Difference between revisions of "Timeline of contact tracing"

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* {{w|Category:COVID-19 contact tracing apps}}
 
* {{w|Category:COVID-19 contact tracing apps}}
 
   
 
   
 
 
   
 
   
 
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/23/sunday-review/coronavirus-contact-tracing.html]
 
 
* [https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article242135616.html]
 
* [https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article242135616.html]
 
* [https://abc7ny.com/coronavirus-nj-new-jersey-update-curfew/6160115/]
 
* [https://abc7ny.com/coronavirus-nj-new-jersey-update-curfew/6160115/]

Revision as of 11:23, 5 March 2021

This is a timeline of FIXME.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
16th century "Physicians such as the celebrated anatomist Gabriele Falloppio, chair of medicine at the University of Padua, the citadel of 16th-century medical learning, sought to understand the origins of syphilis using a different approach to the norm. Instead of just relying on what the ancient and early medieval Arabic medical authorities had to say about diseases, Falloppio and other doctors sought to track the spread of this venereal disease by turning to contemporary histories, most prominently Christopher Columbus’s journals." "Contact tracing was probably more widespread in 16th-century Europe than historians have been able to show, and not only in Italy."[1]
19th century Literature "In the late 19th century, when bacteriology was a new science, a vast workforce of sanitary inspectors was assembled in the United States and especially in the United Kingdom. At the time, the United Kingdom was acknowledged as a leader in the creation of an infectious disease surveillance system of notification, isolation, disinfection, and case finding. "[2] United States
20th century "Contemporary contact tracing in the United States dates back to the early 20th century response to syphilis and later expanded to include other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)."[3]
21st century
2020 onwards COVID-19 pandemic The COVID pandemic presents a new avenue for surveillance capitalism through electronic contract tracing. The Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)[4] develops guidelines for digital contact tracing processes and mobile applications. Apple and Google partner to develop a Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing[5] statement to provide guidance for individual developers, public health departments, and others who may be utilizing their technologies to create apps and processes for tracing the spread and existence of COVID-19 in communities and regions.

Visual data

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Contact tracing on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to December 2020.[6]

Contact tracing wv.jpeg

Full timeline

Year Event type Infection Details Location
1530 Syphilis "The ideas behind contact tracing are much older, however. It was anticipated in the early 16th century in relation to the great pox, which would come to be known as syphilis thanks to a poem by the physician Girolamo Fracastoro from 1530."[1]
1530s Syphilis Italian physician Bernardino Tomitano follows syphilis’s continued spread into eastern Europe, pinning it to Venetian commerce.[1] Italy, Eastern Europe
1576 Bubonic plague "While treating patients on the shores of Lake Garda at Desenzano in northern Italy during the bubonic plague outbreak of 1576, Andrea Gratiolo used contact tracing in a manner we can recognise today. It was employed not to trace the spread of plague as such, but to disprove that it derived from a woman who was rumoured to have carried it to Desenzano from where she lived in Trento. Gratiolo noted that the woman had “taken a small and tightly packed boat with 18 others … sleeping on top one another”."[1]
1840s Yellow fever Physicians in France fighting yellow fever focus on finding the first case, what today we call patient zero. In the late century, they would begin paying greater attention to connections between households, and people inside and outside of them.[1] France
1854–1855 Cholera During the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak in London, Dr. John Snow collects data about the individual cases, especially their location in Soho, using nascent methods of spatial analysis and contact tracing to conclude that contaminated water is the disease vector, and successfully has the source shut off.[7] The map accompanying his 1855 report shows individual cases, stacked at each house location, clearly showing a concentration around the Broad Street Pump as well as gaps in locations that had other water sources.[8] The map would later be hailed as revolutionary, being considered the most effective tool for communicating the spatial patterns of the disease.[9] “Dr. Krueger said the first time contact tracing was used was in 1854 when Dr. John Snow in London, England sought to discover the cause of that era’s dread pandemic – cholera”[10] United Kingdom
1890 Statutory powers in Glasgow (later throughout Scotland), are granted for the maintenance of a “reception house” for people who have been in contact with infectious diseases and were living in overcrowded dwellings.[11] United Kingdom (Scotland)
1893 Literature Albert Taylor publishes the first edition of his Sanitary Inspector’s Handbook, which states that the sanitary inspector should visit and inspect the home of each infected person, arrange for the patient’s removal, search for possible disease sources, schedule disinfection procedures, and inquire about contacts.[11]
1900–1907 Notable case Mary Mallon (later called Typhoid Mary), an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid working as a cook in the New York area, is found by researcher George Soper to be the link to isolated outbreaks of the disease in rich households, an unusual occurrence as at this time it is known that typhoid is generally passed through unclean environments. A researcher called George Soper eventually discovered that Mary was the link.[12] United States
1905 “In 1905, the Supreme Court ruled that the government can take steps to protect public health that might otherwise infringe upon the Bill of Rights”[13]
1907 “Contact tracing has served as an essential public health intervention strategy throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In 1907, sanitary engineer George Sober investigated a typhoid outbreak in a wealthy family’s New York summer home. Sober identified peach ice cream as the likely transmitter and then used methodology similar to contact tracing to link the cook’s job history with known typhoid cases”[14]“Contact tracing was used to identify the original Typhoid Mary in 1907, as well as helping to quell outbreaks of smallpox, SARS and Ebola”[15]
1927 Field development The SIR model (Susceptible, Infectious, or Recovered) is first published. his mathematical model is the most basic approach to find a number of ways to anticipate what will happen in a pandemic.[16]
1920s Adoption Contact tracing becomes increasingly used as infectious disease control in the United States, more than social distancing.[17] United States
1928 Syphilis Soviet–German Syphilis Expedition[18][19]
1930s Sexually transmitted infection The British Goverment adopts contact tracing as one of the primary weapons to contain the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases.[20] United Kingdom
1940s "By the time penicillin was developed in the 1940s, the country faced an imperative to “find the missing million” people who were infected and spreading the disease. Health officials would test and treat infected people’s contacts in order to “stamp out VD.” In this context, reporting patients by code instead of by name was no longer conceivable given the scope and scale of the crisis."[17] United States
1950s "In the 1950s, the Pan American Health Organization led the first hemisphere-wide attempt to eradicate the disease. The key to the eradication was a process known as “ring vaccination” which consisted of monitoring smallpox cases in a community and intervening for those who were at risk of infection. The WHO set up an international network of public health professionals who helped countries set up surveillance and containment processes. Thanks to these global and local contact tracing efforts, smallpox was officially declared eradicated in 1979."[21]
1960s “In the 1960s, the work of contact tracing fell to staff of what is now called the environmental health department - in those days they were known as health inspectors and, in an emergency, they came under the jurisdiction of the local medical officer of health”[22]
1979 Concept development Smallpox is officially declared eradicated worldwide, largely as a result of global and local contact tracing efforts.[21]
1987 Yellow fever Literature American historian William Coleman’s publishes Yellow Fever in the North, which associates “case tracing” with the origins of epidemiology in the mid-19th century.[1]
2003 Severe acute respiratory syndrome 8 “ASP Tew, the deputy officer in charge of the Specialised Crime Branch, knew that the police had been involved in contact tracing during the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and so was prepared to help out this time round”

[23]

2007 Concept development The concept of digital contact tracing likely originates in this year.[24][25]
2007 Concept development Romanian-born Hungarian-American physicist Albert-László Barabási coins and popularizes the term network medicine. Barabási states that biological systems, similarly to social and technological systems, contain many components that are connected in complicated relationships but are organized by simple principles.[26] Epidemic models and concepts, such as spreading and contact tracing, would be adapted to be used in network analysis.[27]
2014 Technology introduction Digital contact tracing proves to be effective in the first empirical investigation using Bluetooth data.[28][29]
2014 Ebola Notable case Contact tracing is conducted as a successful program during the West African Ebola virus epidemic, being part of a multi-pronged public health response that would prove to be effective in containing the spread of the virus after its initial spread. Global health agencies successfully eliminate the outbreak in Sierra Leone, the worst affected country, by monitoring contacts of infected individuals and preemptively managing those who have come into contact with the infected.[21] Sierra Leone, West Africa
2018 Technology introduction A patent application by Facebook discusses a Bluetooth proximity-based trust method.[30]
2019 Ebola "Speeding up detection to slow down Ebola: Smartphone app is game-changer for contact tracing in hotspots in the Democratic Republic of the Congo”[31]
2020 Apple and Google, who account for most of the world's mobile operating systems at the time, announce COVID-19 apps for iOS and Android.[32]
2020 It is reported that over 300 academics signed a statement favouring decentralised proximity tracing applications over centralized models, given the difficulty in precluding centralised options being used "to enable unwarranted discrimination and surveillance."[33][34] In a centralized model, a central database records the ID codes of meetings between users. In a decentralized model, this information is recorded on individual phones, with the role of the central database being limited to identifying phones by their ID code when an alert needs to be sent.[35]
2020 Science writer and sociologist Zeynep Tufekci writes a long piece in The Atlantic on the lack of attention by many public health authorities to the index of dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its implications for contact tracing.[36]
2020 German virologist Christian Drosten calls on all citizens of Germany to maintain a diary of their close contacts, in order to facilitate backward tracing and thus help contact tracing teams to find disease clusters.[37]
2020 "Delta partners with CDC for international traveler contact tracing"[38][39]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

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What the timeline is still missing



Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Contact tracing: how physicians used it 500 years ago to control the bubonic plague". theconversation.com. Retrieved 5 December 2020. 
  2. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nejm.org
  3. "REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF CONTACT TRACING". oneill.law.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 5 December 2020. 
  4. "Guidelines for the Implementation and Use of Digital Tools to Augment Traditional Contact Tracing" (PDF). Retrieved 3 March 2021. 
  5. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  6. "Contact tracing". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 19 January 2021. 
  7. Johnson, Steven (2007). The Ghost Map: The story of London's most terrifying epidemic-- and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world. Riverhead Books. 
  8. Snow, John (1855). On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill. 
  9. Rosenberg, Matt. "Map Stops Cholera: John Snow's Map of London." About.com:Geography. N.p., 1 May 2010. http://geography.about.com/cs/medicalgeography/a/cholera.htm. 1 May 2010.
  10. "'Contact tracing' tried and true containing outbreaks | Chickasaw Times". chickasawtimes.net. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  11. 11.0 11.1 Mooney, Graham (5 November 2020). ""A Menace to the Public Health" — Contact Tracing and the Limits of Persuasion". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (19): 1806–1808. ISSN 0028-4793. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2021887. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  12. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Leevv
  13. "What privacy rights do Americans have during contact tracing?". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  14. Bender, Ryan; Fuchs, Ashley. "Would COVID-19 digital contact tracing programs violate the Fourth Amendment?". www.law.upenn.edu. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  15. Chiavetta, Ryan. "Google, Apple outline privacy considerations for Exposure Notification System". iapp.org. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  16. "EXCLUSIVE: Contact Tracing and the Constitutional Right to Privacy". racmonitor.com. Retrieved 5 December 2020. 
  17. 17.0 17.1 "Contact tracing's long, turbulent history holds lessons for COVID-19". news.osu.edu. Retrieved 5 December 2020. 
  18. Solomon, Susan Gross (NaN). "The Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition to Buriat Mongolia, 1928: Scientific Research on National Minorities". Slavic Review. pp. 204–234. doi:10.2307/2499920. Retrieved 3 March 2021.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. Solomon, Susan Gross (1993). "The Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition to Buriat Mongolia, 1928: Scientific Research on National Minorities". Slavic Review. 52 (2): 204–234. doi:10.2307/2499920. 
  20. DAVIDSON, ROGER. "'Searching for Mary, Glasgow': Contact Tracing for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Twentieth-Century Scotland". doi:10.1093/shm/9.2.195. 
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 "History of Contact Tracing: From the Black Death to COVID-19". carebandremembers.com. Retrieved 5 December 2020. 
  22. "Coronavirus: Contact tracing and lessons from smallpox in 1962". BBC News. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021. 
  23. "Coronavirus: Police helping MOH in contact tracing". The Straits Times. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021. 
  24. Bahri, Shamshul (2007-01-01). "Enhancing quality of data through automated SARS contact tracing method using RFID technology". International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations. 4 (2): 145–162. ISSN 1470-9503. doi:10.1504/IJNVO.2007.013540. 
  25. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  26. Caldarelli G. (2007). Scale-Free Networks. Oxford University Press.
  27. Keeling, M. J., & Eames, K. T. (2005). Networks and epidemic models. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 2(4), 295–307.
  28. Farrahi, Katayoun; Emonet, Rémi; Cebrian, Manuel (2014-05-01). "Epidemic Contact Tracing via Communication Traces". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e95133. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995133F. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4006791Freely accessible. PMID 24787614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095133. 
  29. "Digital contact tracing might be our best shot". 
  30. "Proximity-based trust". patents.google.com. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 
  31. "Speeding up detection to slow down Ebola: Smartphone app is game-changer for contact tracing in hotspots in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved 20 January 2021. 
  32. "Apple and Google building coronavirus tracking tech for iOS and Android, coming in May". cnet.com. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 
  33. "Contact Tracing Joint Statement". Retrieved 2020-04-23. 
  34. Hern, Alex (2020-04-20). "Digital contact tracing will fail unless privacy is respected, experts warn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 
  35. "COVID-19". Data notes. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 
  36. "This Overlooked Variable Is the Key to the Pandemic". theatlantic.com. Retrieved 3 December 2020. 
  37. Scharpenberg, Jan (2020-10-13). "Drosten fordert Corona-Tagebuch zur besseren Kontaktnachverfolgung". www.waz.de. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 
  38. "Delta partners with CDC for international traveler contact tracing". usatoday.com. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 
  39. "Delta Partners With CDC To Become First U.S. Airline To Launch Contact Tracing Program". baynews9.com. Retrieved 4 December 2020.