer two different speeds, an uphill gear and downhill gear.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1905 || Technology || Manufacturers develop the rear derailleur gear and integrate it on bikes.<ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1909 || Manufacturer || Spanish bicycle manufacturer {{w|Beistegui Hermanos}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=100 YEARS OF BH |url=https://www.bhbikes.com/en_GB/about-bh/100-years-of-bh |website=bhbikes.com |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1914 || Model || The first recumbent bicycle, which allows the rider to sit down while pedaling, is introduced in France by {{w|Peugeot}}, a company later known more for its cars than its bikes.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1920 || Model || The Kids Bike is invented, weighing in at around 65 pounds, and mimicking aspects of the motor vehicle as automobiles become more desirable than bikes.<ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/> Manufacturers start to produce bicycles for kids.<ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1921 || Manufacturer || {{w|Shimano}} is founded in {{w|Japan}}. Today, it controls 50% of the world’s bicycle component market, selling everything from brake parts to pedal components.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|Japan}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1923 || Technology || Bosch launches a dynamo (magneto) bicycle lighting system.<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1924 || Model || French manufacturer Charles Mochet starts producing Velocars, a series of human powered velomobiles in both single and two seat versions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cycling and Society |edition=Dave Horton, Paul Rosen, Peter Cox |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4hApDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&dq=1924++Velocar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwlvjV5LLkAhXAIrkGHYe3DZUQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=1924%20%20Velocar&f=false}}</ref><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1928 || Technology || French industrialist {{w|Lucien Juy}} makes the the first Simplex [[w:Derailleur gears|derailleur]].<ref name="Simplex plunger/push-rod derailleurs">{{cite web |title=Simplex plunger/push-rod derailleurs |url=http://www.classiclightweights.co.uk/designs/simplex-hs.html |website=classiclightweights.co.uk |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dérailleur |url=http://tandem.noir.pagesperso-orange.fr/pages/tandem-d.htm |website=tandem.noir.pagesperso-orange.fr |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1930 || Technology || {{w|Ignaz Schwinn}} introduces the spring fork and fat tire to handle the abuse of teenage boys. This would later become the preliminary design for the mountain bike.<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology">{{cite web |title=Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology |url=https://www.ibike.org/library/history-timeline.htm |website=ibike.org |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1930 || Technology || Italian racing cyclist and inventor {{w|Tullio Campagnolo}} patents the quick release hub, which allows for the wheels of a bicycle to be easily removed and re-installed.<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1933 || Model || Schwinn introduces the first balloon tired bicycle.<ref>{{cite web |title=1933 Schwinn B10E Motorbike – Unrestored |url=http://www.nostalgic.net/1933-schwinn-b10e-motorbike-original |website=nostalgic.net |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1933 || Model || {{w|Cruiser bicycle}}s are introduced in the United States, only made for leisurely bike rides.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Panama Jack Puts a New Spin on Holiday Gift-Giving with Updated Beach Cruiser Bicycle Classic |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/panama-jack-puts-a-new-spin-on-holiday-gift-giving-with-updated-beach-cruiser-bicycle-classic-182432051.html |website=prnewswire.com |accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1934 || Application (sport) || The {{w|Union Cycliste Internationale}} (UCI) bans {{w|recumbent bicycle}}s from being used in cycling races under their name, for being too fast.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1934 || Model || Schwinn releases the Aero Cycle, which includes a battery-powered headlight.<ref name="EVOLUTION">{{cite web |title=THE EVOLUTION THE BEACH CRUISER: A BRIEF HISTORY |url=https://www.sixthreezero.com/blogs/bike-advice/beach-cruiser-history-evolution |website=sixthreezero.com |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1936 || || Chinese state-owned bicycle company {{w|Flying Pigeon}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=FLYING PIGEON |url=https://www.amazon.com/FLYING-PIGEON-FG-1936-Ultralight/dp/B07Q91GFMN |website=amazon.com |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1938 || Technology || A cable operated system appears, allowing riders to change gears without dismounting.<ref name="A History of the Transportation Revolution"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1938 || Technology || Thomas M McDonald from {{w|Montana}} files for a patent for a hub motor. This basic technology would be used in most electric bike motors even to this day.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Desmond |first1=Kevin |title=Electric Motorcycles and Bicycles: A History Including Scooters, Tricycles, Segways and Monocycles |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1Ip_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=thomas+M+McDonald+hub+motor&source=bl&ots=fh26vJSDcC&sig=ACfU3U1nw5kGunr17aZqshJI5w17J6mU1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwievcGR0_HkAhUaILkGHZddD0YQ6AEwFnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1938 || Technology || Simplex introduces a shifting derailleur that uses cables much like modern bicycles. This represents a major improvement over preexisting shifters and begins a push towards advanced shifting mechanisms.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1948 || Technology || Indexed shifting on the handlebars is introduced.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1955 || Model || Huffman Manufacturing releases the Huffy Radio Bicycle, which features a three vacuum tube radio built into the tank.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Huffy Radio Bike - Photos, Service, and History - |url=https://stevenjohnson.com/bicycleradios/huffy.htm |website=stevenjohnson.com |accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1956 || Application (sport) || The first official {{w|BMX}} race is held.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1958 || Application (sport) || Women compete in the first-ever World Championships on the road and track in {{w|Reims}}, {{w|France}}. Balina Ermolaeva becomes the first women's World Sprint Champion, with {{w|Elsy Jacobs}} taking the road race.<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/><ref name="Hello, Bicycle: An Inspired Guide to the Two-Wheeled Life"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1962 || Model || The {{w|Moulton bicycle}} is introduced. While not a folding bicycle per se, this model with its small wheels, serves as an inspiration for many folding bicycle designs that would follow.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref name="The History of the Folding Bike"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1963 || Model || Schwinn releases its Sting-Ray bike, providing the foundation for {{w|BMX}} racing.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1964 || Model || The Italian Graziella is introduced. This model would excercise a large influence on future folding bicycles.<ref name="The History of the Folding Bike"/> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1964 || Technology || Japanese manufacturer SunTour introduces the slant parallelogram derailleur. This device is still in use on modern bicycles.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1965 || Infrastructure || The first {{w|bicycle-sharing system}} is introduced in {{w|Amsterdam}}.<ref name="A brief history of bike sharing">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Bradley |title=A brief history of bike sharing |url=https://360.here.com/a-brief-history-of-bikesharing |website=360.here.com |accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM">{{cite web |title=THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM |url=https://www.citylab.com/city-makers-connections/bike-share/#slide-1965 |website=citylab.com |accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bike-Sharing Enters Its 4th Generation">{{cite web |title=Bike-Sharing Enters Its 4th Generation |url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/four-generations-bike-sharing/122546/ |website=smartcitiesdive.com |accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1968 || Model || The {{w|Raleigh Bicycle Company}} releases the {{w|Raleigh Chopper}}, aimed at children.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 YEARS OF THE RALEIGH CHOPPER |url=https://www.litelok.com/blogs/bike-lock-blog/50-years-of-the-raleigh-chopper |website=litelok.com |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1970 || Model || American designer [[w:Charlie Kelly (businessman)|Charlie Kelly]] and Gary Fisher develop a model built for hard-core terrain, featuring heavy-duty wheels and a suspension system, allowing it to climb steep inclines, ride over logs, rocks, dirt roads and anything else found on a mountain.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1970 || Application (sport) || Cycling sport becomes popular leading to the making of {{w|mountain bike}}s.<ref name="When was the bicycle invented?"/> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1974 || Technology || Teledyne introduces titanium bicycle frames on a consumer scale in the United States.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> Cycling companies start to use {{w|titanium}} for their bikes due to its many key traits.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1975 || Technology || The first carbon bike frame is introduced.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1976 || Application (sport) || Repack Downhill, the world’s first major organized mountain biking race is held in {{w|California}}.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref>{{cite web |title=REPACK HISTORY |url=https://mmbhof.org/mtn-bike-hall-of-fame/history/repack-history/ |website=mmbhof.org |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Repack Downhill: 40 Years Gone By |url=https://dirtragmag.com/articles/repack-downhill-40-years-gone-by |website=dirtragmag.com |accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1978 || Organization || The {{w|United States Bicycle Route System}} is established by the {{w|American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials}} (AASHTO), the same body that coordinates the numbering of interstate highways and routes in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Bike Routes |url=https://www.in.gov/indot/3422.htm |website=in.gov |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1979 || Application (sport)|| Freddie Markham sets the world speed record of 81.8 Km/h, riding a Human Powered Vehicle.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1979 || Model || Californian designer {{w|Joe Breeze}} creates his prototype of {{w|mountain bike}}, developed by many early designers including Otis Guy, Gary Fisher, and Craig Mitchell. This model features the first tough frames built for downhill racing.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1980 || Infrastructure || The first cycle street in the world is constructed in {{w|Bremen}}, {{w|Germany}}.<ref name="Another new bicycle street in Utrecht">{{cite web |title=Another new bicycle street in Utrecht |url=https://bicycledutch.wordpress.com/2015/04/07/another-new-bicycle-street-in-utrecht/ |website=bicycledutch.wordpress.com |accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1981 || Model || American manufacturer {{w|Specialized Bicycle Components}} releases the Specialized Stumpjumper; the first mass produced mountain bike.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1983 || Technology || Bike computers (also called cyclocomputers) are introduced as small digital displays attached to the bicycle that displays information like speed, distance travelled and the current time.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1984 || Technology || Addition of cogs to the rear gear cluster becomes popular, increasing the number of speeds from 15 to 18, 21 and 24.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1984 || Infrastructure || The {{w|Bristol and Bath Railway Path}} opens, becoming the first part of the British {{w|National Cycle Network}}.<ref name="network">{{cite web| title=The UK on a bicycle: the National Cycle Network| first=Farah| last=Hesdin| publisher=Bikenet.com| date=2011-11-29| accessdate=2012-09-24| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104234217/http://www.bikenet.com/articles/the-uk-on-a-bicycle-the-national-cycle-network.html| archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1986 || Technology || Kestrel introduces the first non-lugged carbon frame, marking a major turning point in the market for carbon bikes as professional cyclists are now able to rely on the frames to hold up during races.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1987 || Model || Paul Turner releases his full-suspension mountain bike, making a big improvement on the existing models.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1987 || Infrastructure || Fietsplatform (the Dutch cycling platform) is established as a public-private organization. It is responsible for the development, maintenance, improvement and promotion of the Dutch network of long distance cycle-routes (4.500 km).<ref name="Pan-European Master Plan for Cycling Promotion">{{cite web |title=Pan-European Master Plan for Cycling Promotion |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/thepep/Information_note_01_-_Draft_THE_PEP_Pan-European_Masterplan_for_Cycling_Promotion.pdf |website=unece.org |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1989 || Safety || The Australian government passes the world’s first helmet laws, ordering all cyclists to wear a helmet, in order to curb serious injuries and deaths associated with bicycle accidents.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|Australia}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1989 || Manufacturer || {{w|RockShox}} is founded by Paul Turner. The company would becomes one of the most central companies in the development of mountain bikes.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1990 || Technology || {{w|Shimano}} introduces integrated brake/gear levers<ref name="Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology"/>, setting the stage for modern road bike handlebars.<ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || {{w|Japan}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1992 || Model || Vector Services Limited releases e-bike dubbed Zike, which includes NiCd batteries that are built into a frame member and include an 850 g permanent-magnet motor.<ref name="Electric bicycle History"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1992 || Technology || French manufacturer Mavic introduces an electrically-controlled derailleur.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY |url=https://www.mavic.com/en-int/history |website=mavic.com |accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/> || {{w|France}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1993 || Infrastructure || The Trampe bicycle lift (''Sykkelheisen Trampe'' in Norwegian) is invented and installed by Jarle Wanwik.<ref name=CycloCable >{{Cite web |url=http://www.poma.net/en/solutions-2/products/cyclocable-2/ |title=CycloCable |website=Poma|accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> It is the first and only bicycle [[w:travelator|lift]] in the world.<ref name=DailyMail >{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-2865647/Norway-introduces-world-s-bike-escalator.html |title=Cyclist's saviour! World-first ski lift for bikes - the CycloCable - gives riders a 420-feet boost up super steep hill in Norway |date=8 December 2014 |website=Daily Mail|accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Norway}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1993 || Application (sport) || The first [[w:Cycle Messenger World Championships|Cycle Messenger World Championship]] is held in {{w|Berlin}}.<ref name="Hello, Bicycle: An Inspired Guide to the Two-Wheeled Life"/> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1994 || Technology || SRAM introduces the disc brake, a metal disc that is attached to the wheel. When the brakes are trigger, the disc slows down, thus forcing the wheel to also slow. Intended primarily for off-road bikes, disc brakes would since become a standard component of mountain bikes.<ref name="58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know"/><ref name="The History of Bicyclesc"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1994 || Technology || Sachs introduces the first mass-produced hydraulic {{w|disc brake}} system.<ref name="A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle">{{cite web |title=A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle |url=https://www.academia.edu/13831834/IRJET-A_Review_on_Design_Developments_in_Bicycle |website=academia.edu |accessdate=25 September 2019}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1995 || Infrastructure || Construction of the {{w|Bogotá's Bike Paths Network}} begins.<ref>{{cite web |title=ANÁLISIS DE LA OPERACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE CICLORUTAS EN LA CIUDAD DE BOGOTÁ, COMPARADO CON LOS MODELOS APLICADOS EN MEDELLÍN, CHILE, GUADALAJARA, CANADÁ Y HOLANDA |url=https://repository.ucatolica.edu.co/bitstream/10983/2762/1/ANALISIS%20DE%20LOS%20MODELOS%20DE%20CICLORUTAS%20Rev.%2003%20DIC..pdf |website=repository.ucatolica.edu.co |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Colombia}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1996 || Application (sport) || {{w|Mountain biking}} is first introduced during the {{w|1996 Summer Olympics}}.<ref name="Hello, Bicycle: An Inspired Guide to the Two-Wheeled Life">{{cite book |last1=Brones |first1=Anna |title=Hello, Bicycle: An Inspired Guide to the Two-Wheeled Life |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-t6KCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22&lpg=PT22&dq=1993+Application+(sport)+The+first+Cycle+Messenger+World+Championship+is+held+in+Berlin&source=bl&ots=EJwmPKwoA2&sig=ACfU3U3t-lQww-kIIqUpAT-ITx4jW8FRHA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdrL-l_ZblAhVDGbkGHasFCFsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=1993%20Application%20(sport)%20The%20first%20Cycle%20Messenger%20World%20Championship%20is%20held%20in%20Berlin&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1997 || Infrastructure || The concept of the bicycle street is incorporated in German road law.<ref name="Another new bicycle street in Utrecht"/> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1998 || Model || [[w:Electric bicycle|Ebikes]], which include integrated electric motors that can be used for propulsion, begin a period of rapid adoption in Asia ({{w|China}} and {{w|India}}, in particular) and Europe.<ref name="A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle"/> || {{w|Asia}}, {{w|Europe}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2000 || Model || Miroslav Miljevic designs a model which includes solar powered battery. It is intended for commuters so when they leave their bike outside all day, they won't have to pedal home.<ref name="History of the Bicycle: A timeline"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2000 || Technology || German manufacturer {{w|Rohloff}} introduces the speed derailleur system.<ref name="A Review on Design"/> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2000–2012 || Statistics || The number of bicycle commuters in the United States increases by a 6 percent in the period.<ref name="Hello, Bicycle: An Inspired Guide to the Two-Wheeled Life"/><ref name="Hello, Bicycle: An Inspired Guide to the Two-Wheeled Life"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2002 || Technology || Italian manufacturer {{w|Campagnolo}} introduces 10 Co-gear clusters that allow 30 speed bicycles.<ref name="A Review on Design"/> || {{w|Italy}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2003 || Infrastructure || The longest continuous bike path in Europe opens along the {{w|Albacete}}-{{w|Valdeganga}} highway in Spain, a distance of 22km.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030426164749/http://www.lacerca.com/local%202003/pagina%2811-04-03%29-6.htm | title=Inaugurado el carril-bici más grande de Europa|accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2004 || Infrastructure || The first Dutch “[[w:Bike freeway|bicycle superhighway]]” opens between {{w|Breda}} and {{w|Etten-Leur}}. Since then, many others would be added.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviewfromthecyclepath.com/2011/11/first-cycle-superhighway-revisited.html|title=A view from the cycle path: First cycle "superhighway" revisited|accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} |
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2004 || Infrastructure || {{w|San Francisco}}, California begins experimenting with the {{w|shared lane marking}}, and develops a revised symbol consisting of a bicycle symbol with two [[w:chevron (insignia)|chevron]] markings above the bicycle.<ref name=sf2004>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfmta.com/cms/uploadedfiles/dpt/bike/Bike_Plan/Shared%20Lane%20Marking%20Full%20Report-052404.pdf |title=San Francisco's Shared Lane Pavement Markings: Improving Bicycle Safety", February 2004 |archiveurl=http://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/San-Franciscos-Shared-Lane-Pavement-Markings-Improving-Bicycle-Safety.pdf |archivedate=August 2010 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2007 || Statistics || {{w|Electric bicycle}}s are thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major Chinese cities by the time.<ref name="Electric bicycle History"/> || {{w|China}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2007 || Manufacturer || British bicycle manufacturer {{w|Boardman Bikes}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Halfords acquires Boardman Bikes |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/product-news/halfords-acquires-boardman-bikes-125396 |website=cyclingweekly.com |accessdate=19 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2008 || Infrastructure || {{w|London}} major {{w|Ken Livingstone}} announces twelve new bicycle routes, dubbed ''Cycle Superhighways'' in the city area.<ref name="Kenscycleways">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/09/transport.world1|title=City's two-wheel transformation|last=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=9 February 2008|publisher={{w|The Guardian}}|accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2009 || Technology || {{w|Shimano}} introduces the first commercially successful electronic gear shift system for {{w|road bicycle}}s.<ref name="A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle"/><ref name = "Austen">{{cite news |
+ | | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/14/sports/cycling/14gears.html | ||
+ | | title = Cycling Enters the Electronic Age With a New Gear-Shifting System | ||
+ | | author = Ian Austen | ||
+ | | date = February 13, 2009 | ||
+ | | newspaper = {{w|The New York Times}} | ||
+ | | accessdate = 26 September 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2009 || Application (sport) || Canadian cyclist {{w|Sam Whittingham}} sets human powered speed record of 132 km/h on level ground in a faired recumbent streamliner.<ref name="A Review on Design"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2010 || Statistics || Worldwide production of bicycles is in the range of 125 to 130 billion units.<ref name="History of the Bicyclebicyclehistory.net"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2011 || Application (cargo) || A voluntary European standard (EN 15918) for two-wheel bicycle trailers is published.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEW EUROPEAN STANDARD FOR BICYCLE TRAILERS (EN 15918:2011) |url=https://newsletter.sgs.com/eNewsletterPro/uploadedimages/000006/sgs-safeguards-09312-new-european-standard-for-bicycle-trailers-en-15318-2011-a4-en-12.pdf |website=newsletter.sgs.com |accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2011 || Infrastructure || In {{w|Denmark}}, the first ''cykelgade'' (a {{w|bicycle boulevard}}) opens in {{w|Aarhus}}. Since then, many cyclestreets would be implemented in several cities across the country.<ref>Århus Stiftstidende [https://stiften.dk/aarhus/Mejlgade-bliver-Danmarks-foerste-cykelgade/artikel/79818 Mejlgade bliver Danmarks første cykelgade]</ref> || {{w|Denmark}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2012 || Technology || Adaptrac develops a system that allows the rider to individually adjust tire pressure while riding. Through a system of carbon dioxide cartridges, this allows riders to maintain optimum traction when riding conditions change.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2012 || Infrastructure || The first Danish {{w|bike freeway}} opens between the Vesterbro rail station in {{w|Copenhagen}} and {{w|Albertslund}}, covering 22 kilometers from A-B, with air pumps and other cyclist services dotted along the way.<ref name="10 Octobe">{{cite web |title=Europe’s Cycle Highways: 6 Countries Linking Cities by Bike |url=https://www.progrss.com/movement/20160706/europes-cycle-highways-6-countries-linking-cities-by-bike/ |website=progrss.com |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}} |
− | The | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2012 || Infrastructure || In Belgium, the ''rue cyclable'' (in [[w:French language|French]] / [[w:Walloon language|Walloon]]) or ''Fietsstraat'' (in [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] / {{w|Flemish}}), is introduced into the Highway Code.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://wegcode.be/actueel/1952-fietsstraat-krijgt-officieel-verkeersbord | title=Fietsstraat krijgt officieel verkeersbordaccessdate=13 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}} |
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2013 || Expansion || There are around 535 bike-sharing systems worldwide, made of an estimated fleet of 517,000 bicycles.<ref name="rep.bntu.by">{{cite web |last1= |title=Bicycle Sharing Systems |url=https://rep.bntu.by/bitstream/handle/data/27516/Bicycle%20sharing%20system.pdf?sequence=1 |website=rep.bntu.by |accessdate=4 July 2019}}</ref> || Worldwide |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2014 || Technology || Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Batteries (known as NMC batteries) are introduced, with NMC delivering higher power in a smaller package than previous models. These batteries would become popular with electric bicycles.<ref name="The History & Evolution of the Bicycle"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2014 || Program launch || European governments at the 4thHigh-level meeting on Transport, Health and Environment adopt the Paris Declaration, including a "clear call for member states to promote cycling and to develop a pan-European master plan for cycling within the framework of the Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme (THE PEP)."<ref name="Pan-European Master Plan for Cycling Promotion"/> || {{w|Europe}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2014 || Statistics || 21 million bicycles are sold in the {{w|European Union}} in the year, outnumbering newly registered passenger cars by more than eight million.<ref name="Pan-European Master Plan for Cycling Promotion"/> || {{w|European Union}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2015 || Infrastructure || The number of bike-share bicycles hits an estimated 1,000,000 worldwide. {{w|China}} is by far the leader in the sheer number of bicycles,<ref name="THE BIKE-SHARE BOOM"/> followed by {{w|France}} with almost 43,000 bikes in 38 cities.<ref name="The forgotten radical history of bike sharing">{{cite web |title=The forgotten radical history of bike sharing |url=http://betterbikeshare.org/2016/08/01/radical-history-bike-sharing/ |website=betterbikeshare.org |accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2016 || Infrastructure || Germany launches its national 'Bike Autobahn' cycle network, a cycle route aimed to eventually cover 100 kilometers between the northwestern cities of {{w|Duisburg}} and {{w|Hamm}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany Launches Its National 'Bike Autobahn' Cycle Network |url=https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2016/01/germany-launches-its-national-bike-autobahn-cycle-network/422451/ |website=citylab.com |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2017 || Statistics || An estimated 16 million bikes on China’s streets transport about 130 million registered users.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Free-Floating Bike-Sharing in China |url=http://www.sustainabletransport.org/archives/6278 |website=sustainabletransport.org |accessdate=12 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2019 || Infrastructure || The last part of the bicycle parking Stationsplein Utrecht opens. With 12,500 parking places, it is the world’s largest bicycle parking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bicycle parking Stationsplein |url=https://www.utrecht.nl/city-of-utrecht/mobility/cycling/bicycle-parking/bicycle-parking-stationsplein/ |website=utrecht.nl |accessdate=10 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}} |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 20:41, 31 May 2021
This is a timeline of bicycle transportation, attempting to describe significant events in the development of the technology and use of bicycles.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
Before 19th century | Multiple events lead to the development of the bicycle, starting with the invention of the wheel. As early as 500 BC, Chinese engineer Lu Ban is probably the first to mention a pedal powered cycle. During the Italian Renaissance, Giovanni Fontana, Leonardo Da Vinci and his student Gian Giacomo Caprotti lead the development of early prototypes. In the 17th century, Johann Hautsch and Stephan Farffler in Germany contribute with the development of the technology. |
19th century | The velocipede from 1860 is considered the first true bicycle. John Kemp Starley's Rover Safety Bicycle is regarded as the first model of “modern” bicycle.[1] In the 1860s, several different French inventors develop prototypes with pedals attached to the front wheel.[2] In the 1870s there are several advances in metallurgy, including hollow frame tubes and wire-spoked wheels.[3] From the 1880s onward, manufacturing technology improves even further and allows factories to mass-produce bicycles at lower costs.[4] By 1890, bikes are already popular.[5] The pneumatic tire and the chain drive, followed by the development of gears, revolutionize bicycling in the later century.[6] |
1900s–1950s | Golden Age of Bicycles. This means of transport becomes one of the primary means of public road transportation. Early bicycle clubs popularize recreational driving across Europe and the United States. Throughout time, the manufacturing costs come down significantly, which increase the use of bicycle all over the world.[7] During World War I, bicycles play a valuable role as the French, British and Germans deploy bicycle regiments and battalions.[1] |
1960s onwards | The modern age of bicycles starts with the increase of consciousness of the benefits of exercise and energy efficient transport.[7] In the 1960s there's a revival of interest in folding bikes.[8] During the 1970's the so-called Bike Boom occurs in the United States as the general public becomes aware of the value of exercise and energy-efficient transportation.[9] Faster and lighter bicycles are also introduced.[4] In the 1980s, the use of Mountain Bikes and BMXs become popular.[10] Bicycle frames in the 1990s become lighter and stronger.[6] |
Present time | It is estimated that about 16% of the global population can ride a bicycle. China is the global leader in bicycle production, sales, and export. Dockless bike share systems grow rapidly to involve over 100 cities and millions of bicycles.[11] |
Numerical and visual data
Mentions on Google Scholar
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 19, 2021.
Year | bicycle transportation | pedestrian bicycle transportation | bicycle transportation safety | bicycle transportation network | bicycle transportation model | bicycle transportation environmental benefits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 784 | 157 | 391 | 240 | 398 | 246 |
1985 | 724 | 136 | 355 | 218 | 393 | 184 |
1990 | 908 | 181 | 449 | 358 | 534 | 295 |
1995 | 1,890 | 519 | 1,100 | 842 | 1,180 | 781 |
2000 | 3,260 | 907 | 1,920 | 1,620 | 2,140 | 1,500 |
2002 | 3,810 | 1,170 | 2,260 | 1,970 | 2,530 | 1,950 |
2004 | 4,750 | 1,510 | 2,870 | 2,550 | 3,170 | 2,360 |
2006 | 5,940 | 1,910 | 3,550 | 3,260 | 4,100 | 3,000 |
2008 | 7,300 | 2,290 | 4,440 | 4,080 | 5,050 | 3,680 |
2010 | 9,910 | 3,250 | 6,000 | 5,610 | 6,960 | 4,830 |
2012 | 12,200 | 4,040 | 7,380 | 7,020 | 8,480 | 6,080 |
2014 | 13,800 | 4,400 | 8,290 | 7,890 | 9,750 | 6,700 |
2016 | 14,500 | 4,940 | 8,750 | 8,480 | 10,500 | 7,270 |
2017 | 15,900 | 5,200 | 9,660 | 9,380 | 11,600 | 7,660 |
2018 | 17,000 | 5,540 | 10,200 | 10,200 | 12,600 | 8,330 |
2019 | 17,700 | 5,800 | 10,800 | 10,900 | 13,600 | 8,610 |
2020 | 16,500 | 6,360 | 9,450 | 11,600 | 12,000 | 7,690 |
Google trends
Google Ngram Viewer
The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Bicycle transportation from 1817 to 2019. [12]
Full timeline
Year | Category | Details | Location |
---|---|---|---|
3500 BC–1700s AD | Early development | The wheel is invented around this time.[9] | |
500 BC | Early development | Chinese inventor Lu Ban is probably the first to mention a pedal powered cycle.[1] This is supposed to be a large wooden device with complicated gears and pedals to make it move.[9] | China |
1418 | Early development | Italian engineer Giovanni Fontana is credited with building the first human powered land vehicle: a device featuring four wheels and using a continuous rope, connected via gears to the wheels.[11] | Italy |
1493 | Early development | A bicycle drawing appears in Leonardo Da Vinci's "Codex Atlanticus". However, the drawing is speculated to be made by his student Gian Giacomo Caprotti.No working prototype of the device would be ever made.[10][7][1] | Italy |
1649 | Early development | German mechanician Johann Hautsch develops a carriage able to transport one passenger over 500m with the use of the complicated mechanical drive. This device reminds more of a motorcar than a bicycle.[10][13][14] | Germany |
1680 | Early development | German inventor Stephan Farffler creates a manumotive carriage which is considered to be the first known tricycle. This model does not feature pedals, but is propelled with the use of hand crank.[15][16][17][10] | Germany |
1790 | Early development | Comte Mede de Sivrac in France develops the celerifere, an early precursor of the bicycle.[9] | France |
1817 | Technology | German engineer Karl Drais patents the Laufmaschine, which combines the three main principles of the bicycle: methods of propulsion, steering, and balance.[3] It is operated by kicking against the street.[2][18][4] | Germany |
1820 | Model | Denis Johnson of London releases his Dandy horse, using an elegantly curved wooden frame which allows the use of larger wheels. These improve the stability during the ride.[19] | United Kingdom |
1830s | Background | Due to improved safety for the rider, tricycles and quadricycles become popular.[3] | |
1839 | Model | Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan develops an early rear wheel pedal driven bicycle.[1] | United Kingdom |
1850 | Technology | The first three-wheeler is introduced, allowing for a more stable ride.[18][20] | |
1855–1860 | Technology | Ernest Michaux from France adds crank treadles to a velocipede (round shafts).[21] | France |
1858 | Technology | Pedals are added to the steerable laufmaschine.[22] | |
1860 | Model | French engineers Ernest Michaux and Pierre Lallement invent the velocipede, which is considered the first true bicycle.[3][18][23] In England it would be called boneshaker. A stiff contraption, the wheels are pure wood, and the tires are made of iron. Although very impractical and difficult for the rider, it is the first bike in cycling history to have the front-wheel pedals.[24][5] | France |
1861 | Technology | French blacksmith Pierre Michaux patents the bicycle pedal and starts using rubber tires and ball bearings for faster and easier use.[18] | France |
1861 | Technology | Crank and pedals are introduced, but not yet brakes, resulting in many dangerous “headers”.[18] | |
1862 | Manufacturer | The Bown Manufacturing Company is established in Birmingham[25] | United Kingdom |
1863 | Technology | French engineer Pierre Lallement in Paris attaches a pair of pedals to a two-wheeler (round spools of wood on a shaft).[21] | France |
1866 | Technology | Pierre Lallement is granted the first bicycle-related U.S. patent is granted for a single-sided counter-balanced bicycle pedal.[21] | United States |
1867 | Model | The velocipede (also called boneshaker) becomes so popular that up to 150 independent manufacturers produce them in France.[3][23][24] | France |
1868 | Technology | French mechanic Eugène Meyer patents the wire spoke wheel.[1] | France |
1868 | Early development | The term bicycle is first used to describe a two-wheeled pedal velocipede.[3] | France, United Kingdom, United States |
1868 | Model | The Roper Steam Velocipede is released as the first steam-powered bicycle, coming out around the same time that bicycles begin exploding on the market.[24] | |
1868 | Application (sport) | The first velocipede race is held in Paris. English racer James Moore wins.[3] | France |
1868 | Model | British engineer Thomas Humber develops a model fitting the description of future safety bycicles.[26] | United Kingdom |
1868 | Technology | French engineer Clément Ader is granted the first patent for rubberized wheels.[22] | France |
1869 | Technology | The first rubber tires are used for bicycles, marking a major change in the development and production as well as the capabilities of bikes.[24] | |
1870 | Model | The Penny-farthing bicycle is invented in England. With its five-foot diameter front wheel and minuscule rear wheel, the name comes from the idea that the wheels resemble two coins, the penny and the farthing next to each other. An inefficient model, the Penny-farthing is unstable, extremely difficult to get on and off and the front wheel is used for power and steering.[18][4] | United Kingdom |
1870 | Technology | Radial spokes are added to wheels, adopting some of the technological advances of the Industrial Revolution.[4] | |
1870 | Model | French mechanic Eugène Meyer makes a bicycle with very large front wheel and smaller back wheel.[10] He is believed to be the person primarily responsible for making the Penny-farthing feasible and widely known.[27] | France |
1870 | Model | English engineer Editing W. H. J. Grout patents the Grout Tension Bicycle, which introduces several innovations including hollow forks to save weight, rubber tyres for a better ride and adjustable spokes which could be tensioned to align the wheel.[28][29][30][31] | United Kingdom |
1870–1880 | Technology | British engineer Edward Alfred Cowper invents the ball bearing for bicycles. Others refine it for wheels, cranks and headsets.[21] | United Kingdom |
1872 | Model | The Penny-farthing is first manufactured in Britain.[24] | United Kingdom |
1872 | Technology | Ball-bearings are introduced.[4] | |
1874 | Model | British engineer Harry John Lawson designs the first rear chain driven "safety bicycle".[10][5] | United Kingdom |
1874 | Application | "Working bikes" are first mentioned in Paris, as couriers, for a newspaper and the stock market riding penny-farthings.[32] | France |
1876 | Technology | English inventors Thomas Browett and William Harrison patent an early version of the caliper brake.[22][4] | United Kingdom |
1876 | Model | English engineer Harry John Lawson desings the first bicycle to be called a safety bicycle.[33] | United Kingdom |
1877 | Technology | Designs for differential gearing mechanisms and shifters are patented.[4] | |
1879 | Model | British designer Harry John Lawson patents his chain-driven bicycle, with the chain making riding easier.[24] | United Kingdom |
1880 | Organization | The League of American Wheelmen is founded. It is one of the most well-known cycling associations in history.[24] | United States |
1880 | Model | The first rear-wheel-drive bicycle, featuring a chain connecting the pedals to the rear wheel, is mass-produced in England.[4] | United Kingdom |
1884 | Model | English industrialist John Kemp Starley designs his Rover Safety, with two wheels of equal size with a similar frame. It is built as the official alternative to the Penny-farthing.[24] Starley is widely considered the inventor of the modern bicycle.[34][35][36][37] | United Kingdom |
1884 | Application | English cyclist Thomas Stevens rides a high-wheeler bike on a journey around the globe.[2] | |
1884 | Technology | British machinist William Bown invents the "Aeolus" pedal with rubber tread, the first pedal with ball bearings.[21] | United Kingdom |
1885 | Manufacturer | Bianchi is founded in Italy. It is the world's oldest bicycle manufacturing company in existence, having pioneered the use of equal-sized wheels.[38] | Italy |
1885 | Manufacturer | British manufacturer Raleigh Bicycle Company is founded.[39] | United Kingdom |
1885 | Background | The first motorcycle is released.[24] | |
1887 | Application | English-born American immigrant Thomas Stevens becomes the first person to travel around the world on a bicycle, using the Penny-Farthing.[24] | |
1887 | Model | American inventor, Emmit G. Latta files a patent for his new folding bike, with the idea to enhance portability and make commuting easy.[5][8] | United States |
1888 | Technology | Scottish inventor John Boyd Dunlop develops inflatable pneumatic bicycle tires, thus providing a smoother ride than existing solid-rubber tires.[24][9][3] | United Kingdom |
1889 | Technology | Daniel Stover and William Hance patent the bicycle brake operated by backward pedal with a back pedal seat.[22][24] This break would later become known as safety brake, and would also later become a standard feature on bicycles.[22] | |
1890 | Technology | The idea to use aluminum for bikes rises, provided its light weight.[24] | |
1891 | Model | The Tandem Velocipede is patented. It is the world’s first two-seater bike.[24] | |
1893 | Manufacturer | British manufacturer Campion Cycle Company is founded.[40] | United Kingdom |
1893 | Model | English engineer William Henry James Grout develops an early folding bike.[8][24] | United Kingdom |
1893 | Model | American engineer Michael B. Ryan files a patent for his folding bicycle model.[41] | United States |
1894 | Model | The first bamboo bicycle is manufactured.[4] | |
1894 | Application (transport) | The first bicycle messenger system is launched in California, to relay mail between Fresno and San Francisco, after a railroad strike brings postal delivery to a halt.[4] | United States |
1894 | Infrastructure | The first bikeway in the United States is created with the opening of the Brooklyn’s Ocean Parkway.[42] | United States |
1895 | Manufacturer | German-born mechanical engineer Ignatz Schwinn and Adolph Arnold establish in Chicago the Arnold, Schwinn & Company to produce bikes.[43] | United States |
1895 | Model | Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel. The device has no gears and the motor can draw up to 100 amperes from a 10-volt battery.[24][43] | United States |
1895 | Technology | Julien Simon and Victor Dussault from France invent the folding tandem.[41] | France |
1895 | Technology | Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel".[44] | United States |
1895 | Technology | Charles Hanson invents the clipless pedal.[45] | |
1895 | Technology | There are two patent offices in the United States, one for bicycles and one for everything else.[21] | United States |
1895 | Technology | Charles Hanson from Rhode Island invents the first clipless pedal. It twists to lock and unlock and has rotational float.[21] | United States |
1896 | Application (sport) | The 1896 Summer Olympics mark the first time that competitive cycling appears in the Olympic games.[24] | Greece |
1896 | Notable comment | American social reformer Susan B. Anthony writes: "Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives woman a feeling of freedom and self-reliance."[43] | United States |
1896 | Technology | Coaster Brakes are developed, allowing the bike to move forward without requiring the pedals to move. These also operate as brakes by turning the pedals backwards.[22] | |
1897 | Technology | The first butted steel bicycle tube is manufactured.[4] | |
1897 | Model | An early electric bicycle is built by American engineer Hosea W. Libbey.[46] | United States |
1897 | Technology | Duck Brakes are introduced, using a rod operated by a lever on the handlebar. Inorder to slow down the vehicle, the rider pulls the lever to pull rubber rollers against the front tire.[22] | |
1897 | Technology | Joseph Hanson patents a new type of floating clipless pedal.[21] | |
1898 | Technology | Freewheeling brakes are introduced, allowing for bicycles to continue moving without being pedaled. Adding safety and convenience, freewhiling would change the design of almost every bicycle made after its invention.[24][47] | |
1898 | Model | Gordon J. Scott from Philadelphia files a patent for an electric velocipede, featuring a pedal-powered battery regenerator. In this model, the pedals spin a generator, which in turn drives a small motor.[22][48] | United States |
1898 | Technology | The freewheel is commercialized for the first time. Invented by German industrialist Ernst Sachs, the freewheel allows the rider to keep pedals stationary while the bicycle still moves forward, while using a different mechanism to do this than the coaster brake.[22] | Germany |
1899 | Manufacturer | The American Bicycle Company is founded.[49] | United States |
1899 | Application (warfare) | Bicycles are first used in conflict in the Second Anglo-Boer War in South Africa.[43] | South Africa |
1899 | Technology | Edmonds and Metzel invent the cylinder pedal.[21] | |
1900 | Organization | The International Cycling Union (Union Cycliste Internationale) is founded in Paris. It is the worldwide governing body for cycling.[50] | France |
1900 | Model | The bicycle design becomes standardized, adopting a basic diamond shape made from metal, pneumatic rubber tires, roller chain, one gear, and coaster brakes. This standard would remain unchanged for more than 50 years.[10] | |
1901 | Model | Bike manufacturers create the first recumbent bikes.[5][24] | |
1903 | Application (sport) | The first Tour De France is organized as a cycling race.[24] | France |
1903 | Technology | Sturmey-Archer is England invents the internal hub gears.[51] | United Kingdom |
1904 | Manufacturer | Dutch bicycle manufacturer Batavus is founded.[52] | Netherlands |
1905 | Technology | French engineer Paul de Vivie develops the first derailleur successful bicycle sprocket system. It consists of two sprockets that offer two different speeds, an uphill gear and downhill gear.[1] | France |
1905 | Technology | Manufacturers develop the rear derailleur gear and integrate it on bikes.[5] | |
1909 | Manufacturer | Spanish bicycle manufacturer Beistegui Hermanos is founded.[53] | Spain |
1914 | Model | The first recumbent bicycle, which allows the rider to sit down while pedaling, is introduced in France by Peugeot, a company later known more for its cars than its bikes.[4] | France |
1920 | Model | The Kids Bike is invented, weighing in at around 65 pounds, and mimicking aspects of the motor vehicle as automobiles become more desirable than bikes.[18] Manufacturers start to produce bicycles for kids.[5] | |
1921 | Manufacturer | Shimano is founded in Japan. Today, it controls 50% of the world’s bicycle component market, selling everything from brake parts to pedal components.[24] | Japan |
1923 | Technology | Bosch launches a dynamo (magneto) bicycle lighting system.[43] | |
1924 | Model | French manufacturer Charles Mochet starts producing Velocars, a series of human powered velomobiles in both single and two seat versions.[54][24] | France |
1928 | Technology | French industrialist Lucien Juy makes the the first Simplex derailleur.[55][56] | France |
1930 | Technology | Ignaz Schwinn introduces the spring fork and fat tire to handle the abuse of teenage boys. This would later become the preliminary design for the mountain bike.[43][18] | United States |
1930 | Technology | Italian racing cyclist and inventor Tullio Campagnolo patents the quick release hub, which allows for the wheels of a bicycle to be easily removed and re-installed.[43][24][4] | Italy |
1933 | Model | Schwinn introduces the first balloon tired bicycle.[57] | |
1933 | Model | Cruiser bicycles are introduced in the United States, only made for leisurely bike rides.[24][58] | United States |
1934 | Application (sport) | The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) bans recumbent bicycles from being used in cycling races under their name, for being too fast.[24] | |
1934 | Model | Schwinn releases the Aero Cycle, which includes a battery-powered headlight.[59] | |
1936 | Chinese state-owned bicycle company Flying Pigeon is founded.[60] | China | |
1938 | Technology | A cable operated system appears, allowing riders to change gears without dismounting.[1] | |
1938 | Technology | Thomas M McDonald from Montana files for a patent for a hub motor. This basic technology would be used in most electric bike motors even to this day.[61][43] | United States |
1938 | Technology | Simplex introduces a shifting derailleur that uses cables much like modern bicycles. This represents a major improvement over preexisting shifters and begins a push towards advanced shifting mechanisms.[4] | |
1948 | Technology | Indexed shifting on the handlebars is introduced.[4] | |
1955 | Model | Huffman Manufacturing releases the Huffy Radio Bicycle, which features a three vacuum tube radio built into the tank.[62] [24] | United States |
1956 | Application (sport) | The first official BMX race is held.[24] | |
1958 | Application (sport) | Women compete in the first-ever World Championships on the road and track in Reims, France. Balina Ermolaeva becomes the first women's World Sprint Champion, with Elsy Jacobs taking the road race.[43][4][63] | France |
1962 | Model | The Moulton bicycle is introduced. While not a folding bicycle per se, this model with its small wheels, serves as an inspiration for many folding bicycle designs that would follow.[24][8] | |
1963 | Model | Schwinn releases its Sting-Ray bike, providing the foundation for BMX racing.[4] | |
1964 | Model | The Italian Graziella is introduced. This model would excercise a large influence on future folding bicycles.[8] | Italy |
1964 | Technology | Japanese manufacturer SunTour introduces the slant parallelogram derailleur. This device is still in use on modern bicycles.[4] | |
1965 | Infrastructure | The first bicycle-sharing system is introduced in Amsterdam.[64][65][66] | Netherlands |
1968 | Model | The Raleigh Bicycle Company releases the Raleigh Chopper, aimed at children.[67][24] | United Kingdom |
1970 | Model | American designer Charlie Kelly and Gary Fisher develop a model built for hard-core terrain, featuring heavy-duty wheels and a suspension system, allowing it to climb steep inclines, ride over logs, rocks, dirt roads and anything else found on a mountain.[24] | United States |
1970 | Application (sport) | Cycling sport becomes popular leading to the making of mountain bikes.[5] | |
1974 | Technology | Teledyne introduces titanium bicycle frames on a consumer scale in the United States.[4] Cycling companies start to use titanium for their bikes due to its many key traits.[24] | United States |
1975 | Technology | The first carbon bike frame is introduced.[4] | |
1976 | Application (sport) | Repack Downhill, the world’s first major organized mountain biking race is held in California.[24][68][69] | United States |
1978 | Organization | The United States Bicycle Route System is established by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the same body that coordinates the numbering of interstate highways and routes in the United States.[70] | United States |
1979 | Application (sport) | Freddie Markham sets the world speed record of 81.8 Km/h, riding a Human Powered Vehicle.[24] | |
1979 | Model | Californian designer Joe Breeze creates his prototype of mountain bike, developed by many early designers including Otis Guy, Gary Fisher, and Craig Mitchell. This model features the first tough frames built for downhill racing.[22] | United States |
1980 | Infrastructure | The first cycle street in the world is constructed in Bremen, Germany.[71] | Germany |
1981 | Model | American manufacturer Specialized Bicycle Components releases the Specialized Stumpjumper; the first mass produced mountain bike.[24] | United States |
1983 | Technology | Bike computers (also called cyclocomputers) are introduced as small digital displays attached to the bicycle that displays information like speed, distance travelled and the current time.[24] | |
1984 | Technology | Addition of cogs to the rear gear cluster becomes popular, increasing the number of speeds from 15 to 18, 21 and 24.[22] | |
1984 | Infrastructure | The Bristol and Bath Railway Path opens, becoming the first part of the British National Cycle Network.[72] | United Kingdom |
1986 | Technology | Kestrel introduces the first non-lugged carbon frame, marking a major turning point in the market for carbon bikes as professional cyclists are now able to rely on the frames to hold up during races.[4] | |
1987 | Model | Paul Turner releases his full-suspension mountain bike, making a big improvement on the existing models.[24][4] | United States |
1987 | Infrastructure | Fietsplatform (the Dutch cycling platform) is established as a public-private organization. It is responsible for the development, maintenance, improvement and promotion of the Dutch network of long distance cycle-routes (4.500 km).[73] | Netherlands |
1989 | Safety | The Australian government passes the world’s first helmet laws, ordering all cyclists to wear a helmet, in order to curb serious injuries and deaths associated with bicycle accidents.[24] | Australia |
1989 | Manufacturer | RockShox is founded by Paul Turner. The company would becomes one of the most central companies in the development of mountain bikes.[4] | United States |
1990 | Technology | Shimano introduces integrated brake/gear levers[43], setting the stage for modern road bike handlebars.[4] | Japan |
1992 | Model | Vector Services Limited releases e-bike dubbed Zike, which includes NiCd batteries that are built into a frame member and include an 850 g permanent-magnet motor.[46] | |
1992 | Technology | French manufacturer Mavic introduces an electrically-controlled derailleur.[74][24] | France |
1993 | Infrastructure | The Trampe bicycle lift (Sykkelheisen Trampe in Norwegian) is invented and installed by Jarle Wanwik.[75] It is the first and only bicycle lift in the world.[76] | Norway |
1993 | Application (sport) | The first Cycle Messenger World Championship is held in Berlin.[63] | Germany |
1994 | Technology | SRAM introduces the disc brake, a metal disc that is attached to the wheel. When the brakes are trigger, the disc slows down, thus forcing the wheel to also slow. Intended primarily for off-road bikes, disc brakes would since become a standard component of mountain bikes.[24][4] | |
1994 | Technology | Sachs introduces the first mass-produced hydraulic disc brake system.[11] | |
1995 | Infrastructure | Construction of the Bogotá's Bike Paths Network begins.[77] | Colombia |
1996 | Application (sport) | Mountain biking is first introduced during the 1996 Summer Olympics.[63] | United States |
1997 | Infrastructure | The concept of the bicycle street is incorporated in German road law.[71] | Germany |
1998 | Model | Ebikes, which include integrated electric motors that can be used for propulsion, begin a period of rapid adoption in Asia (China and India, in particular) and Europe.[11] | Asia, Europe |
2000 | Model | Miroslav Miljevic designs a model which includes solar powered battery. It is intended for commuters so when they leave their bike outside all day, they won't have to pedal home.[18] | |
2000 | Technology | German manufacturer Rohloff introduces the speed derailleur system.[51] | Germany |
2000–2012 | Statistics | The number of bicycle commuters in the United States increases by a 6 percent in the period.[63][63] | United States |
2002 | Technology | Italian manufacturer Campagnolo introduces 10 Co-gear clusters that allow 30 speed bicycles.[51] | Italy |
2003 | Infrastructure | The longest continuous bike path in Europe opens along the Albacete-Valdeganga highway in Spain, a distance of 22km.[78] | |
2004 | Infrastructure | The first Dutch “bicycle superhighway” opens between Breda and Etten-Leur. Since then, many others would be added.[79] | Netherlands |
2004 | Infrastructure | San Francisco, California begins experimenting with the shared lane marking, and develops a revised symbol consisting of a bicycle symbol with two chevron markings above the bicycle.[80] | United States |
2007 | Statistics | Electric bicycles are thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major Chinese cities by the time.[46] | China |
2007 | Manufacturer | British bicycle manufacturer Boardman Bikes is founded.[81] | United Kingdom |
2008 | Infrastructure | London major Ken Livingstone announces twelve new bicycle routes, dubbed Cycle Superhighways in the city area.[82] | United Kingdom |
2009 | Technology | Shimano introduces the first commercially successful electronic gear shift system for road bicycles.[11][83] | Japan |
2009 | Application (sport) | Canadian cyclist Sam Whittingham sets human powered speed record of 132 km/h on level ground in a faired recumbent streamliner.[51] | |
2010 | Statistics | Worldwide production of bicycles is in the range of 125 to 130 billion units.[7] | |
2011 | Application (cargo) | A voluntary European standard (EN 15918) for two-wheel bicycle trailers is published.[84] | Europe |
2011 | Infrastructure | In Denmark, the first cykelgade (a bicycle boulevard) opens in Aarhus. Since then, many cyclestreets would be implemented in several cities across the country.[85] | Denmark |
2012 | Technology | Adaptrac develops a system that allows the rider to individually adjust tire pressure while riding. Through a system of carbon dioxide cartridges, this allows riders to maintain optimum traction when riding conditions change.[22] | |
2012 | Infrastructure | The first Danish bike freeway opens between the Vesterbro rail station in Copenhagen and Albertslund, covering 22 kilometers from A-B, with air pumps and other cyclist services dotted along the way.[86] | Denmark |
2012 | Infrastructure | In Belgium, the rue cyclable (in French / Walloon) or Fietsstraat (in Dutch / Flemish), is introduced into the Highway Code.[87] | Belgium |
2013 | Expansion | There are around 535 bike-sharing systems worldwide, made of an estimated fleet of 517,000 bicycles.[88] | Worldwide |
2014 | Technology | Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Batteries (known as NMC batteries) are introduced, with NMC delivering higher power in a smaller package than previous models. These batteries would become popular with electric bicycles.[22] | |
2014 | Program launch | European governments at the 4thHigh-level meeting on Transport, Health and Environment adopt the Paris Declaration, including a "clear call for member states to promote cycling and to develop a pan-European master plan for cycling within the framework of the Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme (THE PEP)."[73] | Europe |
2014 | Statistics | 21 million bicycles are sold in the European Union in the year, outnumbering newly registered passenger cars by more than eight million.[73] | European Union |
2015 | Infrastructure | The number of bike-share bicycles hits an estimated 1,000,000 worldwide. China is by far the leader in the sheer number of bicycles,[65] followed by France with almost 43,000 bikes in 38 cities.[89] | |
2016 | Infrastructure | Germany launches its national 'Bike Autobahn' cycle network, a cycle route aimed to eventually cover 100 kilometers between the northwestern cities of Duisburg and Hamm.[90] | Germany |
2017 | Statistics | An estimated 16 million bikes on China’s streets transport about 130 million registered users.[91] | China |
2019 | Infrastructure | The last part of the bicycle parking Stationsplein Utrecht opens. With 12,500 parking places, it is the world’s largest bicycle parking.[92] | Netherlands |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Wonning, Paul R. A History of the Transportation Revolution.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle's Bumpy History". history.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 DK. Bicycle: The Definitive Visual History.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 "The History of Bicycles". historycooperative.org. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "When was the bicycle invented? Complete Bikes History". bikeshaven.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Frames & Mateerials". exploratorium.edu. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "History of the Bicycle". bicyclehistory.net. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "The History of the Folding Bike". foldingcyclist.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 "Timeline of the Bicycle History". bicyclehistory.net. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle". academia.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ↑ "Bicycle transportation". books.google.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ↑ Walford, Edward; Latimer Apperson, George. The Antiquary, Volume 32.
- ↑ "Nuremberg Carriage 1649 Nmade By Johann Hautsch Line Engraving 19Th Century Poster Print by (18 x 24)". newegg.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ↑ Publishing, Arcturus. Questions and Answers about: Science.
- ↑ Sierra, Elena Jorge. Del Hogar Digital a la Casa Red.
- ↑ The New Illustrated Library of Science and Invention, Volume 7.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 "History of the Bicycle: A timeline". brown.edu. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ↑ "The dandy horse is a human-powered vehicle that, being the first means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle". thevintagenews.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
- ↑ "The Complete Guide to Bicycle by Outdoor Lab with J". everythingsouthcity.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
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Eugene Meyer ... gets the credit for making the high-wheeler feasible and making it known.
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In 1876, the British engineer Henry J. Lawson proposed a new rear-drive machine he called the Safety Bicycle.
- ↑
Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing (2014). Bicycle Design, An Illustrated History. MIT Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-262-02675-8.
The most famous of the rear-drive safeties introduced in 1885 was the Rover, produced in Coventry by John Kemp Starley.
- ↑
Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: History. Yale University Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-300-10418-9.
The Rover pattern rapidly improved, and it not only prevailed as the universal bicycle style, it also triggered an unprecedented world-wide demand that culminated in the great boom.
- ↑
Berto, Frank J.; Ron Shepherd; et al. (2008) [2000]. The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-892495-59-4. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
There is also general agreement that J.K. Starley's Rover was the first true safety bicycle.
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