Difference between revisions of "Timeline of hospitals"

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{{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=yes}}
 
{{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=yes}}
  
This is a '''timeline of [[hospitals]]''', attempting to describe major events in the evolution of the institution.
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This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:hospitals|hospitals]]''', attempting to describe major events in the evolution of the institution.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Year/period !! Key developments
 
! Year/period !! Key developments
 
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|Ancient times||In ancient cultures, religion and medicine are linked. [[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[Egyptian temple|temples]] are the earliest documented institutions aiming to provide healthcare. In [[ancient Greece]], temples dedicated to the healer-god [[Asclepius]], known as ''Asclepieia'', function as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.<ref>[[Guenter B. Risse|Risse, G.B.]] ''Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.'' [[Oxford University Press]], 1990. p. 56 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&pg=PA56&dq=History+of+Hospital%2BAsclepieion&lr=lang_en&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20Hospital%2BAsclepieion&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Sean|title=A Short History of Disease: From the Black Death to Ebola|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BvXXCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT231&lpg=PT231&dq=%22Egyptian+temples%22+%22hospitals%22&source=bl&ots=YljLUf22jG&sig=Z6NVnqahD_11rQXOi3MnSU6oxmg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6m_nggZLPAhVEhpAKHejrAXgQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=%22Egyptian%20temples%22%20%22hospitals%22&f=false}}</ref> Around 100 BCE, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] construct buildings called ''valetudinaria'' for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers.<ref>''[http://www.novaesium.de/news/1998-1220-valetudinaria.htm The Roman military Valetudinaria: fact or fiction]''  [[University of Newcastle upon Tyne]], Sunday 20 December 1998</ref> Healthcare facilities also appear early in [[India]].
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|Ancient times||In ancient cultures, religion and medicine are linked. [[wikipedia:Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egypt]]ian [[wikipedia:Egyptian temple|temples]] are the earliest documented institutions aiming to provide healthcare. In [[wikipedia:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]], temples dedicated to the healer-god [[wikipedia:Asclepius|Asclepius]], known as ''Asclepieia'', function as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.<ref>[[wikipedia:Guenter B. Risse|Risse, G.B.]] ''Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.'' [[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], 1990. p. 56 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&pg=PA56&dq=History+of+Hospital%2BAsclepieion&lr=lang_en&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20Hospital%2BAsclepieion&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Sean|title=A Short History of Disease: From the Black Death to Ebola|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BvXXCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT231&lpg=PT231&dq=%22Egyptian+temples%22+%22hospitals%22&source=bl&ots=YljLUf22jG&sig=Z6NVnqahD_11rQXOi3MnSU6oxmg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6m_nggZLPAhVEhpAKHejrAXgQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=%22Egyptian%20temples%22%20%22hospitals%22&f=false}}</ref> Around 100 BCE, the [[wikipedia:Roman Empire|Romans]] construct buildings called ''valetudinaria'' for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers.<ref>''[http://www.novaesium.de/news/1998-1220-valetudinaria.htm The Roman military Valetudinaria: fact or fiction]''  [[wikipedia:University of Newcastle upon Tyne|University of Newcastle upon Tyne]], Sunday 20 December 1998</ref> Healthcare facilities also appear early in [[wikipedia:India|India]].
 
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|Middle Ages||From the 6th to the 10th century, in Europe, the [[infirmary]] becomes an established part of every monastery under the influence of the [[Benedictine Order]]. Beyond the 10th century, monastic infirmaries continue to expand, and public hospitals are also opened. City authorities, the church and private sources finance these facilities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cilliers|first1=L|last2=Retief|first2=FP.|title=The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages.|pmid=14509111|volume=25|journal=Curationis|pages=60–6}}</ref> The primary function of medieval hospitals is to worship to God. Most hospitals contain one chapel, at least one clergyman, and inmates that are expected to help with prayer.<ref name="English Hospital">{{cite book|last1=Orme|first1=Nicholas|last2=Webster|first2=Margaret|title=The English Hospital|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-06058-0|page=49}}</ref><ref name=Bowers>{{cite book|last1=Bowers|first1=Barbara S.|title=The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|isbn=978-0-7546-5110-9|page=79}}</ref> Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era. The idea of the hospital as a place for the care of sick people is taken from the early Caliphs.<ref name="Nagamia">{{cite journal |last=Nagamia |first=Hussain |title=Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |date=October 2003 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=19–30 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/not%20used/not%20used/JISHIM%20VOL.2%20NO.4%20PDF.pdf#page=24 |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>
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|Middle Ages||From the 6th to the 10th century, in Europe, the [[wikipedia:infirmary|infirmary]] becomes an established part of every monastery under the influence of the [[wikipedia:Benedictine Order|Benedictine Order]]. Beyond the 10th century, monastic infirmaries continue to expand, and public hospitals are also opened. City authorities, the church and private sources finance these facilities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cilliers|first1=L|last2=Retief|first2=FP.|title=The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages.|pmid=14509111|volume=25|journal=Curationis|pages=60–6}}</ref> The primary function of medieval hospitals is to worship to God. Most hospitals contain one chapel, at least one clergyman, and inmates that are expected to help with prayer.<ref name="English Hospital">{{cite book|last1=Orme|first1=Nicholas|last2=Webster|first2=Margaret|title=The English Hospital|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-06058-0|page=49}}</ref><ref name=Bowers>{{cite book|last1=Bowers|first1=Barbara S.|title=The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited|isbn=978-0-7546-5110-9|page=79}}</ref> Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era. The idea of the hospital as a place for the care of sick people is taken from the early Caliphs.<ref name="Nagamia">{{cite journal |last=Nagamia |first=Hussain |title=Islamic Medicine History and Current Practice |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |date=October 2003 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=19–30 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/not%20used/not%20used/JISHIM%20VOL.2%20NO.4%20PDF.pdf#page=24 |accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>
 
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|18th century||The voluntary hospital movement begins in some parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The eighteenth century voluntary hospital movement|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/medical/medicine8.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> The earliest contemporary hospitals begin to appear in China in the form of missionary hospitals run by western churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Evolution of Chinese Healthcare System: a brief overview|url=http://research-methodology.net/historical-evolution-of-chinese-healthcare-system-a-brief-overview/|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>
 
|18th century||The voluntary hospital movement begins in some parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=The eighteenth century voluntary hospital movement|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/medical/medicine8.pdf|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref> The earliest contemporary hospitals begin to appear in China in the form of missionary hospitals run by western churches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Evolution of Chinese Healthcare System: a brief overview|url=http://research-methodology.net/historical-evolution-of-chinese-healthcare-system-a-brief-overview/|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>
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|20th century||Middle-class patients enter the hospitals. Outpatient departments expand. Technological transformation of hospitals accelerate.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" />  
 
|20th century||Middle-class patients enter the hospitals. Outpatient departments expand. Technological transformation of hospitals accelerate.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" />  
 
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|1950s||The role of hospitals evolves to centered health systems. Large hospitals start to be built.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" /> Computer technology in medicine begins with the rise of the computers.<ref name="univ">{{Cite web |url=http://healthinformatics.uic.edu/history-of-health-informatics |title=The History of Health Informatics |work=Health Informatics, Nursing Informatics and Health Information Management Degrees |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]]}}</ref>
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|1950s||The role of hospitals evolves to centered health systems. Large hospitals start to be built.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" /> Computer technology in medicine begins with the rise of the computers.<ref name="univ">{{Cite web |url=http://healthinformatics.uic.edu/history-of-health-informatics |title=The History of Health Informatics |work=Health Informatics, Nursing Informatics and Health Information Management Degrees |publisher=[[wikipedia:University of Illinois at Chicago|University of Illinois at Chicago]]}}</ref>
 
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|1970s||District general hospitals rise as local, secondary and tertiary hospitals.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" />
 
|1970s||District general hospitals rise as local, secondary and tertiary hospitals.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals" />
 
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|1980s||[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] is introduced.
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|1980s||[[wikipedia:Magnetic resonance imaging|Magnetic resonance imaging]] is introduced.
 
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|1990s||Acute care hospitals (active short-stay care) and ambulatory surgery centers (expansion of both day admissions and minimally invasive surgery) consolidate.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals">{{cite web|title=Historical evolution of hospitals|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/98401/E74486.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>  
 
|1990s||Acute care hospitals (active short-stay care) and ambulatory surgery centers (expansion of both day admissions and minimally invasive surgery) consolidate.<ref name="Historical evolution of hospitals">{{cite web|title=Historical evolution of hospitals|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/98401/E74486.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>  
 
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|2000s||Computing is generalized in hospitals. Robotics start to develop. Modern private hospitals begin to appear in some [[developing countries]].<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />
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|2000s||Computing is generalized in hospitals. Robotics start to develop. Modern private hospitals begin to appear in some [[wikipedia:developing countries|developing countries]].<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />
 
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! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location
 
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location
 
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|437 BC – 367 BC||Organization||King [[Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka]] has lying-in-homes and Ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Arjuna Aluvihare|title=Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo|work=Vidhusara Science Magazine |date=November 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |title=Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector |authors=Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P.; De Mel, Nishan |publisher=[[Harvard School of Public Health]] & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies|date=February 1997|page=19|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Sri Lanka]]
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|437 BC – 367 BC||Organization||King [[wikipedia:Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka|Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka]] has lying-in-homes and Ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Arjuna Aluvihare|title=Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo|work=Vidhusara Science Magazine |date=November 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |title=Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector |authors=Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P.; De Mel, Nishan |publisher=[[wikipedia:Harvard School of Public Health|Harvard School of Public Health]] & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies|date=February 1997|page=19|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
 
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|230 BC||Organization||[[List of Indian monarchs|Indian emperor]] [[Ashoka]] establishes a chain of hospitals.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management">{{cite web|title=Evolution of Hospitals and its Management|url=https://www.google.com.ar/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=evolution%20of%20hospitals|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Hindustan]] ([[India]])  
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|230 BC||Organization||[[wikipedia:List of Indian monarchs|Indian emperor]] [[wikipedia:Ashoka|Ashoka]] establishes a chain of hospitals.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management">{{cite web|title=Evolution of Hospitals and its Management|url=https://www.google.com.ar/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=evolution%20of%20hospitals|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Hindustan|Hindustan]] ([[wikipedia:India|India]])  
 
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|100 BC||Organization||The Romans establish hospitals (valetudinaria) for the treatment of their sick and injured soldiers, gladiators and chariotors. The care of their military is important because the power of ancient Rome is based upon the integrity of the legions.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[Roman Empire]]
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|100 BC||Organization||The Romans establish hospitals (valetudinaria) for the treatment of their sick and injured soldiers, gladiators and chariotors. The care of their military is important because the power of ancient Rome is based upon the integrity of the legions.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]
 
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|397||Organization||[[Saint Fabiola|Fabiola]] founds the first Christian hospital in Latin Christendom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Gill|title=The Illustrated Timeline of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=46s88pqPHvkC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%22fabiola%22+%22397%22+%22hospital%22&source=bl&ots=ZmfY7x5FOa&sig=pVNNZPgj4akmFD483MDD2jjCgkE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIwN7lhLjQAhXECpAKHaHeCywQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=%22fabiola%22%20%22397%22%20%22hospital%22&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Rome]]
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|397||Organization||[[wikipedia:Saint Fabiola|Fabiola]] founds the first Christian hospital in Latin Christendom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Gill|title=The Illustrated Timeline of Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=46s88pqPHvkC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%22fabiola%22+%22397%22+%22hospital%22&source=bl&ots=ZmfY7x5FOa&sig=pVNNZPgj4akmFD483MDD2jjCgkE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIwN7lhLjQAhXECpAKHaHeCywQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=%22fabiola%22%20%22397%22%20%22hospital%22&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]]
 
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|500||Organization||The [[Academy of Gundishapur]] is founded. It is considered to be the first [[teaching hospital]] on record, where students are authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ponnusamy,|first1=R.|last2=Pandurangan|first2=J.|title=A Hand Book on UNIVERSITY SYSTEM|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=t-KGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=%22Academy+of+Gundishapur+was+founded+in%22&source=bl&ots=pqadbOC9dF&sig=EwEOBshuFM00CJLEDQiMtVaMJrg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeo8aAjJLPAhVLPJAKHSN0Ar4Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Academy%20of%20Gundishapur%20was%20founded%20in%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[Persia]] ([[Iran]])
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|500||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Academy of Gundishapur|Academy of Gundishapur]] is founded. It is considered to be the first [[wikipedia:teaching hospital|teaching hospital]] on record, where students are authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ponnusamy,|first1=R.|last2=Pandurangan|first2=J.|title=A Hand Book on UNIVERSITY SYSTEM|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=t-KGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=%22Academy+of+Gundishapur+was+founded+in%22&source=bl&ots=pqadbOC9dF&sig=EwEOBshuFM00CJLEDQiMtVaMJrg&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjeo8aAjJLPAhVLPJAKHSN0Ar4Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Academy%20of%20Gundishapur%20was%20founded%20in%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Persia|Persia]] ([[wikipedia:Iran|Iran]])
 
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|705||Organization||The first Islamic [[psychiatric hospital]] is founded in [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Psychiatry|url=http://www.lymberis.com/baghdad.html|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Iraq]]
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|705||Organization||The first Islamic [[wikipedia:psychiatric hospital|psychiatric hospital]] is founded in [[wikipedia:Baghdad|Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Psychiatry|url=http://www.lymberis.com/baghdad.html|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]]
 
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|707||Organization||The first prominent [[Bimaristan|Islamic hospital]] is founded with assistance from Christians.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ayduz|first1=Salim|last2=Kalin|first2=Ibrahim|last3=Dagli|first3=Caner|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291&lpg=PA291&dq=%22707%22+%22++Islamic+hospital+%22&source=bl&ots=6eoWO2loCr&sig=87791EUqIqk8pD5NV8yNHghWF4E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT9ujdhrjQAhVIx5AKHTR4Cd8Q6AEIOTAG#v=onepage&q=%22707%22%20%22%20%20Islamic%20hospital%20%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>[[Guenter B. Risse]], ''Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals'', ([[Oxford University Press]], 1999), p.125 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=baghdad+bimaristan&source=bl&ots=UJ0KHbyszF&sig=aC6zIRTJavraLVqNXXjEOEJDQlY&hl=en&ei=WmSuTY3SIejk0QHPipi0Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=baghdad%20bimaristan&f=false]</ref>||[[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
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|707||Organization||The first prominent [[wikipedia:Bimaristan|Islamic hospital]] is founded with assistance from Christians.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ayduz|first1=Salim|last2=Kalin|first2=Ibrahim|last3=Dagli|first3=Caner|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291&lpg=PA291&dq=%22707%22+%22++Islamic+hospital+%22&source=bl&ots=6eoWO2loCr&sig=87791EUqIqk8pD5NV8yNHghWF4E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT9ujdhrjQAhVIx5AKHTR4Cd8Q6AEIOTAG#v=onepage&q=%22707%22%20%22%20%20Islamic%20hospital%20%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>[[wikipedia:Guenter B. Risse|Guenter B. Risse]], ''Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals'', ([[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]], 1999), p.125 [https://books.google.com/books?id=htLTvdz5HDEC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=baghdad+bimaristan&source=bl&ots=UJ0KHbyszF&sig=aC6zIRTJavraLVqNXXjEOEJDQlY&hl=en&ei=WmSuTY3SIejk0QHPipi0Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=baghdad%20bimaristan&f=false]</ref>||[[wikipedia:Damascus|Damascus]], [[wikipedia:Syria|Syria]]
 
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|872||Organization||Egyptian governor [[Ahmad ibn Tulun]] builds a hospital in that provides care to the insane, which includes [[music therapy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_12.html|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=Koenig>{{cite book|last=Koenig|first=Harold George|title=Faith and mental health: religious resources for healing|year=2005|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=1-932031-91-X}}</ref>||[[Cairo]]
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|872||Organization||Egyptian governor [[wikipedia:Ahmad ibn Tulun|Ahmad ibn Tulun]] builds a hospital in that provides care to the insane, which includes [[wikipedia:music therapy|music therapy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_12.html|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=Koenig>{{cite book|last=Koenig|first=Harold George|title=Faith and mental health: religious resources for healing|year=2005|publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|isbn=1-932031-91-X}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cairo|Cairo]]
 
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|1065||Development||The first [[hospices]] are believed to have originated around this time. In this movement is where [[palliative care]] begins.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Sudhir|title=Hotel Front Office: A Training Manual|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HYn0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=%22first+hospices+%22+%221065%22+%22in%22&source=bl&ots=yUfMdtppjI&sig=4v62Soq8fiHFPJOHvvtKaD3T1wo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJn4az_qXPAhXGH5AKHePNCGgQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospices%20%22%20%221065%22%20%22in%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Xj786a0P6scC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=%22first+hospices+%22+%221065%22&source=bl&ots=Q2SBIj84HB&sig=s_gnMJzmKu9JV0R2jR7SjTBdpdU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv6Pu2_aXPAhVKiJAKHZyDAnkQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospices%20%22%20%221065%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[Europe]]
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|1065||Development||The first [[wikipedia:hospices|hospices]] are believed to have originated around this time. In this movement is where [[wikipedia:palliative care|palliative care]] begins.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Sudhir|title=Hotel Front Office: A Training Manual|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HYn0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=%22first+hospices+%22+%221065%22+%22in%22&source=bl&ots=yUfMdtppjI&sig=4v62Soq8fiHFPJOHvvtKaD3T1wo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJn4az_qXPAhXGH5AKHePNCGgQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospices%20%22%20%221065%22%20%22in%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Xj786a0P6scC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=%22first+hospices+%22+%221065%22&source=bl&ots=Q2SBIj84HB&sig=s_gnMJzmKu9JV0R2jR7SjTBdpdU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv6Pu2_aXPAhVKiJAKHZyDAnkQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospices%20%22%20%221065%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]
 
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|1080||Organization||[[Muristan|Hospital of St. John]] is founded by a group of monks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospital saint john|url=http://museumstjohn.org.uk/our-story/history-of-the-order/|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Jerusalem]]
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|1080||Organization||[[wikipedia:Muristan|Hospital of St. John]] is founded by a group of monks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospital saint john|url=http://museumstjohn.org.uk/our-story/history-of-the-order/|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
 
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|1377||Organization||[[Bethlem Royal Hospital|Bedlam]] is founded as an asylum for [[lunatic]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quarmby|first1=Katharine|title=Scapegoat|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yIJh7Z0AG84C&pg=PT39&lpg=PT39&dq=%221377%22+%22Bedlam%22++%22lunatics%22&source=bl&ots=CIk7GvAwMr&sig=hs1SjRzUvWClxVQXB9O_9qmSHO8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl_feMlaLPAhUCTJAKHV08AYUQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%221377%22%20%22Bedlam%22%20%20%22lunatics%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[London]]
+
|1377||Organization||[[wikipedia:Bethlem Royal Hospital|Bedlam]] is founded as an asylum for [[wikipedia:lunatic|lunatic]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Quarmby|first1=Katharine|title=Scapegoat|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yIJh7Z0AG84C&pg=PT39&lpg=PT39&dq=%221377%22+%22Bedlam%22++%22lunatics%22&source=bl&ots=CIk7GvAwMr&sig=hs1SjRzUvWClxVQXB9O_9qmSHO8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl_feMlaLPAhUCTJAKHV08AYUQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=%221377%22%20%22Bedlam%22%20%20%22lunatics%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1423||Organization||The first permanent pest house in Europe is founded.<ref name="22 September 2016">{{cite web|title=Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics  Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics|url=http://nursekey.com/protecting-sustaining-and-empowering-a-historical-perspective-on-the-control-of-epidemics/}}</ref>||[[Venice]], [[Italy]]
+
|1423||Organization||The first permanent pest house in Europe is founded.<ref name="22 September 2016">{{cite web|title=Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics  Protecting, Sustaining, and Empowering: A Historical Perspective on the Control of Epidemics|url=http://nursekey.com/protecting-sustaining-and-empowering-a-historical-perspective-on-the-control-of-epidemics/}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Venice|Venice]], [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1487||Development||[[Ambulances]] are first used for emergency transport.<ref name="The History of Ambulances">{{cite web|title=The History of Ambulances|url=http://www.emt-resources.com/History-of-Ambulances.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Spain]]
+
|1487||Development||[[wikipedia:Ambulances|Ambulances]] are first used for emergency transport.<ref name="The History of Ambulances">{{cite web|title=The History of Ambulances|url=http://www.emt-resources.com/History-of-Ambulances.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1519||Organization||[[Hospital San Nicolás de Bari]] is the first hospital founded in the Americas, under Spanish rule.<ref>{{cite web|title=San Nicolás de Bari fue el primer hospital de América|url=http://www.listindiario.com/la-vida/2008/10/22/78353/San-Nicolas-de-Bari-fue-el-primer-hospital-de-America|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]]
+
|1519||Organization||[[wikipedia:Hospital San Nicolás de Bari|Hospital San Nicolás de Bari]] is the first hospital founded in the Americas, under Spanish rule.<ref>{{cite web|title=San Nicolás de Bari fue el primer hospital de América|url=http://www.listindiario.com/la-vida/2008/10/22/78353/San-Nicolas-de-Bari-fue-el-primer-hospital-de-America|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]], [[wikipedia:Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1524||Organization||The first hospital in [[North America]] is built by [[Hernán Cortés]].<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]]
+
|1524||Organization||The first hospital in [[wikipedia:North America|North America]] is built by [[wikipedia:Hernán Cortés|Hernán Cortés]].<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[wikipedia:Mexico City|Mexico City]], [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1633||Organization||[[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul]] is founded as a society of young women who share their dedication of helping the poor and the sick.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|url=http://daughtersofcharity.org/about-us/early-history/|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>|| France
+
|1633||Organization||[[wikipedia:Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul]] is founded as a society of young women who share their dedication of helping the poor and the sick.<ref>{{cite web|title=Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul|url=http://daughtersofcharity.org/about-us/early-history/|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>|| France
 
|-
 
|-
|1664||Organization||The [[Government General Hospital|Madras General Hospital]] is the first western hospital opened in India. It is originally aimed at serving sick soldiers of the [[British East India Company]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Muhammad Umair|title=Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India|pmc=2763662|pmid=19876448|doi=10.4103/0970-0218.45369|volume=34|year=2009|journal=Indian J Community Med|pages=6–14}}</ref>||[[India]]
+
|1664||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Government General Hospital|Madras General Hospital]] is the first western hospital opened in India. It is originally aimed at serving sick soldiers of the [[wikipedia:British East India Company|British East India Company]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Muhammad Umair|title=Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India|pmc=2763662|pmid=19876448|doi=10.4103/0970-0218.45369|volume=34|year=2009|journal=Indian J Community Med|pages=6–14}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:India|India]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1718||Organization||[[Huguenots]] of [[France]] establish a hospital in England.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[United Kingdom]]
+
|1718||Organization||[[wikipedia:Huguenots|Huguenots]] of [[wikipedia:France|France]] establish a hospital in England.<ref name="Evolution of Hospitals and its Management" />||[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1726||Organization||[[University of Edinburgh Medical School]] is established.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Margaret R. O’Leary|title=Dr. Thomas Addison 1795-1860: Agitating the Whole Medical World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ujOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=%221726%22+%22Edinburgh+University+medical+school%22&source=bl&ots=J_rVeYFHkC&sig=s-Ak0zqn0N35Edb56f2wdAbR840&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhgNXb9qPPAhUGHJAKHcncAg0Q6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=%221726%22%20%22Edinburgh%20University%20medical%20school%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
+
|1726||Organization||[[wikipedia:University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh Medical School]] is established.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Margaret R. O’Leary|title=Dr. Thomas Addison 1795-1860: Agitating the Whole Medical World|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ujOGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=%221726%22+%22Edinburgh+University+medical+school%22&source=bl&ots=J_rVeYFHkC&sig=s-Ak0zqn0N35Edb56f2wdAbR840&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhgNXb9qPPAhUGHJAKHcncAg0Q6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=%221726%22%20%22Edinburgh%20University%20medical%20school%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Edinburgh|Edinburgh]], [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1794||Organization||The [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary]] is founded. It is the first hospital to have systematic training courses for nurses and the first hospital known to have an X-ray unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow Royal Infirmary commemorates medical block centerary|url=http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2015/12/glasgow-royal-infirmarys-medical-block-celebrates-centenary/|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
+
|1794||Organization||The [[wikipedia:Glasgow Royal Infirmary|Glasgow Royal Infirmary]] is founded. It is the first hospital to have systematic training courses for nurses and the first hospital known to have an X-ray unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow Royal Infirmary commemorates medical block centerary|url=http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/2015/12/glasgow-royal-infirmarys-medical-block-celebrates-centenary/|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Glasgow|Glasgow]], [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1804||Organization||[[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] is founded. It is the first center in the world for ophthalmic treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moorfields|url=http://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/content/our-history|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
+
|1804||Organization||[[wikipedia:Moorfields Eye Hospital|Moorfields Eye Hospital]] is founded. It is the first center in the world for ophthalmic treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moorfields|url=http://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/content/our-history|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1815||Policy||[[Apothecaries Act 1815]] is passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. The Act introduces compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries, in modern terms [[general practitioner]]s, under the license of the [[Society of Apothecaries]]. It is the beginning of regulation of the [[medicine|medical profession]] in [[Great Britain]]. The Act requires instruction in [[anatomy]], [[botany]], [[chemistry]], ''[[materia medica]]'' and "[[wiktionary:physic|physic]]", in addition to six months of practical [[hospital]] experience.<ref>{{cite book | pages=316–317 | last=Porter |first=Roy |authorlink=Roy Porter | title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | location=New York | isbn=978-0-393-31980-4 |origyear=1997 |year=1999}}</ref>||[[United Kingdom]]
+
|1815||Policy||[[wikipedia:Apothecaries Act 1815|Apothecaries Act 1815]] is passed by the [[wikipedia:Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. The Act introduces compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries, in modern terms [[wikipedia:general practitioner|general practitioner]]s, under the license of the [[wikipedia:Society of Apothecaries|Society of Apothecaries]]. It is the beginning of regulation of the [[wikipedia:medicine|medical profession]] in [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Great Britain]]. The Act requires instruction in [[wikipedia:anatomy|anatomy]], [[wikipedia:botany|botany]], [[wikipedia:chemistry|chemistry]], ''[[wikipedia:materia medica|materia medica]]'' and "[[wikipedia:wiktionary:physic|physic]]", in addition to six months of practical [[wikipedia:hospital|hospital]] experience.<ref>{{cite book | pages=316–317 | last=Porter |first=Roy |authorlink=Roy Porter | title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | location=New York | isbn=978-0-393-31980-4 |origyear=1997 |year=1999}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1833||Organization||First [[homeopathy|homeopathic]] hospital opens.<ref name="History of Homeopathy">{{cite web|title=History of Homeopathy|url=http://www.drmasiello.com/homeopathy/history-of-homeopathy/|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Leipzig]], [[Germany]]
+
|1833||Organization||First [[wikipedia:homeopathy|homeopathic]] hospital opens.<ref name="History of Homeopathy">{{cite web|title=History of Homeopathy|url=http://www.drmasiello.com/homeopathy/history-of-homeopathy/|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Leipzig|Leipzig]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1847||Policy||Hungarian obstetrician [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] working at a Vienna maternity hospital, institutes mandatory [[hand-washing]] after hypothesizing that medical students were infecting patients. After the new procedure, infection rates drop dramatically.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Semmelweis|url=http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/articles/semmelweis-and-handwashing.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Vienna]], [[Austria]]  
+
|1847||Policy||Hungarian obstetrician [[wikipedia:Ignaz Semmelweis|Ignaz Semmelweis]] working at a Vienna maternity hospital, institutes mandatory [[wikipedia:hand-washing|hand-washing]] after hypothesizing that medical students were infecting patients. After the new procedure, infection rates drop dramatically.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Semmelweis|url=http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/articles/semmelweis-and-handwashing.pdf|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Vienna|Vienna]], [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]]  
 
|-
 
|-
|1851||Organization||The largest lunatic asylum in Europe is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elder|first1=Ruth|last2=Evans,|first2=Katie|last3=Nizette|first3=Debra|title=Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Jpnzp7D64XcC&pg=PT178&lpg=PT178&dq=%221851%22+%22largest+lunatic+asylum%22+%22london%22&source=bl&ots=AaB4imMoUr&sig=f2nddX8JqYeAWnrKvMI3-xqmzgk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrJLWpaPPAhXIIJAKHV-pB0IQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%221851%22%20%22largest%20lunatic%20asylum%22%20%22london%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[London]], [[England]]
+
|1851||Organization||The largest lunatic asylum in Europe is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elder|first1=Ruth|last2=Evans,|first2=Katie|last3=Nizette|first3=Debra|title=Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Jpnzp7D64XcC&pg=PT178&lpg=PT178&dq=%221851%22+%22largest+lunatic+asylum%22+%22london%22&source=bl&ots=AaB4imMoUr&sig=f2nddX8JqYeAWnrKvMI3-xqmzgk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrJLWpaPPAhXIIJAKHV-pB0IQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%221851%22%20%22largest%20lunatic%20asylum%22%20%22london%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:England|England]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1851||Organization||[[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust]] is founded. It is the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of [[cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Royal Marsden|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/4783/preview|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
+
|1851||Organization||[[wikipedia:The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust]] is founded. It is the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of [[wikipedia:cancer|cancer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Royal Marsden|url=http://www.electives.net/hospital/4783/preview|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1853–1856||Organization||The first [[hospital train]] is built during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schroeder-Lein|first1=Glenna R|title=The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WWZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=%22hospital+train%22+%22crimean+war%22&source=bl&ots=klaNZZ6myh&sig=6158QDdN_XRZOQl5kn3UI16PySw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjborerlqLPAhXBFZAKHTcYAmsQ6AEIQTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22hospital%20train%22%20%22crimean%20war%22&f=false}}</ref>||
+
|1853–1856||Organization||The first [[wikipedia:hospital train|hospital train]] is built during the [[wikipedia:Crimean War|Crimean War]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schroeder-Lein|first1=Glenna R|title=The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WWZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=%22hospital+train%22+%22crimean+war%22&source=bl&ots=klaNZZ6myh&sig=6158QDdN_XRZOQl5kn3UI16PySw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjborerlqLPAhXBFZAKHTcYAmsQ6AEIQTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22hospital%20train%22%20%22crimean%20war%22&f=false}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|1859||Organization||First [[cottage hospital]] (a small rural building having several beds) is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crossan|first1=Rose-Marie|title=Poverty and Welfare in Guernsey, 1560-2015|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5Ji7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%221859%22+%22cottage+hospital%22+%22surrey%22&source=bl&ots=ZaC63NEYRV&sig=KXuaI6EzIm_F5vEVDUfeXExSyh4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH9Jqhl6LPAhUGFpAKHTceC5wQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=%221859%22%20%22cottage%20hospital%22%20%22surrey%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[Surrey]], [[England]]
+
|1859||Organization||First [[wikipedia:cottage hospital|cottage hospital]] (a small rural building having several beds) is founded.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crossan|first1=Rose-Marie|title=Poverty and Welfare in Guernsey, 1560-2015|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5Ji7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=%221859%22+%22cottage+hospital%22+%22surrey%22&source=bl&ots=ZaC63NEYRV&sig=KXuaI6EzIm_F5vEVDUfeXExSyh4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH9Jqhl6LPAhUGFpAKHTceC5wQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=%221859%22%20%22cottage%20hospital%22%20%22surrey%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Surrey|Surrey]], [[wikipedia:England|England]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1859||Organization||The National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic (today [[National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery]]) is founded. It is the first hospital in the world specializing in outpatient epilepsy care.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shorvon|first1=Simon|last2=Perucca|first2=Emilio|last3=Engel|first3=Jerome|title=The Treatment of Epilepsy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ppKbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT651&lpg=PT651&dq=%22first+hospital+in+the+world+specializing%22&source=bl&ots=OmUDkOGsnX&sig=U4CK1EfhtiA1eN6Yk1nQ7IpP0i8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRwLTeiqvPAhXCEpAKHZTgAicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospital%20in%20the%20world%20specializing%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
+
|1859||Organization||The National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic (today [[wikipedia:National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery|National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery]]) is founded. It is the first hospital in the world specializing in outpatient epilepsy care.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shorvon|first1=Simon|last2=Perucca|first2=Emilio|last3=Engel|first3=Jerome|title=The Treatment of Epilepsy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ppKbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT651&lpg=PT651&dq=%22first+hospital+in+the+world+specializing%22&source=bl&ots=OmUDkOGsnX&sig=U4CK1EfhtiA1eN6Yk1nQ7IpP0i8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRwLTeiqvPAhXCEpAKHZTgAicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=%22first%20hospital%20in%20the%20world%20specializing%22&f=false}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1867||Organization||The first outpatient clinic is established at the Philadelphia Hospital, for [[orthopedics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=psychiatry|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/psychiatry.aspx|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>||[[United States]]
+
|1867||Organization||The first outpatient clinic is established at the Philadelphia Hospital, for [[wikipedia:orthopedics|orthopedics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=psychiatry|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/psychiatry.aspx|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1883–1911||Policy||The first healthcare system of modern history launches, starting with policies of the introduced [[Otto von Bismarck]]'s [[Otto Von Bismarck#social legislation|social legislation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/shi_key_factors.pdf|title=Social health insurance|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>||[[Germany]]
+
|1883–1911||Policy||The first healthcare system of modern history launches, starting with policies of the introduced [[wikipedia:Otto von Bismarck|Otto von Bismarck]]'s [[wikipedia:Otto Von Bismarck#social legislation|social legislation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/shi_key_factors.pdf|title=Social health insurance|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1889||Organization||[[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] is founded. Major accomplishments here include the development of [[HeLa]], by [[George Otto Gey]], head of tissue culture research in 1951;<ref name="Skloot2010">{{cite book |author= Rebecca Skloot |title= The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC |accessdate= 9 April 2013 |date= 2 February 2010 |publisher= Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-58938-5}}</ref> the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture; the identification of the three types of [[polio virus]]; and the first "[[blue baby]]" operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Johns Hopkins Medicine|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>||[[Baltimore, Maryland]], [[United States]]
+
|1889||Organization||[[wikipedia:Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins Hospital]] is founded. Major accomplishments here include the development of [[wikipedia:HeLa|HeLa]], by [[wikipedia:George Otto Gey|George Otto Gey]], head of tissue culture research in 1951;<ref name="Skloot2010">{{cite book |author= Rebecca Skloot |title= The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC |accessdate= 9 April 2013 |date= 2 February 2010 |publisher= Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-58938-5}}</ref> the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture; the identification of the three types of [[wikipedia:polio virus|polio virus]]; and the first "[[wikipedia:blue baby|blue baby]]" operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Johns Hopkins Medicine|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore, Maryland]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1890||Development||American surgeon [[William Stewart Halsted]] introduces the use of [[medical gloves|surgical gloves]] to the practice of medicine.<ref>{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=VsyYXczSmhgC&pg=PA376 376] | title = The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine | first = R | last = Porter | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-521-00252-4 }}</ref>||
+
|1890||Development||American surgeon [[wikipedia:William Stewart Halsted|William Stewart Halsted]] introduces the use of [[wikipedia:medical gloves|surgical gloves]] to the practice of medicine.<ref>{{cite book | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=VsyYXczSmhgC&pg=PA376 376] | title = The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine | first = R | last = Porter | publisher = [[wikipedia:Cambridge University Press|Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-521-00252-4 }}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|1895||Development||The first surgery on the heart itself is performed at [[Rikshospitalet]].<ref name="Cardio & Heart Surgery">{{cite web|title=Cardio & Heart Surgery|url=http://bemed.us/cardio-heart-surgery|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
+
|1895||Development||The first surgery on the heart itself is performed at [[wikipedia:Rikshospitalet|Rikshospitalet]].<ref name="Cardio & Heart Surgery">{{cite web|title=Cardio & Heart Surgery|url=http://bemed.us/cardio-heart-surgery|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Oslo|Oslo]], [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1899||Technology launch||The first motor powered (electric) ambulance enters service in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] at the [[Michael Reese Hospital]].<ref name="The History of Ambulances" />||[[United States]]
+
|1899||Technology launch||The first motor powered (electric) ambulance enters service in [[wikipedia:Chicago|Chicago]], [[wikipedia:Illinois|Illinois]] at the [[wikipedia:Michael Reese Hospital|Michael Reese Hospital]].<ref name="The History of Ambulances" />||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1909||Development||Pediatric ambulatory anesthesia is first reported.<ref name="Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition">{{cite book|last1=Healy|first1=EJ|last2=Knight|first2=Paul R|title=Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Uh-0XJkj-C8C&pg=PA1021&lpg=PA1021&dq=%22Ralph+Waters%22+%22outpatient+clinic%22&source=bl&ots=u2uYjX2EBO&sig=VxtoHPnbXyZG1nwWupBRvKpEnIU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2qqPK4KXPAhVBjJAKHT6zAbwQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Ralph%20Waters%22%20%22outpatient%20clinic%22&f=false}}</ref>||
 
|1909||Development||Pediatric ambulatory anesthesia is first reported.<ref name="Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition">{{cite book|last1=Healy|first1=EJ|last2=Knight|first2=Paul R|title=Wylie Churchill-Davidson's A Practice of Anesthesia 7th Edition|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Uh-0XJkj-C8C&pg=PA1021&lpg=PA1021&dq=%22Ralph+Waters%22+%22outpatient+clinic%22&source=bl&ots=u2uYjX2EBO&sig=VxtoHPnbXyZG1nwWupBRvKpEnIU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2qqPK4KXPAhVBjJAKHT6zAbwQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Ralph%20Waters%22%20%22outpatient%20clinic%22&f=false}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|1911||Organization||The first specialized trauma care center in the world is opened at the [[University of Louisville]] Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warning: Nurses experience violence in this emergency department|url=https://www.massnurses.org/news-and-events/p/openItem/5190|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Louisville, Kentucky]], [[United States]]
+
|1911||Organization||The first specialized trauma care center in the world is opened at the [[wikipedia:University of Louisville|University of Louisville]] Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warning: Nurses experience violence in this emergency department|url=https://www.massnurses.org/news-and-events/p/openItem/5190|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1922||Development||Hospitals start to group newborn infants into one specific area, today called [[neonatal intensive care unit]] (NICU).<ref>{{cite web|title=Neonatal Intensive Care Unit|url=https://www.allfreepapers.com/Science/Neonatal-Intensive-Care-Unit/27802.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
+
|1922||Development||Hospitals start to group newborn infants into one specific area, today called [[wikipedia:neonatal intensive care unit|neonatal intensive care unit]] (NICU).<ref>{{cite web|title=Neonatal Intensive Care Unit|url=https://www.allfreepapers.com/Science/Neonatal-Intensive-Care-Unit/27802.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|1940||Development||First use of the wonder drug Penicillin on a large scale takes place at [[RAF Halton|RAF Hospital Halton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RAF Hospital Halton|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/PMRAFNS/history/rafhospitalhalton.cfm|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[United Kingdom]]
+
|1940||Development||First use of the wonder drug Penicillin on a large scale takes place at [[wikipedia:RAF Halton|RAF Hospital Halton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RAF Hospital Halton|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/PMRAFNS/history/rafhospitalhalton.cfm|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1948||Policy||Park Hospital (now [[Trafford General Hospital]]) becomes the first hospital in the world to offer free healthcare to all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trafford General: where it all began|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2008/07/03/nhs60_trafford_general_hospital_feature.shtml|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]
+
|1948||Policy||Park Hospital (now [[wikipedia:Trafford General Hospital|Trafford General Hospital]]) becomes the first hospital in the world to offer free healthcare to all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trafford General: where it all began|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2008/07/03/nhs60_trafford_general_hospital_feature.shtml|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Trafford|Trafford]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1949||Organization||The first hospital of [[traditional Chinese medicine]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baoding First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine|url=http://cnhealthexperts.com/sbdm/z/yiyuan-bdsdyzyy.htm|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Baoding]], [[China]]
+
|1949||Organization||The first hospital of [[wikipedia:traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese medicine]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baoding First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine|url=http://cnhealthexperts.com/sbdm/z/yiyuan-bdsdyzyy.htm|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Baoding|Baoding]], [[wikipedia:China|China]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1950||Development||Austrian anesthesiologist [[Peter Safar]] establishes the concept of "Advanced Support of Life", keeping patients sedated and ventilated in an intensive care environment. Safar is considered to be the first practitioner of intensive care medicine as a specialty, having started the first multidisciplinary critical care medicine fellowship program in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pioneer of Critical Care Medicine: Peter Safar (1924–2003)|url=http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/13/1/87.full|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
+
|1950||Development||Austrian anesthesiologist [[wikipedia:Peter Safar|Peter Safar]] establishes the concept of "Advanced Support of Life", keeping patients sedated and ventilated in an intensive care environment. Safar is considered to be the first practitioner of intensive care medicine as a specialty, having started the first multidisciplinary critical care medicine fellowship program in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pioneer of Critical Care Medicine: Peter Safar (1924–2003)|url=http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/13/1/87.full|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1952||Development||Ambulances begin to be restructured to become mobile hospitals rather than just vehicles for transporting patients.<ref name="The History of Ambulances" />||
 
|1952||Development||Ambulances begin to be restructured to become mobile hospitals rather than just vehicles for transporting patients.<ref name="The History of Ambulances" />||
 
|-
 
|-
|1960–1964||Technology launch||[[Cardiac monitoring|Continuous cardiac monitoring]] (CCM) is first introduced in hospitals for heart rate and rhythm monitoring in coronary intensive care units.<ref>{{cite web|title=When Should Hospitalists Order Continuous Cardiac Monitoring?|url=http://www.the-hospitalist.org/article/when-should-hospitalists-order-continuous-cardiac-monitoring/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
+
|1960–1964||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Cardiac monitoring|Continuous cardiac monitoring]] (CCM) is first introduced in hospitals for heart rate and rhythm monitoring in coronary intensive care units.<ref>{{cite web|title=When Should Hospitalists Order Continuous Cardiac Monitoring?|url=http://www.the-hospitalist.org/article/when-should-hospitalists-order-continuous-cardiac-monitoring/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|1966||Development||Provision of pre-hospital cardiac care by physicians is launched as an experiment for improving care.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A history of prehospital coronary care|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2448738/pdf/ulstermedj00065-0073.pdf|pmc=2448738 | pmid=8686105|volume=65|year=1996|journal=Ulster Med J|pages=68–73 | last1 = Pantridge | first1 = JF | last2 = Wilson | first2 = C}}</ref>||[[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
+
|1966||Development||Provision of pre-hospital cardiac care by physicians is launched as an experiment for improving care.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A history of prehospital coronary care|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2448738/pdf/ulstermedj00065-0073.pdf|pmc=2448738 | pmid=8686105|volume=65|year=1996|journal=Ulster Med J|pages=68–73 | last1 = Pantridge | first1 = JF | last2 = Wilson | first2 = C}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Belfast|Belfast]], [[wikipedia:Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1966||Technology launch||[[Duke University Hospital]], under program Med-Aid (short for Medical Assistance for Isolated Doctors), becomes the first medical center in the world to offer radio consultation with physicians in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Project MED-AID|url=https://archives.mc.duke.edu/blog/project-med-aid|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Durham, North Carolina]], [[United States]]
+
|1966||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Duke University Hospital|Duke University Hospital]], under program Med-Aid (short for Medical Assistance for Isolated Doctors), becomes the first medical center in the world to offer radio consultation with physicians in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Project MED-AID|url=https://archives.mc.duke.edu/blog/project-med-aid|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Durham, North Carolina|Durham, North Carolina]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1968||Technology launch||The first [[hospital information system]] is developed.<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of Health Care Software Solutions|url=http://www.hcsinteractant.com/about-us/health-care-software-history/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[United States]]
+
|1968||Technology launch||The first [[wikipedia:hospital information system|hospital information system]] is developed.<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of Health Care Software Solutions|url=http://www.hcsinteractant.com/about-us/health-care-software-history/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1968||Organization||The first [[Traditional Tibetan medicine]] hospital in [[Bhutan]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional steam treatment popular|url=http://kuenselonline.com/archive/traditional-steam-treatment-popular/|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]]  
+
|1968||Organization||The first [[wikipedia:Traditional Tibetan medicine|Traditional Tibetan medicine]] hospital in [[wikipedia:Bhutan|Bhutan]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Traditional steam treatment popular|url=http://kuenselonline.com/archive/traditional-steam-treatment-popular/|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Thimphu|Thimphu]], [[wikipedia:Bhutan|Bhutan]]  
 
|-
 
|-
|1988||Technology launch||Routine newborn hearing screening with [[otoacoustic emission]] (OAE) is first introduced, at [[Whipps Cross University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hearing Screening|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s01c05.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
+
| 1974 ||Organization|| The [[w:Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital|Hamlin Fistula Hospital]] is founded is founded by Australian obstetrician {{w|Catherine Hamlin}}. It is the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of fistula in the world and the only place where fistula injuries could be treated in Ethiopia.<ref name="International Day to End Obstetric Fistula">{{cite web|title=International Day to End Obstetric Fistula|url=http://ethiopiaid.org.uk/blog/P10|website=http://ethiopiaid.org.uk|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}} ({{w|Addis Ababa}})
 
|-
 
|-
|1996||Organization||[[Fortis Memorial Research Institute]] is founded. It is the first hospital in the world to offer digital [[broadband]] [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI imaging]].<ref name="30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World">{{cite web|title=30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World|url=http://www.topmastersinhealthcare.com/30-most-technologically-advanced-hospitals-in-the-world/|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
+
|1988||Technology launch||Routine newborn hearing screening with [[wikipedia:otoacoustic emission|otoacoustic emission]] (OAE) is first introduced, at [[wikipedia:Whipps Cross University Hospital|Whipps Cross University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hearing Screening|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s01c05.html|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|1999||Technology launch||[[eHealth]], a relatively recent term for healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, starts to develop.<ref name="jmir">{{cite journal | first1=Vincenzo | pmc=1761900 | url=http://www.jmir.org/2001/2/e22/ | title=What is e-Health (2): The death of telemedicine? | accessdate=20 September 2016 | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=e22 | doi=10.2196/jmir.3.2.e22 | last1=Della Mea | pmid=11720964| year=2001 }}</ref>||
+
|1996||Organization||[[wikipedia:Fortis Memorial Research Institute|Fortis Memorial Research Institute]] is founded. It is the first hospital in the world to offer digital [[wikipedia:broadband|broadband]] [[wikipedia:Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI imaging]].<ref name="30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World">{{cite web|title=30 Most Technologically Advanced Hospitals in the World|url=http://www.topmastersinhealthcare.com/30-most-technologically-advanced-hospitals-in-the-world/|accessdate=19 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:New Delhi|New Delhi]], [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 
|-
 
|-
|2000||Organization||The first [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] hospital outside [[India]] is founded.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hospital offers ancient healing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/808364.stm|accessdate=25 September 2016|agency=BBC News}}</ref>||[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
+
|1999||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:eHealth|eHealth]], a relatively recent term for healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, starts to develop.<ref name="jmir">{{cite journal | first1=Vincenzo | pmc=1761900 | url=http://www.jmir.org/2001/2/e22/ | title=What is e-Health (2): The death of telemedicine? | accessdate=20 September 2016 | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=e22 | doi=10.2196/jmir.3.2.e22 | last1=Della Mea | pmid=11720964| year=2001 }}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|2001||Technology launch||[[Lindbergh operation]], the first complete tele-surgical operation, is carried out by a team of surgeons located in [[New York City]] on a patient at [[Hôpital civil, Strasbourg|Strasbourg Civil Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Surgeons in U.S. Perform Operation in France Via Robot|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/09/0919_robotsurgery.html|accessdate=22 September 2016|publisher=National Geographic}}</ref>||[[United States]], [[France]]
+
|2000||Organization||The first [[wikipedia:Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] hospital outside [[wikipedia:India|India]] is founded.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hospital offers ancient healing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/808364.stm|accessdate=25 September 2016|agency=BBC News}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
|2003||Technology launch||[[University of Maryland Medical Center]] first employs robots to deliver medications from the satellite pharmacies to the patient care units.<ref>{{cite web|title=UMMC|url=http://medcenterblog.org/2012/12/mr-gower-lives-on/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Baltimore, Maryland]], [[United States]]
+
|2001||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Lindbergh operation|Lindbergh operation]], the first complete tele-surgical operation, is carried out by a team of surgeons located in [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] on a patient at [[wikipedia:Hôpital civil, Strasbourg|Strasbourg Civil Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Surgeons in U.S. Perform Operation in France Via Robot|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/09/0919_robotsurgery.html|accessdate=22 September 2016|publisher=National Geographic}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:United States|United States]], [[wikipedia:France|France]]
 
|-
 
|-
|2010||Technology launch||[[Canopy Innovations|Canopy]] is launched as a language translation software used primarily by hospitals and clinics to communicate with [[limited English proficiency]] people (LEP's) or non-English speaking patients. The project is funded by the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=App breaks down language barriers for patients, doctors|url=http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150124/MAGAZINE/301249980|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||
+
|2003||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:University of Maryland Medical Center|University of Maryland Medical Center]] first employs robots to deliver medications from the satellite pharmacies to the patient care units.<ref>{{cite web|title=UMMC|url=http://medcenterblog.org/2012/12/mr-gower-lives-on/|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore, Maryland]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
|2012||Technology launch||[[Palomar Medical Center]] is founded. It is the first hospital to use wireless wrist band, a device is capable of transmitting vital signs from the patient into the hospital system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palomar Medical Center Named Top Technologically Advanced Hospital In The World|url=http://www.palomarhealth.org/media-center/news-story?news=383|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Escondido, California]], [[United States]]
+
|2010||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Canopy Innovations|Canopy]] is launched as a language translation software used primarily by hospitals and clinics to communicate with [[wikipedia:limited English proficiency|limited English proficiency]] people (LEP's) or non-English speaking patients. The project is funded by the [[wikipedia:National Institutes of Health|National Institutes of Health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=App breaks down language barriers for patients, doctors|url=http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150124/MAGAZINE/301249980|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
|2015||Technology launch||[[Kuopio University Hospital]] introduces Ascom Myco, a smartphone specially designed for mission-critical communications in hospitals and healthcare environments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish Hospital Becomes First in World to Adopt Ascom Myco Healthcare Smartphones|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150827005356/en/Finnish-Hospital-World-Adopt-Ascom-Myco-Healthcare|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Kuopio]], [[Finland]]  
+
|2012||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Palomar Medical Center|Palomar Medical Center]] is founded. It is the first hospital to use wireless wrist band, a device is capable of transmitting vital signs from the patient into the hospital system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palomar Medical Center Named Top Technologically Advanced Hospital In The World|url=http://www.palomarhealth.org/media-center/news-story?news=383|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Escondido, California|Escondido, California]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 +
|-
 +
|2015||Technology launch||[[wikipedia:Kuopio University Hospital|Kuopio University Hospital]] introduces Ascom Myco, a smartphone specially designed for mission-critical communications in hospitals and healthcare environments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish Hospital Becomes First in World to Adopt Ascom Myco Healthcare Smartphones|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150827005356/en/Finnish-Hospital-World-Adopt-Ascom-Myco-Healthcare|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Kuopio|Kuopio]], [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]]  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==Meta information on the timeline==
 +
 +
===How the timeline was built===
 +
 +
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
 +
 +
{{funding info}} is available.
 +
 +
===What the timeline is still missing===
 +
 +
===Timeline update strategy===
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
* [[History of hospitals]]
+
* [[Timeline of the National Institutes of Health]]
* [[Timeline of nursing history]]
+
* [[Timeline of global health]]
* [[Timeline of medicine and medical technology]]
+
* [[wikipedia:History of hospitals|History of hospitals]]
 +
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of nursing history|Timeline of nursing history]]
 +
* [[wikipedia:Timeline of medicine and medical technology|Timeline of medicine and medical technology]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
  
[[Category:Hospitals]]
+
[[wikipedia:Category:Hospitals|Category:Hospitals]]
[[Category:Health-related timelines]]
+
[[wikipedia:Category:Health-related timelines|Category:Health-related timelines]]

Revision as of 13:08, 14 October 2017

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of hospitals". The original page still exists at Timeline of hospitals. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This is a timeline of hospitals, attempting to describe major events in the evolution of the institution.

Big picture

Year/period Key developments
Ancient times In ancient cultures, religion and medicine are linked. Ancient Egyptian temples are the earliest documented institutions aiming to provide healthcare. In ancient Greece, temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius, known as Asclepieia, function as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.[1][2] Around 100 BCE, the Romans construct buildings called valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers.[3] Healthcare facilities also appear early in India.
Middle Ages From the 6th to the 10th century, in Europe, the infirmary becomes an established part of every monastery under the influence of the Benedictine Order. Beyond the 10th century, monastic infirmaries continue to expand, and public hospitals are also opened. City authorities, the church and private sources finance these facilities.[4] The primary function of medieval hospitals is to worship to God. Most hospitals contain one chapel, at least one clergyman, and inmates that are expected to help with prayer.[5][6] Many hospitals were developed during the early Islamic era. The idea of the hospital as a place for the care of sick people is taken from the early Caliphs.[7]
18th century The voluntary hospital movement begins in some parts of Europe.[8] The earliest contemporary hospitals begin to appear in China in the form of missionary hospitals run by western churches.[9]
19th century Hospitals and the medical profession become more professionalized, with a reorganization of hospital management along more bureaucratic and administrative lines. By the end of the century, the modern hospital begins to take shape with a proliferation of a variety of public and private hospital systems.[10]
20th century Middle-class patients enter the hospitals. Outpatient departments expand. Technological transformation of hospitals accelerate.[11]
1950s The role of hospitals evolves to centered health systems. Large hospitals start to be built.[11] Computer technology in medicine begins with the rise of the computers.[12]
1970s District general hospitals rise as local, secondary and tertiary hospitals.[11]
1980s Magnetic resonance imaging is introduced.
1990s Acute care hospitals (active short-stay care) and ambulatory surgery centers (expansion of both day admissions and minimally invasive surgery) consolidate.[11]
2000s Computing is generalized in hospitals. Robotics start to develop. Modern private hospitals begin to appear in some developing countries.[13]

Full timeline

Year/period Type of event Event Location
437 BC – 367 BC Organization King Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka has lying-in-homes and Ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.[14][15] Sri Lanka
230 BC Organization Indian emperor Ashoka establishes a chain of hospitals.[13] Hindustan (India)
100 BC Organization The Romans establish hospitals (valetudinaria) for the treatment of their sick and injured soldiers, gladiators and chariotors. The care of their military is important because the power of ancient Rome is based upon the integrity of the legions.[13] Roman Empire
397 Organization Fabiola founds the first Christian hospital in Latin Christendom.[16] Rome
500 Organization The Academy of Gundishapur is founded. It is considered to be the first teaching hospital on record, where students are authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education.[17] Persia (Iran)
705 Organization The first Islamic psychiatric hospital is founded in Baghdad.[18] Iraq
707 Organization The first prominent Islamic hospital is founded with assistance from Christians.[19][20] Damascus, Syria
872 Organization Egyptian governor Ahmad ibn Tulun builds a hospital in that provides care to the insane, which includes music therapy.[21][22] Cairo
1065 Development The first hospices are believed to have originated around this time. In this movement is where palliative care begins.[23][24] Europe
1080 Organization Hospital of St. John is founded by a group of monks.[25] Jerusalem
1377 Organization Bedlam is founded as an asylum for lunatics.[26] London
1423 Organization The first permanent pest house in Europe is founded.[27] Venice, Italy
1487 Development Ambulances are first used for emergency transport.[28] Spain
1519 Organization Hospital San Nicolás de Bari is the first hospital founded in the Americas, under Spanish rule.[29] Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
1524 Organization The first hospital in North America is built by Hernán Cortés.[13] Mexico City, Mexico
1633 Organization Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul is founded as a society of young women who share their dedication of helping the poor and the sick.[30] France
1664 Organization The Madras General Hospital is the first western hospital opened in India. It is originally aimed at serving sick soldiers of the British East India Company.[31] India
1718 Organization Huguenots of France establish a hospital in England.[13] United Kingdom
1726 Organization University of Edinburgh Medical School is established.[32] Edinburgh, Scotland
1794 Organization The Glasgow Royal Infirmary is founded. It is the first hospital to have systematic training courses for nurses and the first hospital known to have an X-ray unit.[33] Glasgow, Scotland
1804 Organization Moorfields Eye Hospital is founded. It is the first center in the world for ophthalmic treatment.[34] London, United Kingdom
1815 Policy Apothecaries Act 1815 is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act introduces compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries, in modern terms general practitioners, under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. It is the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in Great Britain. The Act requires instruction in anatomy, botany, chemistry, materia medica and "physic", in addition to six months of practical hospital experience.[35] United Kingdom
1833 Organization First homeopathic hospital opens.[36] Leipzig, Germany
1847 Policy Hungarian obstetrician Ignaz Semmelweis working at a Vienna maternity hospital, institutes mandatory hand-washing after hypothesizing that medical students were infecting patients. After the new procedure, infection rates drop dramatically.[37] Vienna, Austria
1851 Organization The largest lunatic asylum in Europe is founded.[38] London, England
1851 Organization The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust is founded. It is the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.[39] London, United Kingdom
1853–1856 Organization The first hospital train is built during the Crimean War.[40]
1859 Organization First cottage hospital (a small rural building having several beds) is founded.[41] Surrey, England
1859 Organization The National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic (today National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery) is founded. It is the first hospital in the world specializing in outpatient epilepsy care.[42] London, United Kingdom
1867 Organization The first outpatient clinic is established at the Philadelphia Hospital, for orthopedics.[43] United States
1883–1911 Policy The first healthcare system of modern history launches, starting with policies of the introduced Otto von Bismarck's social legislation.[44] Germany
1889 Organization Johns Hopkins Hospital is founded. Major accomplishments here include the development of HeLa, by George Otto Gey, head of tissue culture research in 1951;[45] the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture; the identification of the three types of polio virus; and the first "blue baby" operation.[46] Baltimore, Maryland, United States
1890 Development American surgeon William Stewart Halsted introduces the use of surgical gloves to the practice of medicine.[47]
1895 Development The first surgery on the heart itself is performed at Rikshospitalet.[48] Oslo, Norway
1899 Technology launch The first motor powered (electric) ambulance enters service in Chicago, Illinois at the Michael Reese Hospital.[28] United States
1909 Development Pediatric ambulatory anesthesia is first reported.[49]
1911 Organization The first specialized trauma care center in the world is opened at the University of Louisville Hospital.[50] Louisville, Kentucky, United States
1922 Development Hospitals start to group newborn infants into one specific area, today called neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).[51]
1940 Development First use of the wonder drug Penicillin on a large scale takes place at RAF Hospital Halton.[52] United Kingdom
1948 Policy Park Hospital (now Trafford General Hospital) becomes the first hospital in the world to offer free healthcare to all.[53] Trafford, United Kingdom
1949 Organization The first hospital of traditional Chinese medicine is established.[54] Baoding, China
1950 Development Austrian anesthesiologist Peter Safar establishes the concept of "Advanced Support of Life", keeping patients sedated and ventilated in an intensive care environment. Safar is considered to be the first practitioner of intensive care medicine as a specialty, having started the first multidisciplinary critical care medicine fellowship program in the world.[55]
1952 Development Ambulances begin to be restructured to become mobile hospitals rather than just vehicles for transporting patients.[28]
1960–1964 Technology launch Continuous cardiac monitoring (CCM) is first introduced in hospitals for heart rate and rhythm monitoring in coronary intensive care units.[56]
1966 Development Provision of pre-hospital cardiac care by physicians is launched as an experiment for improving care.[57] Belfast, Northern Ireland
1966 Technology launch Duke University Hospital, under program Med-Aid (short for Medical Assistance for Isolated Doctors), becomes the first medical center in the world to offer radio consultation with physicians in developing countries.[58] Durham, North Carolina, United States
1968 Technology launch The first hospital information system is developed.[59] United States
1968 Organization The first Traditional Tibetan medicine hospital in Bhutan is established.[60] Thimphu, Bhutan
1974 Organization The Hamlin Fistula Hospital is founded is founded by Australian obstetrician Catherine Hamlin. It is the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of fistula in the world and the only place where fistula injuries could be treated in Ethiopia.[61] Ethiopia (Addis Ababa)
1988 Technology launch Routine newborn hearing screening with otoacoustic emission (OAE) is first introduced, at Whipps Cross University Hospital.[62] London, United Kingdom
1996 Organization Fortis Memorial Research Institute is founded. It is the first hospital in the world to offer digital broadband MRI imaging.[63] New Delhi, India
1999 Technology launch eHealth, a relatively recent term for healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, starts to develop.[64]
2000 Organization The first Ayurvedic hospital outside India is founded.[65] London, United Kingdom
2001 Technology launch Lindbergh operation, the first complete tele-surgical operation, is carried out by a team of surgeons located in New York City on a patient at Strasbourg Civil Hospital.[66] United States, France
2003 Technology launch University of Maryland Medical Center first employs robots to deliver medications from the satellite pharmacies to the patient care units.[67] Baltimore, Maryland, United States
2010 Technology launch Canopy is launched as a language translation software used primarily by hospitals and clinics to communicate with limited English proficiency people (LEP's) or non-English speaking patients. The project is funded by the National Institutes of Health.[68]
2012 Technology launch Palomar Medical Center is founded. It is the first hospital to use wireless wrist band, a device is capable of transmitting vital signs from the patient into the hospital system.[69] Escondido, California, United States
2015 Technology launch Kuopio University Hospital introduces Ascom Myco, a smartphone specially designed for mission-critical communications in hospitals and healthcare environments.[70] Kuopio, Finland

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See also

References

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Category:Hospitals Category:Health-related timelines