Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cloud computing"

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| 1950s || Cloud concepts develop as a gradual evolution starting with mainframe computing.<ref name="A brief history of cloud computing">{{cite web |title=A brief history of cloud computing |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2014/03/18/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing-3/ |website=ibm.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref> Organizations start using an increasingly complex and ever-changing system of mainframe computers to process their data. In the early days, mainframe computers are huge and prohibitively expensive.<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa"/><ref name="The History of Cloud Computing">{{cite web |title=The History of Cloud Computing |url=https://essentialdata.ca/the-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=essentialdata.ca |accessdate=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="4cornerit.com">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.4cornerit.com/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=4cornerit.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
| 1950s || Cloud concepts develop as a gradual evolution starting with mainframe computing.<ref name="A brief history of cloud computing">{{cite web |title=A brief history of cloud computing |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2014/03/18/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing-3/ |website=ibm.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref> Organizations start using an increasingly complex and ever-changing system of mainframe computers to process their data. In the early days, mainframe computers are huge and prohibitively expensive.<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa"/><ref name="The History of Cloud Computing">{{cite web |title=The History of Cloud Computing |url=https://essentialdata.ca/the-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=essentialdata.ca |accessdate=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="4cornerit.com">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.4cornerit.com/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=4cornerit.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
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| 1960s || The Cloud computing concept dates back to the early 1960s.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings">{{cite web |title=The History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.tocario.com/blog/the-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=tocario.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref> The initial concepts of time-sharing become popularized via {{w|Remote Job Entry}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc105|title=Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval at UCSB|last=White|first=J.E.|website=tools.ietf.org|access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref> This terminology would be mostly associated with large vendors such as {{w|IBM}} and [[w:Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]].
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| 1960s || The Cloud computing concept dates back to the early 1960s.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings">{{cite web |title=The History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.tocario.com/blog/the-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=tocario.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref> The initial concepts of {{w|time-sharing}} become popularized via {{w|Remote Job Entry}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc105|title=Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval at UCSB|last=White|first=J.E.|website=tools.ietf.org|access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref> This terminology would be mostly associated with large vendors such as {{w|IBM}} and [[w:Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]].
 
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| 1970s || Computing development accelerates and the concept of the virtual machine becomes popular. This is the idea that two distinct computing operations can exist simultaneously on one piece of hardware.<ref name="History And Evaluation Of Cloud Computing"/><ref name="Cvloud Computing: A Short History">{{cite web |title=Cloud Computing: A Short History |url=https://www.xxpert.com/cloud-computing-short-history/ |website=xxpert.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref> The concept of having potential customers have everything (all their facilities) connected on the same network, becomes a revolutionary idea during the decade and the next one.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/> {{w|Mainframe computer}}s become a thing of the past.<ref name="4cornerit.com"/>
 
| 1970s || Computing development accelerates and the concept of the virtual machine becomes popular. This is the idea that two distinct computing operations can exist simultaneously on one piece of hardware.<ref name="History And Evaluation Of Cloud Computing"/><ref name="Cvloud Computing: A Short History">{{cite web |title=Cloud Computing: A Short History |url=https://www.xxpert.com/cloud-computing-short-history/ |website=xxpert.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref> The concept of having potential customers have everything (all their facilities) connected on the same network, becomes a revolutionary idea during the decade and the next one.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/> {{w|Mainframe computer}}s become a thing of the past.<ref name="4cornerit.com"/>
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| 1990s || The idea of the cloud becomes reality.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/> Telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, begin offering {{w|virtual private network}} (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. The cloud symbol starts being used. Cloud computing extends its boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/doc/ietf/ipatm/atm-minutes-93jul.txt |publisher=Switch |location=[[w:Switzerland|CH]] |title=July, 1993 meeting report from the IP over ATM working group of the IETF |accessdate=2010-08-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120710170149/http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/doc/ietf/ipatm/atm-minutes-93jul.txt |archivedate=2012-07-10 }}</ref> The mid-decade sees the advancement of the internet being connected to huge numbers of personal computers, rather than just business ones. Both computers and a wired internet connection become cheaper until the average home can have one without financial difficulty.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/> During the second half of the decade, companies begin to gain a better understanding of cloud computing and its usefulness in providing superior solutions and services to customers while drastically improving internal efficiencies.<ref name=df>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=The History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.eci.com/cloudforum/cloud-computing-history.html |website=eci.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
| 1990s || The idea of the cloud becomes reality.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/> Telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, begin offering {{w|virtual private network}} (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. The cloud symbol starts being used. Cloud computing extends its boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/doc/ietf/ipatm/atm-minutes-93jul.txt |publisher=Switch |location=[[w:Switzerland|CH]] |title=July, 1993 meeting report from the IP over ATM working group of the IETF |accessdate=2010-08-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120710170149/http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/doc/ietf/ipatm/atm-minutes-93jul.txt |archivedate=2012-07-10 }}</ref> The mid-decade sees the advancement of the internet being connected to huge numbers of personal computers, rather than just business ones. Both computers and a wired internet connection become cheaper until the average home can have one without financial difficulty.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/> During the second half of the decade, companies begin to gain a better understanding of cloud computing and its usefulness in providing superior solutions and services to customers while drastically improving internal efficiencies.<ref name=df>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=The History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.eci.com/cloudforum/cloud-computing-history.html |website=eci.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
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| 2000s || After the {{w|dot-com bubble}} burst in the early-decade, companies such as e-tail giant Amazon.com Inc. play a key role in the development of cloud computing.<ref name="The history of cloud computing and what's coming next: A CIO guide">{{cite web |title=The history of cloud computing and what's coming next: A CIO guide |url=https://searchcio.techtarget.com/essentialguide/The-history-of-cloud-computing-and-whats-coming-next-A-CIO-guide |website=searchcio.techtarget.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Along the decade, internet power increases due to high-speed broadband, and the companies again replaces the remote computing systems with web services.<ref name="History And Evaluation Of Cloud Computing"/>  
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| 2000s || After the {{w|dot-com bubble}} burst in the early-decade, companies such as e-tail giant Amazon.com Inc. play a key role in the development of cloud computing.<ref name="The history of cloud computing and what's coming next: A CIO guide">{{cite web |title=The history of cloud computing and what's coming next: A CIO guide |url=https://searchcio.techtarget.com/essentialguide/The-history-of-cloud-computing-and-whats-coming-next-A-CIO-guide |website=searchcio.techtarget.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Along the decade, internet power increases due to high-speed broadband, and the companies again replace the remote computing systems with web services.<ref name="History And Evaluation Of Cloud Computing"/>  
 
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| 2010s || The latest availability of high-capacity networks and low-cost computers, together with the widespread adoption of virtualization and service-oriented architecture, lead to the version of cloud computing we know today, and a model that is constantly evolving.<ref name="The history of cloud computing and what's coming next: A CIO guide"/>
 
| 2010s || The latest availability of high-capacity networks and low-cost computers, together with the widespread adoption of virtualization and service-oriented architecture, lead to the version of cloud computing we know today, and a model that is constantly evolving.<ref name="The history of cloud computing and what's coming next: A CIO guide"/>
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| 1950s || Concept development || {{w|Mainframe Computing}} develops, and along with it the idea to link computers together over great distance for a mixture of scientific and military purposes.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing">{{cite web |title=History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.theaccessgroup.com/hosting/resources/our-blog/history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=theaccessgroup.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 1950s || Concept development || {{w|Mainframe Computing}} develops, and along with it the idea to link computers together over great distance for a mixture of scientific and military purposes.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing">{{cite web |title=History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.theaccessgroup.com/hosting/resources/our-blog/history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=theaccessgroup.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
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| 1954 || Concept development || American computer scientist {{w|w:John Backus}} writes an early description of {{w|time-sharing}} in the 1954 summer session at {{w|MIT}}.<ref name="jbackus">Backus, John, ''[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/summer_session_1954/Digital_Computers_Advanced_Coding_Techniques_Summer_1954.pdf Computer Advanced Coding Techniques]'', MIT 1954, page 16-2. The first known description of computer time-sharing.</ref>
 
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| 1955 || Concept development || American computer scientist [[w:John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] creates a theory of sharing computing time among an entire group of users.<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa"/><ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computighh">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.taylored.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=taylored.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 1955 || Concept development || American computer scientist [[w:John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] creates a theory of sharing computing time among an entire group of users.<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa"/><ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computighh">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.taylored.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=taylored.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1961 || Concept development || [[w:John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] suggests in a speech at {{w|MIT}} that computing can be sold like a utility, just like a water or electricity.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-cloud-computing |website=javatpoint.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="alge">{{cite web |title=A brief history of cloud computing |url=https://rickscloud.com/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing-2/ |website=rickscloud.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>   
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| 1957 || Concept development || American computer scientist {{w|Bob Bemer}} describes {{w|time-sharing}} in his article ''How to consider a computer'' in ''Automatic Control Magazine''.<ref>{{cite web
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|last1=Bemer
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|first1=Bob
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|title=Origins of Timesharing
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|url=http://www.bobbemer.com/TIMESHAR.HTM
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|website=bobbemer.com
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|date=March 1957
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|accessdate=4 June 2019
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|deadurl = yes
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702215126/http://www.bobbemer.com/TIMESHAR.HTM
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|archive-date = 2017-07-02}}</ref>
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| 1958 || Concept development || {{w|Bob Bemer}} writes in a paper on {{w|time-sharing}}: {{Quote|"The computers would handle a number of problems concurrently. Organizations would have input-output equipment installed on their own premises and would buy time on the computer much the same way that the average household buys power and water from utility companies." <ref name="wfbauer">Bauer, W. F., ''[https://www.computer.org/web/csdl/index/-/csdl/proceedings/afips/1958/5053/00/50530046.pdf Computer design from the programmer's viewpoint]'' (Eastern Joint Computer Conference, December 1958) One of the first descriptions of computer time-sharing.</ref>}}
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| 1961 || Concept development || [[w:John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] suggests in a speech at {{w|MIT}} that computing can be sold like a utility, just like water or electricity.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-cloud-computing |website=javatpoint.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="alge">{{cite web |title=A brief history of cloud computing |url=https://rickscloud.com/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing-2/ |website=rickscloud.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>   
 
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| Mid-1960s || Concept development || American computer scientist {{w|J.C.R. Licklider}} presents an idea for an interconnected system of computers.<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.ecpi.edu/blog/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing |website=ecpi.edu |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| Mid-1960s || Concept development || American computer scientist {{w|J.C.R. Licklider}} presents an idea for an interconnected system of computers.<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.ecpi.edu/blog/a-brief-history-of-cloud-computing |website=ecpi.edu |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
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| 1966 || Concept development || Canadian technologist {{w|Douglas F. Parkhill}} publishes ''The Challenge of the Computer Utility'', which predicts that the computer industry would come to resemble a public utility “in which many remotely located users are connected via communication links to a central computing facility.”<ref name="britannica.com"/>
 
| 1966 || Concept development || Canadian technologist {{w|Douglas F. Parkhill}} publishes ''The Challenge of the Computer Utility'', which predicts that the computer industry would come to resemble a public utility “in which many remotely located users are connected via communication links to a central computing facility.”<ref name="britannica.com"/>
 
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| 1969 || Concept development || Making use of {{w|J.C.R. Licklider}}'s idea, American Internet pioneer [[w:Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Bob Taylor]] and American engineer [[w:Lawrence Roberts (scientist)|Larry Roberts]] develop {{w|ARPANET}}, (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa"/> which is considered the precursor of the Internet. With this creation , the concept of cloud computing develops.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/><ref name="itchronicles.com">{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Cloud Computing – Where’s It Going Next? |url=https://www.itchronicles.com/cloud/the-evolution-of-cloud-computing-wheres-it-going-next/ |website=itchronicles.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
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| 1969 || Concept development || Making use of {{w|J.C.R. Licklider}}'s idea, American Internet pioneer [[w:Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Bob Taylor]] and American engineer [[w:Lawrence Roberts (scientist)|Larry Roberts]] develop {{w|ARPANET}}, (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).<ref name="A Brief History of Cloud Computingaa"/> which is considered the precursor of the Internet. With this creation, the concept of cloud computing develops.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/><ref name="itchronicles.com">{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Cloud Computing – Where’s It Going Next? |url=https://www.itchronicles.com/cloud/the-evolution-of-cloud-computing-wheres-it-going-next/ |website=itchronicles.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1970s || Concept development || Bill Gates says, “No one will need more than 637 kb of memory for a personal computer.”<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Cloud Computing (And What the Future Holds) |url=https://www.gflesch.com/blog/the-history-of-cloud-computing |website=gflesch.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
| 1970s || Concept development || Bill Gates says, “No one will need more than 637 kb of memory for a personal computer.”<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Cloud Computing (And What the Future Holds) |url=https://www.gflesch.com/blog/the-history-of-cloud-computing |website=gflesch.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>  
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| 1977 || Concept development || The cloud symbol is used to represent networks of computing equipment in the original {{w|ARPANET}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html|title=Internet History 1977}}</ref>
 
| 1977 || Concept development || The cloud symbol is used to represent networks of computing equipment in the original {{w|ARPANET}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html|title=Internet History 1977}}</ref>
 
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| Early 1980s || Background || The U.S. {{w|National Science Foundation}} (NSF) launches an initiative to build a national backbone network that would be based on transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCIP/IP).<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
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| Early 1980s || Background || The U.S. {{w|National Science Foundation}} (NSF) launches an initiative to build a national backbone network that would be based on transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP).<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
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| 1981 || Concept development || The cloud symbol is used by the {{w|CSNET}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gu.friends-partners.org/Bookwriting/PART_I/Chapter_I/Total/Insertions/NSF/CSNET/CSNET.html|title=National Science Foundation, "Diagram of CSNET," 1981}}</ref>
 
| 1981 || Concept development || The cloud symbol is used by the {{w|CSNET}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gu.friends-partners.org/Bookwriting/PART_I/Chapter_I/Total/Insertions/NSF/CSNET/CSNET.html|title=National Science Foundation, "Diagram of CSNET," 1981}}</ref>
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| 1990 || Background || The online internet becomes visible to all when computer scientist {{w|Tim Berners-Lee}} invent the {{w|World Wide Web}}. In doing so, Berners-Lee links hypertext documents to an information system, making it accessible from any node on the network.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/> The giant connecting concept finally gets enough computers attached to it and the connection of those machines together create a massive, interconnected shared pool of storage that won't be possible by a single organization or institution to afford.<ref name="History of Cloud Computingvvv">{{cite web |title=History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.w3schools.in/cloud-computing/history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=w3schools.in |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 1990 || Background || The online internet becomes visible to all when computer scientist {{w|Tim Berners-Lee}} invent the {{w|World Wide Web}}. In doing so, Berners-Lee links hypertext documents to an information system, making it accessible from any node on the network.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/> The giant connecting concept finally gets enough computers attached to it and the connection of those machines together create a massive, interconnected shared pool of storage that won't be possible by a single organization or institution to afford.<ref name="History of Cloud Computingvvv">{{cite web |title=History of Cloud Computing |url=https://www.w3schools.in/cloud-computing/history-of-cloud-computing/ |website=w3schools.in |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1993 || Concept development || The term ''cloud'' is used to refer to platforms for {{w|distributed computing}} when [[w:Apple Inc.|Apple]] spin-off {{w|General Magic}} and {{w|AT&T}} use it in describing their (paired) [[w:Telescript (programming language)|Telescript]] and PersonaLink technologies.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[AT&T]] |title=What Is The Cloud? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a7hK6kWttE |quote=You can think of our electronic meeting place as the Cloud.  PersonaLink was built from the ground up to give handheld communicators and other devices easy access to a variety of services.  [...]  Telescript is the revolutionary software technology that makes intelligent assistance possible.  Invented by General Magic, AT&T is the first company to harness Telescript, and bring its benefits to people everywhere.  [...]  Very shortly, anyone with a computer, a personal communicator, or a television will be able to use intelligent assistance in the Cloud.  And our new meeting place is open, so that anyone, whether individual, entrepreneur, or multinational company, will be able to offer information, goods, and services. |date=1993 |accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
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| 1993 || Concept development || The term ''cloud'' is used to refer to platforms for {{w|distributed computing}} when [[w:Apple Inc.|Apple]] spin-off {{w|General Magic}} and {{w|AT&T}} use it in describing their (paired) [[w:Telescript (programming language)|Telescript]] and PersonaLink technologies.<ref>{{cite web |author={{w|AT&T}} |title=What Is The Cloud? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a7hK6kWttE |quote=You can think of our electronic meeting place as the Cloud.  PersonaLink was built from the ground up to give handheld communicators and other devices easy access to a variety of services.  [...]  Telescript is the revolutionary software technology that makes intelligent assistance possible.  Invented by General Magic, AT&T is the first company to harness Telescript, and bring its benefits to people everywhere.  [...]  Very shortly, anyone with a computer, a personal communicator, or a television will be able to use intelligent assistance in the Cloud.  And our new meeting place is open, so that anyone, whether individual, entrepreneur, or multinational company, will be able to offer information, goods, and services. |date=1993 |accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
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| 1994 || Concept development ||  The term 'cloud' is pioneered by [[w:Apple Inc.|Apple]] spin-off {{w|General Magic}}, an American [[w:software company|software]] and {{w|electronics company}} co-founded by {{w|Bill Atkinson}}, {{w|Andy Hertzfeld}} and {{w|Marc Porat}}.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/> The use of the cloud metaphor is used for virtualized services. {{w|Andy Hertzfeld}} in ''{{w|Wired Magazine}}'' comments on [[w:Telescript (programming language)|Telescript]], General Magic's distributed programming language:
 
| 1994 || Concept development ||  The term 'cloud' is pioneered by [[w:Apple Inc.|Apple]] spin-off {{w|General Magic}}, an American [[w:software company|software]] and {{w|electronics company}} co-founded by {{w|Bill Atkinson}}, {{w|Andy Hertzfeld}} and {{w|Marc Porat}}.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/> The use of the cloud metaphor is used for virtualized services. {{w|Andy Hertzfeld}} in ''{{w|Wired Magazine}}'' comments on [[w:Telescript (programming language)|Telescript]], General Magic's distributed programming language:
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| 1998 || Organization || American cloud computer company {{w|Rackspace}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explaining Rackspace |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/rackspace-explainer-2011-11 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 1998 || Organization || American cloud computer company {{w|Rackspace}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explaining Rackspace |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/rackspace-explainer-2011-11 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
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| 1998 || {{w|Content delivery network}} || {{w|Akamai Technologies}} is founded in {{w|Massachusetts}}. It is the first company to build a large-scale business around {{w|Content delivery network}}s.<ref name="Content Delivery and Distribution Networks (CDN)">{{cite web |title=Content Delivery and Distribution Networks (CDN) |url=https://www.lifewire.com/introduction-to-cdn-817799 |website=lifewire.com |accessdate=5 June 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 1999 || Organization || {{w|Salesforce.com}} is founded in {{w|San Francisco}}. It is the first company to offer businesses applications over the internet, heralding the arrival of {{w|Software as a service}}, soon to become commonly known as SaaS.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/> . The arrival of Salesforce, considered a pioneer in cloud computing, enables {{w|Software as a Service}} product.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/><ref name="The History of Cloud Computing"/>
 
| 1999 || Organization || {{w|Salesforce.com}} is founded in {{w|San Francisco}}. It is the first company to offer businesses applications over the internet, heralding the arrival of {{w|Software as a service}}, soon to become commonly known as SaaS.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/> . The arrival of Salesforce, considered a pioneer in cloud computing, enables {{w|Software as a Service}} product.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/><ref name="The History of Cloud Computing"/>
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| 2006 (March) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Rackspace Cloud}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=AWS vs Rackspace - Let the CloudWars begin! |url=https://www.upguard.com/articles/aws-vs-rackspace-let-the-cloudwars-begin |website=upguard.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2006 (March) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Rackspace Cloud}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=AWS vs Rackspace - Let the CloudWars begin! |url=https://www.upguard.com/articles/aws-vs-rackspace-let-the-cloudwars-begin |website=upguard.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
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| 2006 || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || The {{w|Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud}} is introduced as an {{w|IaaS}} that lets organizations contract for computers to run their applications.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/> The term "cloud computing" is popularized with this release.<ref name="Amazon.com">{{cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/
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| 2006 (August) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || The {{w|Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud}} is introduced as an {{w|IaaS}} that lets organizations contract for computers to run their applications.<ref name="The History of Cloud Computings"/> The term "cloud computing" is popularized with this release.<ref name="Amazon.com">{{cite web|url=https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/
|title=Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) - beta |date=24 August 2006 |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="History of Cloud Computingvvv"/>
+
|title=Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) - beta |date=24 August 2006 |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="History of Cloud Computingvvv"/> At the time of initial launch, AWS do not offer {{w|autoscaling}}, but the ability to programmatically create and terminate instances gives developers the flexibility to write their own code for autoscaling.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2006/08/24/exclusive-amazon-readies-utility-computing-service/|title = Almost Exclusive: Amazon Readies Utility Computing Service|last = Cubrilovic|first = Nik|date = August 24, 2006|accessdate = 4 June 2019|publisher = ''{{w|TechCrunch}}''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 +
|url=http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2006/08/amazon_ec2_beta.html
 +
|title=Amazon EC2 Beta
 +
|first=Jeff
 +
|last=Barr
 +
|date=August 25, 2006
 +
|work=Amazon Web Services Blog
 +
|accessdate= 4 June 2019
 +
}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2006 || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|New Zealand}}-based software firm {{w|GreenButton}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |last1=RUSSELL |first1=JON |title=Microsoft acquires New Zealand-based cloud computing company GreenButton |url=https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2014/05/01/microsoft-acquires-new-zealand-based-cloud-computing-company-greenbutton/ |website=thenextweb.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2006 || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|New Zealand}}-based software firm {{w|GreenButton}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |last1=RUSSELL |first1=JON |title=Microsoft acquires New Zealand-based cloud computing company GreenButton |url=https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2014/05/01/microsoft-acquires-new-zealand-based-cloud-computing-company-greenbutton/ |website=thenextweb.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 113: Line 139:
 
|title=Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) - beta |date=24 August 2006 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
|title=Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) - beta |date=24 August 2006 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
|-
 
|-
| 2007 || Concept development || The "Cloud Phase" starts when the classification of {{w|Infrastructire as a service}} (IaaS), {{w|Platform as a service}} (PaaS), and {{w|Software as a service}} (SaaS) get formalized.<ref name="History & Evolution of Cloud Computing : What to Expect in 2019">{{cite web |title=History & Evolution of Cloud Computing : What to Expect in 2019 |url=https://www.seasiainfotech.com/blog/history-and-evolution-cloud-computing/ |website=seasiainfotech.com |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
+
| 2006 || {{w|Serverless computing}} || Zimki is released as the first "pay as you go" code execution platform, though it would be not commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/25/zimki_fotango_shut/|title=Fotango to smother Zimki on Christmas Eve|last=Williams|first=Christopher|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2007 || Concept development || The "Cloud Phase" starts when the classification of {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} (IaaS), {{w|Platform as a service}} (PaaS), and {{w|Software as a service}} (SaaS) get formalized.<ref name="History & Evolution of Cloud Computing : What to Expect in 2019">{{cite web |title=History & Evolution of Cloud Computing : What to Expect in 2019 |url=https://www.seasiainfotech.com/blog/history-and-evolution-cloud-computing/ |website=seasiainfotech.com |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2007 || || {{w|IBM}} begins to develop a strategy for cloud computing, announcing that it plans to build clouds for enterprise clients and provide services to fill what it regards as gaps in existing cloud environments.<ref name="IBMCloud PR">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/presskit/29681.wss |title=IBM Cloud Computing  |date= |publisher=IBM |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2007 || || {{w|IBM}} begins to develop a strategy for cloud computing, announcing that it plans to build clouds for enterprise clients and provide services to fill what it regards as gaps in existing cloud environments.<ref name="IBMCloud PR">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/presskit/29681.wss |title=IBM Cloud Computing  |date= |publisher=IBM |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 119: Line 147:
 
| 2007 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || Container-based cloud (PaaS) {{w|Heroku}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Heroku? |url=https://www.heroku.com/about |website=heroku.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2007 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || Container-based cloud (PaaS) {{w|Heroku}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Heroku? |url=https://www.heroku.com/about |website=heroku.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| 2007 (October) || || {{w|IBM}} announces a partnership with {{w|Google}} to promote cloud computing in universities. In addition to donating hardware and machines, the two companies also provide a curriculum to teach students about cloud computing.<ref name="ArsTechnica">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/hardware/news/2007/10/google-and-ibm-team-on-cloud-computing-initiative-for-universitiesgoogle-and-ibm-team-on-cloud-computing-initiative-for-universities.ars |title=Google and IBM team on cloud computing initiative for universities  |author=Jacqui Cheng |date= |publisher=ArsTechnica |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="itchronicles.com"/>
+
| 2007 (October) || Partnership || {{w|IBM}} announces a partnership with {{w|Google}} to promote cloud computing in universities. In addition to donating hardware and machines, the two companies also provide a curriculum to teach students about cloud computing.<ref name="ArsTechnica">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/hardware/news/2007/10/google-and-ibm-team-on-cloud-computing-initiative-for-universitiesgoogle-and-ibm-team-on-cloud-computing-initiative-for-universities.ars |title=Google and IBM team on cloud computing initiative for universities  |author=Jacqui Cheng |date= |publisher=ArsTechnica |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="itchronicles.com"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2007 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || Apprenda is founded as an enterprise {{w|Platform as a Service}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apprenda |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/apprenda#section-overview |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2007 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || Apprenda is founded as an enterprise {{w|Platform as a Service}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apprenda |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/apprenda#section-overview |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=7 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 133: Line 161:
 
| 2008 (April) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Google}} releases {{w|Google App Engine}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleappengine.blogspot.nl/2008/04/introducing-google-app-engine-our-new.html|title=Introducing Google App Engine + our new blog |publisher=Google Developer Blog |date=2008-04-07 |accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> allowing developers to host web applications in its managed data centres.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
| 2008 (April) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Google}} releases {{w|Google App Engine}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleappengine.blogspot.nl/2008/04/introducing-google-app-engine-our-new.html|title=Introducing Google App Engine + our new blog |publisher=Google Developer Blog |date=2008-04-07 |accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> allowing developers to host web applications in its managed data centres.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || {{w|Infrastructire as a service}} || {{w|NASA}}'s {{w|OpenNebula}}, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, becomes the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rochwerger|first=B. |author2=Breitgand, D. |author3=Levy, E. |author4=Galis, A. |author5=Nagin, K. |author6=Llorente, I. M. |author7=Montero, R. |author8=Wolfsthal, Y. |author9=Elmroth, E. |author10=Caceres, J. |author11=Ben-Yehuda, M. |author12=Emmerich, W. |author13=Galan, F.|title=The Reservoir model and architecture for open federated cloud computing|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|volume=53|issue=4|pages=4:1–4:11|doi=10.1147/JRD.2009.5429058|year=2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE OPENNEBULA PROJECT |url=https://opennebula.org/project/ |website=opennebula.org |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> It is the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds.<ref name="HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTINGñ"/>
+
| 2008 (April) || {{w|Autoscaling}} || Third-party {{w|autoscaling}} software for {{w|Amazon Web Services}} appears. These include tools by Scalr<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/04/03/scalr-the-auto-scaling-open-source-amazon-ec2-effort/|title = Scalr: The Auto-Scaling Open-Source Amazon EC2 Effort|date = April 3, 2008|accessdate = 4 June 2019|publisher = ''{{w|TechCrunch}}''|last = Work|first = Henry}}</ref> and RightScale, which is used by Animoto, which is able to handle Facebook traffic by adopting autoscaling.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.zdnet.com/article/rightscale-cloud-management-extends-to-mysql/#!|title = RightScale cloud management extends to MySQL. RightScale, which specializes in cloud computing management for the Amazon Web Services platform today announced support for MySQL Enterprise. The service, which goes live July 1, provides automated deployment, management and scaling, coupled with MySQL Enterprise premium-level support for large database applications.|last = Howlett|first = Dennis|date = June 25, 2008|accessdate = 4 June 2019 |publisher = ''{{w|ZDNet}}''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rightscale.com/blog/enterprise-cloud-strategies/animotos-facebook-scale|title = Animoto's Facebook Scale-Up|last = von Eicken|first = Thorsten|date = April 23, 2008|accessdate = 4 June 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|NASA}}'s {{w|OpenNebula}}, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, becomes the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rochwerger|first=B. |author2=Breitgand, D. |author3=Levy, E. |author4=Galis, A. |author5=Nagin, K. |author6=Llorente, I. M. |author7=Montero, R. |author8=Wolfsthal, Y. |author9=Elmroth, E. |author10=Caceres, J. |author11=Ben-Yehuda, M. |author12=Emmerich, W. |author13=Galan, F.|title=The Reservoir model and architecture for open federated cloud computing|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|volume=53|issue=4|pages=4:1–4:11|doi=10.1147/JRD.2009.5429058|year=2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE OPENNEBULA PROJECT |url=https://opennebula.org/project/ |website=opennebula.org |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> It is the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds.<ref name="HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTINGñ"/>
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 (May 29) || {{w|Infrastructire as a service}} || [[w:Eucalyptus (software)|Eucalyptus]] is released. It is the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private clouds.<ref name="HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTINGñ"/>
+
| 2008 (May 29) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || [[w:Eucalyptus (software)|Eucalyptus]] is released. It is the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private clouds.<ref name="HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTINGñ"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2008 (middyear) || Concept development || Global research and advisory {{w|Gartner}} sees an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them".<ref>[http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/itlead/2008/070708itlead1.html Keep an eye on cloud computing], Amy Schurr, Network World, 2008-07-08, citing the {{w|Gartner}} report, "Cloud Computing Confusion Leads to Opportunity". Retrieved 2009-09-11.</ref> and observes that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing&nbsp;... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=742913|title=Gartner Says Worldwide IT Spending on Pace to Surpass Trillion in 2008|author=Gartner|date=2008-08-18}}</ref>
 
| 2008 (middyear) || Concept development || Global research and advisory {{w|Gartner}} sees an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them".<ref>[http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/itlead/2008/070708itlead1.html Keep an eye on cloud computing], Amy Schurr, Network World, 2008-07-08, citing the {{w|Gartner}} report, "Cloud Computing Confusion Leads to Opportunity". Retrieved 2009-09-11.</ref> and observes that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing&nbsp;... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=742913|title=Gartner Says Worldwide IT Spending on Pace to Surpass Trillion in 2008|author=Gartner|date=2008-08-18}}</ref>
Line 148: Line 178:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2008 (November) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || Object-based cloud storage platform {{w|EMC Atmos}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dell EMC Atmos |url=https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/EMC-Atmos |website=searchstorage.techtarget.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2008 (November) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || Object-based cloud storage platform {{w|EMC Atmos}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dell EMC Atmos |url=https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/EMC-Atmos |website=searchstorage.techtarget.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || {{w|Content delivery network}} || [[w:Amazon (company)|Amazon]] launches its own CDN, CloudFront.<ref name="Discontent and disruption in the world of content delivery networks"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2009 (March) || Cloud standard || {{w|Open Cloud Computing Interface}} is released as a set of specifications delivered for cloud computing service providers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Cloud Computing Interface: Open Community Leading Cloud Standards |url=https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en83/special/open-cloud-computing-interface-open-community-leading-cloud-standards |website=ercim-news.ercim.eu |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2009 (March) || Cloud standard || {{w|Open Cloud Computing Interface}} is released as a set of specifications delivered for cloud computing service providers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Cloud Computing Interface: Open Community Leading Cloud Standards |url=https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en83/special/open-cloud-computing-interface-open-community-leading-cloud-standards |website=ercim-news.ercim.eu |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 158: Line 190:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2009 || Growth || Cloud computing begins to dominate the start-up and enterprise market at the end of the year.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/>
 
| 2009 || Growth || Cloud computing begins to dominate the start-up and enterprise market at the end of the year.<ref name="History of Cloud Computing"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (December) || Pricing model || Spot Instances for {{w|Amazon Web Services}}’ {{w|Elastic Compute Cloud}} are introduced as a way for major cloud providers to sell spare cloud capacity at considerable savings over on-demand instances.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Optimize Cloud Costs with Spot Instances: New on Cloud Academy |url=https://cloudacademy.com/blog/how-to-optimize-cloud-costs-with-spot-instances-new-on-cloud-academy/ |website=cloudacademy.com |accessdate=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New From Amazon: Spot Pricing on Cloud Computing |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2009/12/14/new-from-amazon-spot-pricing-on-cloud-computing |website=datacenterknowledge.com |accessdate=4 June 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Microsoft}} releases {{w|Microsoft Azure}}, a cloud computing service created for building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and services through Microsoft-managed {{w|data center}}s.<ref name="Azure">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2010/02/01/windows-azure-general-availability.aspx |title=Windows Azure General Availability | work = The Official Microsoft Blog |publisher=Microsoft |date=2010-02-01 |accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>
 
| 2010 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Microsoft}} releases {{w|Microsoft Azure}}, a cloud computing service created for building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and services through Microsoft-managed {{w|data center}}s.<ref name="Azure">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2010/02/01/windows-azure-general-availability.aspx |title=Windows Azure General Availability | work = The Official Microsoft Blog |publisher=Microsoft |date=2010-02-01 |accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010 (February 16) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || Australian {{w|IaaS}} provider {{w|OrionVM}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT ORIONVM |url=http://www.orionvm.com/about/ |website=orionvm.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2010 (February 16) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || Australian {{w|IaaS}} provider {{w|OrionVM}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT ORIONVM |url=http://www.orionvm.com/about/ |website=orionvm.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 (May 19) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|BigQuery}} is launched as a [[w:Restful|RESTful]] {{w|web service}} that enables interactive analysis of massively large datasets working in conjunction with {{w|Google Storage}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Launches BigQuery and (AI/ML) Prediction API |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1362013 |website=news.ycombinator.com |accessdate=25 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010 || || {{w|Rackspace}} and {{w|NASA}} pioneer a free {{w|Open-source software}} platform for cloud computing.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
| 2010 || || {{w|Rackspace}} and {{w|NASA}} pioneer a free {{w|Open-source software}} platform for cloud computing.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
Line 174: Line 210:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010 || Policy || The U.S. {{w|Office of Management and Budget}} issues "cloud first" mandate, requiring agencies to identify three services to move to the cloud and retire associated legacy systems.<ref name="30 years of accumulation: A timeline of cloud computing"/>
 
| 2010 || Policy || The U.S. {{w|Office of Management and Budget}} issues "cloud first" mandate, requiring agencies to identify three services to move to the cloud and retire associated legacy systems.<ref name="30 years of accumulation: A timeline of cloud computing"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Docker, Inc.}} is founded as dotCloud, Inc. by {{w|Solomon Hykes}} in {{w|San Francisco}}, initially running a {{w|PaaS}} type of business.<ref name="A comprehensive introduction to Docker, Virtual Machines, and Containers">{{cite web |title=A comprehensive introduction to Docker, Virtual Machines, and Containers |url=https://medium.freecodecamp.org/comprehensive-introductory-guide-to-docker-vms-and-containers-4e42a13ee103 |website=medium.freecodecamp.org |accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2010 (October 1) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5}} is released as a cloud computing platform that aims to deliver standardized enterprise-class public cloud services.<ref name="">{{cite web |title=Fujitsu Deploys Six-Country Global Cloud Platform |url=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2011/0608-01.html |website=fujitsu.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2010 (October 1) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5}} is released as a cloud computing platform that aims to deliver standardized enterprise-class public cloud services.<ref name="">{{cite web |title=Fujitsu Deploys Six-Country Global Cloud Platform |url=https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2011/0608-01.html |website=fujitsu.com |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 188: Line 226:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 || Organization || {{w|Cloudian}} is founded as a data storage company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cloudian Targets Specific Storage Use Cases--First Up, Big Data |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/benkepes/2015/01/15/cloudian-targets-specific-storage-use-cases-first-up-big-data/#776e84c64981 |website=forbes.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2011 || Organization || {{w|Cloudian}} is founded as a data storage company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cloudian Targets Specific Storage Use Cases--First Up, Big Data |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/benkepes/2015/01/15/cloudian-targets-specific-storage-use-cases-first-up-big-data/#776e84c64981 |website=forbes.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2011 || {{w|Content Delivery Network}} || {{w|AT&T}} introduces their new cloud-based {{w|Content Delivery Network}} that enables content to flow from its 38 data centers around the world to reduce transit and latency times.<ref name="The History of Content Delivery Networks (CDN)">{{cite web |title=The History of Content Delivery Networks (CDN) |url=https://www.globaldots.com/the-history-of-content-delivery-networks-cdn/ |website=globaldots.com |accessdate=5 June 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Cloud Foundry}} is released. The open source software provides a common platform for building applications that run in the cloud.<ref>{{cite web |title=This under-the-radar tool is helping huge companies outmaneuver little startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-cloud-foundry-2015-12 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2011 || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|Cloud Foundry}} is released. The open source software provides a common platform for building applications that run in the cloud.<ref>{{cite web |title=This under-the-radar tool is helping huge companies outmaneuver little startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-cloud-foundry-2015-12 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 || Policy || The U.S. {{w|General Services Administration}} moves 17,000 e-mail users to Google Apps for Government.<ref name="30 years of accumulation: A timeline of cloud computing"/>
 
| 2011 || Policy || The U.S. {{w|General Services Administration}} moves 17,000 e-mail users to Google Apps for Government.<ref name="30 years of accumulation: A timeline of cloud computing"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2011 (October) || {{w|Software as a service}} || {{w|Adobe Systems}} releases the {{w|Adobe Creative Cloud}}, a set of applications and services from {{w|Adobe Systems}} that gives subscribers access to a collection of software used for {{w|graphic design}}, {{w|video editing}}, {{w|web development}}, {{w|photography}}, along with a set of mobile applications and also some optional {{w|cloud service}}s..<ref>{{cite web |title=Adobe Unveils Creative Cloud |url=https://news.adobe.com/press-release/adobe-creative-cloud-dps/adobe-unveils-creative-cloud |website=news.adobe.com |accessdate=21 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 (November) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || Portuguese cloud computing {{w|IaaS}} provider {{w|Lunacloud}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lunacloud with new generation of Cloud Servers |url=https://www.lunacloud.com/lunacloud-announces-the-2nd-generation-cloud-servers |website=lunacloud.com |accessdate=16 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2011 (November) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || Portuguese cloud computing {{w|IaaS}} provider {{w|Lunacloud}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lunacloud with new generation of Cloud Servers |url=https://www.lunacloud.com/lunacloud-announces-the-2nd-generation-cloud-servers |website=lunacloud.com |accessdate=16 May 2019}}</ref>
Line 200: Line 242:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2013 || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Google Compute Engine}} is officially launched as an addition to the {{w|Google Cloud Platform}}. The offering stands as the {{w|IaaS}} component of the platform.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
| 2013 || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Google Compute Engine}} is officially launched as an addition to the {{w|Google Cloud Platform}}. The offering stands as the {{w|IaaS}} component of the platform.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 (March) || || [[w:Docker, Inc.|dotCloud, Inc]] releases [[w:Docker (software)|Docker]] as an open source aimed at simplifying usage of Linux containers and making them accessible for everybody.<ref name="infoq-2013-03">{{cite web|last= Avram| first = Abel| date = March 27, 2013| url = http://www.infoq.com/news/2013/03/Docker| title= Docker: Automated and Consistent Software Deployments| publisher  = InfoQ| accessdate = August 9, 2013}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2013 || Growth || The Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market totals £78 billion, up 18.5 per cent on 2012, with {{w|IaaS}} as the fastest growing market service.<ref name="History and Vision of Cloud Computinggd"/>
 
| 2013 || Growth || The Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market totals £78 billion, up 18.5 per cent on 2012, with {{w|IaaS}} as the fastest growing market service.<ref name="History and Vision of Cloud Computinggd"/>
Line 210: Line 254:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2014 (January) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || Singapoeran cloud technology company {{w|Alpha7}} is founded as a business cloud enabler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alpha7 Appoints Brian Parkinson as Chief Operating Officer and Kenneth Lim as Chief Marketing Officer |url=http://www.alpha7.co/zh-hans/node/552 |website=alpha7.co |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2014 (January) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || Singapoeran cloud technology company {{w|Alpha7}} is founded as a business cloud enabler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alpha7 Appoints Brian Parkinson as Chief Operating Officer and Kenneth Lim as Chief Marketing Officer |url=http://www.alpha7.co/zh-hans/node/552 |website=alpha7.co |accessdate=17 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 (June 7) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Google}} launches {{w|Kubernetes}}, an [[w:open-source software|open-source]] [[w:Operating-system-level virtualization|container]]-[[w:orchestration (computing)|orchestration]] system for automating [[w:application software|application]] deployment, scaling, and management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/|title=kubernetes/kubernetes|website=GitHub|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421035413/https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes|archivedate=2017-04-21|df=}}</ref>  Many [[w:cloud computing|cloud]] services offer a Kubernetes-based platform or infrastructure as a service ([[w:Platform as a service|PaaS]] or [[w:Infrastructure as a service|IaaS]]) on which Kubernetes can be deployed as a platform-providing service.<ref name="github first-commit">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/commit/2c4b3a562ce34cddc3f8218a2c4d11c7310e6d56 |title=First GitHub commit for Kubernetes |work=github.com |date=2014-06-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301190551/https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/commit/2c4b3a562ce34cddc3f8218a2c4d11c7310e6d56 |archivedate=2017-03-01 |df= }}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2014 || Growth || Global business spending for infrastructure and services related to the cloud reaches an estimated US$132 billion, up 20% from the amount spent in 2013.<ref name="History and Vision of Cloud Computinggd"/>
 
| 2014 || Growth || Global business spending for infrastructure and services related to the cloud reaches an estimated US$132 billion, up 20% from the amount spent in 2013.<ref name="History and Vision of Cloud Computinggd"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2014 (June 30) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|IBM}} releases cloud {{w|PaaS}} {{w|Bluemix}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOW IBM CLOUD IS EVOLVING TO COMPETE AT THE NEXT LEVEL |url=http://techgenix.com/ibm-cloud-is-evolving/ |website=techgenix.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>  
 
| 2014 (June 30) || {{w|Platform as a service}} || {{w|IBM}} releases cloud {{w|PaaS}} {{w|Bluemix}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOW IBM CLOUD IS EVOLVING TO COMPETE AT THE NEXT LEVEL |url=http://techgenix.com/ibm-cloud-is-evolving/ |website=techgenix.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>  
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 (November 10) || || Docker container services are announced for the {{w|Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud}} (EC2).<ref name="amazon-ec2">{{cite web
 +
  | author      = Jeff Barr
 +
  | date        = November 13, 2014
 +
  | url        = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/cloud-container-management/
 +
  | title      = Amazon EC2 Container Service (ECS) – Container Management for the AWS Cloud
 +
  | work        = Amazon Web Services Blog
 +
  | access-date = 20 May 2019
 +
  }}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 (November) || {{w|Serverless computing}} || [[w:Amazon (company)|Amazon]] introduces {{w|AWS Lambda}}, the first public cloud infrastructure vendor with an abstract serverless computing offering.<ref name="techcrunch-lambda-launch">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/13/amazon-launches-lambda-an-event-driven-compute-service/|title=Amazon Launches Lambda, An Event-Driven Compute Service|date=13 Nov 2014|accessdate=4 June 2019|last=Miller|first=Ron|website={{w|TechCrunch}}}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2015 || {{w|Cloud gaming}} || Cloud gaming service {{w|GeForce Now}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cloud Gaming Race Is On And NVIDIA GeForce NOW Already Has A Big Head Start |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davealtavilla/2019/05/06/the-cloud-gaming-race-is-on-and-nvidia-geforce-now-already-has-a-big-head-start/#fc1d30737a94 |website=forbes.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2015 || {{w|Cloud gaming}} || Cloud gaming service {{w|GeForce Now}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cloud Gaming Race Is On And NVIDIA GeForce NOW Already Has A Big Head Start |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davealtavilla/2019/05/06/the-cloud-gaming-race-is-on-and-nvidia-geforce-now-already-has-a-big-head-start/#fc1d30737a94 |website=forbes.com |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 (May 1) || {{w|Software as a service}} || Spotinst is founded in {{w|Tel Aviv}}. It provides SaaS optimization platform that helps companies purchase and manage excess cloud infrastructure capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spotinst |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/spotinst#section-overview |website=crunchbase.com |accessdate=21 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 (May) || Pricing model || Google Introduces preemptible virtual machines (VMs) and lowers pricing for compute, with an average VM on Google's cloud about half the cost as when it was introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Introduces Preemptible VMs and Another Round of Cloud Price Cuts For Compute |url=https://www.itprotoday.com/server-virtualization/google-introduces-preemptible-vms-and-another-round-cloud-price-cuts-compute |website=itprotoday.com |accessdate=4 June 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2015 (20 August) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Citrix Systems}} releases {{w|Citrix Cloud}}, a [[w:Cloud computing|cloud]] management platform that allows organizations to deploy cloud-hosted [[w:Desktop environment|desktops]] and [[w:Application software|apps]] to {{w|end user}}s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deep Dive: VDI with Citrix Cloud on Microsoft Azure |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/us-partner-blog/2018/01/12/deep-dive-vdi-with-citrix-cloud-on-microsoft-azure/ |website=microsoft.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>   
 
| 2015 (20 August) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Citrix Systems}} releases {{w|Citrix Cloud}}, a [[w:Cloud computing|cloud]] management platform that allows organizations to deploy cloud-hosted [[w:Desktop environment|desktops]] and [[w:Application software|apps]] to {{w|end user}}s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deep Dive: VDI with Citrix Cloud on Microsoft Azure |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/us-partner-blog/2018/01/12/deep-dive-vdi-with-citrix-cloud-on-microsoft-azure/ |website=microsoft.com |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>   
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 (February) || {{w|Serverless computing}} || {{w|Google Cloud Functions}} is released.<ref name="vb-gcf">{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/02/09/google-has-quietly-launched-its-answer-to-aws-lambda/|title=Google has quietly launched its answer to AWS Lambda|date=9 February 2016|accessdate=20 May 2019|last=Novet|first=Jordan|website={{w|VentureBeat}}}}</ref> Alongside a set of management tools, it provides a series of modular cloud services including computing, [[w:Computer data storage|data storage]], [[w:Data analysis|data analytics]] and {{w|machine learning}}.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://cloud.google.com/products/ |title=Google Cloud Products |publisher=cloud.google.com |date= |accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="vb-gcf"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || {{w|Serverless computing}} || {{w|IBM Cloud Functions}} is released in the public IBM Cloud.<ref name="wsk-pressrelease">{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/49158.wss|title=IBM Unveils Fast, Open Alternative to Event-Driven Programming|last=Zimmerman|first=Mike|date=23 February 2016}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 (September 26) || Pricing model || {{w|Google Cloud Platform}} starts offering pay-per-second billing for all {{w|virtual machine}} types and {{w|operating system}}s.<ref name="A Tale of Two Clouds: Amazon vs. Google"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 (October) || Pricing model || {{w|Amazon Web Services}} starts implementing a pay-per-second billing for {{w|Linux}} {{w|virtual machines}}.<ref name="A Tale of Two Clouds: Amazon vs. Google">{{cite web |title=A Tale of Two Clouds: Amazon vs. Google |url=https://medium.com/@robaboukhalil/a-tale-of-two-clouds-amazon-vs-google-4f2520516a38 |website=medium.com |accessdate=21 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2018 || {{w|Cloud gaming}} || {{w|Microsoft}} unveils Project xCloud,a new service able to stream any game released for the Microsoft {{w|Xbox One}} console to smartphones and tablets, so owners can play them almost anywhere.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2018/10/08/project-xcloud-gaming-with-you-at-the-center/|title=Project xCloud: Gaming with you at the center - The Official Microsoft Blog|date=2018-10-08|work=The Official Microsoft Blog|access-date=6 May 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Callaham |first1=John |title=Microsoft’s Project xCloud: Everything we know so far |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/microsoft-project-xcloud-2-915999/ |website=androidauthority.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2018 || {{w|Cloud gaming}} || {{w|Microsoft}} unveils Project xCloud,a new service able to stream any game released for the Microsoft {{w|Xbox One}} console to smartphones and tablets, so owners can play them almost anywhere.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2018/10/08/project-xcloud-gaming-with-you-at-the-center/|title=Project xCloud: Gaming with you at the center - The Official Microsoft Blog|date=2018-10-08|work=The Official Microsoft Blog|access-date=6 May 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Callaham |first1=John |title=Microsoft’s Project xCloud: Everything we know so far |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/microsoft-project-xcloud-2-915999/ |website=androidauthority.com |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2018 (November) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Apache CloudStack}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apache CloudStack |url=https://cloudstack.apache.org/ |website=cloudstack.apache |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 
| 2018 (November) || {{w|Infrastructure as a service}} || {{w|Apache CloudStack}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apache CloudStack |url=https://cloudstack.apache.org/ |website=cloudstack.apache |accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || {{w|Content delivery network}} || The CDN market is estimated to be more than US$10 billion in the year.<ref name="Discontent and disruption in the world of content delivery networks">{{cite web |last1=Ramsinghani |first1=Mahendra |title=Discontent and disruption in the world of content delivery networks |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/01/discontent-and-disruption-in-the-world-of-content-delivery-networks/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=5 June 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2020 || Growth || The global market for cloud computing is estimated to exceed over US$241 billion by the time, with companies like {{w|Amazon Web Services}} and {{w|Salesforce}} quickly becoming global leaders in their fields.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
 
| 2020 || Growth || The global market for cloud computing is estimated to exceed over US$241 billion by the time, with companies like {{w|Amazon Web Services}} and {{w|Salesforce}} quickly becoming global leaders in their fields.<ref name="The history of cloud computing: A timeline of key moments from the 1960s to now"/>
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* [[Timeline of Google Cloud Platform]]
 
* [[Timeline of Google Cloud Platform]]
 
* [[Timeline of Salesforce]]
 
* [[Timeline of Salesforce]]
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* [[Timeline of Cloudflare]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Revision as of 06:28, 26 October 2019

This is a timeline of cloud computing, attempting to describe significant events in the history and development of the technology.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1950s Cloud concepts develop as a gradual evolution starting with mainframe computing.[1] Organizations start using an increasingly complex and ever-changing system of mainframe computers to process their data. In the early days, mainframe computers are huge and prohibitively expensive.[2][3][4]
1960s The Cloud computing concept dates back to the early 1960s.[5] The initial concepts of time-sharing become popularized via Remote Job Entry.[6] This terminology would be mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC.
1970s Computing development accelerates and the concept of the virtual machine becomes popular. This is the idea that two distinct computing operations can exist simultaneously on one piece of hardware.[7][8] The concept of having potential customers have everything (all their facilities) connected on the same network, becomes a revolutionary idea during the decade and the next one.[5] Mainframe computers become a thing of the past.[4]
1980s New, less expensive, and compact hardware components are invented. With this, every company start investing to buy their own hardware and maintain it themselves. Data centers' popularity decreases. With the introduction of client/server architecture, companies start purchasing inexpensive systems which are as useful as the traditional mainframe systems.[7]
1990s The idea of the cloud becomes reality.[5] Telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, begin offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. The cloud symbol starts being used. Cloud computing extends its boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.[9] The mid-decade sees the advancement of the internet being connected to huge numbers of personal computers, rather than just business ones. Both computers and a wired internet connection become cheaper until the average home can have one without financial difficulty.[10] During the second half of the decade, companies begin to gain a better understanding of cloud computing and its usefulness in providing superior solutions and services to customers while drastically improving internal efficiencies.[11]
2000s After the dot-com bubble burst in the early-decade, companies such as e-tail giant Amazon.com Inc. play a key role in the development of cloud computing.[12] Along the decade, internet power increases due to high-speed broadband, and the companies again replace the remote computing systems with web services.[7]
2010s The latest availability of high-capacity networks and low-cost computers, together with the widespread adoption of virtualization and service-oriented architecture, lead to the version of cloud computing we know today, and a model that is constantly evolving.[12]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details
1950s Concept development Mainframe Computing develops, and along with it the idea to link computers together over great distance for a mixture of scientific and military purposes.[10]
1954 Concept development American computer scientist w:John Backus writes an early description of time-sharing in the 1954 summer session at MIT.[13]
1955 Concept development American computer scientist John McCarthy creates a theory of sharing computing time among an entire group of users.[2][14]
1957 Concept development American computer scientist Bob Bemer describes time-sharing in his article How to consider a computer in Automatic Control Magazine.[15]
1958 Concept development Bob Bemer writes in a paper on time-sharing:
"The computers would handle a number of problems concurrently. Organizations would have input-output equipment installed on their own premises and would buy time on the computer much the same way that the average household buys power and water from utility companies." [16]
1961 Concept development John McCarthy suggests in a speech at MIT that computing can be sold like a utility, just like water or electricity.[17][18]
Mid-1960s Concept development American computer scientist J.C.R. Licklider presents an idea for an interconnected system of computers.[2]
1966 Concept development Canadian technologist Douglas F. Parkhill publishes The Challenge of the Computer Utility, which predicts that the computer industry would come to resemble a public utility “in which many remotely located users are connected via communication links to a central computing facility.”[19]
1969 Concept development Making use of J.C.R. Licklider's idea, American Internet pioneer Bob Taylor and American engineer Larry Roberts develop ARPANET, (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).[2] which is considered the precursor of the Internet. With this creation, the concept of cloud computing develops.[10][20][21]
1970s Concept development Bill Gates says, “No one will need more than 637 kb of memory for a personal computer.”[22]
~1970 Concept development The concept of virtual machines (VMs) is created.[1] "Using virtualization software like VMware. It become possible to run more than one Operating System simultaneously in an isolated environment. It was possible to run a completely different Computer (virtual machine) inside a different Operating System."[23]
1972 Background IBM releases the first version if its VM operating system, a family of IBM virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes System/370, System/390, zSeries, System z and compatible systems.[2][21]
1977 Concept development The cloud symbol is used to represent networks of computing equipment in the original ARPANET.[24]
Early 1980s Background The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) launches an initiative to build a national backbone network that would be based on transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP).[20]
1981 Concept development The cloud symbol is used by the CSNET.[25]
1982 Background The first Ethernet adapter card for the IBM personal computer is released, introducing fast, inexpensive connections that would enable cloud computing.[26]
1986 Background A National Science Foundation Network project creates network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States.[20]
Late 1980s Background Commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) begin to emerge.[20]
1990 Background The online internet becomes visible to all when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee invent the World Wide Web. In doing so, Berners-Lee links hypertext documents to an information system, making it accessible from any node on the network.[20] The giant connecting concept finally gets enough computers attached to it and the connection of those machines together create a massive, interconnected shared pool of storage that won't be possible by a single organization or institution to afford.[27]
1993 Concept development The term cloud is used to refer to platforms for distributed computing when Apple spin-off General Magic and AT&T use it in describing their (paired) Telescript and PersonaLink technologies.[28][20]
1994 Concept development The term 'cloud' is pioneered by Apple spin-off General Magic, an American software and electronics company co-founded by Bill Atkinson, Andy Hertzfeld and Marc Porat.[20] The use of the cloud metaphor is used for virtualized services. Andy Hertzfeld in Wired Magazine comments on Telescript, General Magic's distributed programming language:
"The beauty of Telescript ... is that now, instead of just having a device to program, we now have the entire Cloud out there, where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create sort of a virtual service. No one had conceived that before. The example Jim White (the designer of Telescript, X.400 and ASN.1) uses now is a date-arranging service where a software agent goes to the flower store and orders flowers and then goes to the ticket shop and gets the tickets for the show, and everything is communicated to both parties."[29]
1995 Infrastructure as a service IaaS provider iland is founded.[30]
1996 Concept development References to the phrase "cloud computing" appear with the first known mention in a Compaq internal document.[31][20]
1996 Software as a service SaaS company CallidusCloud is founded.[32]
1997 Concept development Professor Ramnath Chellappa is often credited with being the person who coined the term “cloud computing” in its modern context, at a lecture he delivered in the year. He defines it then as a “computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits alone.”[33][34]
1998 Organization Cloud computing company NetSuite is founded.[35]
1998 Organization American cloud computer company Rackspace is founded.[36]
1998 Content delivery network Akamai Technologies is founded in Massachusetts. It is the first company to build a large-scale business around Content delivery networks.[37]
1999 Organization Salesforce.com is founded in San Francisco. It is the first company to offer businesses applications over the internet, heralding the arrival of Software as a service, soon to become commonly known as SaaS.[10] . The arrival of Salesforce, considered a pioneer in cloud computing, enables Software as a Service product.[5][20][3]
2000 Cloud gaming The first cloud gaming demonstration happens at the Electronic Entertainment Expo.[38]
2001 Platform as a service OutSystems is founded. It is a low-code development platform for the development of enterprise web and mobile applications, which run in the cloud.[39]
2001 Software as a service The United States Department of Agriculture links XML soil survey data with GIS, an early example of using software as a service to link devices across the Internet.[26]
2003 Background Web 2.0 arrives, expanding web capability. Videos, music and other multimedia can be hosted and delivered online resulting in greatly increased popularity, as well as massively expanded horizons in terms of what web designers can achieve.[10][10]
2003 Platform as a service Private application PaaS software WaveMaker is launched.[40]
2003 Xen is released and creates a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) also known as a hypervisor, a software system that allows the execution of multiple virtual guest operating systems simultaneously on a single machine.[23]
2004 Infrastructure as a service Joyent is founded. The company specializes in application virtualization and cloud computing.[41]
2005 Platform as a service Cloud content management and file sharing service Box is founded.[42]
2005 Infrastructure as a service Cloud computing provider SoftLayer is founded.[43]
2006 Platform as a service Fotango, a London-based company owned by Canon Europe launches the world's first public platform as a service known as "Zimki".[44]
2006 (March) Infrastructure as a service Rackspace Cloud is launched.[45]
2006 (August) Infrastructure as a service The Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud is introduced as an IaaS that lets organizations contract for computers to run their applications.[5] The term "cloud computing" is popularized with this release.[46][27] At the time of initial launch, AWS do not offer autoscaling, but the ability to programmatically create and terminate instances gives developers the flexibility to write their own code for autoscaling.[47][48]
2006 Infrastructure as a service New Zealand-based software firm GreenButton is founded.[49]
2006 (August 9) Concept development Google CEO Eric Schmidt introduces the term "cloud computing" to an industry conference. “What’s interesting now is that there is an emergent new model, (..) I don’t think people have really understood how big this opportunity really is. It starts with the premise that the data services and architecture should be on servers. We call it cloud computing—they should be in a “cloud” somewhere.”[50]
2006 (August) Organization Amazon creates Amazon Web Services as a subsidiary to provide on-demand cloud computing platforms, and introduces its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2).[51][20]
2006 Serverless computing Zimki is released as the first "pay as you go" code execution platform, though it would be not commercially successful.[52]
2007 Concept development The "Cloud Phase" starts when the classification of Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS), and Software as a service (SaaS) get formalized.[53]
2007 IBM begins to develop a strategy for cloud computing, announcing that it plans to build clouds for enterprise clients and provide services to fill what it regards as gaps in existing cloud environments.[54]
2007 Platform as a service Container-based cloud (PaaS) Heroku is founded.[55]
2007 (October) Partnership IBM announces a partnership with Google to promote cloud computing in universities. In addition to donating hardware and machines, the two companies also provide a curriculum to teach students about cloud computing.[56] [21]
2007 Platform as a service Apprenda is founded as an enterprise Platform as a Service.[57]
2007 Organization Dropbox is founded. It offers cloud storage and personal cloud, among other services.
2007 Organization Netflix launches its video streaming service, using the cloud to stream movies and other video content into the homes of eventually millions of subscribers worldwide.[21]
2008 Concept development The term "cloud computing" comes into popular use.[19]
2008 Organization Cloudera is founded. It provides a software platform that runs in the cloud.[58]
2008 (April) Platform as a service Google releases Google App Engine,[59] allowing developers to host web applications in its managed data centres.[20]
2008 (April) Autoscaling Third-party autoscaling software for Amazon Web Services appears. These include tools by Scalr[60] and RightScale, which is used by Animoto, which is able to handle Facebook traffic by adopting autoscaling.[61][62]
2008 Infrastructure as a service NASA's OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, becomes the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.[63][64] It is the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds.[34]
2008 (May 29) Infrastructure as a service Eucalyptus is released. It is the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private clouds.[34]
2008 (middyear) Concept development Global research and advisory Gartner sees an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them".[65] and observes that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."[66]
2008 Concept development Gartner begins to discuss the rise of cloud computing, claiming that it would become 'as influential as e-business'.[20]
2008 Application The United States National Science Foundation begins the Cluster Exploratory program to fund academic research using Google-IBM cluster technology to analyze massive amounts of data.[67]
2008 Infrastructure as a service VMware launches vCloud, a public cloud computing service built on vSphere.[68]
2008 Infrastructure as a service CtrlS is founded in India.[69]
2008 (November) Infrastructure as a service Object-based cloud storage platform EMC Atmos is released.[70]
2008 Content delivery network Amazon launches its own CDN, CloudFront.[71]
2009 (March) Cloud standard Open Cloud Computing Interface is released as a set of specifications delivered for cloud computing service providers.[72]
2009 (March 7) Platform as a service AppScale is released as a serverless platform for building and running scalable web and mobile applications on any infrastructure.[73]
2009 Concept development Oracle's founder Larry Ellison describes cloud computing as 'water vapour' and asserts that it's just "a computer attached to a network".[20]
2009 Google releases Google Apps, bringing cloud computing into common usage.[10] Google and others start to offer browser-based application via Google apps and other apps.[27]
2009 Growth Cloud computing begins to dominate the start-up and enterprise market at the end of the year.[10]
2009 (December) Pricing model Spot Instances for Amazon Web ServicesElastic Compute Cloud are introduced as a way for major cloud providers to sell spare cloud capacity at considerable savings over on-demand instances.[74][75]
2010 Platform as a service Microsoft releases Microsoft Azure, a cloud computing service created for building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and services through Microsoft-managed data centers.[76]
2010 (February 16) Infrastructure as a service Australian IaaS provider OrionVM is founded.[77]
2010 (May 19) Platform as a service BigQuery is launched as a RESTful web service that enables interactive analysis of massively large datasets working in conjunction with Google Storage.[78]
2010 Rackspace and NASA pioneer a free Open-source software platform for cloud computing.[20]
2010 Platform as a service Cloud computing company GreenQloud is founded.[79]
2010 Policy The General Services Administration announces it will use cloud computing as primary means for hosting the government’s official information portal, USA.gov.[26]
2010 Cloud robotics The term "Cloud Robotics" first appears in the public lexicon as part of a talk given by James Kuffner at the IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robotics entitled "Cloud-enabled Robots".[80] Since then, "Cloud Robotics" would become a general term encompassing the concepts of information sharing, distributed intelligence, and fleet learning that is possible via networked robots and modern cloud computing.
2010 Platform as a service CloudBees is founded. It provides a PaaS to build, run, and manage web applications.[81]
2010 Policy The U.S. Office of Management and Budget issues "cloud first" mandate, requiring agencies to identify three services to move to the cloud and retire associated legacy systems.[26]
2010 Platform as a service Docker, Inc. is founded as dotCloud, Inc. by Solomon Hykes in San Francisco, initially running a PaaS type of business.[82]
2010 (October 1) Infrastructure as a service FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5 is released as a cloud computing platform that aims to deliver standardized enterprise-class public cloud services.[83]
2011 Platform as a service Cloud services provider Jelastic is founded with the purpose to provide Java, PHP, Ruby, Node.js or Python developers with an easy way to setup application environments and deploy applications quickly.[84]
2011 (March) Organization Zadara Storage is founded. The company develops enterprise cloud storage software and hardware that offers file, object and block storage solutions for businesses.[85]
2011 (June) Cloud standard Networked Help Desk is launched.[86]
2011 (June 24) Infrastructure as a service American cloud infrastructure provider DigitalOcean is founded.[87]
2011 platform as a service Red Hat releases OpenShift, a cloud computing platform as a service.[88]
2011 Organization Cloudian is founded as a data storage company.[89]
2011 Content Delivery Network AT&T introduces their new cloud-based Content Delivery Network that enables content to flow from its 38 data centers around the world to reduce transit and latency times.[90]
2011 Platform as a service Cloud Foundry is released. The open source software provides a common platform for building applications that run in the cloud.[91]
2011 Policy The U.S. General Services Administration moves 17,000 e-mail users to Google Apps for Government.[26]
2011 (October) Software as a service Adobe Systems releases the Adobe Creative Cloud, a set of applications and services from Adobe Systems that gives subscribers access to a collection of software used for graphic design, video editing, web development, photography, along with a set of mobile applications and also some optional cloud services..[92]
2011 (November) Infrastructure as a service Portuguese cloud computing IaaS provider Lunacloud is founded.[93]
2011 Policy The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency seeks mission-resilient cloud to ensure military can withstand attack against pieces of the network.[26]
2012 Product CloudBolt is founded. It develops a hybrid cloud management platform that helps organizations to build, deploy and manage private and public clouds.[94]
2013 Infrastructure as a service Google Compute Engine is officially launched as an addition to the Google Cloud Platform. The offering stands as the IaaS component of the platform.[20]
2013 (March) dotCloud, Inc releases Docker as an open source aimed at simplifying usage of Linux containers and making them accessible for everybody.[95]
2013 Growth The Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market totals £78 billion, up 18.5 per cent on 2012, with IaaS as the fastest growing market service.[23]
2013 Infrastructure as a service Cloud Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) pioneer Safe Swiss Cloud is founded.[96]
2013 (September 2) Platform as a service Cloud computing management platform openQRM is released.[97]
2013 The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency closes US$600 million deal with Amazon Web Services to build a private cloud, bolstering confidence in security of the cloud.[26]
2014 (January) Platform as a service Singapoeran cloud technology company Alpha7 is founded as a business cloud enabler.[98]
2014 (June 7) Infrastructure as a service Google launches Kubernetes, an open-source container-orchestration system for automating application deployment, scaling, and management.[99] Many cloud services offer a Kubernetes-based platform or infrastructure as a service (PaaS or IaaS) on which Kubernetes can be deployed as a platform-providing service.[100]
2014 Growth Global business spending for infrastructure and services related to the cloud reaches an estimated US$132 billion, up 20% from the amount spent in 2013.[23]
2014 (June 30) Platform as a service IBM releases cloud PaaS Bluemix.[101]
2014 (November 10) Docker container services are announced for the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2).[102]
2014 (November) Serverless computing Amazon introduces AWS Lambda, the first public cloud infrastructure vendor with an abstract serverless computing offering.[103]
2015 Cloud gaming Cloud gaming service GeForce Now is released.[104]
2015 (May 1) Software as a service Spotinst is founded in Tel Aviv. It provides SaaS optimization platform that helps companies purchase and manage excess cloud infrastructure capacity.[105]
2015 (May) Pricing model Google Introduces preemptible virtual machines (VMs) and lowers pricing for compute, with an average VM on Google's cloud about half the cost as when it was introduced.[106]
2015 (20 August) Infrastructure as a service Citrix Systems releases Citrix Cloud, a cloud management platform that allows organizations to deploy cloud-hosted desktops and apps to end users.[107]
2016 (February) Serverless computing Google Cloud Functions is released.[108] Alongside a set of management tools, it provides a series of modular cloud services including computing, data storage, data analytics and machine learning.[109][108]
2016 Serverless computing IBM Cloud Functions is released in the public IBM Cloud.[110]
2017 (September 26) Pricing model Google Cloud Platform starts offering pay-per-second billing for all virtual machine types and operating systems.[111]
2017 (October) Pricing model Amazon Web Services starts implementing a pay-per-second billing for Linux virtual machines.[111]
2018 Cloud gaming Microsoft unveils Project xCloud,a new service able to stream any game released for the Microsoft Xbox One console to smartphones and tablets, so owners can play them almost anywhere.[112][113]
2018 (November) Infrastructure as a service Apache CloudStack is released.[114]
2019 Content delivery network The CDN market is estimated to be more than US$10 billion in the year.[71]
2020 Growth The global market for cloud computing is estimated to exceed over US$241 billion by the time, with companies like Amazon Web Services and Salesforce quickly becoming global leaders in their fields.[20]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

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What the timeline is still missing

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See also

External links

References

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