Timeline of food and nutrition in India

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This is a timeline of food and nutrition in India, describing agricultural and industrial food production, organizations, government policies and infrastructure related to food, as well as the level of nutrition of the population.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
20th century By the early century, 3 out of 4 Indians are employed in agriculture, famines were common, and food consumption per capita tends toward decline.[1] In the 1950s, prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru embarks on a policy of state-led industrialization podeled partly by the Soviets.[2] The Green Revolution in the 1960s leads to increased production of staple food crops like rice and wheat, which reduces hunger and boosts incomes and overall economic growth.[3] Rapid growth in farm productivity enables India to become self-sufficient by the 1970s.[4] Also, the ‘White Revolution’ by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) makes milk and other dairy products more easily and widely accessible. The usage of ghee, butter, paneer, and cheese enhance the diet of Indians, especially in the urban areas thus pushing up the averages for the national daily intake of dairy and animal product.[5] In the 1980s India manages to get along with very few food imports because of the growth in food-grain production and the development of a large buffer stock against potential agricultural shortfalls, all this despite three years of meager rainfall and a drought in the middle of the decade.[6] By the early 1990s, India becomes self-sufficient in food-grain production.[6]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details
9000 BC Food production Indian agriculture arguably begins by this time as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.[7]
3000 BC Food production The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is domesticated by Indians possibly around this time.[8][9]
3000 BC Food production Turmeric, cardamom, black pepper and mustard are harvested in India.[10][11]
2000 BC Food production The earliest known reference to the cultivation of mangoes are traced to India at around this time.[12] The mango is the national fruit of the country.[13]
500 BC Food production Indian farmers discover and begin farming many spices and sugarcane.[14]
300 BC Nutrition "But by around 300 BC, under the Mauryans, a lot of Hindus felt that animal sacrifices added to your karma. Eating meat kept you from getting free of the wheel of reincarnation. Animal sacrifices became less popular. Although people didn’t give up eating meat entirely, they ate much less of it."[15]
650 AD Nutrition Gupta Empire. Hindus begin to worship a Mother Goddess. Cows are sacred to her, so Hindus stop eating beef pretty much completely.[15]
900 AD Food production Lemons and purple carrots are introduced in India from Central Asia.[15]
1100 AD Nutrition With the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, most people in India stop eating pork. People can still eat lamb or goats or chicken, but most of the people in India become vegetarians, and only eat meat very rarely or not at all. Along the coasts and rivers, though, people still eat plenty of fish.[15]
1788 Food company EID Parry is founded. It specializes in sugar and distillery. It is one of the oldest companies in the world.[16]
1800 Infrastructure Some 800,000 hectares are irrigated in India.[17]
1820s Food production The British East India Company begins large-scale production of tea in Assam, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the Singpho people.[18]
1876–1878 Nutrition The Great Famine of 1876–1878 occurs after an intense drought results in crop failure in the Deccan Plateau.[19] Affecting south and southwestern India (the British presidencies of Madras and Bombay, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad) for a period of two years, and spreading northward to some regions of the Central Provinces and the North-Western Provinces, and to a small area in the Punjab.[20], the famine reaches an area of 257,000 km2 and an estimated death toll to be in the range of 5.5 million people.[21]
1880s Nutrition The Indian Famine Codes are developed by the colonial British as famine scales. Comprehensive and sophisticated by their time, they compare well with many relief systems drawn up a century later.[22]
1892 Food company Britannia Industries is founded. It specializes in food products.[23]
1896 The Indian National Congress passes two resolutions linking poverty and hunger to the burdens of British rule, and urge the government to go further in saving lives in famine.[22]
1929 Food company Parle Products is founded. It specializes in food.[24]
1936 Nutrition The Planning Commission (India) defines goals to alleviate poverty by setting targets in terms of nutrition (2400 to 2800 calories per adult worker), clothing (30 yards per capita per annum) and housing (100 sq. ft per capita).[25]
1940s Food production "The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s)"
1943 The Bengal famine of 1943 is considered one of the world's worst food disasters.[5]
1946 Food company Amul is founded. It specializes in dairy products.[26]
1947 India becomes an independent country.[2] Partition of the country leaves India with 82% of the total population of undivided India but only 75% of the cereal production. The surplus province of Punjab is partitioned and West Punjab, which has a well-established network of irrigation canals, goes to Pakistan, as well as Sindh, also a surplus province.[27]
1947 " the 1947 Foodgrains Policy Commission was followed by a number of Commissions which examined the food policy from time-to-time. "[27]
1947–1948 "The food policy of independent India was examined by a Foodgrains Policy Commission under the chairmanship of Sir Purshottam Das Thakur Das in 1947 which submitted its report in April 1948. It came to the conclusion that imports were necessary to enable maintenance of central reserves to guard against crop failures and such reserve could be of the tune of two million tons. It simultaneously recommended that the commitment to maintain the rationing system, introduced during the World War II, as also the need to import foodgrains, should be liquidated in phases. "[27]
1948–1975 Food production The average output per hectare of an Indian wheat increases from 0.8 tons to 4.7 tons of wheat in the period.[4]
1949 " The Foodgrains Investigation Commission of 1949 again stressed self sufficiency."[27]
1950s "Integrated Production Programme (1950s) "
1950 " Foodgrains Procurement Commission (1950) stressed on maintaining a reasonable level of foodgrains prices to ensure adequate supplies to consumers. "[27]
1950–1951 Food production A reported 50 million tons of food grain are produced in the country.[28]
1951 Infrastructure India's irrigation potential reaches 22.6 million hectares.[29]
1951 Food production India embarks on the path of planned economic development and launches the first Five Year Plan, giving highest priority to agriculture. In this year, the total foodgrain production is just 51 million tons.[27]
1951 Nutrition Per capita availability of cereals is recorded at 334 grams per day.[6]
1955 Infrastructure The Konar Project and the Lower Bhawani Project are completed as major irrigation projects during the First Five Year Plan.[30]
1956 Infrastructure The Tungabhadra Project and the Hirakud Dam project are completed as major irrigation projects during the First Five Year Plan.[30]
1957 Infrastructure The Maithon Project is completed as a major irrigation project during the First Five Year Plan.[30]
1957 " However, there was a decline of more than 5.5 million tons in 1957-58, forcing the Government to set up the Foodgrains Enquiry Committee (1957) under the eminent economist Ashok Mehta."[27]
1958 The Price Increase and Famine Resistance Committee is formed a mass movement in West Bengal by the Communist Party of India and other Left groups, in response to the food crisis at the time.[31]
1960 Infrastructure Gandhi Sagar Project is completed as a major irrigation project during the First Five Year Plan.[30]
1960s Food production The Green Revolution in India begins, as the country faces a food shortage.[2]
1961 Nutrition The average Indian daily calorie intake is reported to be 2,010. It consists of 43% grains (378g), 23% produce (199g), 12% dairy & eggs (108g), 12% sugar and fat (108g), 2% meat (17g) and 8% as other (68g).[5]
1963 Food production Norman Borlaug, the principal scientist of the Green Revolution, is deputed to India to establish a program to adapt hybrid wheat varieties from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico, to Indian conditions.[2]
1965 Organization The National Dairy Development Board is established under the auspices of Operation Flood at Anand, in Gujarat, to promote, plan, and organize dairy development through cooperatives; to provide consultations; and to set up dairy plants, which were then turned over to the cooperatives.[32]
1965 "The next and a very important landmark was setting up of the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and the Agriculture Prices Commission in 1965. The former was to provide price support to farmers by purchasing quantities that could not fetch minimum support prices in the market, store the grains scientifically, move grains from surplus to deficit areas and make available gains to states to feed the public distribution system."[27]
1965 "It will be seen from the table that it is only during one year i.e. 1991 that the availability of foodgrains crossed the recommended nutritional norm of 182.5 Kg. per capita per annum. (cereals plus pulses intake for male sedentary worker). However, the very next year it slipped down to 173.9 kg; a level that was achieved way back in 1965."[27]
1965–1966 Policy India suffers two years of severe drought. This would convince the Indian Government to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security. Further significant policy reforms would be adopted, focusing on the goal of food grain self-sufficiency, and ushering India’s Green Revolution.[4]
1965–1980 Food production Wheat production in India nearly triples in this period while rice production increases 60 percent with the new strains and new methods.[33]
1970 Food production The Operation Flood lauches as a project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). The world's biggest dairy development program, it would transform India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States in 1998.[34][35] Initially, the Phase 1 covers wight rural districts and later on extends to 27 districts with a participation of 1.4 million rural families.[36]
1981 Workforce There are 195.1 million rural workers in the country: 55.4 million are agricultural laborers who depend primarily on casual farm work for a livelihood.[6]
1985 Food company Bonn Group of Industries is founded. It specializes in baked goods.[37]
1987 Food production Field crops are planted on about 45 percent of the total land mass of India. Almost 37 million hectares are double-cropped, making the gross sown area equivalent to almost 173 million hectares. About 15 million hectares were permanent pastureland or were planted in various tree crops and groves. Approximately 108 million hectares are either developed for nonagricultural uses, forested, or unsuited for agriculture because of topography. The remaining land, About 29.6 million hectares, are classified as cultivable but fallow, and 15.6 million hectares are classified as cultivable wasteland.[6]
1989 Food production The gross value of output from animal husbandry in India is Rs358 billion in the fiscal year, an amount that constitutes about 25 percent of the total agricultural output of Rs1.4 trillion.[32]
1990–2000 Nutrition The number of people undernourished in India drops from 210 million to 177 million in the period.[5]
1990–2010 Food production The Indian fish capture harvest doubles in the period, while aquaculture harvest triples.
1990–2015 Nutrition The average daily protein consumption rises from 55g per day to 59g per day in the period, with the protein from animal consumption increasing from 9g per day to 12g. The share of dietary energy supplied from cereals and roots decreases from an average of 66g per day to 59g.[5]
1990 Food production Milk production is estimated to have reached 53.5 million tons, and egg production reaches a level of 23.3 billion eggs.[32]
1990 Nutrition Per capita availability of cereals reaches 470 grams per day, up from 334 grams in 1951.[6]
1990s Food production Agricultural exports grow at well over 10.1% annually through the decade.[38]
Early 1990s Food production More than 63,000 Anand-style dairy cooperative societies are counted in India, with some 7.5 million members.[32]
Early 1990s Workforce The rural workforce grows to 242 million, of whom 73.7 million are classified as agricultural laborers. Approximately 33 percent of the employed rural workers are classified as casual wage laborers.[6]
1992 Food production India has approximately 25 percent of the world's cattle, with 193 million heads. There are also 110 million goats, 75 million water buffaloes, 44 million sheeps, and 10 million pigs.[32]
1993–1994 Food production The total foodgrain production reaches 180 million tons, a 253% increase within four decades.[27]
1995 "The Indian government started midday meal scheme on 15 August 1995. It serves millions of children with fresh cooked meals in almost all the government run schools or schools aided by the government fund."
1995 Infrastructure India’s irrigation potential reaches about 90 million hectares at the end of the year.[29]
1997 Food company Organic India is founded. It specializes in organic foods.[39]
1998 Food production India becomes the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States.[34]
2000 "By 2000, Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare."[40][41]
2003 Food company Suminter India Organics is founded. It specializes in organic products.
2004–2006 Nutrition "The number of people undernourished has fluctuated, dropping from 210 million to 177 million between 1990 and 2000 before dramatically increasing between the years 2004-2006 where the recorded number of undernourished people shot up from 177 million to almost 240 million in the space of just 5 years."[5]
2005 Nutrition An estimated 40% of women in rural areas, and 36% of women in urban areas are found to have mild anaemia.[42]
2005 "According to a 2005 report, 60% of India's children below the age of three were malnourished, which was greater than the statistics of sub-Saharan African of 28%."[43]
2006 Nutrition "The number of people undernourished has fluctuated, dropping from 210 million to 177 million between 1990 and 2000 before dramatically increasing between the years 2004-2006 where the recorded number of undernourished people shot up from 177 million to almost 240 million in the space of just 5 years. That figure has steadily been declining since 2006 and has remained consistent since 2009 to present at around 194 million."[5]
2007 The National Development Council adopts a resolution to launch a Food Security Mission comprising rice, wheat and pulses to increase the annual production of rice by 10 million tons, wheat by 8 million tons and pulses by 2 million tons by the end of the harvest season 2011-12. Accordingly, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, 'National Food Security Mission' (NFSM), is launched during the year.[44]
2008 Food production India stands as the world's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer.
2008 Report claims that India's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat.[45]
2009 Food production India stands as the world's third largest producer of eggs, oranges, coconuts, tomatoes, peas and beans.[46]
2009–2010 Food production India stands first in milk production, with 112.5 million tons of milk produced in 2009-2010.[47]
2010 Nutrition National obesity rates in the country are reported at 14% for women and 18% for men with some urban areas having rates as high as 40%.[48]
2010 Nutrition "Another Times of India report in 2010 has stated that 50% of childhood deaths in India are attributable to malnutrition"
2011 Workforce The agricultural sector workforce in the Indian subcontinent is composed by a 75 percent of women.[49]
2011 Nutrition "In 2011 the average Indian had a daily calories intake of 2,458. Their daily diet consisted of 34% produce (450g), 32% grains (416g), 18% eggs and dairy (235g), 10% sugar and fat (129g), 2% meat (29g) and 4% as other (58g)."[5]
2012 Food production The national production from horticulture exceeds grain output for the first time.[50]
2012 Nutrition "With 21% of its population undernourished, nearly 44% of under-5 children underweight and 7% of them dying before they reach five years, India is firmly established among the world's most hunger-ridden countries. The situation is better than only Congo, Chad, Ethiopia or Burundi, but it is worse than Sudan, North Korea, Pakistan or Nepal."[51]
2013 "The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013, making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China."[52] "During the 2013 fiscal year, India exported horticulture products worth Template:INRconvert, nearly double the value of its 2010 exports.[52]
2013 "In order to provide the Right to food to every citizen of the country, the Parliament of India, enacted a legislation in 2013 known as the National Food Security Act, 2013. Also called as the Right to Food Act, this Act seeks to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.33 billion population.[53] It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.[54][55]
2013 Food production India stands as the world's largest dairy herd (composed of cows and buffaloes), at over 304 million strong.[47]
2013–2017 Food production Agrifood start-ups in India receive funding of US$ 1.66 billion in 558 deals in the period.[56]
2014 Food production According to statistics by the FAO, India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits like banana, mango, guava, papaya, lemon and vegetables like chickpea, okra and milk, major spices like chili pepper, ginger, fibrous crops such as jute, staples such as millets and castor oil seed. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, which are the world's major food staples.[57]
2014–2015 Food production A reported 250 million tons of food grain are produced in the country, this time becoming a net food exporter.[28]
2014–2017 Agriculture storage capacity in India increases at 4 % compound Annual Growth Rate between in the period, reaching 131.8 million metric tons.[56]
2015 The Government of India launches the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana as a national mission to improve farm productivity and ensure better utilization of the resources in the country. An amount of Rs 50,000 crore (US$ 7.7 billion) is invested for development of irrigation sources for providing a permanent solution from drought.[56][58]
2016 The Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) is launched to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by networking existing Agricultural produce market committees.[56]
2016 Organization The Government of India establishes the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture program.[59]
2016 As of date, agriculture accounts for 23% of the Indian GDP, and employs 59% of the country's total workforce.[60]
2016 Program launch The Indian Government launches a number of programs to double farmers’ incomes by 2022.[28]
2017 Nutrition The 2017 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report by the International Food Policy Research Institute ranks India 100th out of 118 countries with a serious hunger situation. Amongst South Asian nations, India ranks third behind only Afghanistan and Pakistan with a GHI score of 29.0 ("serious situation").[61]
2018 Nutrition The 2018 Global Hunger Index Report ranks India 103rd out of 119 countries with a serious issue of child wasting. At least one in five children under the age of five years in India are wasted.[62]
2018 Food production Indian Tea Giant Goodricke Group parent Camellia Plc becomes the world's largest private tea producer producing 103 million kgs.[63]
2018 Policy The Agriculture Export Policy is approved by Government of India, with aims at increasing the agricultural exports to US$ 60 billion by 2022 and US$ 100 billion in the next few years with a stable trade policy regime.[56]
2018 The first mega food park in Rajasthan is inaugurated.[56]

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References

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