Difference between revisions of "Timeline of genetic engineering in humans"

There are some evidence that humans might have self-domesticated, which could be seen as a form of genetic engineering.

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acOZT240bTA |title=CARTA: Domestication and Human Evolution - Richard Wrangham: Did Homo sapiens Self-Domesticate? | accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref>

However, actual genetic engineering started in the 20th century. The timeline below details those milestones.

For a full history of the biotechnologial context in which that happened, see the Genetic Literacy Project's timeline, [https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/07/18/biotechnology-timeline-humans-manipulating-genes-since-dawn-civilization/ Biotechnology timeline: Humans have manipulated genes since the ‘dawn of civilization’]. For a timeline of the CRISPR technology, see [[Timeline of CRISPR]].

 

 

 

| 1978 || July 25 || The first human is born through in vitro fertilization.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |last1=Weule |first1=Genelle |title=The first IVF baby was born 40 years ago today |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-25/first-ivf-baby-louise-joy-brown-turns-40/10017032 |accessdate=9 December 2018 |work=ABC News |date=24 July 2018 |language=en-AU}}</ref>

| 1983 ||  || The first pregnancy derived from a cryopreserve human embryo (but was aborted naturally at ten weeks of gestation). <ref name="pmid6403104">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trounson A, Leeton J, Besanko M, Wood C, Conti A | title = Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro | journal = British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) | volume = 286 | issue = 6368 | pages = 835–8 | date = March 1983 | pmid = 6403104 | pmc = 1547212 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.286.6368.835}}</ref>  

| 1984 ||  || The first human derived from a cryopreserve human embryo was born.<ref name="pmid6403104"/>

| 1990 ||  || The first human that had received {{w|preimplantation genetic diagnosis}} was born.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Handyside AH, Lesko JG, Tarín JJ, Winston RM, Hughes MR | title = Birth of a normal girl after in vitro fertilization and preimplantation diagnostic testing for cystic fibrosis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 327 | issue = 13 | pages = 905–9 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1381054 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199209243271301 }}</ref>

| 1990 || Sept. 14 || For the first time, a human receive a gene therapy. They had white blood cells extracted from them, injected with normal genes for making adenosine deaminase, and then were inserted again into them.<ref name=”GeneTherapy”>{{cite web | url=https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/genetics/sect4.htm | title=Gene Therapy}}</ref>

| 1990 || Oct. 1 || The Human Genome Project to map the entire human genome was officially launched.<ref name=”HumanGenomeProject”>{{cite web | url=https://www.genome.gov/10001763/about-nhgri-a-brief-history-and-timeline/ | title=About NHGRI: A Brief History and Timeline}}</ref>

| 1997 || June || The world's first genetically modified human was born. They received a ooplasmic transfer, which consist in taking the contents of a donor egg from a fertile female and injecting it into the egg of an infertile woman along with the fertilizing sperm from her mate.<ref name=”GeneticallyModifiedHuman”>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/05/05/US.genes/index.html | title=World's first genetically altered babies born|date=2001-05-05|website=CNN.com}}</ref>

| 1998 || November || The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It was created using {{w|Somatic cell nuclear transfer}} (SCNT) - a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo was destroyed after 12 days.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/371378.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Details of hybrid clone revealed | date=June 18, 1999 | accessdate=December 9, 2018}}</ref>

| 2000-06-26 || || The {{w|Human Genome Project}} (HGP) and Celera Genomics announced the completion of the first draft of the human genome.

| 2008 || January || Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. Each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos were developed only to the blastocyst stage.<ref>Rick Weiss for the Washington Post January 18, 2008 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/17/AR2008011700324.html?hpid=topnews Mature Human Embryos Created From Adult Skin Cells]</ref><ref name="pmid18202077">{{cite journal |vauthors=French AJ, Adams CA, Anderson LS, Kitchen JR, Hughes MR, Wood SH | title = Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts | journal = Stem Cells | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 485–93 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18202077 | doi = 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0252 }}</ref>

| 2013 ||  || First report of embryonic stem cells created using SCNT. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. All four lines were derived using oocytes from the same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited was identical.<ref name=TrounsonComment>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trounson A, DeWitt ND | title = Pluripotent stem cells from cloned human embryos: success at long last | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 636–8 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23746970 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.022 }}</ref> A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.<ref name="pmid24746675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung YG, Eum JH, Lee JE, Shim SH, Sepilian V, Hong SW, Lee Y, Treff NR, Choi YH, Kimbrel EA, Dittman RE, Lanza R, Lee DR | title = Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells | journal = Cell Stem Cell | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 777–80 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24746675 | doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015 }}</ref>

| 2015 || April 18 || Junjiu Huang and colleagues at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou published a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13238-015-0153-5 paper] on their attempt to use the {{w|CRISPR}}/Cas-9 system to edit the hemoglobin-B gene (HBB) in 86 non-viable human embryos. <ref name=”Gene Editing”>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/04/chinese-paper-embryo-engineering-splits-scientific-community | title=Chinese paper on embryo engineering splits scientific community|date=2015-04-24}}</ref> Two days later, 54 embryos had survived, only 4 had the desired genetic changes, and all 4 were mosaic (meaning only some cells had the desired changes), and they contained a lot of unintended mutations.<ref name=”Gene Editing” />

| 2016 || Nov. 15 || For the first time, CRISPR gene-editing was tested in a person.<ref name=”CRISPR”>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988 | title=CRISPR gene-editing tested in a person for the first time|date=2016-11-15|accessdate=2018-12-09}}</ref>  

| 2017 ||  || The first attempt in the United States of using CRISPR to genetically modify human embryos.<ref name=”CRISPR US”>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/ | title=First Human Embryos Edited in U.S.|date=2017-07-26}}</ref>  

| 2018 || Nov. 25 || He Jiankui of Shenzhen, a Chinese researcher, claims that he helped make the first genetically edited babies. <ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/25/china-first-gene-edited-babies-born/ | title=Chinese researcher claims birth of first gene-edited babies — twin girls|date=2018-11-25}}</ref> The babies are twin girls named Lulu and Nana. <ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”>{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/28/chinese-scientist-defends-creating-gene-edited-babies/ | title=Amid uproar, Chinese scientist defends creating gene-edited babies|date=2018-11-28}}</ref>. They are claimed to have been born a few weeks before he announced it.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/> He’s stated goal was to make sure the babies would have the ability to resist an HIV infection, a trait few people naturally have.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/> He gave official notice of his work on November 8, 2018 on a Chinese registry of clinical trials.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies”/>

One-off target edit was found before implementing the embryo, but wasn’t confirmed when the babies were sequenced after birth.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”/> Only some of the cells of the early-stage embryo were successfully edited, and one edit resulted in a CCR5 protein missing five amino acids, so it’s unclear whether the babies will actually be resistant to HIV.<ref name=”GeneticallyEditedBabies2”/>