Difference between revisions of "Timeline of hepatitis"

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This is a '''Timeline of [[hepatitis]]''', describing major events such as epidemics and medical developments, related to hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.
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This is a '''Timeline of [[wikipedia:hepatitis|hepatitis]]''', describing major events such as epidemics and medical developments, related to hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.
  
 
==Big Picture==
 
==Big Picture==
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| 5th century BC || Hepatitis already plagues mankind.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction">{{cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/liver/viral_hepatitis_b.pdf|website=hopkinsmedicine.org|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref>  
 
| 5th century BC || Hepatitis already plagues mankind.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction">{{cite web|title=Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/_pdfs/liver/viral_hepatitis_b.pdf|website=hopkinsmedicine.org|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref>  
 
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| 17th-19th century || [[Jaundice]] epidemics break out in military and civilian populations during wars.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis Stanford">{{cite web|title=The History of Hepatitis|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/1999/tchang/history.htm|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
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| 17th-19th century || [[wikipedia:Jaundice|Jaundice]] epidemics break out in military and civilian populations during wars.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis Stanford">{{cite web|title=The History of Hepatitis|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/1999/tchang/history.htm|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
 
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| 20th century || It is first recognized that viruses introduced by fecally contaminated food and water are responsible for hepatitis infection.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources">{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Elaine A.|title=Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2lSDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22hepatitis%22+%2220th+century%22&source=bl&ots=IcX1LWcv9V&sig=_bAOMBw2O7d6VbHdc0dEq4Rpi2w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiis6CsiLPSAhVGjJAKHb_tA5UQ6AEIQjAH#v=onepage&q=%22hepatitis%22%20%2220th%20century%22&f=false|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Multiple scientific developments from the second half of the century establish the current basis of knowledge and treatment of the H viruses.  
 
| 20th century || It is first recognized that viruses introduced by fecally contaminated food and water are responsible for hepatitis infection.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources">{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Elaine A.|title=Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2lSDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22hepatitis%22+%2220th+century%22&source=bl&ots=IcX1LWcv9V&sig=_bAOMBw2O7d6VbHdc0dEq4Rpi2w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiis6CsiLPSAhVGjJAKHb_tA5UQ6AEIQjAH#v=onepage&q=%22hepatitis%22%20%2220th%20century%22&f=false|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> Multiple scientific developments from the second half of the century establish the current basis of knowledge and treatment of the H viruses.  
 
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| 1960s–1970s || Several important milestones in the history of viral hepatitis happen in the 1960s.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> The [[hepatitis c]] virus is identified. Blood tests to detect the hepatitis A and B infection are developed.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> Modern viral hepatitis research begins with the discovery of [[Australia antigen]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" />
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| 1960s–1970s || Several important milestones in the history of viral hepatitis happen in the 1960s.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> The [[wikipedia:hepatitis c|hepatitis c]] virus is identified. Blood tests to detect the hepatitis A and B infection are developed.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> Modern viral hepatitis research begins with the discovery of [[wikipedia:Australia antigen|Australia antigen]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" />
 
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| 1980s || Hepatitis B vaccine starts implementation worldwide.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics" />
 
| 1980s || Hepatitis B vaccine starts implementation worldwide.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics" />
 
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| 1990s–2000s || The first [[Interferon alfa]] is approved for the treatment for hepatitis C.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> Multiple drugs are developed for combating hepatitis. The [[World Hepatitis Alliance]] is founded.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" />  
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| 1990s–2000s || The first [[wikipedia:Interferon alfa|Interferon alfa]] is approved for the treatment for hepatitis C.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> Multiple drugs are developed for combating hepatitis. The [[wikipedia:World Hepatitis Alliance|World Hepatitis Alliance]] is founded.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" />  
 
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| Recent years || There isn’t a vaccine for [[hepatitis C virus]] at this time.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> About 375 million people are infected with the [[hepatitis B]] virus. HBV has killed more people than [[AIDS]] and is the cause of millions of cases of [[liver cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7248.html|website=princeton.edu|publisher=|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref> Most cases of HB are found in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics" /> In 2009, it was estimated that about 1.4 million cases of [[hepatitis A]] occurred worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|last1=MATHENY|first1=SAMUEL C.|title=Hepatitis A|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html|website=aafp.org|publisher=University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> [[Hepatitis E]] primarily occurs in [[South Asia]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" />
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| Recent years || There isn’t a vaccine for [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]] at this time.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> About 375 million people are infected with the [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] virus. HBV has killed more people than [[wikipedia:AIDS|AIDS]] and is the cause of millions of cases of [[wikipedia:liver cancer|liver cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7248.html|website=princeton.edu|publisher=|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref> Most cases of HB are found in the [[wikipedia:Asia-Pacific|Asia-Pacific]] region.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics" /> In 2009, it was estimated that about 1.4 million cases of [[wikipedia:hepatitis A|hepatitis A]] occurred worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|last1=MATHENY|first1=SAMUEL C.|title=Hepatitis A|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html|website=aafp.org|publisher=University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> [[wikipedia:Hepatitis E|Hepatitis E]] primarily occurs in [[wikipedia:South Asia|South Asia]] and [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]].<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" />
 
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! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Geographical location  
 
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Geographical location  
 
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| 400 BC || Medical development || The earliest description of epidemic hepatitis, which may or may not have been due to [[hepatitis B virus]], is credited to Greek [[physician]] [[Hippocrates]], who describes a condition he called “epidemic jaundice”.<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /><ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline">{{cite web|last1=York Morris|first1=Susan|title=The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline|url=http://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c/hepatitis-c-history|website=healthline.com|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Greece]]  
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| 400 BC || Medical development || The earliest description of epidemic hepatitis, which may or may not have been due to [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]], is credited to Greek [[wikipedia:physician|physician]] [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]], who describes a condition he called “epidemic jaundice”.<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /><ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline">{{cite web|last1=York Morris|first1=Susan|title=The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline|url=http://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-c/hepatitis-c-history|website=healthline.com|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]]  
 
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| 741–752 || Medical development || [[Pope Zachary]] quarantines individuals with [[jaundice]] to prevent its spread throughout [[Rome]], suggesting an apparent infectious nature of this clinical finding.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
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| 741–752 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Pope Zachary|Pope Zachary]] quarantines individuals with [[wikipedia:jaundice|jaundice]] to prevent its spread throughout [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]], suggesting an apparent infectious nature of this clinical finding.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
 
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| 1861–1865 || Epidemic || Large hepatitis epidemic is documented during the [[American Civil War]]. 52,000 cases are estimated.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis milestones">{{cite web|last1=Christian Trepo|title=A brief history of hepatitis milestones|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/liv.12409/pdf|publisher=Liver International|accessdate=22 February 2017|ref=}}</ref><ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> || [[United States]]
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| 1861–1865 || Epidemic || Large hepatitis epidemic is documented during the [[wikipedia:American Civil War|American Civil War]]. 52,000 cases are estimated.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis milestones">{{cite web|last1=Christian Trepo|title=A brief history of hepatitis milestones|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/liv.12409/pdf|publisher=Liver International|accessdate=22 February 2017|ref=}}</ref><ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
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| 1870 || Epidemic || Large hepatitis epidemic breaks out during the [[Franco–Prussian War]].<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
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| 1870 || Epidemic || Large hepatitis epidemic breaks out during the [[wikipedia:Franco–Prussian War|Franco–Prussian War]].<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
 
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| 1865 || Scientific development || German physician [[Rudolf Virchow]] describes a patient with symptoms of epidemic [[jaundice]] in whom the lower end of the [[common bile duct]] was blocked with a plug of [[mucus]]. This would lead to the term “catarrhal jaundice,” because the disease is believed to be caused by [[catarrh]] as a result of mucus obstructing the bile duct.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
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| 1865 || Scientific development || German physician [[wikipedia:Rudolf Virchow|Rudolf Virchow]] describes a patient with symptoms of epidemic [[wikipedia:jaundice|jaundice]] in whom the lower end of the [[wikipedia:common bile duct|common bile duct]] was blocked with a plug of [[wikipedia:mucus|mucus]]. This would lead to the term “catarrhal jaundice,” because the disease is believed to be caused by [[wikipedia:catarrh|catarrh]] as a result of mucus obstructing the bile duct.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
 
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| 1885 || Scientific development || A. Lurman first describes an epidemic of ''serum hepatitis'' among 191 German ship workers in [[Bremen]] after a [[smallpox]] vaccination campaign using human [[lymph]]. It is the earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics">{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Thompson|first2=Alexander J.|title=Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a024935|accessdate=22 February 2017|pmc=4292086}}</ref><ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians">{{cite journal|last1=Datta|first1=Sibnarayan|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Soumya|last3=Veer|first3=Vijay|last4=Chakravarty|first4=Runu|title=Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians|doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.003|pmc=3940099}}</ref><ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[Germany]]
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| 1885 || Scientific development || A. Lurman first describes an epidemic of ''serum hepatitis'' among 191 German ship workers in [[wikipedia:Bremen|Bremen]] after a [[wikipedia:smallpox|smallpox]] vaccination campaign using human [[wikipedia:lymph|lymph]]. It is the earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics">{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=Gregory S.|last2=Thompson|first2=Alexander J.|title=Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a024935|accessdate=22 February 2017|pmc=4292086}}</ref><ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians">{{cite journal|last1=Datta|first1=Sibnarayan|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Soumya|last3=Veer|first3=Vijay|last4=Chakravarty|first4=Runu|title=Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians|doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.003|pmc=3940099}}</ref><ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
 
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| 1908 || Scientific development || S. McDonald publishes the hypothesis that the infectious [[jaundice]] is caused by a virus.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis Stanford" /><ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Yoneda|first2=Masato|last3=Schiff|first3=Eugene R.|title=Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021345|url=http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/5/2/a021345.full|accessdate=28 February 2017|issn=2157-1422}}</ref> ||
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| 1908 || Scientific development || S. McDonald publishes the hypothesis that the infectious [[wikipedia:jaundice|jaundice]] is caused by a virus.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis Stanford" /><ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV">{{cite journal|last1=Thomas|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Yoneda|first2=Masato|last3=Schiff|first3=Eugene R.|title=Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a021345|url=http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/5/2/a021345.full|accessdate=28 February 2017|issn=2157-1422}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1912 || Medical development || The name ''Hepatitis'' is first implemented.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" /> ||
 
| 1912 || Medical development || The name ''Hepatitis'' is first implemented.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" /> ||
 
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| 1914–1918 || Epidemic || Hepatitis epidemic breaks out during [[World War I]].<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
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| 1914–1918 || Epidemic || Hepatitis epidemic breaks out during [[wikipedia:World War I|World War I]].<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
 
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| 1942–1945 || Epidemic || Approximately 182,383 service members are hospitalized for [[Hepatitis C]] during [[World War II]]. The disease is contracted in two different ways. An epidemic of hepatitis breaks out among many service members who were vaccinated against [[yellow fever]]. The source of the infection is traced to the serum, or clear fluid in the blood, that is used in the vaccine. This form of the disease becomes known as serum hepatitis. A different form of hepatitis, acute hepatitis, is found among soldiers who have received blood transfusions.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[Europe]]
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| 1942–1945 || Epidemic || Approximately 182,383 service members are hospitalized for [[wikipedia:Hepatitis C|Hepatitis C]] during [[wikipedia:World War II|World War II]]. The disease is contracted in two different ways. An epidemic of hepatitis breaks out among many service members who were vaccinated against [[wikipedia:yellow fever|yellow fever]]. The source of the infection is traced to the serum, or clear fluid in the blood, that is used in the vaccine. This form of the disease becomes known as serum hepatitis. A different form of hepatitis, acute hepatitis, is found among soldiers who have received blood transfusions.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]
 
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| 1947 || Scientific development || MacCallum classifies viral hepatitis into two types. Viral [[hepatitis B]] is classified as ''serum hepatitis''.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
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| 1947 || Scientific development || MacCallum classifies viral hepatitis into two types. Viral [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] is classified as ''serum hepatitis''.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
 
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| 1951 || Scientific development || Researchers describe a form of chronic hepatitis occurring primarily in young women. Because nearly 15% of these patients have positive [[lupus erithematosus]] cell tests, this disorder is first called ''lupoid hepatitis''. By the 1970s its autoimmune origine would be discovered, and today the condition is referred as ''autoimmune hepatitis''.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" /> ||
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| 1951 || Scientific development || Researchers describe a form of chronic hepatitis occurring primarily in young women. Because nearly 15% of these patients have positive [[wikipedia:lupus erithematosus|lupus erithematosus]] cell tests, this disorder is first called ''lupoid hepatitis''. By the 1970s its autoimmune origine would be discovered, and today the condition is referred as ''autoimmune hepatitis''.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" /> ||
 
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| 1953 || Medical development || Hepatitis becomes a reportable disease.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" /> ||  
 
| 1953 || Medical development || Hepatitis becomes a reportable disease.<ref name="Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources" /> ||  
 
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| 1957 || Scientific development || Scientists find that [[interferon]] could act as an [[antiviral drug]]. The name ''interferon'' is given since it could “interfere” with replication or multiplication of the [[virus]].<ref name="Hepatitis C History">{{cite web|last1=Mandal|first1=Ananya|title=Hepatitis C History|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/Hepatitis-C-History.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 1957 || Scientific development || Scientists find that [[wikipedia:interferon|interferon]] could act as an [[wikipedia:antiviral drug|antiviral drug]]. The name ''interferon'' is given since it could “interfere” with replication or multiplication of the [[wikipedia:virus|virus]].<ref name="Hepatitis C History">{{cite web|last1=Mandal|first1=Ananya|title=Hepatitis C History|url=http://www.news-medical.net/health/Hepatitis-C-History.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1963 || Scientific development || Blood test to detect [[hepatitis B]] infection is developed.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> ||  
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| 1963 || Scientific development || Blood test to detect [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] infection is developed.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> ||  
 
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| 1963–1965 || Scientific development || The [[hepatitis B virus]] surface antigen [[HBsAg]] (also known as [[Australia antigen]]) is first identified.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /><ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
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| 1963–1965 || Scientific development || The [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]] surface antigen [[wikipedia:HBsAg|HBsAg]] (also known as [[wikipedia:Australia antigen|Australia antigen]]) is first identified.<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /><ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
 
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| 1967 || Scientific development || American geneticist [[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] and colleagues, while researching genetic links to disease susceptibility, discover the [[hepatitis B virus]]. In 1976, Dr. Blumberg would be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] for this discovery.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /><ref name="Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil">{{cite web|title=Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil|url=http://www.hepb.org/about-us/baruch-blumberg-md-dphil/|website=hepb.org|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> ||  
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| 1967 || Scientific development || American geneticist [[wikipedia:Baruch Samuel Blumberg|Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] and colleagues, while researching genetic links to disease susceptibility, discover the [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]]. In 1976, Dr. Blumberg would be awarded the [[wikipedia:Nobel Prize in Medicine|Nobel Prize in Medicine]] for this discovery.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /><ref name="Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil">{{cite web|title=Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil|url=http://www.hepb.org/about-us/baruch-blumberg-md-dphil/|website=hepb.org|accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
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| 1967 || Scientific development || Krugman and colleagues recognize the parenterally transmitted nature of hepatitis B, which would lead to the formulation of hygienic measures to prevent the disease.<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
 
| 1967 || Scientific development || Krugman and colleagues recognize the parenterally transmitted nature of hepatitis B, which would lead to the formulation of hygienic measures to prevent the disease.<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /> ||  
 
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| 1968 || Scientific development || Prince, Murakami, and Okochi, through independent studies, confirm that the [[Australia antigen]] is found specifically in patients who had serum hepatitis ([[hepatitis B]]).<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||  
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| 1968 || Scientific development || Prince, Murakami, and Okochi, through independent studies, confirm that the [[wikipedia:Australia antigen|Australia antigen]] is found specifically in patients who had serum hepatitis ([[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]]).<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||  
 
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| 1969 || Medical development ||  American physician [[Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] and colleagues develop the blood test that is used to detect the [[hepatitis B virus]], and develop the first hepatitis B [[vaccine]].<ref name="Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil" /> ||  
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| 1969 || Medical development ||  American physician [[wikipedia:Baruch Samuel Blumberg|Baruch Samuel Blumberg]] and colleagues develop the blood test that is used to detect the [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]], and develop the first hepatitis B [[wikipedia:vaccine|vaccine]].<ref name="Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil" /> ||  
 
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| 1970 || Scientific development || DS Dane first describes the 42–47&nbsp;nm double shelled particles (today called Dane particles) as the actual infectious particles, produced by the [[hepatitis B virus]].<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /><ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
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| 1970 || Scientific development || DS Dane first describes the 42–47&nbsp;nm double shelled particles (today called Dane particles) as the actual infectious particles, produced by the [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]].<ref name="Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians" /><ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> ||
 
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| 1973 || Scientific development || American researchers [[Stephen Feinstone]], [[Albert Kapikian]] and [[Robert Purcell (virologist)|Robert Purcell]], working at the [[National Institutes of Health]], identify the virus responsible for [[hepatitis A]]. The virus is discovered in fecal samples from prisoner volunteers.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[United States]]
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| 1973 || Scientific development || American researchers [[wikipedia:Stephen Feinstone|Stephen Feinstone]], [[wikipedia:Albert Kapikian|Albert Kapikian]] and [[wikipedia:Robert Purcell (virologist)|Robert Purcell]], working at the [[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]], identify the virus responsible for [[wikipedia:hepatitis A|hepatitis A]]. The virus is discovered in fecal samples from prisoner volunteers.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
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| 1973 || Scientific development || Blood test to detect [[hepatitis A]] infection is developed.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> ||  
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| 1973 || Scientific development || Blood test to detect [[wikipedia:hepatitis A|hepatitis A]] infection is developed.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> ||  
 
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| 1975 || Scientific development || American and British researchers identify a type of hepatitis that doesn’t test positive for the proteins found with [[hepatitis A virus]] or [[hepatitis B virus]]. Both teams conclude that a previously unrecognized human hepatitis virus is the likely cause.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> ||
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| 1975 || Scientific development || American and British researchers identify a type of hepatitis that doesn’t test positive for the proteins found with [[wikipedia:hepatitis A virus|hepatitis A virus]] or [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]]. Both teams conclude that a previously unrecognized human hepatitis virus is the likely cause.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> ||
 
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| 1977 || Scientific development || Rizzetto and coworkers discover the [[Hepatitis D]] virus, while trying to find out why some petients with [[hepatitis B]] virus infection have more serious disease than others.<ref name="Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis D Virus Infection">{{cite journal|last1=Hsieh|first1=Ting-Hui|last2=Liu|first2=Chun-Jen|last3=Chen|first3=Ding-Shinn|last4=Chen|first4=Pei-Jer|title=Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis D Virus Infection|doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60172-8|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664609601728|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> ||  
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| 1977 || Scientific development || Rizzetto and coworkers discover the [[wikipedia:Hepatitis D|Hepatitis D]] virus, while trying to find out why some petients with [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] virus infection have more serious disease than others.<ref name="Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis D Virus Infection">{{cite journal|last1=Hsieh|first1=Ting-Hui|last2=Liu|first2=Chun-Jen|last3=Chen|first3=Ding-Shinn|last4=Chen|first4=Pei-Jer|title=Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis D Virus Infection|doi=10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60172-8|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664609601728|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
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| 1978 || Scientific development || Soviet scientist [[Mikhail Balayan]], investigating an outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in [[Tashkent]], discovers the [[hepatitis E]] virus, by transmitting the disease into himself by oral administration of pooled stool extracts of 9 patients with non-A and non-B hepatitis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khuroo|first1=MS|title=Discovery of hepatitis E: the epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis 30 years down the memory lane.|pmid=21320558|publisher=[[US National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Hepatitis E Virus|doi=10.1159/000197321|accessdate=27 February 2017|pmc=2928833}}</ref> || [[Uzbekistan]]
+
| 1978 || Scientific development || Soviet scientist [[wikipedia:Mikhail Balayan|Mikhail Balayan]], investigating an outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in [[wikipedia:Tashkent|Tashkent]], discovers the [[wikipedia:hepatitis E|hepatitis E]] virus, by transmitting the disease into himself by oral administration of pooled stool extracts of 9 patients with non-A and non-B hepatitis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khuroo|first1=MS|title=Discovery of hepatitis E: the epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis 30 years down the memory lane.|pmid=21320558|publisher=[[wikipedia:US National Library of Medicine|US National Library of Medicine]]|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Hepatitis E Virus|doi=10.1159/000197321|accessdate=27 February 2017|pmc=2928833}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1981 || Medical development || American [[microbiologist]] [[Maurice Hilleman]] develops the first effective vaccine for [[Hepatitis A virus]].<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1981 || Medical development || American [[wikipedia:microbiologist|microbiologist]] [[wikipedia:Maurice Hilleman|Maurice Hilleman]] develops the first effective vaccine for [[wikipedia:Hepatitis A virus|Hepatitis A virus]].<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1982 || Medical development || Vaccine against [[hepatitis B]] becomes available. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and the development of chronic disease and [[liver cancer]] due to hepatitis B.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis B fact sheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref> ||  
+
| 1982 || Medical development || Vaccine against [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] becomes available. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and the development of chronic disease and [[wikipedia:liver cancer|liver cancer]] due to hepatitis B.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis B fact sheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1989 || Scientific development || The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] and [[Chiron Corporation]] working together identify the [[hepatitis C virus]].<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> It is the first virus identified by a direct molecular approach.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis milestones" /><ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016">{{cite web|title=A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016|url=http://www.catie.ca/en/practical-guides/hepc-in-depth/brief-history-hepc|website=catie.ca|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]]
+
| 1989 || Scientific development || The [[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] and [[wikipedia:Chiron Corporation|Chiron Corporation]] working together identify the [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]].<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> It is the first virus identified by a direct molecular approach.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis milestones" /><ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016">{{cite web|title=A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016|url=http://www.catie.ca/en/practical-guides/hepc-in-depth/brief-history-hepc|website=catie.ca|accessdate=26 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990–1992 || Medical development || Screening the blood supply for [[hepatitis C virus]] begins in the [[United States]]. In 1992, a more sensitive test becomes available, thus eliminating the risk from known [[genotype]]s of HCV.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1990–1992 || Medical development || Screening the blood supply for [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]] begins in the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. In 1992, a more sensitive test becomes available, thus eliminating the risk from known [[wikipedia:genotype|genotype]]s of HCV.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || Medical development || The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[Interferon alfa-2b]] (Intron A), for the treatment of [[hepatitis C virus]].<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1991 || Medical development || The United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[wikipedia:Interferon alfa-2b|Interferon alfa-2b]] (Intron A), for the treatment of [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]].<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1991 || Policy || [[Egypt]] introduces childhood immunization against [[hepatitis B virus]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics" /> || [[Egypt]]
+
| 1991 || Policy || [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] introduces childhood immunization against [[wikipedia:hepatitis B virus|hepatitis B virus]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics" /> || [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || Vaccination of infants against [[hepatitis B]] reaches coverage in 31 [[WHO]] Member States as part of their vaccination schedules.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet" /> ||  
+
| 1992 || || Vaccination of infants against [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] reaches coverage in 31 [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] Member States as part of their vaccination schedules.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet" /> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1992 || Medical development || A blood test is developed to effectively screen blood before it is transfused. This would rediuce the risk of hepatitis C through a blood transfusion to approximately 0.01%.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> ||
 
| 1992 || Medical development || A blood test is developed to effectively screen blood before it is transfused. This would rediuce the risk of hepatitis C through a blood transfusion to approximately 0.01%.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[lamivudine]] to treat [[hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1992 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[wikipedia:lamivudine|lamivudine]] to treat [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1994 || Policy || Hepatitis B vaccine becomes part of the routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States.<ref name="Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/hepatitis-and-hepatitis-b|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]]
+
| 1994 || Policy || Hepatitis B vaccine becomes part of the routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States.<ref name="Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/hepatitis-and-hepatitis-b|website=historyofvaccines.org|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1995 || Medical development || [[Hepatitis A]] vaccine becomes available on the market.<ref name="Changing Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Zhejiang Province, China: Increased Susceptibility in Adults">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zhifang|last2=Yaping|first2=Chen|last3=Shuyun|first3=Xie|last4=Huakun|first4=Lv|title=Changing Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Zhejiang Province, China: Increased Susceptibility in Adults|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153804|accessdate=27 February 2017|pmc=4836706}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Christopher B.|last2=Nizet|first2=Victor|last3=Maldonado|first3=Yvonne|last4=Remington|first4=Jack S.|last5=Klein|first5=Jerome O.|title=Remington and Klein's Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=W9b1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA828&lpg=PA828&dq=%22hepatitis+a+vaccine%22+%22first+available+in%22&source=bl&ots=bCLFmp8vlM&sig=Ak7ymNGuFUv86mZ87hxw4fLhTa0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv0prkgqzSAhWKgZAKHfC6AIEQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22hepatitis%20a%20vaccine%22%20%22first%20available%20in%22&f=false|accessdate=25 February 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 1995 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Hepatitis A|Hepatitis A]] vaccine becomes available on the market.<ref name="Changing Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Zhejiang Province, China: Increased Susceptibility in Adults">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zhifang|last2=Yaping|first2=Chen|last3=Shuyun|first3=Xie|last4=Huakun|first4=Lv|title=Changing Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Zhejiang Province, China: Increased Susceptibility in Adults|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153804|accessdate=27 February 2017|pmc=4836706}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Christopher B.|last2=Nizet|first2=Victor|last3=Maldonado|first3=Yvonne|last4=Remington|first4=Jack S.|last5=Klein|first5=Jerome O.|title=Remington and Klein's Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=W9b1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA828&lpg=PA828&dq=%22hepatitis+a+vaccine%22+%22first+available+in%22&source=bl&ots=bCLFmp8vlM&sig=Ak7ymNGuFUv86mZ87hxw4fLhTa0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv0prkgqzSAhWKgZAKHfC6AIEQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22hepatitis%20a%20vaccine%22%20%22first%20available%20in%22&f=false|accessdate=25 February 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1996 || Epidemic || The Egyptian Ministry of Health estimates that 15 to 20 percent of [[Egyptian people|Egyptians]]  are infected with [[hepatitis c]] virus. Similar to the experience of many countries including Italy, the epidemic is linked to a nationwide vaccination campaign, during which needles were re-used. Egypt continues to report the highest hepatitis C rate in the world.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> || [[Egypt]]
+
| 1996 || Epidemic || The Egyptian Ministry of Health estimates that 15 to 20 percent of [[wikipedia:Egyptian people|Egyptians]]  are infected with [[wikipedia:hepatitis c|hepatitis c]] virus. Similar to the experience of many countries including Italy, the epidemic is linked to a nationwide vaccination campaign, during which needles were re-used. Egypt continues to report the highest hepatitis C rate in the world.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> || [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1996 || Medical development || The [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves alfa interferon (Roche- Roferon A) to treat hepatitis C.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1996 || Medical development || The [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves alfa interferon (Roche- Roferon A) to treat hepatitis C.<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1997 || Medical development ||  The [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves consensus interferon (Amgen-now InterMune-Infergen) to treat [[hepatitis C]].<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1997 || Medical development ||  The [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves consensus interferon (Amgen-now InterMune-Infergen) to treat [[wikipedia:hepatitis C|hepatitis C]].<ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || Medical development || The [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves combination of [[Interferon]] and anti-viral drug [[Ribavirin]]  (Schering’s Intron A plus ribavirin) for [[hepatitis C virus]] therapy. The combination is most effective in preventing HCV relapse rather than as an anti-viral agent.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /><ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 1998 || Medical development || The [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves combination of [[wikipedia:Interferon|Interferon]] and anti-viral drug [[wikipedia:Ribavirin|Ribavirin]]  (Schering’s Intron A plus ribavirin) for [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]] therapy. The combination is most effective in preventing HCV relapse rather than as an anti-viral agent.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /><ref name="Hepatitis C History" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2001 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves both [[pegylated interferon]] and the combination of pegylated interferon with [[ribavirin]] for [[hepatitis C virus]] therapy.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /><ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 2001 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves both [[wikipedia:pegylated interferon|pegylated interferon]] and the combination of pegylated interferon with [[wikipedia:ribavirin|ribavirin]] for [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]] therapy.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /><ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2005 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[entecavir]] to treat [[hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 2005 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[wikipedia:entecavir|entecavir]] to treat [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[telbivudine]] to treat [[hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 2006 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[wikipedia:telbivudine|telbivudine]] to treat [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2006 || Medical development || Prison needle exchange programs are established or piloted in a number of countries around the world, including [[Switzerland]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Moldova]], the [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Armenia]] and [[Iran]] (NEP is based on the philosophy of harm reduction that attempts to reduce the risk factors for diseases such as [[HIV/AIDS]] and [[hepatitis]].<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> || [[Switzerland]], [[Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Moldova]], the [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Armenia]], [[Iran]]
+
| 2006 || Medical development || Prison needle exchange programs are established or piloted in a number of countries around the world, including [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]], [[wikipedia:Moldova|Moldova]], the [[wikipedia:Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]], [[wikipedia:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[wikipedia:Iran|Iran]] (NEP is based on the philosophy of harm reduction that attempts to reduce the risk factors for diseases such as [[wikipedia:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] and [[wikipedia:hepatitis|hepatitis]].<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> || [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]], [[wikipedia:Moldova|Moldova]], the [[wikipedia:Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]], [[wikipedia:Armenia|Armenia]], [[wikipedia:Iran|Iran]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2007 || Organization || The [[World Hepatitis Alliance]] is founded.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||
+
| 2007 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Hepatitis Alliance|World Hepatitis Alliance]] is founded.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2008 || Campaign || The [[World Hepatitis Alliance]] launches the first World Hepatitis Day on May 19, with a campaign called ''Am I Number 12?'', referring to the statistic that, worldwide, one in every 12 people is living with a form of viral hepatitis.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||
+
| 2008 || Campaign || The [[wikipedia:World Hepatitis Alliance|World Hepatitis Alliance]] launches the first World Hepatitis Day on May 19, with a campaign called ''Am I Number 12?'', referring to the statistic that, worldwide, one in every 12 people is living with a form of viral hepatitis.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves rapid antibody test OraQuick for [[hepatitis C virus]] detection. This test gives results in 20 minutes.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 2010 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves rapid antibody test OraQuick for [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]] detection. This test gives results in 20 minutes.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2010 || || The Sixty-third World Health Assembly of the [[World Health Organization]] passes a viral hepatitis resolution, recognizing, among other points, “the need to reduce incidence to prevent and control viral hepatitis, to increase access to correct diagnosis and to provide appropriate treatment programmes in all regions. In the same year, the [[WHO]] endorses July 28th as World Hepatitis Day, making it the fourth official global health awareness day, alongside [[HIV]], [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]].”<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||  
+
| 2010 || || The Sixty-third World Health Assembly of the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] passes a viral hepatitis resolution, recognizing, among other points, “the need to reduce incidence to prevent and control viral hepatitis, to increase access to correct diagnosis and to provide appropriate treatment programmes in all regions. In the same year, the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] endorses July 28th as World Hepatitis Day, making it the fourth official global health awareness day, alongside [[wikipedia:HIV|HIV]], [[wikipedia:malaria|malaria]] and [[wikipedia:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]].”<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || Medical development || A recombinant [[hepatitis E]] vaccine is licensed in China, for use in people ages 16–65 years old.<ref name="Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B" /> || [[People's Republic of China]]
+
| 2011 || Medical development || A recombinant [[wikipedia:hepatitis E|hepatitis E]] vaccine is licensed in China, for use in people ages 16–65 years old.<ref name="Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B" /> || [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || Program launch || In response to the ''Resolution on Viral Hepatitis'', the [[World Health Organization]] establishes a Global Hepatitis Program.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||
+
| 2011 || Program launch || In response to the ''Resolution on Viral Hepatitis'', the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] establishes a Global Hepatitis Program.<ref name="A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016" /> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves new oral agents [[boceprevir]] and [[telaprevir]] for the treatment of [[hepatitis C]], in combination with [[pegylation|pegylated]] [[interferon]] and [[ribavirin]]. These new, triple-therapy regimens would cure rates as high as 70 to 75 percent. Therapy would last from 24 to 48 weeks.<ref name="Hepatitis C: A 21st Century Success Story (Op-Ed)">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis C: A 21st Century Success Story (Op-Ed)|url=http://www.livescience.com/34606-hepatitis-treatment.html|website=livescience.com|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]]  
+
| 2011 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves new oral agents [[wikipedia:boceprevir|boceprevir]] and [[wikipedia:telaprevir|telaprevir]] for the treatment of [[wikipedia:hepatitis C|hepatitis C]], in combination with [[wikipedia:pegylation|pegylated]] [[wikipedia:interferon|interferon]] and [[wikipedia:ribavirin|ribavirin]]. These new, triple-therapy regimens would cure rates as high as 70 to 75 percent. Therapy would last from 24 to 48 weeks.<ref name="Hepatitis C: A 21st Century Success Story (Op-Ed)">{{cite web|title=Hepatitis C: A 21st Century Success Story (Op-Ed)|url=http://www.livescience.com/34606-hepatitis-treatment.html|website=livescience.com|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2012 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[tenofobir]] to treat [[hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 2012 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[wikipedia:tenofobir|tenofobir]] to treat [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]].<ref name="Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2013 || Medical development || United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[sofosbuvir]] (sold under the brand name Sovaldi) and [[simeprevir]] (sold under the brand name Olysio) for the treatment for [[hepatitis C virus]] therapy.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[United States]]
+
| 2013 || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]] approves [[wikipedia:sofosbuvir|sofosbuvir]] (sold under the brand name Sovaldi) and [[wikipedia:simeprevir|simeprevir]] (sold under the brand name Olysio) for the treatment for [[wikipedia:hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C virus]] therapy.<ref name="The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2014 || || Vaccination of infants against [[hepatitis B]] reaches coverage in 184 [[WHO]] Member States as part of their vaccination schedules and 82% of children in these states receive the hepatitis B vaccine.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet" /> ||  
+
| 2014 || || Vaccination of infants against [[wikipedia:hepatitis B|hepatitis B]] reaches coverage in 184 [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] Member States as part of their vaccination schedules and 82% of children in these states receive the hepatitis B vaccine.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet" /> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || Publication || The [[World Health Organization]] launches its first ''Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons living with chronic hepatitis B infection''. The recommendations:
+
| 2015 || Publication || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] launches its first ''Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons living with chronic hepatitis B infection''. The recommendations:
 
*Promote the use of simple, non-invasive diagnostic tests to assess the stage of liver disease and eligibility for treatment.
 
*Promote the use of simple, non-invasive diagnostic tests to assess the stage of liver disease and eligibility for treatment.
 
*Prioritize treatment for those with most advanced liver disease and at greatest risk of mortality.
 
*Prioritize treatment for those with most advanced liver disease and at greatest risk of mortality.
−
*Recommend the preferred use of the nucleotide analogues with a high barrier to drug resistance ([[tenofovir]] and [[entecavir]], and entecavir in children aged between 2–11 years) for first- and second-line treatment.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet" />
+
*Recommend the preferred use of the nucleotide analogues with a high barrier to drug resistance ([[wikipedia:tenofovir|tenofovir]] and [[wikipedia:entecavir|entecavir]], and entecavir in children aged between 2–11 years) for first- and second-line treatment.<ref name="Hepatitis B fact sheet" />
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2015 || Scientific development || A Canadian paper describes using a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B infection and shows that interfering with certain proteins can facilitate clearance of the virus, which may have implications for human disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ebert|first=Gregor|last2=Preston|first2=Simon|last3=Allison|first3=Cody|last4=Cooney|first4=James|last5=Toe|first5=Jesse G.|last6=Stutz|first6=Michael D.|last7=Ojaimi|first7=Samar|last8=Scott|first8=Hamish W.|last9=Baschuk|first9=Nikola|date=2015-05-05|title=Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins prevent clearance of hepatitis B virus|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/18/5797|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=18|pages=5797–5802|doi=10.1073/pnas.1502390112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4426461|pmid=25902529|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> || [[Canada]]
+
| 2015 || Scientific development || A Canadian paper describes using a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B infection and shows that interfering with certain proteins can facilitate clearance of the virus, which may have implications for human disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ebert|first=Gregor|last2=Preston|first2=Simon|last3=Allison|first3=Cody|last4=Cooney|first4=James|last5=Toe|first5=Jesse G.|last6=Stutz|first6=Michael D.|last7=Ojaimi|first7=Samar|last8=Scott|first8=Hamish W.|last9=Baschuk|first9=Nikola|date=2015-05-05|title=Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins prevent clearance of hepatitis B virus|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/18/5797|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=18|pages=5797–5802|doi=10.1073/pnas.1502390112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4426461|pmid=25902529|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2016 || Medical development || The United States government recruits participants for the [[Phases of clinical research|phase IV trial]] of the drug Hecolin, for the treatment of [[hepatitis E]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02189603|title=Phase Ⅳ Clinical Trial of Recombinant Hepatitis E Vaccine（Hecolin®） - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> || [[United States]]
+
| 2016 || Medical development || The United States government recruits participants for the [[wikipedia:Phases of clinical research|phase IV trial]] of the drug Hecolin, for the treatment of [[wikipedia:hepatitis E|hepatitis E]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02189603|title=Phase Ⅳ Clinical Trial of Recombinant Hepatitis E Vaccine（Hecolin®） - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 162: Line 162:
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
  
−
* [[Timeline of kidney cancer]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of kidney cancer|Timeline of kidney cancer]]
−
* [[Timeline of cholera]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of cholera|Timeline of cholera]]
−
* [[Timeline of global health]]
+
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of global health|Timeline of global health]]
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Reflist}}
  
−
[[Category:Hepatitis| ]]
+
[[wikipedia:Category:Hepatitis| ]]
−
[[Category:Medicine timelines]]
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[[wikipedia:Category:Medicine timelines|Category:Medicine timelines]]

Revision as of 15:27, 13 March 2017

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of hepatitis". The original page still exists at Timeline of hepatitis. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This is a Timeline of hepatitis, describing major events such as epidemics and medical developments, related to hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.

Big Picture

Year/period Key developments
5th century BC Hepatitis already plagues mankind.[1]
17th-19th century Jaundice epidemics break out in military and civilian populations during wars.[2]
20th century It is first recognized that viruses introduced by fecally contaminated food and water are responsible for hepatitis infection.[3] Multiple scientific developments from the second half of the century establish the current basis of knowledge and treatment of the H viruses.
1960s–1970s Several important milestones in the history of viral hepatitis happen in the 1960s.[4] The hepatitis c virus is identified. Blood tests to detect the hepatitis A and B infection are developed.[5] Modern viral hepatitis research begins with the discovery of Australia antigen.[4]
1980s Hepatitis B vaccine starts implementation worldwide.[6]
1990s–2000s The first Interferon alfa is approved for the treatment for hepatitis C.[7] Multiple drugs are developed for combating hepatitis. The World Hepatitis Alliance is founded.[7]
Recent years There isn’t a vaccine for hepatitis C virus at this time.[8] About 375 million people are infected with the hepatitis B virus. HBV has killed more people than AIDS and is the cause of millions of cases of liver cancer.[9] Most cases of HB are found in the Asia-Pacific region.[6] In 2009, it was estimated that about 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A occurred worldwide.[10] Hepatitis E primarily occurs in South Asia and Africa.[3]

Full timeline

  • WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in the Americas WHO region in the years 2000-2015.[11]

  • WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from the African WHO region in the years 2000-2015.[11]

  • WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from South-East Asia WHO region in the years 2000-2015.[11]

  • WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from the European WHO region in the years 2000-2015.[11]

  • WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from the East-Mediterranean WHO region in the years 2000-2015.[11]

  • WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from the Western Pacific WHO region in the years 2000-2015.[11]

  • Incidence of Hepatitis A in the United States, in the years 1980-2010.[12]

  • Incidence of Hepatitis B in the United States, in the years 1980-2010.[12]

  • Incidence of Hepatitis C in the United States, in the years 1980-2011.[12]

  • Percentages of hepatitis A cases by occupation in Zhejiang Province, China. Cumulative.[13]

Year/period Type of event Event Geographical location
400 BC Medical development The earliest description of epidemic hepatitis, which may or may not have been due to hepatitis B virus, is credited to Greek physician Hippocrates, who describes a condition he called “epidemic jaundice”.[14][8] Greece
741–752 Medical development Pope Zachary quarantines individuals with jaundice to prevent its spread throughout Rome, suggesting an apparent infectious nature of this clinical finding.[4]
1861–1865 Epidemic Large hepatitis epidemic is documented during the American Civil War. 52,000 cases are estimated.[15][14] United States
1870 Epidemic Large hepatitis epidemic breaks out during the Franco–Prussian War.[14]
1865 Scientific development German physician Rudolf Virchow describes a patient with symptoms of epidemic jaundice in whom the lower end of the common bile duct was blocked with a plug of mucus. This would lead to the term “catarrhal jaundice,” because the disease is believed to be caused by catarrh as a result of mucus obstructing the bile duct.[4]
1885 Scientific development A. Lurman first describes an epidemic of serum hepatitis among 191 German ship workers in Bremen after a smallpox vaccination campaign using human lymph. It is the earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus.[6][14][4] Germany
1908 Scientific development S. McDonald publishes the hypothesis that the infectious jaundice is caused by a virus.[2][4]
1912 Medical development The name Hepatitis is first implemented.[3]
1914–1918 Epidemic Hepatitis epidemic breaks out during World War I.[14]
1942–1945 Epidemic Approximately 182,383 service members are hospitalized for Hepatitis C during World War II. The disease is contracted in two different ways. An epidemic of hepatitis breaks out among many service members who were vaccinated against yellow fever. The source of the infection is traced to the serum, or clear fluid in the blood, that is used in the vaccine. This form of the disease becomes known as serum hepatitis. A different form of hepatitis, acute hepatitis, is found among soldiers who have received blood transfusions.[8] Europe
1947 Scientific development MacCallum classifies viral hepatitis into two types. Viral hepatitis B is classified as serum hepatitis.[4]
1951 Scientific development Researchers describe a form of chronic hepatitis occurring primarily in young women. Because nearly 15% of these patients have positive lupus erithematosus cell tests, this disorder is first called lupoid hepatitis. By the 1970s its autoimmune origine would be discovered, and today the condition is referred as autoimmune hepatitis.[3]
1953 Medical development Hepatitis becomes a reportable disease.[3]
1957 Scientific development Scientists find that interferon could act as an antiviral drug. The name interferon is given since it could “interfere” with replication or multiplication of the virus.[5]
1963 Scientific development Blood test to detect hepatitis B infection is developed.[5]
1963–1965 Scientific development The hepatitis B virus surface antigen HBsAg (also known as Australia antigen) is first identified.[4][14]
1967 Scientific development American geneticist Baruch Samuel Blumberg and colleagues, while researching genetic links to disease susceptibility, discover the hepatitis B virus. In 1976, Dr. Blumberg would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery.[8][16]
1967 Scientific development Krugman and colleagues recognize the parenterally transmitted nature of hepatitis B, which would lead to the formulation of hygienic measures to prevent the disease.[14]
1968 Scientific development Prince, Murakami, and Okochi, through independent studies, confirm that the Australia antigen is found specifically in patients who had serum hepatitis (hepatitis B).[4]
1969 Medical development American physician Baruch Samuel Blumberg and colleagues develop the blood test that is used to detect the hepatitis B virus, and develop the first hepatitis B vaccine.[16]
1970 Scientific development DS Dane first describes the 42–47 nm double shelled particles (today called Dane particles) as the actual infectious particles, produced by the hepatitis B virus.[14][4]
1973 Scientific development American researchers Stephen Feinstone, Albert Kapikian and Robert Purcell, working at the National Institutes of Health, identify the virus responsible for hepatitis A. The virus is discovered in fecal samples from prisoner volunteers.[8] United States
1973 Scientific development Blood test to detect hepatitis A infection is developed.[5]
1975 Scientific development American and British researchers identify a type of hepatitis that doesn’t test positive for the proteins found with hepatitis A virus or hepatitis B virus. Both teams conclude that a previously unrecognized human hepatitis virus is the likely cause.[8]
1977 Scientific development Rizzetto and coworkers discover the Hepatitis D virus, while trying to find out why some petients with hepatitis B virus infection have more serious disease than others.[17]
1978 Scientific development Soviet scientist Mikhail Balayan, investigating an outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Tashkent, discovers the hepatitis E virus, by transmitting the disease into himself by oral administration of pooled stool extracts of 9 patients with non-A and non-B hepatitis.[18][19] Uzbekistan
1981 Medical development American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman develops the first effective vaccine for Hepatitis A virus.[8] United States
1982 Medical development Vaccine against hepatitis B becomes available. The vaccine is 95% effective in preventing infection and the development of chronic disease and liver cancer due to hepatitis B.[20]
1989 Scientific development The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Chiron Corporation working together identify the hepatitis C virus.[8] It is the first virus identified by a direct molecular approach.[15][7] United States
1990–1992 Medical development Screening the blood supply for hepatitis C virus begins in the United States. In 1992, a more sensitive test becomes available, thus eliminating the risk from known genotypes of HCV.[8] United States
1991 Medical development The United States Food and Drug Administration approves Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A), for the treatment of hepatitis C virus.[8] United States
1991 Policy Egypt introduces childhood immunization against hepatitis B virus.[6] Egypt
1992 Vaccination of infants against hepatitis B reaches coverage in 31 WHO Member States as part of their vaccination schedules.[20]
1992 Medical development A blood test is developed to effectively screen blood before it is transfused. This would rediuce the risk of hepatitis C through a blood transfusion to approximately 0.01%.[5]
1992 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves lamivudine to treat hepatitis B.[4] United States
1994 Policy Hepatitis B vaccine becomes part of the routine childhood immunization schedule in the United States.[21] United States
1995 Medical development Hepatitis A vaccine becomes available on the market.[13][22]
1996 Epidemic The Egyptian Ministry of Health estimates that 15 to 20 percent of Egyptians are infected with hepatitis c virus. Similar to the experience of many countries including Italy, the epidemic is linked to a nationwide vaccination campaign, during which needles were re-used. Egypt continues to report the highest hepatitis C rate in the world.[7] Egypt
1996 Medical development The United States Food and Drug Administration approves alfa interferon (Roche- Roferon A) to treat hepatitis C.[5] United States
1997 Medical development The United States Food and Drug Administration approves consensus interferon (Amgen-now InterMune-Infergen) to treat hepatitis C.[5] United States
1998 Medical development The United States Food and Drug Administration approves combination of Interferon and anti-viral drug Ribavirin (Schering’s Intron A plus ribavirin) for hepatitis C virus therapy. The combination is most effective in preventing HCV relapse rather than as an anti-viral agent.[8][5] United States
2001 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves both pegylated interferon and the combination of pegylated interferon with ribavirin for hepatitis C virus therapy.[8][7] United States
2005 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves entecavir to treat hepatitis B.[4] United States
2006 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves telbivudine to treat hepatitis B.[4] United States
2006 Medical development Prison needle exchange programs are established or piloted in a number of countries around the world, including Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Moldova, the Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Iran (NEP is based on the philosophy of harm reduction that attempts to reduce the risk factors for diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.[7] Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Moldova, the Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Iran
2007 Organization The World Hepatitis Alliance is founded.[7]
2008 Campaign The World Hepatitis Alliance launches the first World Hepatitis Day on May 19, with a campaign called Am I Number 12?, referring to the statistic that, worldwide, one in every 12 people is living with a form of viral hepatitis.[7]
2010 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves rapid antibody test OraQuick for hepatitis C virus detection. This test gives results in 20 minutes.[8] United States
2010 The Sixty-third World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization passes a viral hepatitis resolution, recognizing, among other points, “the need to reduce incidence to prevent and control viral hepatitis, to increase access to correct diagnosis and to provide appropriate treatment programmes in all regions. In the same year, the WHO endorses July 28th as World Hepatitis Day, making it the fourth official global health awareness day, alongside HIV, malaria and tuberculosis.”[7]
2011 Medical development A recombinant hepatitis E vaccine is licensed in China, for use in people ages 16–65 years old.[21] People's Republic of China
2011 Program launch In response to the Resolution on Viral Hepatitis, the World Health Organization establishes a Global Hepatitis Program.[7]
2011 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves new oral agents boceprevir and telaprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. These new, triple-therapy regimens would cure rates as high as 70 to 75 percent. Therapy would last from 24 to 48 weeks.[23] United States
2012 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves tenofobir to treat hepatitis B.[4] United States
2013 Medical development United States Food and Drug Administration approves sofosbuvir (sold under the brand name Sovaldi) and simeprevir (sold under the brand name Olysio) for the treatment for hepatitis C virus therapy.[8] United States
2014 Vaccination of infants against hepatitis B reaches coverage in 184 WHO Member States as part of their vaccination schedules and 82% of children in these states receive the hepatitis B vaccine.[20]
2015 Publication The World Health Organization launches its first Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons living with chronic hepatitis B infection. The recommendations:
  • Promote the use of simple, non-invasive diagnostic tests to assess the stage of liver disease and eligibility for treatment.
  • Prioritize treatment for those with most advanced liver disease and at greatest risk of mortality.
  • Recommend the preferred use of the nucleotide analogues with a high barrier to drug resistance (tenofovir and entecavir, and entecavir in children aged between 2–11 years) for first- and second-line treatment.[20]
2015 Scientific development A Canadian paper describes using a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B infection and shows that interfering with certain proteins can facilitate clearance of the virus, which may have implications for human disease.[24] Canada
2016 Medical development The United States government recruits participants for the phase IV trial of the drug Hecolin, for the treatment of hepatitis E.[25] United States

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Viral Hepatitis B: Introduction" (PDF). hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 27 February 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The History of Hepatitis". stanford.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Moore, Elaine A. Hepatitis: Causes, Treatments and Resources. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Thomas, Emmanuel; Yoneda, Masato; Schiff, Eugene R. "Viral Hepatitis: Past and Future of HBV and HDV". ISSN 2157-1422. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021345. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Mandal, Ananya. "Hepatitis C History". news-medical.net. Retrieved 26 February 2017. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Burns, Gregory S.; Thompson, Alexander J. "Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics". PMC 4292086Freely accessible. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a024935. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 "A brief history of hepatitis C: 1989 - 2016". catie.ca. Retrieved 26 February 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 York Morris, Susan. "The History of Hepatitis C: A Timeline". healthline.com. Retrieved 7 February 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus". princeton.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2017. 
  10. ↑ MATHENY, SAMUEL C. "Hepatitis A". aafp.org. University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "WHO-UNICEF estimates of HepB_BD coverage". WHO. Retrieved 27 February 2017. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Historical reported cases and estimates". cdc.gov. Retrieved 27 February 2017. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wang, Zhifang; Yaping, Chen; Shuyun, Xie; Huakun, Lv. "Changing Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Zhejiang Province, China: Increased Susceptibility in Adults". PMC 4836706Freely accessible. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153804. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Datta, Sibnarayan; Chatterjee, Soumya; Veer, Vijay; Chakravarty, Runu. "Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus for Clinicians". PMC 3940099Freely accessible. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.003. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Christian Trepo. "A brief history of hepatitis milestones". Liver International. Retrieved 22 February 2017. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Baruch Blumberg, MD, DPhil". hepb.org. Retrieved 8 February 2017. 
  17. ↑ Hsieh, Ting-Hui; Liu, Chun-Jen; Chen, Ding-Shinn; Chen, Pei-Jer. "Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis D Virus Infection". doi:10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60172-8. Retrieved 27 February 2017. 
  18. ↑ Khuroo, MS. "Discovery of hepatitis E: the epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis 30 years down the memory lane.". US National Library of Medicine. PMID 21320558. 
  19. ↑ "Hepatitis E Virus". PMC 2928833Freely accessible. doi:10.1159/000197321. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Hepatitis B fact sheet". who.int. Retrieved 22 February 2017. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B". historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 22 February 2017. 
  22. ↑ Wilson, Christopher B.; Nizet, Victor; Maldonado, Yvonne; Remington, Jack S.; Klein, Jerome O. Remington and Klein's Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn. Retrieved 25 February 2017. 
  23. ↑ "Hepatitis C: A 21st Century Success Story (Op-Ed)". livescience.com. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 
  24. ↑ Ebert, Gregor; Preston, Simon; Allison, Cody; Cooney, James; Toe, Jesse G.; Stutz, Michael D.; Ojaimi, Samar; Scott, Hamish W.; Baschuk, Nikola (2015-05-05). "Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins prevent clearance of hepatitis B virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (18): 5797–5802. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4426461Freely accessible. PMID 25902529. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502390112. Retrieved 27 February 2017. 
  25. ↑ "Phase Ⅳ Clinical Trial of Recombinant Hepatitis E Vaccine（Hecolin®） - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 27 February 2017. 

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