Timeline of infection control
From Timelines
This is a timeline of infection control.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary | More details |
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Full timeline
Year | Event type | Infection type | Details | Country/region |
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c.3000 BC | Ancient Egyptians use palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming.[1] | Egypt | ||
800 BC | The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by Homer in book xii of the Odyssey, where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.[1] | |||
1363 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Alcohol as an antiseptic is recommended for wound treatment by French physician Guy de Chauliac.[2] | France |
1523 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | During a plague outbreak in Birgu, Malta, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.[3] | Malta |
1523 | English scholar Anthony Fitzherbert recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' (anthrax), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')[1] | United Kingdom | ||
1659 | Disinfectant | Potassium permanganate is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist Johann Rudolf Glauber.[4][5] | Netherlands | |
1666 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | The English village of Eyam famously imposes a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the community.[6][7] | United Kingdom |
1675 | Microbial pathogens | Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.[8] | ||
1676 | Microbial pathogens | Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.[8] "It was not until 1676 that Van Leeuwenhoek offered the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he had discovered using the microscope of his own invention."[1] | ||
1708–1712 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | "During the Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712, cordons sanitaires were established around affected towns like Stralsund and Königsberg; one was also established around the whole Duchy of Prussia and another one between Scania and the Danish isles along the Sound, with Saltholm as the central quarantine station" | |
1715 | Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi recommends using vinegar (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of cattle plague.[9][10][1] | Italy | ||
1716 | "An edict of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, in 1716, decreed that the clothing of persons who had attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'. There were heavy penalties for contravention: branding, forced labour for perpetuity and even flagellation followed by hanging"[1] | |||
1718 | French naturalist Louis Joblot sterilizes a hay infusion by boiling it for 15 minutes and then sealing the container.[11][12][1] | France | ||
1730 | Disinfectant | "In 1730, Emperor Charles VI decreed that stables which had housed glanderous horses should be plastered with quicklime (16). Such arrangements figured in numerous texts published in Europe."[1] | ||
1745 | "e. In 1745, a decree at Oldenburg prescribed the cleaning with caustic soda of troughs from which cattle with plague had fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash"[1] | |||
1770 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | "In 1770 the Empress Maria Theresa set up a cordon sanitaire between Austria and the Ottoman Empire to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool were held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they showed signs of disease. " | |
1771 | "Thus, a decree issued by the Council of the King of France (June 1771) stipulated that 'animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages"[1] | |||
1774 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine.[13] | |
1776 | Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrates that it was impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in had been boiled for an hour.[1][11] | Italy | ||
1784 | Disinfectant | "In 1784, a decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliged the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which had been in contact with these animals"[1] | ||
1789 | Disinfectant | "Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris" | France | |
1789 | "In 1789 Tennant prepared a bleaching powder, as distinct from a liquid, by passing chlorine gas into a slurry of slaked lime"[13] | |||
1793 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "During the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, roads and bridges leading to the city were blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading. " | |
1794 | "In 1794, Erasmus Darwin recommended that if cattle plague were introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'"[1] | |||
1801 | General | The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in London.[14] | United Kingdom | |
1811 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Chlorine dioxide is discovered. | |
1813–1814 | "During the 1813–14 Malta plague epidemic, the main urban settlements of Malta (Valletta, Floriana and the Three Cities) and rural settlements with a high mortality rate (Birkirkara, Qormi, Żebbuġ and later Xagħra) were cordoned off by the military to prevent people from entering or leaving" | |||
1821 | Cordon sanitaire | "The term cordon sanitaire dates to 1821" | ||
1821 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "The 1821 yellow fever epidemic ravaged Barcelona and a cordon sanitaire was set up around the entire city of 150,000 people. Between 18,000 and 20,000 died in four months" | |
1823 | Disinfectant | "In 1823 Labarraque used hypochlorite as a deodorant and disinfectant in a cat-gut factory"[13] | ||
1827 | English surgeon Thomas Alcock shows the possibility to use hypochlorite for disinfection.[11] | United Kingdom | ||
1829 | Disinfectant | Lugol's iodine is first made by French physician Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol.[15][16] | France | |
1831 | Disinfectant | English chemist William Henry investigates the disinfection of infected clothing using heat rendered them harmless. Henry devises a jacketed dry heat (hot air) steriliser.[11] | United Kingdom | |
1832 | Disinfectant | "Apart from the burning of aromatic herbs and the use of chlorine gas in the Paisley cholera epidemic of 1832, the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air"[13] | ||
1834 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovers a phenol, now known as carbolic acid, which he derives in an impure form from coal tar. | |
1834 | Disinfectant | Hypochlorous acid is discovered by French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water.[17] | ||
1839 | Davies uses iodine for treating infected wounds. This is the first reference to using tincture of iodine in wounds.[11] | |||
1844 | Disinfectant | Bayard in France prepares an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay.[18] | France | |
1847 | Disinfectant | A bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.[8] | ||
1850 | Disinfectant | French pharmacist Ferdinand Le Beuf makes a useful disinfectant based on the bark of quillaia, a South American tree.[18] | France | |
1850 | French physician Casimir Davaine finds the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of dying sheep. Davaine works on animal infections. Later, he works on a porcelain filter, to remove bacteria.[11] | France | ||
1852 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Eucalyptus oil is introduced in Australia.[19] | Australia |
1854 | German scientist Heinrich G. F. Schröder and German physician Theodor von Dusch show that bacteria can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool by boiling infusion.[11] | Germany | ||
1854 | Chlorinated lime is applied in the tratment of sewage in London.[11] | United Kingdom | ||
1856 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | A cordon sanitaire is implemented in several cities during the yellow fever epidemic. | |
1858 | British statistician Florence Nightingale promotes the case for hospital reform.[20] | United Kingdom | ||
1858 | British physician Benjamin Ward Richardson takes note of the capacity of hydrogen peroxide to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.[11] | United Kingdom | ||
1858 | Disinfectant | Bacteria | Fuchsine is first prepared by August Wilhelm von Hofmann from aniline and carbon tetrachloride.[21][22] | |
1859 | Disinfectant | Formaldehyde is discovered.[13] | ||
1859 | Heinrich G. F. Schröder shows that boiling infusion at temperatures above 100°C (e.g., egg yolks, milk and meat) for prolonged time destroys growth but boiling for a short period at 100 °C does not stop growth.[11] | Germany | ||
1863 | Casimir Devaine demonstrates that porcelain filters retained anthrax bacteria.[11] | France | ||
1865 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Dr. Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.[23][24] | United Kingdom |
1866 | Disinfectant | Methyl violet is manufactured in France by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.[25] | France | |
1867 | Disinfectant | The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by British surgeon Joseph Lister in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.[13] | United Kingdom | |
1869 | Cordon sanitaire | Cholera | "In 1869, Adrien Proust (father of novelist Marcel Proust) proposed the use of an international cordon sanitaire to control the spread of cholera, which had emerged from India and was threatening Europe and Africa. Proust proposed that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at Suez, however his ideas were not generally embraced" | |
1871 | "Thus in 1871 soap was used with coal tar to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation was patented."[13] | |||
1871 | German botanist Ernst Tiegel filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.[11] | Germany | ||
1872 | "Some early work due to Ritthausen (1872) showed that phenol was a solvent for proteins."[13] | |||
1873–1875 | Casimir Davaine reports bactericidal efficiency of iodine solutions against the anthrax bacillus.[11] | France | ||
1874 | The word 'sterilization' is foirst used as in: sterilization by heat of organic liquids.[11] | |||
1875 | Disinfectant | "One hundred and thirty years were to pass before another paper on evaluation appeared and by this time much more was known and published about bacteria. This paper was by Bucholtz (1875), who published his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, phenol, creosote and salicylic and benzoic acid required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms."[13] | ||
1876 | Robert Koch publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.[14] | |||
1877 | English physicist John Tyndale discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates tyndallization, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.[11] | United Kingdom | ||
1877 | The word 'sterile' is first used.[11] | |||
1877 | Downes and Blunt demonstrate sterilization of a bacterial culture after nine hours of exposure to sunlight. This is the precursor of ultraviolet light (UV).[11] | |||
1877 | Disinfectant | British chemical manufacturer John Jeyes patents his Jeyes fluid.[26] | United Kingdom | |
1878 | Lister recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.[11] | |||
1878 | American physician George Miller Sternberg shows that pathogenic bacteria (vegetative or non-spores) are killed in 10 minutes at a relatively benigntemperature of 62°C to 72°C.[11] | United States | ||
1881 | Robert Koch concludes that ethanol is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with anthrax spores.[2] | Germany | ||
1881 | Koch and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.[11] | |||
1881 | There is evidence of the use of ozone as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on diphtheria.[11] | |||
1882 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "in 1882, in response to a virulent outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, and in northern Mexico, a cordon sanitaire was established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east." | |
1883 | Gustav Adolf Neuber} using a form of autoclave.[11] | Germany | ||
1884 | French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invents the first autoclave.[11] | |||
1884 | Pasteur and Chamberland design the first candle-shaped porcelain depth filter for the removal of bacteria.[11] | |||
1885 | German surgeon Curt Schimmelbusch develops and evaluates details of aseptic technique. He is the first to sterilize surgical dressing by steam. Schimmelbusch also advocates adding sodium carbonate to boiling water to enhance its germicidal value and prevent corrosion of instruments.[11] | Germany | ||
1885 | Gaston Poupinel in France introduces the first device of dry heat sterilization, which begins to be used in many hospitals.[11] | France | ||
1886 | Rabies | Louis Pasteur successfully immunizes a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog with spinal cord suspensions of inactivated rabies virus.[14] | ||
1886 | Disinfectant | Formaldehyde is examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher.[13] | ||
1887 | Disinfectant | Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to bacteria.[13] | ||
1888 | Cordon sanitaire | During a yellow fever epidemic, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, is surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry.[27][28] | United States | |
1888 | Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.[11] | |||
1888 | German surgeon Ervis Von Esmarch investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.[11] | Germany | ||
1888 | American bacteriologist Joseph J. Kinyoun makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.[11] | United States | ||
1880s | Disinfectant | Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.[8] | ||
1891 | Information about the steam sterilizer appears in print.[11] | |||
1891 | Heat sterilization of instruments is introduced by German surgeon Ernst Von Bergmann.[11] | |||
1892 | Disinfectant | The name ethanol is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in Geneva, Switzerland.[29] | Switzerland | |
1893 | Ward experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.[11] | |||
1896 | German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays, which soon become known for their ability to destroy microbes.[11] | |||
1897 | Disinfectant | "Another ingenious test which sought to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process was that of Defries (1897)."[13] | ||
1897 | "Two workers in Germany, Kronig & Paul (1897), sought to examine the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process in a phenomenal and exemplary paper"[13] | |||
1897 | Kilmer publishes a classical paper entitled Modern Surgical Dressings.[11] | |||
1898 | A. Schmidt reports on disinfection using formaldehyde as a wet vapour to fumigate sick rooms.[11] | |||
1898 | Reider describes the bactericidal activity of X-rays.[11] | |||
1899 | Cordon sanitaire | "In 1899 an outbreak of the plague in Honolulu was managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter was created and people's belongings and homes were burned" | ||
1900 | By this time, there are 4,000 hospitals in the United States.[14] | United States | ||
1900 | Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances (radium).[11] | |||
1900–1904 | Cordon sanitaire | "During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 San Francisco's Chinatown was subjected to a cordon sanitaire" | ||
1901 | Disinfectant | "The first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of phenols, however, was due to Meyer (1901) who showed that the antibacterial action of phenols was paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein was the prime target."[13] | ||
1902 | Cordon sanitaire | "In 1902, Louisiana imposed a cordon sanitaire to prevent Italian immigrants from disembarking at the port of New Orleans. " | ||
1903 | Disinfectant | "The Rideal-Walker test was introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi. It was published in 1903"[13] Rideal Walker proposes the phenol coefficient test.[11] | ||
1903–1914 | Cordon sanitaire | Trypanosomiasis | "From 1903 to 1914, the Belgian colonial government imposed a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the Belgian Congo to control outbreaks of trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)" | |
1909 | Disinfectant | "A modification of this method was adopted by the American Public Health Association in 1909 as a standard for determining airborne bacteria."[13] | ||
1910 | Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.[11] | |||
1912 | "Cooper, again working with bacteria and phenols, also concluded that phenols destroyed intracellular protein by coagulation."[13] | |||
1913 | Disinfectant | "Three years later Cooper (1913) made the interesting statement that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells was the first reaction of the disinfection process."[13] | ||
1916 | Disinfectant | Bacterial disease | A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the Rockefeller Institute as having bactericidal properties.[8] | United States |
1916 | Disinfectant | "Another type of antimicrobial molecule was introduced in 1916. These were organic derivatives of the positivelycharged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom was substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups."[13] | ||
1916 | The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) publishes its first chapteron sterilization in USP Volume 9.[11] | United States | ||
1918 | Cordon sanitaire | Influenza | "The 1918 flu pandemic spread so rapidly that, in general, there was no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of Gunnison, Colorado isolated themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of 1918. All highways were barricaded near the county lines" | |
1918 | Cordon sanitaire | Influenza | "During the 1918 flu pandemic, the then Governor of American Samoa, John Martin Poyer, imposed a reverse cordon sanitaire of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory.[23] In contrast, the neighboring New Zealand-controlled Western Samoa was among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease" | |
1918 | Hydrogen peroxide is used in World War I as a germicide.[11] | |||
1920 | Standard Oil first produces isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene. | |||
1921 | Bigelow describes the logarithmic nature of thermal death time (TDT) curves.[11] | |||
1921 | Samuel Rideal and Eric Rideal publish Chemical Disinfection and Sterilization.[11] | |||
1922 | Bigelow and Esty, utilizing spores, determine the thermal death time (TDT), as a means of evaluating sterilization of thermophilic microbes.[11] | |||
1922 | Zsigmondy and Buchmann introduce a membrane filter composed of cellulose esters for the removal of bacteria from solution.[11] | |||
1928 | Gates discovers the germicidal wavelength of UV light.[11] | |||
1929 | Schrader and Bossert find that ethylene oxide (EO) has bactericidal properties.[11] | |||
1929 | Otto Rahn discovers that the size of bacteria is the cause of the logarithmic order of death.[11] | |||
Late 1920s | Hall exploits bactericidal activity of ethylene oxide to lower the microbiological content of spices.[11] | |||
1933 | Disinfectant | Dettol | ||
1933 | Gross and Dixon patent use of EO as a sterilizing agent.[11] | |||
1933 | Disinfectant | Soap-solubilized formulation containing chloroxylenol and terpineol is introduced by Colebrook and Maxted.[13] | ||
1933 | American Engineer Weeden Underwood makes notable advances in design of, and application of pressure steam sterilizers. This is considered the beginning of the era of scientific sterilization.[11] | United States | ||
1933 | Schauffler documents the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide solutions.[11] | |||
1934 | Weeden Underwood writes an early textbook on sterilization called Textbook on Sterilization.[11] | United States | ||
1935 | Disinfectant | The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.[8] | ||
1936 | Ernest Carr McCulloch publishes Disinfection and Sterilization.[11] | |||
1938 | Carl Walter describes the first rapid, safe mechanical process for routine cleaning and terminal sterilization, called the washer-sterilizer.[11] | |||
1938 | Corona discharge is found to be a sterilizing agent.[11] | |||
1939 | Nordgren reports on early work in regard to formaldehyde efficacy, poarticularly under deep vacuum.[11] | |||
1941 | UK Control of Infection Officer[30] | United Kingdom | ||
1941 | Robertson, Bigg, Miller and Baker report on the aerosol disinfection of glycols.[11] | |||
1942 | Amidines studied as antitrypanocidal drugs are shown to be antibacterial by Fuller.[13] | |||
1942 | Underwood defines the first "flash sterilization" at 30 min at 121°C.[11] | |||
1943 | First isolation ward in USA[31] | United States | ||
1943 | Theodore Puck, Robertson and Henry Lemon report on the bactericidal activity of propylene glycol (hydrolysis by-product of propylene oxide) vapour.[11] | |||
1944 | USA Infection Control Officer.[32] | United States | ||
1943–1945 | Otto Rahn describes the logarithmic kinetics and temperature coefficient values of sterilants and antimicrobial agents.[11] | |||
1946 | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is founded.[14] | United States | ||
1946 | Ewell demonstrates that microbes are more readily killed by ozone in high humidity than at low humidity.[11] | |||
1947 | Disinfectant | Fungus, HIV-1 (AIDS), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C | The barbicide is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.[33] | United States |
1947 | A widespread outbreak of gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, gave rise to a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. Milton sterilizing fluid becomes the antiseptic advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.[34] | United Kingdom | ||
1947 | Disinfectant | "It culminated in 12 papers by Jordan et al. (1947) on the dynamics of the disinfection of Escherichza cola by phenol and heat"[13] | ||
1950 | Disinfectant | "11 papers by Berry & Michaels (1950) on the bactericidal activity of ethylene glycol and its mono alkyl ethers on the same organism. These papers recorded in meticulous detail the time course of the disinfection process, the effect of temperature and other factors upon it and how loss of activity with dilution-the concentration exponent-is a variant property of antibacterial substances."[13] | ||
1954 | Disinfectant | "Davies et al. (1954) described the new antimicrobial compound chlorhexidine."[13] | ||
1955 | "1955 saw the introduction of peracetic acid"[13] | |||
1955 | Disinfectant | Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.[35] | ||
1956 | Disinfectant | Chlorine dioxide is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when Brussels, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.[36] | Belgium | |
1957 | Disinfectant | Gluaraldehyde is introduced.[13] | ||
Mid-1950s | "baby wipes most likely came in the mid-1950s as more people were travelling and needed a way to clean up on the go" | |||
1950s | Disinfectant | Chlorhexidine comes into medical use.[37] | ||
1959 | The first Infection Control Nurse | |||
1966 | Disinfectant | Hand sanitizers are first introduced. | ||
1960s | Disinfectant | Glutaraldehyde comes into medical use.[38] | ||
1972 | Cordon sanitaire | Smallpox | "During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, over 10,000 people were sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and there was a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel." | |
1972 | APIC first meeting | |||
1976 | SENIC 1 ICP:250 beds, importance of surveillance | |||
1976 | CHICA is incorporated | |||
1984 | Hospital-acquired infection | A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.[39] | Australia | |
1980s | Disinfectant | Alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe.[40] | ||
1995 | Cordon sanitaire | Ebola | "In 1995 a cordon sanitaire was used to control an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit, Zaire" | |
1995 | Hospital-acquired infection | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of hospital-acquired infection occurred in the United States.[41] | United States | |
1990s | Disinfectant | Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems (NAV-CO2 System) are developed in Japan in the 1990s to sanitize hospitals and ambulances. | Japan | |
2003 | Cordon sanitaire | Severe acute respiratory syndrome | During the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.[42] | Canada |
2003 | Cordon sanitaire | Severe acute respiratory syndrome | During the 2003 SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.[43] | China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore |
2004 | Cordon sanitaire | Ebola | A cordon sanitaire is established around some of the most affected areas of the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak.[44][45] On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantined the entirety of West Point, Monrovia and issued a curfew statewide.[46] | Liberia |
2005 | Hospital-acquired infection | The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for hospital-acquired pneumonia.[47] | United States | |
2008 (April) | Publication | The World Health Organization publishes Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern, an aide-mémoire on emergencies preparedness and response.[48] | ||
2008 (June) | Publication | The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes, a report of the Second Meeting of the Informal Network on Infection Prevention and Control in Health Care.[49] | Switzerland (Geneva) | |
2009 | The World Health Organization publishes Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings.[50] | |||
2009 | Publication | The World Health Organization publishes Infection-control measures for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings.[51] | ||
2011 (April) | Publication | The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes.[52] | ||
2011 | Researchers estimate that by this time, 648,000 hospitalized patients in then United States have to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections is estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the country each year.[53] | United States | ||
2014 | Hand washing | A study shows that Saudi Arabia has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.[54] | ||
2015 | Hand washing | A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap. | ||
2020 | Cordon sanitaire | Coronavirus disease 2019 | A multiple number of lockdowns are imposed worldwide in response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. | Worldwide |
2020 (April 22) | The World Health Organization publishes How To Pun On And Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), a series of posters on emergencies preparedness and response.[55] |
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See also
- Timeline of epidemiology
- Timeline of hygiene
- Timeline of global health
- Timeline of bacteriology
- Timeline of antibiotics
- Timeline of virology
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 BLANCOU, J. "History of disinfection from early times until the end of the 18th century" (PDF). oie.int. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Block, Seymour Stanton. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation.
- ↑ Luttrell, Anthony. The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530.
- ↑ Ahmed, Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed. "Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials". doi:10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005.
- ↑ Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association. Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association.
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- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 11.40 11.41 11.42 11.43 11.44 11.45 11.46 11.47 11.48 11.49 11.50 11.51 11.52 11.53 11.54 11.55 11.56 11.57 11.58 11.59 11.60 11.61 Rogers, Wayne J. Healthcare Sterilisation: Introduction & Standard Practices, Volume 1, Volume 1.
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- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 Hugo, W.B. "A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfect ion". Journal of Applied Bacteriology. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
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- Graham, Thomas (1840). Elements of Chemistry. vol. 4. London, England: H. Baillière. p. 367.
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- Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in: Armstrong H (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 6 (1177): 390–400 (398). Bibcode:1892Natur..46...56A. doi:10.1038/046056c0.
The alcohols and the phenols will be called after the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, terminated with the suffix ol (ex. pentanol, pentynol, etc.)
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