Timeline of infection control

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This is a timeline of infection control.

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Year Event type Infection type Details Country/region
1363 Disinfectant Microbial pathogens Alcohol is already used as an antiseptic.
1523 Cordon sanitaire Plague "In 1523, during a plague outbreak in Birgu, the town was cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of Malta"
1659 Disinfectant Potassium permanganate
1666 Cordon sanitaire Plague "n May 1666, the English village of Eyam famously imposed a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the community."
1675 Microbial pathogens Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.[1]
1676 Microbial pathogens Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.[1]
1708–1712 Cordon sanitaire Plague "During the Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712, cordons sanitaires were established around affected towns like Stralsund and Königsberg; one was also established around the whole Duchy of Prussia and another one between Scania and the Danish isles along the Sound, with Saltholm as the central quarantine station"
1770 Cordon sanitaire Plague "In 1770 the Empress Maria Theresa set up a cordon sanitaire between Austria and the Ottoman Empire to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool were held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they showed signs of disease. "
1774 Disinfectant Microbial pathogens Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine.[2]
1789 Disinfectant "Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris" France
1789 "In 1789 Tennant prepared a bleaching powder, as distinct from a liquid, by passing chlorine gas into a slurry of slaked lime"[2]
1793 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever "During the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, roads and bridges leading to the city were blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading. "
1801 General The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in London.[3] United Kingdom
1811 Disinfectant Microbial pathogens Chlorine dioxide is discovered.
1813–1814 "During the 1813–14 Malta plague epidemic, the main urban settlements of Malta (Valletta, Floriana and the Three Cities) and rural settlements with a high mortality rate (Birkirkara, Qormi, Żebbuġ and later Xagħra) were cordoned off by the military to prevent people from entering or leaving"
1821 Cordon sanitaire "The term cordon sanitaire dates to 1821"
1821 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever "The 1821 yellow fever epidemic ravaged Barcelona and a cordon sanitaire was set up around the entire city of 150,000 people. Between 18,000 and 20,000 died in four months"
1823 Disinfectant "In 1823 Labarraque used hypochlorite as a deodorant and disinfectant in a cat-gut factory"[2]
1829 Disinfectant Lugol's iodine is first made by French physician Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol.[4][5] France
1831 Disinfectant "In the 1830s William Henry, a little-known Manchester physician who was engaged in public health, published the results of his ‘Experiments of the disinfecting power of increased temperature with a view to the suggestion of a substitute for quarantine’"
1834 Disinfectant Microbial pathogens German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovers a phenol, now known as carbolic acid, which he derives in an impure form from coal tar.
1834 Disinfectant Hypochlorous acid is discovered by French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water.[6]
1844 Disinfectant "Bayard prepared an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay."
1847 Disinfectant A bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.[1]
1852 Disinfectant Microbial pathogens Eucalyptus oil Australia
1856 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever "During the 1856 yellow fever epidemic a cordon sanitaire was implemented in several cities in the state of Georgia with moderate success"
1858 Disinfectant Bacteria Fuchsine is first prepared by August Wilhelm von Hofmann from aniline and carbon tetrachloride.[7][8]
1859 Disinfectant "Formaldehyde was discovered in 1859 and examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher (1886)."[2]
1865 Disinfectant Microbial pathogens Dr. Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.[9][10] United Kingdom
1866 Disinfectant Methyl violet is manufactured in France by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.[11] France
1869 Cordon sanitaire Cholera "In 1869, Adrien Proust (father of novelist Marcel Proust) proposed the use of an international cordon sanitaire to control the spread of cholera, which had emerged from India and was threatening Europe and Africa. Proust proposed that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at Suez, however his ideas were not generally embraced"
1871 "Thus in 1871 soap was used with coal tar to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation was patented."[2]
1876 Robert Koch publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.[3]
1877 Disinfectant John Jeyes patents his Jeyes fluid. United Kingdom
1882 Cordon sanitaire Yellow fever "in 1882, in response to a virulent outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, and in northern Mexico, a cordon sanitaire was established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east."
1886 Rabies Louis Pasteur successfully immunizes a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog with spinal cord suspensions of inactivated rabies virus.[3]
1886 Disinfectant "Formaldehyde was discovered in 1859 and examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher (1886)."[2]
1887 Disinfectant "Rosahegyi noted as early as 1887 that dyes were inhibitory to bacteria"[2]
1888 Cordon sanitaire "In 1888, during a yellow fever epidemic, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, was surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry"
1880s Disinfectant Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.[1]
1892 Disinfectant The name ethanol is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in Geneva, Switzerland.[12] Switzerland
1899 Cordon sanitaire "In 1899 an outbreak of the plague in Honolulu was managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter was created and people's belongings and homes were burned"
1900 By this time, there are 4,000 hospitals in the United States.[3] United States
1900–1904 Cordon sanitaire "During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 San Francisco's Chinatown was subjected to a cordon sanitaire"
1902 Cordon sanitaire "In 1902, Louisiana imposed a cordon sanitaire to prevent Italian immigrants from disembarking at the port of New Orleans. "
1903–1914 Cordon sanitaire Trypanosomiasis "From 1903 to 1914, the Belgian colonial government imposed a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the Belgian Congo to control outbreaks of trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)"
1916 Disinfectant Bacterial disease A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the Rockefeller Institute as having bactericidal properties.[1] United States
1916 Disinfectant "Another type of antimicrobial molecule was introduced in 1916. These were organic derivatives of the positivelycharged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom was substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups."[2]
1918 Cordon sanitaire Influenza "The 1918 flu pandemic spread so rapidly that, in general, there was no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of Gunnison, Colorado isolated themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of 1918. All highways were barricaded near the county lines"
1918 Cordon sanitaire Influenza "During the 1918 flu pandemic, the then Governor of American Samoa, John Martin Poyer, imposed a reverse cordon sanitaire of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory.[23] In contrast, the neighboring New Zealand-controlled Western Samoa was among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease"
1920 Standard Oil first produces isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene.
1933 Disinfectant Dettol
1933 Disinfectant "soap-solubilized formulation containing chloroxylenol and terpineol was introduced by Colebrook & Maxted in 1933"[2]
1935 Disinfectant The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.[1]
1941 UK Control of Infection Officer
1942 "Amidines studied as antitrypanocidal drugs were shown to be antibacterial by Fuller (1942)"[2]
1943 First isolation ward in USA
1944 USA Infection Control Officer
1946 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is founded.[3] United States
1947 Disinfectant Fungus, HIV-1 (AIDS), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C The barbicide is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.[13] United States
1947 A widespread outbreak of gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, gave rise to a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. Milton sterilizing fluid becomes the antiseptic advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.[14] United Kingdom
1955 Disinfectant Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.[15]
1956 Disinfectant Chlorine dioxide is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when Brussels, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.[16] Belgium
Mid-1950s "baby wipes most likely came in the mid-1950s as more people were travelling and needed a way to clean up on the go"
1950s Disinfectant Chlorhexidine comes into medical use.[17]
1959 The first Infection Control Nurse
1966 Disinfectant Hand sanitizers are first introduced.
1960s Disinfectant Glutaraldehyde comes into medical use.[18]
1972 Cordon sanitaire Smallpox "During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, over 10,000 people were sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and there was a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel."
1972 APIC first meeting
1976 SENIC 1 ICP:250 beds, importance of surveillance
1976 CHICA is incorporated
1984 Hospital-acquired infection A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.[19] Australia
1980s Disinfectant Alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe.[20]
1995 Cordon sanitaire Ebola "In 1995 a cordon sanitaire was used to control an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit, Zaire"
1995 Hospital-acquired infection The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of hospital-acquired infection occurred in the United States.[21] United States
1990s Disinfectant Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems (NAV-CO2 System) are developed in Japan in the 1990s to sanitize hospitals and ambulances. Japan
2003 Cordon sanitaire Severe acute respiratory syndrome During the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.[22] Canada
2003 Cordon sanitaire Severe acute respiratory syndrome During the 2003 SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.[23] China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore
2004 Cordon sanitaire Ebola A cordon sanitaire is established around some of the most affected areas of the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak.[24][25] On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantined the entirety of West Point, Monrovia and issued a curfew statewide.[26] Liberia
2005 Hospital-acquired infection The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for hospital-acquired pneumonia.[27] United States
2011 "The researchers estimated that in 2011, 648,000 hospitalized patients had to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections was estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the U.S. each year."[28] United States
2014 Hand washing A study shows that Saudi Arabia has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.[29]
2015 Hand washing A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap.
2020 Cordon sanitaire Coronavirus disease 2019 A multiple number of lockdowns are imposed worldwide in response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. China

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References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants". pdihc.com. Retrieved 3 April 2020. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Hugo, W.B. "A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfect ion". Journal of Applied Bacteriology. Retrieved 3 April 2020. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Smith, Philip W.; Watkins, Kristin; Hewlett, Angela. American Journal of Infection Control (PDF) https://cha.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AJIC-2012-Infection-Control-Through-the-Ages.pdf.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  6. See:
  7. von Hofmann, August Wilhelm (1859). "Einwirkung des Chlorkohlenstoffs auf Anilin. Cyantriphenyldiamin". Journal für Praktische Chemie. 77: 190. doi:10.1002/prac.18590770130. 
  8. von Hofmann, August Wilhelm (1858). "Action of Bichloride of Carbon on Aniline". Philosophical Magazine: 131–142. 
  9. Lister, Joseph (21 September 1867). "On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery". The Lancet. 90 (2299): 353–356. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4. 
  10. Lister, Joseph (1 January 1870). "On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital". The Lancet. 95 (2418): 2–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X. 
  11. Gardner, W. M., ed. (1915), The British coal-tar industry : its origin, development, and decline, Philadelphia: Lippincott, p. 173 
  12. For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:* Armstrong H (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". Nature. 46 (1177): 56–59. Bibcode:1892Natur..46...56A. doi:10.1038/046056c0. 
  13. Martin, Douglas (1997-06-22). "The Smithsonian Celebrates Barbicide, A Barbershop Germ Killer Born in Brooklyn". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2020. 
  14. "Our History". www.milton-tm.com. Retrieved 9 March 2019. 
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  16. Block, Seymour Stanton (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 215. ISBN 0-683-30740-1. 
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  19. Spelman, Denis W. "2: Hospital-acquired infections". doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04412.x. 
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  21. "Frequently Asked Questions". ncsl.org. Retrieved 2 April 2020. 
  22. Bondy, SJ; Russell, ML; Laflèche, JM; Rea, E (2009). "Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine". BMC Public Health. 9: 488. PMC 2808319Freely accessible. PMID 20034405. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-488. 
  23. Martin Cetron, et al. "Isolation and Quarantine: Containment Strategies for SARS, 2003." From Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak, National Academy of Sciences, 2004. Template:ISBN
  24. "Community Quarantine to Interrupt Ebola Virus Transmission – Mawah Village, Bong County, Liberia, August–October, 2014," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 27, 2015 / 64(07); 179–182.
  25. Donald G. McNeil Jr. (August 13, 2014). "Using a Tactic Unseen in a Century, Countries Cordon Off Ebola-Racked Areas". The New York Times. 
  26. "Liberian Soldiers Seal Slum to Halt Ebola". NBC News. 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-08-23. 
  27. American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005). "Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171 (4): 388–416. PMID 15699079. doi:10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST. 
  28. "One in 25 patients battling hospital-acquired infections: CDC". reuters.com. Retrieved 2 April 2020. 
  29. BreakingWeb. "Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes". BVA Group (in français). Retrieved 3 April 2020.