Difference between revisions of "Timeline of infection control"

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* What are some notable books, papers and documents related to infection control?
 
* What are some notable books, papers and documents related to infection control?
 
** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
 
** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
 +
* What are some types of infection mentioned in the timeline?
 +
** Look for the column with the value "Infection type"
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** You will read specific types of infection in some cases, and more general (like "Microbial infection" and "Bacterial infection") in other rows.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==

Revision as of 17:28, 15 July 2020

This is a timeline of infection control, attempting to describe significant events related to the development of this field.

Sample questions

  • What events describe the introduction of chemical agents designed to inactivate or destroy microorganisms?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant introduction".
  • What are some events describing research on disinfectants?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant research".
  • What are events desctibing the discovery and/or introduction of disinfection methods other chemical agents?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method introduction".
  • What are some events describing research on disinfection methods?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method research".
  • What are some historically significant applications of public measures aimed at preventing and controlling infection outbreaks?
  • What are some events describing the introduction of new terms and concepts related to infection control?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".
  • What are some notable books, papers and documents related to infection control?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
  • What are some types of infection mentioned in the timeline?
    • Look for the column with the value "Infection type"
    • You will read specific types of infection in some cases, and more general (like "Microbial infection" and "Bacterial infection") in other rows.

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
17th–18th centuries Early scientific development The word disinfectant is introduced in 1658 for removal of infection. Years later in the 17th century, Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms and first sees bacteria. In the first half of the 18th century, an early scientific study of hospital or nosocomial cross-infection begins in Britain.[1]
19th century Hospital reform Early hospital for infectious diseases are established in Europe. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis in Austria proposes the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions, considerably reducing mortality at hospitals. In the 1860s, the work by Florence Nightingale in England motivates new policies of control of cross-infection in many hospitals. The 19th century is one of prolific scientific achievements. A considerable number of disinfectants and disinfection methods are introduced.
20th century Antibiotic revolution and birth of infection control discipline In the 1930s, with the discovery of sulfa and penicillin, the ability to fight infection becomes reality.[2] In the 1940s, the discovery of more antibiotics makes a dramatic difference to the control of infections in the body.[3] By the 1970s, hospital based infection control emerges as a distinct specialty.[4] In the 1980s, alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe. In ther 1990s, cubicle curtain design undergoes a period of rapid growth in the decade.[5]
21st century Increased infection control awareness The 2001 anthrax attacks, the SARS outbreak in 2002 and the continued concern about an avian influenza pandemic motivated a heightened awareness of the importance of disaster (natural or bioterrorism related) preparedness.[6] This awareness was taken to an unprecedented level by 2020 with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Visual data

Google Trends

The image shows Google Trends data for "infection" and "quarantine" search terms from January 2004 to June 2020.[7] The latter peaks in March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the month when the United States becomes the country with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 infections.

Infection Google Trends.png

Wikipedia views

The image shows Wikipedia views desktop data for the articles Infection, Quarantine, and Infection control. Three local maximums in 2008, 2015, and 2020 closely match the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[8]

Infection Control Wikipedia Views.png

The image shows desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider, and mobile-app Wikipedia views data for the article Infection control.[9]

Infection Wikipedia Views.png

Full timeline

Year Event type Infection type Details Present time country/region
c.3000 BC Disinfectant introduction Ancient Egyptians use palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming.[10] Egypt
800 BC Disinfectant introduction The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by Homer in book xii of the Odyssey, where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.[10]
1363 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Alcohol as an antiseptic is recommended for wound treatment by French physician Guy de Chauliac.[11] France
1523 Cordon sanitaire Plague During a plague outbreak in Birgu, Malta, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.[12] Malta
1523 Infection prevention Anthrax English scholar Anthony Fitzherbert recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' (anthrax), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')[10] United Kingdom
1598 Concept development The word disinfectant is first recorded in writing, with the meaning "to cure, to heale".[13]
1605 Concept development The word septic is first recorded, which means "putrefying".[13]
1658 Concept development The word disinfectant is used in a more modern sense, to remove infection.[13]
1659 Disinfectant introduction Potassium permanganate is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist Johann Rudolf Glauber.[14][15] Netherlands
1666 Cordon sanitaire Plague The English village of Eyam famously imposes a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the community.[16][17] United Kingdom
1675 Scientific development Microbial infection Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.[18]
1676 Scientific development Microbial infection Dutch scientist Antonie Van Leuwenhoek first sees bacteria.[13] In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.[18] Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.[10] Netherlands
1708–1712 Cordon sanitaire Plague A broad cordon sanitaire is extended around the border of the former Duchy of Prussia during a plague outbreak. Those crossing into the exclave are quarantined.[19] Russia
1715 Disinfection method introduction Cattle plague Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi recommends using vinegar (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of cattle plague.[20][21][10] Italy
1716 Policy Cattle plague Frederick the Great in Prussia introduces policy mandating that the clothing of persons who have attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'.[10] Germany, ex-Prussian territories
1718 Disinfection method introduction French naturalist Louis Joblot sterilizes a hay infusion by boiling it for 15 minutes and then sealing the container.[22][23][10] France
1719 Disinfectant introduction Thymol is first isolated by the German chemist Caspar Neumann.[24] Germany
1730 Disinfectant introduction Glanders infection Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor decrees that stables which have housed glanderous horses should be plastered with quicklime. Such arrangements figure in numerous texts published in Europe around the time.[10] Europe
1733 Infection control Leprosy The Lazzaretto of Ancona starts being built on an artificial island as a quarantine station and leprosarium for the port town of Ancona, Italy.[25] Italy
1745 Infection prevention Plague A decree in Oldenburg prescribes the cleaning with caustic soda of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.[10] Germany
1770 Cordon sanitaire Plague Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa sets up a cordon sanitaire between Austria and the Ottoman Empire to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool are held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they show signs of disease.[26] Austrian Empire region
1771 Infection prevention Epizootic infection Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.[10] France
1774 Disinfectant introduction Microbial infection Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine.[27]
1776 Disinfection method research Microbial infection Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrates that it is impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in has been boiled for an hour.[10][22] Italy
1784 Infection prevention Non-human animal contagious diseases A decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliges the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which has been in contact with these animals.[10] France
1789 Disinfectant introduction French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet produces potassium hypochlorite for the first time in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris.[28][29] France
1793 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever During a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, roads and bridges leading to the city are blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading.[30] United States
1794 Infection prevention Plague English physician Erasmus Darwin recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.[10] United Kingdom
1800 Infrastructure Hospital-acquired infection, communicable infection A Hospital for Sick Children is established in Paris, initially admitting infectious cases, with consequent high mortality from cross-infection.[31] France
1801 Infrastructure General The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in London.[32] United Kingdom
1803 Concept development Smallpox The word 'germ', in relation to a smallpox infection, is printed.[13]
1811 Disinfectant introduction Microbial pathogens Chlorine dioxide is discovered.[33][34][35]
1813–1814 Cordon sanitaire Plague During the 1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, cordon sanitaires are implemented in the main urban settlements and rural settlements with a high mortality rate. People are prevented from entering or leaving.[36][37] Malta
1818 Disinfectant introduction Louis Jacques Thénard first produces hydrogen peroxide by reacting barium peroxide with nitric acid.[38] France
1821 Cordon sanitaire Concept development The term cordon sanitaire dates to this year.[39][40][41] France
1823 Disinfectant introduction French chemist Antoine Germain Labarraque uses hypochlorite as a deodorant and disinfectant in a catgut factory.[27] France
1827 Disinfectant introduction English surgeon Thomas Alcock shows the possibility to use hypochlorite for disinfection.[22] United Kingdom
1829 Disinfectant introduction Lugol's iodine is first made by French physician Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol.[42][43] France
1831 Disinfection method introduction English chemist William Henry investigates the disinfection of infected clothing using heat rendered them harmless. Henry devises a jacketed dry heat (hot air) steriliser.[22] United Kingdom
1832 Disinfectant introduction Cholera English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air during a cholera epidemic.[27][44] United Kingdom
1834 Disinfectant introduction Microbial infection German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovers a phenol, now known as carbolic acid, which he derives in an impure form from coal tar.[45] Germany
1834 Disinfectant introduction Hypochlorous acid is discovered by French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water.[46]
1839 Disinfectant introduction Wound infection Davies uses iodine for treating infected wounds. This is the first reference to using tincture of iodine in wounds.[22]
1844 Disinfectant introduction Bayard in France prepares an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay.[47] France
1847 Medical development Childbed fever Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis presents evidence that childbed fever is spread from person to person on the unclean hands of health-care workers.[48] Austria
1847 Disinfectant introduction Childbed fever Motivated by Ignaz Semmelweis discovery, a bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.[18] Austria
1850 Disinfectant introduction French pharmacist Ferdinand Le Beuf makes a useful disinfectant based on the bark of quillaia, a South American tree.[47] France
1850 Disinfection method introduction Anthrax, bacterial infection French physician Casimir Davaine finds the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of dying sheep. Davaine works on animal infections. Later, he works on a porcelain filter, to remove bacteria.[22] France
1852 Disinfectant introduction Microbial infection Eucalyptus oil is introduced in Australia.[49] Australia
1852 Disinfection method introduction Cholera French physician Victor Burq discovers that those working with copper have far fewer deaths to cholera than anyone else, and concludes that putting copper on the skin is effective at preventing someone from getting cholera.[50]
1852 Infrastructure Hospital-acquired infection, communicable infection Great Ormond Street Hospital is founded in London. In this hospital, cross-infection is avoided in the children's wards by admission of such cases as perhaps smallpox, scarlet fever, and diphtheria to fever hospitals.[31] United Kingdom
1854 Disinfection method research Bacterial infection German scientist Heinrich G. F. Schröder and German physician Theodor von Dusch show that bacteria can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool by boiling infusion.[22] Germany
1854 Disinfectant introduction Chlorinated lime is applied in the tratment of sewage in London.[22] United Kingdom
1858 Disinfectant introduction British physician Benjamin Ward Richardson takes note of the capacity of hydrogen peroxide to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.[22] United Kingdom
1858 Disinfectant introduction Bacterial infection Fuchsine is first prepared by August Wilhelm von Hofmann from aniline and carbon tetrachloride.[51][52]
1859 Disinfectant introduction Russian chemist Alexander Butlerov discovers formaldehyde.[53][54][27] Russia
1859 Disinfection method research Heinrich G. F. Schröder shows that boiling infusion at temperatures above 100°C (e.g., egg yolks, milk and meat) for prolonged time destroys growth but boiling for a short period at 100 °C does not stop growth.[22] Germany
1860 Publication Hospital-acquired infection English social reformer Florence Nightingale publishes Notes on Nursing, a series of guidelines with recommendations on sanitation and hospital environment. These publications prompt new policies of control of cross-infection in most hospitals.[31] United Kingdom
1863 Disinfection method research Anthrax Casimir Devaine demonstrates that porcelain filters retained anthrax bacteria.[22] France
1865 Disinfectant introduction Microbial infection Joseph Lister applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.[55][56] United Kingdom
1866 Disinfectant introduction Methyl violet is manufactured in France by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It is a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.[57] France
1867 Disinfectant introduction The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by Joseph Lister in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.[27] United Kingdom
1869 Cordon sanitaire Cholera French epidemiologist Achille Adrien Proust (father of novelist Marcel Proust) proposes the use of an international cordon sanitaire to control the spread of cholera, which emerged from India and, and threatening Europe and Africa at the time. Proust proposes that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at Suez, however his ideas would not be generally embraced.[58][59][60] France
1871 Disinfectant introduction Soap is used with coal tar to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.[27]
1871 Disinfection method introduction Anthrax German botanist Ernst Tiegel filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.[22] Germany
1872 Disinfectant research Early work by German biochemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen shows that phenol is a solvent for proteins.[27] Germany
1873–1875 Disinfectant research Anthrax Casimir Davaine reports bactericidal efficiency of iodine solutions against the anthrax bacillus.[22] France
1874 Concept development The word 'sterilization' is first used as in: sterilization by heat of organic liquids.[22]
1875 Disinfectant introduction Microbial infection Bucholtz publishes his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, phenol, creosote and salicylic and benzoic acid required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms.[27]
1876 Scientific development Anthrax Robert Koch publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.[32]
1877 Scientific development Bacterial infection English physicist John Tyndale discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates tyndallization, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.[22] United Kingdom
1877 Concept development The word 'sterile' is first used.[13]
1877 Disinfection method research Bacterial infection Downes and Blunt demonstrate sterilization of a bacterial culture after nine hours of exposure to sunlight. This is the precursor of ultraviolet light (UV).[22]
1877 Disinfectant introduction British chemical manufacturer John Jeyes patents his Jeyes fluid.[61] United Kingdom
1878 Disinfection method introduction Joseph Lister recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.[22]
1878 Disinfection method research Pathogenic bacteria American physician George Miller Sternberg shows that pathogenic bacteria (vegetative or non-spores) are killed in 10 minutes at a relatively benigntemperature of 62°C to 72°C.[22] United States
1878 Concept development Bacterial infection Irish physicist John Tyndall uses the adjective bactericidal.[13] United Kingdom
1881 Disinfectant research Anthrax Robert Koch concludes that ethanol is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with anthrax spores.[11] Germany
1881 Disinfection method research Bacterial infection Koch and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.[22]
1881 Disinfectant research Diphtheria Evidence is found about the use of ozone as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on diphtheria.[22]
1882 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever In response to a virulent outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, and in northern Mexico, a cordon sanitaire is established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.[62][63] United States
1883 Medical equipment introduction Hospital-acquired infection Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon Gustav Adolf Neuber using a form of autoclave.[22] Germany
1884 Disinfection method introduction Microbial infection French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invents the first autoclave.[22]
1884 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection Louis Pasteur and Charles Chamberland design the first candle-shaped porcelain depth filter for the removal of bacteria.[22] France
1885 Disinfection method introduction Germ infection German surgeon Curt Schimmelbusch develops and evaluates details of aseptic technique. He is the first to sterilize surgical dressing by steam. Schimmelbusch also advocates adding sodium carbonate to boiling water to enhance its germicidal value and prevent corrosion of instruments.[22] Germany
1885 Disinfection method introduction Gaston Poupinel in France introduces the first device of dry heat sterilization, which begins to be used in many hospitals.[22] France
1886 Disinfectant introduction Bacterial infection Formaldehyde is examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher.[27]
1887 Disinfectant introduction Bacterial infection Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to bacteria.[27]
1987 Publication Body substances infection A document entitled Body substance isolation emphasizes avoiding contact with all moist and potentially infectious body substances except sweat even if blood not present. The document shares some features with universal precautions.[64]
1888 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever During a yellow fever epidemic, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, is surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry.[65][66] United States
1888 Publication Wound infection Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.[22]
1888 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection German surgeon Ervis Von Esmarch investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.[22] Germany
1888 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection American bacteriologist Joseph J. Kinyoun makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.[22] United States
1889 Concept development parasitic fungi infection The word fungicide appears for the first time.[13]
1880s Disinfectant introduction Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.[18]
1891 Disinfection method introduction Information about the steam sterilizer appears in print.[22]
1891 Disinfection method introduction Hospital-acquired infection Heat sterilization of instruments is introduced by German surgeon Ernst Von Bergmann.[22]
1892 Disinfectant introduction The name ethanol is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in Geneva, Switzerland.[67] Switzerland
1893 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection British botanist Harry Marshall Ward experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.[68][69] Ward demonstrates that it is primarily the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that has the bactericidal action.[70] United Kingdom
1894 Disinfectant introduction English industrialist William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme introduces the first mass-produced carbolic soap to the market, Lifebuoy.[71] United Kingdom
1896 Disinfection method introduction Microbial infection German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays, which soon become known for their ability to destroy microbes.[22]
1897 Test introduction Defries develops an ingenious test which seeks to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process.[27]
1897 Disinfection method introduction Kronig and Paul in Germany publish paper examining the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process.[27][72][73] Germany
1897 Publication Hospital-acquired infection Kilmer publishes a classical paper entitled Modern Surgical Dressings.[22]
1897 Concept development Microbial infection The adjective microbiocidal appears.[13]
1898 Disinfection method introduction A. Schmidt reports on disinfection using formaldehyde as a wet vapour to fumigate sick rooms.[22]
1898 Disinfection method introduction Bacterial infection H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of X-rays, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of cholera, diphtheria, typhoid, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.[22]<ref>{{cite web |title=BACTER
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