Difference between revisions of "Timeline of bladder cancer"
From Timelines
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|1980s||[[wikipedia:Mitomycin|Mitomycin]] chemotherapy is consolidated. Surgical advances improve bladder cancer survival. First successful combination chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer is achieved.<ref name="Timeline" /> | |1980s||[[wikipedia:Mitomycin|Mitomycin]] chemotherapy is consolidated. Surgical advances improve bladder cancer survival. First successful combination chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer is achieved.<ref name="Timeline" /> | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |1990s||Surgical techniques consolidate. New chemotherapies emerge to treat bladder cancer.<ref name="Timeline" /> | + | | 1990s ||Surgical techniques consolidate. New chemotherapies emerge to treat bladder cancer.<ref name="Timeline" /> |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2000s||New chemotherapies prove to extend survival against bladder cancer. CT scan improves bladder cancer detection.<ref name="Timeline" /> | + | | 2000s || New chemotherapies prove to extend survival against bladder cancer. CT scan improves bladder cancer detection.<ref name="Timeline" /> |
|- | |- | ||
|Recent years||As of 2010, bladder cancer resulted in 170,000 deaths up from 114,000 in 1990 worldwide.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Current treatment options for people with bladder cancer can include surgery, intravesical therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bladder cancer treatment|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/bladder-cancer-treating-general-info|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> | |Recent years||As of 2010, bladder cancer resulted in 170,000 deaths up from 114,000 in 1990 worldwide.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Current treatment options for people with bladder cancer can include surgery, intravesical therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bladder cancer treatment|url=http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/bladder-cancer-treating-general-info|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> | ||
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! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |1854|| | + | | 1854 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Inverted papilloma|Inverted papilloma]] (a tumor that may occur in the [[wikipedia:bladder|bladder]] and other components of the [[wikipedia:urinary tract|urinary tract]]) is first described.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Inverted papillomas and benign nonneoplastic lesions of the nasal cavity|doi=10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3732|pmc=3906506 | pmid=22487294|volume=26|year=2012|journal=Am J Rhinol Allergy|pages=157–63 | last1 = Wood | first1 = JW | last2 = Casiano | first2 = RR}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | |1877|| | + | | 1877 || Medical development (device) || German urologist [[wikipedia:Maximilian Nitze|Maximilian Nitze]] develops the [[wikipedia:cystoscope|cystoscope]], a device used to perform endoscopy of the [[wikipedia:urinary bladder|urinary bladder]] via the [[wikipedia:urethra|urethra]].<ref name="Texas Cancer Center" /> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | |1887|| | + | | 1887 || Medical development (treatment) ||The first [[wikipedia:cystectomy|cystectomy]] for bladder cancer is performed.<ref name="Texas Cancer Center">{{cite web|title=BLADDER CANCER|url=http://www.texascancercenter.com/bladder.html|accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cologne|Cologne]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | |1895|| | + | | 1895 || Scientific development || Link between bladder cancer and environmental carcinogens is first postulated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guideline for the Management of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: (Stages Ta, T1 and Tis: Update (2007)|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/bladder-cancer.cfm|accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1895 || Scientific development || German surgeon {{w|Ludwig Rehn}}, working at the Hoechst aniline factory in Greisheim near Frankfurt, |
+ | reports 3 cases of bladder cancer in workers, labeling them ''aniline tumors''. However, it would be hard to prove the association with the chemical at the time as chemical manufacturers begin using several other coal- and oil-based compounds. || {{w|Germany}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1902 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:American Urological Association|American Urological Association]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the AUA|url=https://www.auanet.org/about/history-of-the-aua.cfm|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Linthicum|Linthicum]], [[wikipedia:Maryland|Maryland]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1903 || Medical development (treatment) || [[wikipedia:Radium|Radium]] is first used to treat bladder tumors.<ref name="Texas Cancer Center" />||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1911 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Schistosomiasis|Schistosomiasis]] is first linked to urinary bladder cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Bladder cancer and schistosomiasis|doi=10.1016/j.jnci.2012.08.002|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110036212000544 | volume=24|journal=Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute|pages=151–159}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1929 || Scientific development || Researchers note that patients with {{w|tuberculosis}} have lower rates of cancer when examined at autopsy. This observation is among the first to link the possibility of bladder cancer treatment with [[wikipedia:BCG vaccine|BCG]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Immunotherapy for bladder cancer|doi=10.2147/RRU.S63447|pmc=4427258 | pmid=26000263|volume=7|year=2015|journal=Res Rep Urol|pages=65–79 | last1 = Fuge | first1 = O | last2 = Vasdev | first2 = N | last3 = Allchorne | first3 = P | last4 = Green | first4 = JS}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 1939 || Scientific development || Researchers communicate a successful attempt to induce papillary vesical lesions of benign and malignant type of bladder cancer in female dogs receiving large doses of commercial {{w|β-Naphthylamine}} by mouth.<ref name="EXPERIMENTAL CANCER OF THE BLADDER">{{cite journal|last1=BONSER|first1=GEORGIANA M.|title=EXPERIMENTAL CANCER OF THE BLADDER|journal=British Medical Bulletin|date=January 1946|pages=379–381|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072830|url=https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article-abstract/4/5-6/379/278766/EXPERIMENTAL-CANCER-OF-THE-BLADDER?redirectedFrom=PDF}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1945 || | + | | 1940 || Scientific development || Japanese scientists claim having induced bladder papillomatosis in rabbits and rats by means of subcutaneous injection of an oily solution of o–toluidine.<ref name="EXPERIMENTAL CANCER OF THE BLADDER"/> || |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1945 || Medical development (diagnosis) ||[[wikipedia:Urine cytology|Urine cytology]] (a test used to diagnose urinary tract cancers) is first described.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Current perspectives in bladder cancer management|doi=10.1111/ijcp.12075|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.12075/full | volume=67|journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice|pages=435–448}}</ref>|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1952 || Discovery || [[wikipedia:Transitional cell carcinoma|Transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the bladder]] is first described.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCG Immunotherapy for Transitional-Cell Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder|url=http://www.physicianspractice.com/review-article/bcg-immunotherapy-transitional-cell-carcinoma-situ-bladder|accessdate=26 September 2016}}</ref>|| | | 1952 || Discovery || [[wikipedia:Transitional cell carcinoma|Transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the bladder]] is first described.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCG Immunotherapy for Transitional-Cell Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder|url=http://www.physicianspractice.com/review-article/bcg-immunotherapy-transitional-cell-carcinoma-situ-bladder|accessdate=26 September 2016}}</ref>|| | ||
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|1987||Treatment||Implant treats bladder cancer without surgery. The procedure involves implanting radioactive sources into cancerous tumors within the bladder.<ref>{{cite news|title=Implant treats bladder cancer without surgery|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19870605&id=6T9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DuoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3403,1269372&hl=en|publisher=Gainesville Sun}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]] | |1987||Treatment||Implant treats bladder cancer without surgery. The procedure involves implanting radioactive sources into cancerous tumors within the bladder.<ref>{{cite news|title=Implant treats bladder cancer without surgery|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19870605&id=6T9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DuoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3403,1269372&hl=en|publisher=Gainesville Sun}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |1988|| | + | | 1988 || Scientific development || Intravesical chemotherapy using [[wikipedia:mitomycin|mitomycin]] is found to reduce risk of bladder cancer's return.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Treatment schedule of intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: short-term courses or maintenance therapy.|pmid=3126592 | volume=31 | journal=Urology|pages=26-9 | last1 = van der Meijden | first1 = AP | last2 = DeBruyne | first2 = FM}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | |1990|| | + | | 1990 || Medical development (treatment) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approved the use of live bacterium, [[wikipedia:BCG vaccine|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG) for superficial bladder cancer. BCG [[wikipedia:immunotherapy|immunotherapy]] helps reduce the risk of bladder cancer recurrence by stimulating an immune response that targets the bacteria as well as any bladder cancer cells.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bladder Cancer|url=http://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-immunotherapy/impacting-all-cancers/bladder-cancer|accessdate=26 September 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | |1997|| | + | | 1997 || Medical development (treatment) || Introduction of combination therapy using both [[wikipedia:radiation|radiation]] and [[wikipedia:cisplatin|cisplatin]] chemotherapy together, is found to be a new treatment alternative for patients with advanced bladder cancer who are older or otherwise unable to undergo bladder surgery.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1106106|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1106106 | volume=366|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|pages=1477–1488}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2000|| | + | | 2000 || Medical development (treatment) || New chemotherapy combination regimen using [[wikipedia:gemcitabine|gemcitabine]] together with [[wikipedia:cisplatin|cisplatin]] is found to be comparably effective but has relatively fewer side effects than standard MVAC therapy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Versus Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin in Advanced or Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Results of a Large, Randomized, Multinational, Multicenter, Phase III Stud|url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/18/17/3068.full.pdf+html?sid=9f02805d-173b-4226-8d12-83912373f41d|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2002|| | + | | 2002 || Statistics || Approximately 356,000 new bladder cancer cases worldwide are reported.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world|doi=10.1007/s00345-009-0383-3| pmid=19219610|pmc=2694323|volume=27|year=2009|journal=World J Urol|pages=289–93 | last1 = Ploeg | first1 = M | last2 = Aben | first2 = KK | last3 = Kiemeney | first3 = LA}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2003|| | + | | 2003 || Scientific development || Research demonstrates that giving chemotherapy before bladder surgery improves survival for patients whose cancer has not spread significantly beyond the [[wikipedia:bladder|bladder]], compared with surgery alone.<ref>{{cite journal|title=International Phase III Trial Assessing Neoadjuvant Cisplatin, Methotrexate, and Vinblastine Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Results of the BA06 30894 Trial|doi=10.1200/JCO.2010.32.3139|url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/16/2171.long | volume=29|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|pages=2171–2177}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2009||Organization||Bladder Cancer Canada is formed as a patient advocacy organization dedicated to bladder cancer issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Canada|url=https://bladdercancercanada.org/en/about/|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] | + | | 2009 || Organization || Bladder Cancer Canada is formed as a patient advocacy organization dedicated to bladder cancer issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bladder Cancer Canada|url=https://bladdercancercanada.org/en/about/|accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2016|| | + | | 2016 || Scientific development ||Study suggests that alterations in the [[wikipedia:extracellular matrix|extracellular matrix]] (ECM) microenvironment of the bladder, especially type I [[wikipedia:collagen|collagen]], may contribute to bladder cancer progression.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bladder Cancer Progression Linked to Collagen Changes|url=http://www.renalandurologynews.com/bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-progression-linked-to-collagen-changes/article/524785/|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Houston|Houston]], [[wikipedia:Texas|Texas]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] |
|- | |- | ||
− | |2016|| | + | | 2016 || MEdical development || New technology helps doctors detect cancerous tumors in the bladder that are invisible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite news|title=New technology detects bladder cancer that even doctors can't see|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865663357/New-technology-detects-bladder-cancer-that-even-doctors-cant-see.html?pg=all|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Murray, Utah|Murray, Utah]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 20:57, 12 October 2017
The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of bladder cancer". The original page still exists at Timeline of bladder cancer. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.
This is a timeline of bladder cancer, describing especially major discoveries and advances in treatment of the disease.
Big picture
Year/period | Key developments |
---|---|
19th century | The cytoscope develops. The first cystectomy for bladder cancer is performed. |
1940s–1960s | Urine cytology emerges as a tool to detect recurrent bladder and urinary tract cancers.[1] |
1970s | Cigarette smoking is linked to bladder cancer risk. First chemotherapy drug is released for bladder cancer.[1] |
1980s | Mitomycin chemotherapy is consolidated. Surgical advances improve bladder cancer survival. First successful combination chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer is achieved.[1] |
1990s | Surgical techniques consolidate. New chemotherapies emerge to treat bladder cancer.[1] |
2000s | New chemotherapies prove to extend survival against bladder cancer. CT scan improves bladder cancer detection.[1] |
Recent years | As of 2010, bladder cancer resulted in 170,000 deaths up from 114,000 in 1990 worldwide.[2] Current treatment options for people with bladder cancer can include surgery, intravesical therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy.[3] |
Full timeline
Year/period | Type of event | Event | Location |
---|---|---|---|
1854 | Scientific development | Inverted papilloma (a tumor that may occur in the bladder and other components of the urinary tract) is first described.[4] | |
1877 | Medical development (device) | German urologist Maximilian Nitze develops the cystoscope, a device used to perform endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra.[5] | |
1887 | Medical development (treatment) | The first cystectomy for bladder cancer is performed.[5] | Cologne, Germany |
1895 | Scientific development | Link between bladder cancer and environmental carcinogens is first postulated.[6] | |
1895 | Scientific development | German surgeon Ludwig Rehn, working at the Hoechst aniline factory in Greisheim near Frankfurt,
reports 3 cases of bladder cancer in workers, labeling them aniline tumors. However, it would be hard to prove the association with the chemical at the time as chemical manufacturers begin using several other coal- and oil-based compounds. || Germany | |
1902 | Organization | The American Urological Association is founded.[7] | Linthicum, Maryland, United States |
1903 | Medical development (treatment) | Radium is first used to treat bladder tumors.[5] | United States |
1911 | Scientific development | Schistosomiasis is first linked to urinary bladder cancer.[8] | Egypt |
1929 | Scientific development | Researchers note that patients with tuberculosis have lower rates of cancer when examined at autopsy. This observation is among the first to link the possibility of bladder cancer treatment with BCG.[9] | |
1939 | Scientific development | Researchers communicate a successful attempt to induce papillary vesical lesions of benign and malignant type of bladder cancer in female dogs receiving large doses of commercial β-Naphthylamine by mouth.[10] | United States |
1940 | Scientific development | Japanese scientists claim having induced bladder papillomatosis in rabbits and rats by means of subcutaneous injection of an oily solution of o–toluidine.[10] | |
1945 | Medical development (diagnosis) | Urine cytology (a test used to diagnose urinary tract cancers) is first described.[11] | |
1952 | Discovery | Transitional cell carcinoma in situ of the bladder is first described.[12] | |
1956 | Treatment | Early bladder removal surgery is introduced. This include surgically removing the bladder (cystectomy) and surrounding tissue where cancer is most likely to spread.[13] | |
1974 | Discovery | Research ties sharp increase in bladder cancer deaths among British men to the rapid rise in cigarette smoking during prior decades.[1] | United Kingdom |
1978 | Treatment | United States FDA approves the first chemotherapy drug cisplatin for bladder cancer.[14] | United States |
1980–1985 | Treatment | Reconstructive bladder surgery is found to improve quality of life. Surgeons begin to offer a neobladder to select patients needing surgery (cystectomy) for bladder cancer. This procedure provides a functional replacement for the bladder using tissue fashioned from the small bowel that allows the passage of urine through the urethra.[1] | |
1982 | Discovery | Micropapillary bladder cancer (a rare and aggressive variant of urothelial carcinoma) is first described.[15] | |
1985 | Treatment | Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combining methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) is first described. MVAC is one of the most active chemotherapy regimens for bladder cancer.[16] | |
1985–1989 | Treatment | Researchers map out the nerves surrounding the bladder and prostate and develop a new surgical technique that spares key nerves involved in male sexual function, thus preserving it.[17] | |
1987 | Treatment | Implant treats bladder cancer without surgery. The procedure involves implanting radioactive sources into cancerous tumors within the bladder.[18] | United States |
1988 | Scientific development | Intravesical chemotherapy using mitomycin is found to reduce risk of bladder cancer's return.[19] | |
1990 | Medical development (treatment) | United States FDA approved the use of live bacterium, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for superficial bladder cancer. BCG immunotherapy helps reduce the risk of bladder cancer recurrence by stimulating an immune response that targets the bacteria as well as any bladder cancer cells.[20] | United States |
1997 | Medical development (treatment) | Introduction of combination therapy using both radiation and cisplatin chemotherapy together, is found to be a new treatment alternative for patients with advanced bladder cancer who are older or otherwise unable to undergo bladder surgery.[21] | |
2000 | Medical development (treatment) | New chemotherapy combination regimen using gemcitabine together with cisplatin is found to be comparably effective but has relatively fewer side effects than standard MVAC therapy.[22] | |
2002 | Statistics | Approximately 356,000 new bladder cancer cases worldwide are reported.[23] | |
2003 | Scientific development | Research demonstrates that giving chemotherapy before bladder surgery improves survival for patients whose cancer has not spread significantly beyond the bladder, compared with surgery alone.[24] | |
2009 | Organization | Bladder Cancer Canada is formed as a patient advocacy organization dedicated to bladder cancer issues.[25] | Canada |
2016 | Scientific development | Study suggests that alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment of the bladder, especially type I collagen, may contribute to bladder cancer progression.[26] | Houston, Texas, United States |
2016 | MEdical development | New technology helps doctors detect cancerous tumors in the bladder that are invisible to the naked eye.[27] | Murray, Utah, United States |
See also
- Timeline of lung cancer
- Timeline of brain cancer
- Timeline of colorectal cancer
- Timeline of pancreatic cancer
- Timeline of cervical cancer
- Timeline of kidney cancer
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Timeline". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ Lozano, R; et al. (15 December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0.
- ↑ "Bladder cancer treatment". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ↑ Wood, JW; Casiano, RR (2012). "Inverted papillomas and benign nonneoplastic lesions of the nasal cavity". Am J Rhinol Allergy. 26: 157–63. PMC 3906506. PMID 22487294. doi:10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3732.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "BLADDER CANCER". Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ↑ "Guideline for the Management of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: (Stages Ta, T1 and Tis: Update (2007)". Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ↑ "History of the AUA". Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ↑ "Bladder cancer and schistosomiasis". Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute. 24: 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2012.08.002.
- ↑ Fuge, O; Vasdev, N; Allchorne, P; Green, JS (2015). "Immunotherapy for bladder cancer". Res Rep Urol. 7: 65–79. PMC 4427258. PMID 26000263. doi:10.2147/RRU.S63447.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 BONSER, GEORGIANA M. (January 1946). "EXPERIMENTAL CANCER OF THE BLADDER". British Medical Bulletin: 379–381. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072830.
- ↑ "Current perspectives in bladder cancer management". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 67: 435–448. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12075.
- ↑ "BCG Immunotherapy for Transitional-Cell Carcinoma in Situ of the Bladder". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
- ↑ "A technique for radical total cystectomy". Cancer. 9: 585–595. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195605/06)9:3<585::AID-CNCR2820090325>3.0.CO;2-Z.
- ↑ "The "Accidental" Cure—Platinum-based Treatment for Cancer: The Discovery of Cisplatin". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ "Micropapillary bladder cancer: a review of Léon Bérard Cancer Center experience". BMC Urology. 9. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-9-5.
- ↑ "Everything Old Is New Again! Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32: 1868–1870. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.55.4055.
- ↑ Schlegel, PN; Walsh, PC. "Neuroanatomical approach to radical cystoprostatectomy with preservation of sexual function.". J Urol. 138: 1402–6. PMID 3682067.
- ↑ "Implant treats bladder cancer without surgery". Gainesville Sun.
- ↑ van der Meijden, AP; DeBruyne, FM. "Treatment schedule of intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: short-term courses or maintenance therapy.". Urology. 31: 26–9. PMID 3126592.
- ↑ "Bladder Cancer". Retrieved 26 September 2016.
- ↑ "Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer". New England Journal of Medicine. 366: 1477–1488. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1106106.
- ↑ "Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Versus Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin in Advanced or Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Results of a Large, Randomized, Multinational, Multicenter, Phase III Stud" (PDF). Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ Ploeg, M; Aben, KK; Kiemeney, LA (2009). "The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world". World J Urol. 27: 289–93. PMC 2694323. PMID 19219610. doi:10.1007/s00345-009-0383-3.
- ↑ "International Phase III Trial Assessing Neoadjuvant Cisplatin, Methotrexate, and Vinblastine Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Results of the BA06 30894 Trial". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29: 2171–2177. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.3139.
- ↑ "Bladder Cancer Canada". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ↑ "Bladder Cancer Progression Linked to Collagen Changes". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ↑ "New technology detects bladder cancer that even doctors can't see". Retrieved 29 September 2016.