Difference between revisions of "Timeline of influenza"

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This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:influenza|influenza]]''', briefly describing major events such as [[wikipedia:outbreaks|outbreaks]], [[wikipedia:epidemics|epidemics]], [[wikipedia:pandemics|pandemics]], discoveries and developments of [[wikipedia:vaccines|vaccines]]. In addition to specific year/period-related events, there's the [[wikipedia:flu season|seasonal flu]] that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.<ref name="WHO Europe Influenza">{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/influenza |title=WHO Europe – Influenza |date = June 2009|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=12 June 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212626/http://www.euro.who.int/influenza| archivedate= 17 June 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="WHO Influenza">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en/ |title=Influenza: Fact sheet |date = March 2003|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=7 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505070146/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en/| archivedate= 5 May 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
 
This is a '''timeline of [[wikipedia:influenza|influenza]]''', briefly describing major events such as [[wikipedia:outbreaks|outbreaks]], [[wikipedia:epidemics|epidemics]], [[wikipedia:pandemics|pandemics]], discoveries and developments of [[wikipedia:vaccines|vaccines]]. In addition to specific year/period-related events, there's the [[wikipedia:flu season|seasonal flu]] that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.<ref name="WHO Europe Influenza">{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/influenza |title=WHO Europe – Influenza |date = June 2009|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=12 June 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212626/http://www.euro.who.int/influenza| archivedate= 17 June 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="WHO Influenza">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en/ |title=Influenza: Fact sheet |date = March 2003|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) |accessdate=7 May 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505070146/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en/| archivedate= 5 May 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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== Sample questions ==
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The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:
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* What are some notable outbreaks of influenza recorded throughout history?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "{{w|Epidemic}}".
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** You will see oubreaks notable by their magnitude, like big epidemics and pandemics, or by the novelty of the {{w|influenza virus}} strain.
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* What are some notable outbreaks affecting non-human animals?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "{{w|Epizootic}}".
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* What are some events describing notable infections on individuals (both human and non-human) that do not develop into {{w|epidemic}}s or {{w|epizootic}}s?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Infection case".
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** You will mainly see the emergence of a specific strain detected in individuals.
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* What are some events describing discoveries or first isolations of new influenza virus types?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Virus type discovery".
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** You will see events describing discoveries of new types of flu virus in both humans and non-humans.
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* What are some significant events describing research on influenza in the different fields of science?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Research".
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** For research in {{w|virology}}, look for the group of rows with value "Research (virology)". The same can be applied for research in {{w|epidemiology}} and other fields, clarified between parentheses.
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* What are some significant events describing the medical development progress on treating and preventing influenza?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Medical development".
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** For specific development of vaccines, look for the group of rows with value "Medical development (vaccine)".
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* What are the several influenza vaccine recommendations issued by important organizations?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Vaccine recommendation".
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** You will see a number of recommendations, like those by {{w|WHO}} for both [[w:Northern hemisphere|Northern]] and [[w:Southern hemisphere|Southern]] hemispheres starting from 1998.
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* What are some notable publications authored by experts and/or organizations concerning influenza?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
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** You will see publications about influenza in different fields, including virology and epidemiology, as well as numerous guidelines produced by the {{w|World Health Organization}}.
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* Other events are described under the following types: "{{w|Alternative medicine}}", "Policy", "{{w|Prevalence}}", "Program shutdown", "Public opinion", "Service launch", and "System launch", "Testing", "Tool launch", "Website launch".
  
 
==Big Picture==
 
==Big Picture==
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year/period !! Key developments
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! Year/period !! Key developments !! Details
|-
 
| Prior to the 18th century || The outbreak of influenza reported in 1173 is not considered to be a pandemic, and other reports to 1500 generally lack reliability. The outbreak of 1510 is probably a pandemic reported with spreading from Africa to engulf Europe. The outbreak of 1557 is possibly a pandemic. The first influenza pandemic agreed by all authors occurs in 1580.<ref name="A history of influenza" />
 
 
|-
 
|-
| 18th century || Data from this century is more informative of pandemics that those of previous years. The first agreed influenza pandemic of the 18th century begins in 1729.<ref name="A history of influenza" />
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| 400 [[wikipedia:Before Common Era|BCE]] onward || Post first description era || This period marks the existence of influenza as a disease since its first description by Greek physician [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]].
 
|-
 
|-
| 19th century || Two influenza pandemics are recorded in the century.<ref name="A history of influenza" /> [[wikipedia:Avian influenza|Avian influenza]] is recorded for the first time.<ref name="avian-influenza" />
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| 1510 onward || Post first pandemic description era || This period begins with the first recognition of pandemic influenza, giving birth to a five centuries period of documented influenza pandemics.  
 
|-
 
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| 20th Century || Influenza pandemics are recorded four times, starting with the deadly [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]]. This is also the period of virus isolation and development of vaccines.<ref name="The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide" /> Prior to 20th century, much information about influenza is generally not considered certain. Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}</ref><ref name=Potter/>
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| 1930s onward || Modern medical development era || Period marking an accelerating time of scientific and medical development including the discovery of the influenza virus in both non-humans (1931) and humans (1933), as well as the first influenza vaccine (1936). After the end of {{w|World War II}}, international health organizations merge, and large scale vaccination campaigns begin.<ref name="Springer">{{cite book|title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783662450246|page=61|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| 1945-21th century ||International health organizations merge, and large scale vaccination campaigns begin.<ref name="Springer">{{cite book|title=Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783662450246|page=61|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=vJKeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61}}</ref>
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| 21th century || Present time || Today, worldwide accessible databases multiply in order to control outbreaks and prevent pandemics. New influenza strain outbreaks still occur. Efficacy of currently available vaccines is still insufficient to diminish the current annual health burden induced by the virus.<ref name="Springer"/>
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| 21th century || Worldwide accessible databases multiply in order to control outbreaks and prevent pandemics. New influenza strain outbreaks still occur. Efficacy of currently available vaccines is still insufficient to diminish the current annual health burden induced by the virus.<ref name="Springer"/>
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
== Visual data ==
 
 
[[File:Reported cases of influenza in American countries for the period 1949-1958.png|thumb|center|400px|Reported cases of influenza in American countries for the period 1949-1958, illustrating the severity of [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H2N2|influenza A virus subtype H2N2]] [[wikipedia:pandemic|pandemic]] in 1957. Chile (not shown in the graph) was severely hit and reported 1,408,430 cases in 1957.<ref name="REPORTED  CASES  OF  NOTIFIABLE  DISEASES IN  THE  AMERICAS 1949  - 1958">{{cite web|title=REPORTED  CASES  OF  NOTIFIABLE  DISEASES IN  THE  AMERICAS 1949  - 1958|url=http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1330/41680.pdf?sequence=2|website=paho.org|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref>]]
 
  
 
==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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| 400 [[wikipedia:Before Common Era|BCE]] || || || Medical development ||The symptoms of human influenza are described by [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=June 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80 |doi=10.3201/eid1206.051263 |pmc=3373038}}</ref><ref name="The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide">{{cite book|last1=Lam|first1=Vincent|last2=Lee|first2=Colin|title=The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yVqHyFptZvQC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=%22400%22+%22influenza%22+%22hippocrates%22&source=bl&ots=DnWiSdSlL9&sig=7FRcTiN52qKNlw4DOh8-4g2Zr6I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHmI_Ly-XRAhUGf5AKHfVoB2MQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22400%22%20%22influenza%22%20%22hippocrates%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||
 
| 400 [[wikipedia:Before Common Era|BCE]] || || || Medical development ||The symptoms of human influenza are described by [[wikipedia:Hippocrates|Hippocrates]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=June 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80 |doi=10.3201/eid1206.051263 |pmc=3373038}}</ref><ref name="The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide">{{cite book|last1=Lam|first1=Vincent|last2=Lee|first2=Colin|title=The Flu Pandemic and You: A Canadian Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yVqHyFptZvQC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=%22400%22+%22influenza%22+%22hippocrates%22&source=bl&ots=DnWiSdSlL9&sig=7FRcTiN52qKNlw4DOh8-4g2Zr6I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHmI_Ly-XRAhUGf5AKHfVoB2MQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22400%22%20%22influenza%22%20%22hippocrates%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1173 || || || Epidemic || First epidemic, where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.<ref name="A history of influenza">{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=C. W.|title=A history of influenza|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x/full|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 1173 || || || Epidemic || The first epidemic where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.<ref name="A history of influenza">{{cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=C. W.|title=A history of influenza|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x/full|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1357 || || Human || Medical development || The term ''influenza'' is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357. It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
| 1357 || || Human || Medical development || The term ''influenza'' is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357. It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
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| 1411 || || Human || Epidemic || Epidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous abortions is noted in Paris.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:France|France]]
 
| 1411 || || Human || Epidemic || Epidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous abortions is noted in Paris.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:France|France]]
 
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| 1510 || || Human || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic invades Europe from Africa in the summer of 1510 and proceedes northward to involve all of Europe and then the Baltic States. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to young children.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1">{{cite journal|last1=Taubenberger|first1=J.K.|last2=Morens|first2=D.M.|title=Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1|pmc=2720801}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]], [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]
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| 1510 || || Human || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic invades Europe from Africa in the summer of 1510 and proceedes northward to involve all of Europe and then the Baltic States. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to young children.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1">{{cite journal|last1=Taubenberger|first1=J.K.|last2=Morens|first2=D.M.|title=Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1|pmc=2720801}}</ref> This is the first recognition of pandemic influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morens |first1=David M. |last2=Taubenberger |first2=Jeffery K. |last3=Folkers |first3=Gregory K. |last4=Fauci |first4=Anthony S. |title=Pandemic Influenza's 500th Anniversary |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |doi=10.1086/657429 |url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/51/12/1442/317322}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]], [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]
 
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| 1557–1558 || || Human || Epidemic || The first influenza pandemic in which global involvement and westward spread from Asia to Europe is documented. Unlike the previous pandemic from 1510, this one is highly fatal, with deaths recorded as being due to "pleurisy and fatal peripneumony". High mortality in pregnant women is also recorded.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]]
 
| 1557–1558 || || Human || Epidemic || The first influenza pandemic in which global involvement and westward spread from Asia to Europe is documented. Unlike the previous pandemic from 1510, this one is highly fatal, with deaths recorded as being due to "pleurisy and fatal peripneumony". High mortality in pregnant women is also recorded.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]]
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| 1830–1833 || || Human || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic breaks out in the winter of 1830 in China, further spreading southwards by sea to reach the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]], [[wikipedia:India|India]] and [[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]], and across [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] into [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]. By 1831, the epidemic reaches the [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]. Overall the attack rate is estimated at 20–25% of the population, but the mortality rate is not exceptionally high.<ref name="A history of influenza" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]
 
| 1830–1833 || || Human || Epidemic || Influenza pandemic breaks out in the winter of 1830 in China, further spreading southwards by sea to reach the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]], [[wikipedia:India|India]] and [[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]], and across [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] into [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]. By 1831, the epidemic reaches the [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]. Overall the attack rate is estimated at 20–25% of the population, but the mortality rate is not exceptionally high.<ref name="A history of influenza" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]
 
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| 1878 || || Non-human (Avian) || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Avian influenza|Avian influenza]] is recorded for the first time. Originally known as ''Fowl Plague''.<ref name=avian-influenza>{{cite web|url=http://articles.extension.org/pages/24401/history-of-avian-influenza|title=History of Avian Influenza|website=extension.org|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
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| 1878 || || Non-human (Avian) || Research || [[wikipedia:Avian influenza|Avian influenza]] is recorded for the first time. Originally known as ''Fowl Plague''.<ref name=avian-influenza>{{cite web|url=http://articles.extension.org/pages/24401/history-of-avian-influenza|title=History of Avian Influenza|website=extension.org|accessdate=20 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]]
 
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| 1889–1892 || || Human || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1889–90 flu pandemic|1889–90 flu pandemic]]. Dubbed the "Russian pandemic". Attack rates are reported in 408 geographic entities from 14 European countries and in the United States. Rapidly spreading, the pandemic would take only 4 months to circumnavigate the planet, reaching the United States 70 days after the original outbreak in [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic">{{cite web|title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/19/8778.full|website=pnas.org|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref>  Following this pandemic, interest is renewed in examining the recurrence patterns of influenza.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]
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| 1889–1892 || [[w:Influenza A virus subtype H3N8|H3N8]]?<ref name="Valleron_2010">{{cite journal |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |journal={{w|PNAS}} |author-first1=Alain-Jacques |author-last1=Valleron |author-first2=Anne |author-last2=Cori |author-first3=Sophie |author-last3=Valtat |author-first4=Sofia |author-last4=Meurisse |author-first5=Fabrice |author-last5=Carrat |author-first6=Pierre-Yves |author-last6=Boëlle |date=11 May 2010 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–8781 |pmid=20421481 |pmc=2889325}}</ref> {{w|H2N2}}?<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hilleman|first=Maurice R.|date=2002|title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control|journal=Vaccine|volume=20|issue=25–26|pages=3068–3087|citeseerx=10.1.1.523.7697|doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2|pmid=12163258}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Influenza H5N1 Report|last=|first=|date=April 2, 1998|website=Pliva.com|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024115910/http://www.pilva.com/en/edoctor/article8.asp|archive-date=24 October 2004}}</ref>|| Human || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1889–90 flu pandemic|1889–90 flu pandemic]]. Dubbed the "Russian pandemic". Attack rates are reported in 408 geographic entities from 14 European countries and in the United States. Rapidly spreading, the pandemic would take only 4 months to circumnavigate the planet, reaching the United States 70 days after the original outbreak in [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic">{{cite web|title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/19/8778.full|website=pnas.org|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref>  Following this pandemic, interest is renewed in examining the recurrence patterns of influenza.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:Americas|Americas]]
 
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| 1901 || || Non-human (Avian) || Scientific development || The causative organism of [[wikipedia:avian influenza|avian influenza]] is discovered to be a virus.<ref name="FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza">{{cite web|title=FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza|url=https://science.vla.gov.uk/flu-lab-net/about_AI.html|website=science.vla.gov.uk|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
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| 1901 || || Non-human (Avian) || Research || The causative organism of [[wikipedia:avian influenza|avian influenza]] is discovered to be a virus.<ref name="FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza">{{cite web|title=FLU-LAB-NET - About Avian Influenza|url=https://science.vla.gov.uk/flu-lab-net/about_AI.html|website=science.vla.gov.uk|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
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| 1918-1920 || {{w|H1N1}} || Human || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]] ([[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) [[wikipedia:pandemic|pandemic]] is considered one of the deadliest natural disasters ever, infecting an estimated 500 million people across the globe and claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. This pandemic would be described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and is estimated to have killed in a single year more people than the [[wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]] killed in four years from 1347 to 1351.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Influenza Pandemic of 1918|url=https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Potter CW|title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}</ref> ||Worldwide; originated in [[wikipedia:France|France]] (disputed)
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| 1918-1920 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || The [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]] ([[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) [[wikipedia:pandemic|pandemic]] breaks out. As of the 21st century, it is considered one of the deadliest natural disasters ever, infecting an estimated 500 million people across the globe and claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. This pandemic would be described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and is estimated to have killed in a single year more people than the [[wikipedia:Black Death|Black Death]] [[wikipedia:bubonic plague|bubonic plague]] killed in four years from 1347 to 1351.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Influenza Pandemic of 1918|url=https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Potter CW|title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}</ref> ||Worldwide; originated in [[wikipedia:France|France]] (disputed)
 
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| 1931 || || Non-human (porcine) || Scientific development || American virologist [[wikipedia:Richard Shope|Richard Shope]] discovers the [[wikipedia:Etiology|etiological]] cause of influenza in pigs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}</ref>||
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| 1931 || || Non-human (porcine) || Research || The real cause of the flu, the {{w|Influenza Virus}}, is discovered by American virologist [[wikipedia:Richard Shope|Richard Shope]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kopecka |first1=Tereza |title=Scurvy and Flu in 1900: The Truth Lost in Evidence |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3267778}}</ref>, who finds the [[wikipedia:Etiology|etiological]] cause of influenza in pigs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1933 || || Human || Scientific development || British researchers Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and [[wikipedia:Patrick Laidlaw|Patrick Laidlaw]] are the first to identify the human flu virus by experimenting with {{w|ferret}}s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH |author3=Laidlaw PP  |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2 |issue=5732}}</ref><ref>Dobson, Mary. 2007. Disease: The Extraordinary Stories behind History’s Deadliest Killers. London, UK: Quercus.</ref><ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" />|| [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]  
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| 1933 || || Human || Research || British researchers Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and [[wikipedia:Patrick Laidlaw|Patrick Laidlaw]] are the first to identify the human flu virus by experimenting with {{w|ferret}}s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH |author3=Laidlaw PP  |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2 |issue=5732}}</ref><ref>Dobson, Mary. 2007. Disease: The Extraordinary Stories behind History’s Deadliest Killers. London, UK: Quercus.</ref><ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" />|| [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]  
 
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| 1936 || || || Medical development || Soviet scientist A. Smorodintseff first attempts vaccination with a live influenza vaccine that has been passed about 30-times in eggs. Smorodintseff would later report that the modified virus causes only a barely perceptible, slight fever and that subjects are protected against reinfection.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2">{{cite web|title=The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621_2|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]  
+
| 1936 || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || Soviet scientist A. Smorodintseff conducts the first attempt of a vaccination with a live influenza vaccine that has been passed about 30-times in eggs. Smorodintseff would later report that the modified virus causes only a barely perceptible, slight fever and that subjects are protected against reinfection.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2">{{cite web|title=The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 2|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621_2|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuszewski’ |first1=K. |last2=Brydak |first2=L. |title=The epidemiology and history of influenza |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.564.9823&rep=rep1&type=pdf}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1942 || || || Medical development || Bivalent vaccine is produced after the discovery of influenza B.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1">{{cite web|title=The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines  1|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
+
| 1942 || {{w|Influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || Bivalent vaccine is produced after the discovery of [[w:Influenzavirus B|influenza B]].<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1">{{cite web|title=The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines  1|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/812621|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1945 || || || Medical development || The first license to produce an influenza vaccine for civilian use is granted in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=P. CROVARI |author2=M. ALBERTI |author3=C. ALICINO |date= |title=History and evolution of influenza vaccines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51729477_History_and_evolution_of_influenza_vaccines|journal= |publisher=Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |pmc=|pmid= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 1945 || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || The first license to produce an influenza vaccine for civilian use is granted in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=P. CROVARI |author2=M. ALBERTI |author3=C. ALICINO |date= |title=History and evolution of influenza vaccines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51729477_History_and_evolution_of_influenza_vaccines|journal= |publisher=Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |pmc=|pmid= }}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1946 || || || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) is established by the U.S. [[wikipedia:Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] in order to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of diseases. The CDC would launch campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnock|first1=Bernard J.|title=Public Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jiZACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335&dq=%221946%22+%22Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW0f-60eXRAhVHUZAKHWQWC0gQ6AEIPDAC#v=onepage&q=%221946%22%20%22Centers%20for%20Disease%20Control%20and%20Prevention%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ogunseitan|first1=Oladele|title=Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eCt1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%221946%22+%22CDC%22+%22Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%22+%22influenza%22&source=bl&ots=R7KuI1NlCe&sig=6DxO0eqy4IILoBBzjvUzrmESvJE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitnbrw1OXRAhWKhJAKHSqFChQQ6AEIRzAG#v=onepage&q=%221946%22%20%22CDC%22%20%22Department%20of%20Health%20and%20Human%20Services%22%20%22influenza%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:Atlanta|Atlanta]])
 
| 1946 || || || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) is established by the U.S. [[wikipedia:Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] in order to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of diseases. The CDC would launch campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Turnock|first1=Bernard J.|title=Public Health|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jiZACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335&dq=%221946%22+%22Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW0f-60eXRAhVHUZAKHWQWC0gQ6AEIPDAC#v=onepage&q=%221946%22%20%22Centers%20for%20Disease%20Control%20and%20Prevention%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ogunseitan|first1=Oladele|title=Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=eCt1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=%221946%22+%22CDC%22+%22Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%22+%22influenza%22&source=bl&ots=R7KuI1NlCe&sig=6DxO0eqy4IILoBBzjvUzrmESvJE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitnbrw1OXRAhWKhJAKHSqFChQQ6AEIRzAG#v=onepage&q=%221946%22%20%22CDC%22%20%22Department%20of%20Health%20and%20Human%20Services%22%20%22influenza%22&f=false|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:Atlanta|Atlanta]])
Line 81: Line 105:
 
| 1952 || || || Organization (Research institute) || The [[wikipedia:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)|Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)]] is established by the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] with the purpose of conducting global influenza virological surveillance. GISRS monitors the evolution of influenza viruses and provides recommendations in areas including laboratory diagnostics, vaccines, antiviral susceptibility and risk assessment. It also serves as a global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global influenza virological surveillance|url=http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/influenza/virological_surveillance/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
| 1952 || || || Organization (Research institute) || The [[wikipedia:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)|Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)]] is established by the [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]] with the purpose of conducting global influenza virological surveillance. GISRS monitors the evolution of influenza viruses and provides recommendations in areas including laboratory diagnostics, vaccines, antiviral susceptibility and risk assessment. It also serves as a global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global influenza virological surveillance|url=http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/influenza/virological_surveillance/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1956 || || Non-human (equine) || Scientific development || Viruses that cause {{w|equine influenza}} are first isolated.<ref name="dssda">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Raj K. |last2=Khurana |first2=Sandip K. |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Sandip |last4=Malik |first4=Yashpal S. |last5=Virmani |first5=Nitin |last6=Singh |first6=Rajendra |last7=Tripathi |first7=Bhupendra N. |last8=Munir |first8=Muhammad |last9=van der Kolk |first9=Johannes H. |last10=Dhama |first10=Kuldeep |last11=Munjal |first11=Ashok |last12=Khandia |first12=Rekha |last13=Karthik |first13=Kumaragurubaran |title=A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135912/}}</ref> ||
+
| 1956 || || Non-human (equine) || Virus type discovery || Viruses that cause {{w|equine influenza}} are first isolated.<ref name="dssda">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Raj K. |last2=Khurana |first2=Sandip K. |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Sandip |last4=Malik |first4=Yashpal S. |last5=Virmani |first5=Nitin |last6=Singh |first6=Rajendra |last7=Tripathi |first7=Bhupendra N. |last8=Munir |first8=Muhammad |last9=van der Kolk |first9=Johannes H. |last10=Dhama |first10=Kuldeep |last11=Munjal |first11=Ashok |last12=Khandia |first12=Rekha |last13=Karthik |first13=Kumaragurubaran |title=A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135912/}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1957 || {{w|H2N2}} || Human || Epidemic || New, virulent [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H2N2|influenza A virus subtype H2N2]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Guizhou|Guizhou]] (China). It would turn into pandemic ([[wikipedia:Pandemic severity index|category 2]]) and kill 1 to 4 million people.<ref name=Influenza-Pandemics>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/influenza-pandemics|title=Influenza Pandemics|accessdate=28 January 2017|website=historyofvaccines.org}}</ref> It is considered the second major influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century, after the [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian flu of 1957|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Asian-flu-of-1957|website=britannica.com|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]
 +
|-
 +
| 1959 || {{w|H5N1}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]] and affects domestic chicken.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks">{{cite web|title=Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_03_02/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 +
|-
 +
| 1961 || {{w|H5N1}} || Non–human (avian) || Virus type discovery || Avian  [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] strain is found in birds in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)|url=http://dhhs.ne.gov/publichealth/Pages/puh_epi_avianflu.aspx|publisher=Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1957 || || || Epidemic || New, virulent [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H2N2|influenza A virus subtype H2N2]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Guizhou|Guizhou]] (China). It would turn into pandemic ([[wikipedia:Pandemic severity index|category 2]]) and kill 1 to 4 million people.<ref name=Influenza-Pandemics>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/influenza-pandemics|title=Influenza Pandemics|accessdate=28 January 2017|website=historyofvaccines.org}}</ref> It is considered the second major influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century, after the [[wikipedia:Spanish flu|Spanish flu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian flu of 1957|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Asian-flu-of-1957|website=britannica.com|accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]
+
| 1963 || {{w|H7N3}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|Influenza A virus subtype H7N3]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:England|England]] and affects domestic turkeys.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1959 || || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]] and affects domestic chicken.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks">{{cite web|title=Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_03_02/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
+
| 1966 || {{w|H5N9}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N9|Influenza A virus subtype H5N9]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]] and affects domestic turkeys.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1961 || || || Non–human infection || Avian  [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]] strain is found in birds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)|url=http://dhhs.ne.gov/publichealth/Pages/puh_epi_avianflu.aspx|publisher=Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]]
+
| 1966 || || || Medical development || The activity of {{w|N-acetylcysteine}} (NAC) against influenza is first suggested.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 5985279 | volume=6 | title=In vivo antiviral chemotherapy. II. Anti-influenza action of compounds affecting mucous secretions | year=1966 | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | pages=503–8 |vauthors=Streightoff F, Redman CE, DeLong DC }}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1963 || || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|Influenza A virus subtype H7N3]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:England|England]] and affects domestic turkeys.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
+
| 1968 || || Human || Research || Study of 1,900 male cadets after the 1968 Hong Kong A2 influenza epidemic at a South Carolina military academy, compares three groups: nonsmokers, heavy smokers, and light smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day) had 21% more illnesses and 20% more bed rest, light smokers (20 cigarettes or fewer per day) had 10% more illnesses and 7% more bed rest.<ref name="Finklea_1969">{{cite journal | vauthors = Finklea JF, Sandifer SH, Smith DD | title = Cigarette smoking and epidemic influenza | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 90 | issue = 5 | pages = 390–9 | date = November 1969 | pmid = 5356947 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121084 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1966 || || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N9|Influenza A virus subtype H5N9]] breaks out in [[wikipedia:Ontario|Ontario]] and affects domestic turkeys.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]
+
| 1968-1969 || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N2|H3N2]] || Human || Epidemic ||[[wikipedia:1968 flu pandemic|Hong Kong flu]] ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N2|H3N2]]) pandemic breaks out, caused by a virus that has been “updated” from the previously circulating virus by reassortment of avian genes.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Viboud|first1=Cécile|last2=Grais Bernard|first2=Rebecca F.|last3=Lafont|first3=A. P.|last4=Miller|first4=Mark A.|last5=Simonsen|first5=Lone|title=Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic|doi=10.1086/431150|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/192/2/233/856805/Multinational-Impact-of-the-1968-Hong-Kong|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:North America|North America]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1968 || || || Human || Study of 1,900 male cadets after the 1968 Hong Kong A2 influenza epidemic at a South Carolina military academy, compares thee groups: nonsmokers, heavy smokers, and light smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day) had 21% more illnesses and 20% more bed rest, light smokers (20 cigarettes or fewer per day) had 10% more illnesses and 7% more bed rest.<ref name="Finklea_1969">{{cite journal | vauthors = Finklea JF, Sandifer SH, Smith DD | title = Cigarette smoking and epidemic influenza | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 90 | issue = 5 | pages = 390–9 | date = November 1969 | pmid = 5356947 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121084 }}</ref>" || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1973 || || Human || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] starts issuing annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that would identify currently circulating strains.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" /> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1968-1969 || || || Epidemic ||[[wikipedia:1968 flu pandemic|Hong Kong flu]] ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N2|H3N2]]) pandemic breaks out, caused by a virus that has been “updated” from the previously circulating virus by reassortment of avian genes.<ref name="Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Viboud|first1=Cécile|last2=Grais Bernard|first2=Rebecca F.|last3=Lafont|first3=A. P.|last4=Miller|first4=Mark A.|last5=Simonsen|first5=Lone|title=Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic|doi=10.1086/431150|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/192/2/233/856805/Multinational-Impact-of-the-1968-Hong-Kong|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[wikipedia:North America|North America]]
+
| 1976 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1976 swine flu outbreak|Swine flu outbreak]] is identified at U.S. army base in [[wikipedia:Fort Dix|Fort Dix]], New Jersey. Four soldiers infected resulting in one death. To prevent a major pandemic, the United States launches a vaccination campaign.<ref name=Timeline-of-Human-Flu-Pandemics>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/flu/research/pandemic/pages/timelinehumanpandemics.aspx|title=Timeline of Human Flu Pandemics|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] |accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New Jersey|New Jersey]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1973 || || || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] starts issuing annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that would identify currently circulating strains.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" /> ||  
+
| 1976 || {{w|H7N7}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N7|Influenza A virus subtype H7N7]] breaks out in Victoria (Australia) and affects domestic chicken.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1976 || || || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:1976 swine flu outbreak|Swine flu outbreak]] is identified at U.S. army base in [[wikipedia:Fort Dix|Fort Dix]], New Jersey. Four soldiers infected resulting in one death. To prevent a major pandemic, the United States launches a vaccination campaign.<ref name=Timeline-of-Human-Flu-Pandemics>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/flu/research/pandemic/pages/timelinehumanpandemics.aspx|title=Timeline of Human Flu Pandemics|publisher=[[wikipedia:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] |accessdate=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New Jersey|New Jersey]]) 
+
| 1976 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} || Human || Medical development || {{w|Symmetrel}} ({{w|amantadine}}) is approved by the United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} for preventing and treating infection caused by {{w|influenzavirus A}}.<ref name="Rees">{{cite book |last1=Rees |first1=Alan M. |title=Consumer Health USA, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CQ9DCcytJFwC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=Symmetrel+%22approved%221976&source=bl&ots=ZnZhHosIEl&sig=ACfU3U2FsHHjhloX70Iol7WKQqTLl_HUtQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimsPCpnsHpAhXXILkGHYBRBqIQ6AEwCnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=Symmetrel%20%22approved%221976&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1976 || {{w|H7N7}} || || Non–human infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N7|Influenza A virus subtype H7N7]] breaks out in Victoria (Australia) and affects domestic chicken.<ref name="Avian influenza A(H5N1)- update 31: Situation (poultry) in Asia: need for a long-term response, comparison with previous outbreaks" /> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]
+
| 1977 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1#Russian flu|Russian flu]] ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) epidemic. New influenza strain in humans. Isolated in northern China. A similar strain prevalent in 1947–57 causes most adults to have substantial immunity. This outbreak is not considered a pandemic because most patients are children.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History>{{cite web|url=http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/|title=Pandemic Flu History|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 January 2017]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gregg |first1=M B |last2=Hinman |first2=A R |last3=Craven |first3=R B |title=The Russian Flu. Its History and Implications for This Year's Influenza Season |doi=10.1001/jama.240.21.2260 |pmid=702749 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/702749/#:~:text=Abstract,worldwide%20during%20the%20early%201950s.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1977 Russian Flu Pandemic |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/hsc-scen-3_pandemic-1977.htm |website=globalsecurity.org |accessdate=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozo |first1=Michelle |last2=Gronvall |first2=Gigi Kwik |title=The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-Function Debate |doi=10.1128/mBio.01013-15 |url=https://mbio.asm.org/content/6/4/e01013-15}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]], [[wikipedia:China|China]], worldwide
 
|-
 
|-
| 1977 || || || Epidemic || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1#Russian flu|Russian flu]] ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) epidemic. New influenza strain in humans. Isolated in northern China. A similar strain prevalent in 1947–57 causes most adults to have substantial immunity. This outbreak is not considered a pandemic because most patients are children.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History>{{cite web|url=http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/|title=Pandemic Flu History|publisher=[[wikipedia:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=28 January 2017]]}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]], [[wikipedia:China|China]], worldwide
+
| 1978 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}}, {{w|influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || The first trivalent influenza vaccine is introduced. It includes two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" /> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1978 || || || Medical development || The first trivalent influenza vaccine is introduced. It includes two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain.<ref name="The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines 1" /> ||  
+
| 1979 || || Human || Research || Surveillance of an influenza outbreak at a military base for women in {{w|Israel}} reveals that influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of the current smokers vs. 41.6% of the nonsmokers.<ref name="pmid7212144">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kark JD, Lebiush M | title = Smoking and epidemic influenza-like illness in female military recruits: a brief survey | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 530–2 | date = May 1981 | pmid = 7212144 | pmc = 1619723 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.71.5.530 }}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1979 || || Human || Study || Surveillance of an influenza outbreak at a military base for women in {{w|Israel}} reveals that influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of the current smokers vs. 41.6% of the nonsmokers.<ref name="pmid7212144">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kark JD, Lebiush M | title = Smoking and epidemic influenza-like illness in female military recruits: a brief survey | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 71 | issue = 5 | pages = 530–2 | date = May 1981 | pmid = 7212144 | pmc = 1619723 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.71.5.530 }}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
+
| 1980 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}}, {{w|Influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves influenza vaccine ''Fluzone'' ([[wikipedia:Sanofi Pasteur|Sanofi Pasteur]]), developed for A subtype viruses and type B virus contained in the vaccine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fluzone|url=https://www.vaccineshoppe.com/image.cfm?pi=flu&image_type=product_pdf|website=vaccineshoppe.com|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1980 || || || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves influenza vaccine ''Fluzone'' ([[wikipedia:Sanofi Pasteur|Sanofi Pasteur]]), developed for A subtype viruses and type B virus contained in the vaccine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fluzone|url=https://www.vaccineshoppe.com/image.cfm?pi=flu&image_type=product_pdf|website=vaccineshoppe.com|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 1982 || || Human || Research || Study concludes that smoking may substantially contribute to the growth of influenza epidemics affecting the entire population.<ref name="Kark_1982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kark JD, Lebiush M, Rannon L | title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 307 | issue = 17 | pages = 1042–6 | date = October 1982 | pmid = 7121513 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702 }}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1982 || || Human || Study || Study concludes that smoking may substantially contribute to the growth of influenza epidemics affecting the entire population.<ref name="Kark_1982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kark JD, Lebiush M, Rannon L | title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 307 | issue = 17 | pages = 1042–6 | date = October 1982 | pmid = 7121513 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702 }}</ref> ||
+
| 1983 || {{w|H5N8}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N8|Influenza A virus subtype H5N8]] breaks out. 8,000 turkeys, 28,020 chickens, and 270,000 ducks are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1983 || || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N8|Influenza A virus subtype H5N8]] breaks out. 8,000 turkeys, 28,020 chickens, and 270,000 ducks are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/turkey/Ireland/?/1983(H5N8)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]]
+
| 1986 || || || Publication || Medical geographer {{w|Gerald F. Pyle}} publishes ''The Diffusion of Influenza''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Diffusion of Influenza |url=https://www.amazon.com/Diffusion-Influenza-Gerald-F-Pyle/dp/0847674290/ref=sr_1_1?_encoding=UTF8&dchild=1&qid=1585849665&refinements=p_27%3AGerald+F.+Pyle&s=books&search-type=ss&sr=1-1 |website=amazon.com |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1986 || || || Literature || Medical geographer {{w|Gerald F. Pyle}} publishes ''The Diffusion of Influenza''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Diffusion of Influenza |url=https://www.amazon.com/Diffusion-Influenza-Gerald-F-Pyle/dp/0847674290/ref=sr_1_1?_encoding=UTF8&dchild=1&qid=1585849665&refinements=p_27%3AGerald+F.+Pyle&s=books&search-type=ss&sr=1-1 |website=amazon.com |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref>
+
| 1988 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N2}}) || Human || Infection case || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N2|Influenza A virus subtype H1N2]] is isolated from humans in six cities in China, but the virus does not spread further.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 1538194 | year = 1992 | last1 = Guo | first1 = YJ | last2 = Xu | first2 = XY | last3 = Cox | first3 = NJ | title = Human influenza A (H1N2) viruses isolated from China | volume = 73 | pages = 383–7 | journal = The Journal of general virology | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} | issue=2 | doi=10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-383}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1988 || || || Infection || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N2|Influenza A virus subtype H1N2]] is isolated from humans in six cities in China, but the virus does not spread further.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 1538194 | year = 1992 | last1 = Guo | first1 = YJ | last2 = Xu | first2 = XY | last3 = Cox | first3 = NJ | title = Human influenza A (H1N2) viruses isolated from China | volume = 73 | pages = 383–7 | journal = The Journal of general virology | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} | issue=2 | doi=10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-383}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]]
+
| 1990 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}}, {{w|influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development || {{w|Relenza}} ({{w|zanamivir}}) is first licensed to {{w|GlaxoSmithKline}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lamberth |first1=Clemens |last2=Dinges |first2=Jürgen |title=Bioactive Carboxylic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals and Agrochemicals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=phd8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=zanamivir+GlaxoSmithKline+1990&source=bl&ots=co1W6tBzRn&sig=ACfU3U1ZlmL-3Y2iIT6ReEd5m0rVYtLiDA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-6ZHrjMPpAhXVHbkGHflMC10Q6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=zanamivir%20GlaxoSmithKline%201990&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1990-1996 || || || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir]] (often referenced by its trademark name Tamiflu) is developed by [[wikipedia:Gilead Sciences|Gilead Sciences]], using [[wikipedia:shikimic acid|shikimic acid]] for [[wikipedia:Biosynthesis|synthesis]]. It would be widely used in further antiviral campaigns targeting influenza [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus|A]] and [[wikipedia:Influenzavirus B|B]]. Included on the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name=WHO2015E>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf |title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) |date=April 2015 |accessdate=29 January 2017 |publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 1990-1996 || || Human || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Oseltamivir|Oseltamivir]] (often referenced by its trademark name Tamiflu) is developed by [[wikipedia:Gilead Sciences|Gilead Sciences]], using [[wikipedia:shikimic acid|shikimic acid]] for [[wikipedia:Biosynthesis|synthesis]]. It would be widely used in further antiviral campaigns targeting influenza [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus|A]] and [[wikipedia:Influenzavirus B|B]]. Included on the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name=WHO2015E>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf |title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) |date=April 2015 |accessdate=29 January 2017 |publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || || Human || Study || In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, it is found that 23% of smokers have clinical influenza as compared with 6% of non-smokers.<ref name="pmid10487646">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nicholson KG, Kent J, Hammersley V | title = Influenza A among community-dwelling elderly persons in Leicestershire during winter 1993-4; cigarette smoking as a risk factor and the efficacy of influenza vaccination | journal = Epidemiology and Infection | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–8 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10487646 | pmc = 2810733 | doi = 10.1017/S095026889900271X }}</ref> ||
+
| 1993 || || Human || Research || In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, it is found that 23% of smokers have clinical influenza as compared with 6% of non-smokers.<ref name="pmid10487646">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nicholson KG, Kent J, Hammersley V | title = Influenza A among community-dwelling elderly persons in Leicestershire during winter 1993-4; cigarette smoking as a risk factor and the efficacy of influenza vaccination | journal = Epidemiology and Infection | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–8 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10487646 | pmc = 2810733 | doi = 10.1017/S095026889900271X }}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1997 || {{w|H5N1}} || Human || Infection || Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] (also known as bird flu) is discovered in humans. The first time an influenza virus is found to be transmitted directly from birds to people. Eighteen people hospitalized, six of whom die. Hong Kong kills its entire poultry population of about 1.5 million birds. No pandemic develops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.extension.org/pages/24401/history-of-avian-influenza|title=History of Avian Influenza|website=extension.org|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])   
+
| 1993 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} || Human || Medical development || {{w|Flumadine}} ({{w|rimantadine}}) is approved by the United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} for preventing and treating infection caused by {{w|influenzavirus A}}.<ref name="Rees"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1997 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human || Infection case || Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] (also known as bird flu) is discovered in humans. The first time an influenza virus is found to be transmitted directly from birds to people. Eighteen people hospitalized, six of whom die. Hong Kong kills its entire poultry population of about 1.5 million birds. No pandemic develops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.extension.org/pages/24401/history-of-avian-influenza|title=History of Avian Influenza|website=extension.org|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])   
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1997 || {{w|H7N4}} || Avian || {{w|Epizootic}} || Highly [[wikipedia:pathogenic|pathogenic]] [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N4|Influenza A virus subtype H7N4]] strain causes a minor flu outbreak in [[wikipedia:chicken|chicken]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selleck |first1=PW |last2=Arzey |first2=G |last3=Kirkland |first3=PD |last4=Reece |first4=RL |last5=Gould |first5=AR |last6=Daniels |first6=PW |last7=Westbury |first7=HA |title=An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Australia in 1997 caused by an H7N4 virus. |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.806 |pmid=14575068 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14575068}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]
 
| 1997 || {{w|H7N4}} || Avian || {{w|Epizootic}} || Highly [[wikipedia:pathogenic|pathogenic]] [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N4|Influenza A virus subtype H7N4]] strain causes a minor flu outbreak in [[wikipedia:chicken|chicken]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selleck |first1=PW |last2=Arzey |first2=G |last3=Kirkland |first3=PD |last4=Reece |first4=RL |last5=Gould |first5=AR |last6=Daniels |first6=PW |last7=Westbury |first7=HA |title=An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Australia in 1997 caused by an H7N4 virus. |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.806 |pmid=14575068 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14575068}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]
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| 1997 || || Human || System launch || {{w|FluNet}} is launched as a global web-based tool for influenza virological surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |title=FluNet |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
| 1997 || || Human || System launch || {{w|FluNet}} is launched as a global web-based tool for influenza virological surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |title=FluNet |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/flunet/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1998–1999 (November 1998–April 1999) || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 1998-1999 season containing the following:
+
| 1997 || || Human || Medical development || A randomized clinical trial finds that volunteers taking 1.2 grams of N-acetylcysteine daily for six months are as likely as those taking {{w|placebo}} to be infected by influenza, but only 25% of them experience clinical symptoms, as contrasted with 67% of the {{w|control group}}. The authors conclude that resistance to flu symptoms is associated with a shift in {{w|cell mediated immunity}} from {{w|anergy}} toward {{w|normoergy}}, as measured by the degree of {{w|skin reactivity}} to seven common {{w|antigen}}s such as {{w|tetanus}} and {{w|Candida albicans}}.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/7/1535.pdf|title=Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine treatment|author1=S. De Flora |author2=C. Grassi |author3=L. Carati |journal=Eur Respir J|year=1997|pages=1535–1541|doi=10.1183/09031936.97.10071535|volume=10|pmid=9230243|issue=7}} ''(Open access article)''</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1998–1999 (November 1998–April 1999) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 1998-1999 season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Sydney/5/97(H3N2)-like virus;
 
* an A/Sydney/5/97(H3N2)-like virus;
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|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}   
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}   
 
|-
 
|-
| 1999 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 1999 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 1999 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 1999 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus;
 
* an A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus;
Line 143: Line 177:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1999 || {{w|H9N2}} || || Infection || New [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H9N2|Influenza A virus subtype H9N2]] strain is detected in humans. It causes illness in two children in Hong Kong, with poultry being the probable source. No pandemic develops.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])   
+
| 1999 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H9N2}}) || Human || Infection case || New [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H9N2|Influenza A virus subtype H9N2]] strain is detected in humans. It causes illness in two children in Hong Kong, with poultry being the probable source. No pandemic develops.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])   
 
|-
 
|-
| 1999–2000 (November 1999 to April 2000) || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 1999-2000 season contain the following:
+
| 1999 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}}, {{w|influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development || {{w|Tamiflu}} ({{w|Oseltamivir}}) is approved for medical use in the United States.<ref name=AHFS2017>{{cite web| title=Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals | url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/oseltamivir-phosphate.html| publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists| access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1999–2000 (November 1999 to April 2000) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 1999-2000 season contain the following:
  
 
* an A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus;
 
* an A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus;
Line 154: Line 190:
 
| 2000 || || Human || Alternative medicine || Homeopathic preparation {{w|Oscillococcinum}} becomes one of the top ten selling drugs in {{w|France}}, is publicised widely in the media, and becomes widely prescribed for both influenza and the {{w|common cold}}.<ref name = "Abgrall1">{{cite book | title = Healing Or Stealing?: Medical Charlatans in the New Age | last=Abgrall|first=Jean-Marie|publisher= Algora | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-892941-51-0 | pages = 40–41 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HFs33ev0leUC&pg=PA40&dq=oscillococcinum }}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
| 2000 || || Human || Alternative medicine || Homeopathic preparation {{w|Oscillococcinum}} becomes one of the top ten selling drugs in {{w|France}}, is publicised widely in the media, and becomes widely prescribed for both influenza and the {{w|common cold}}.<ref name = "Abgrall1">{{cite book | title = Healing Or Stealing?: Medical Charlatans in the New Age | last=Abgrall|first=Jean-Marie|publisher= Algora | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-892941-51-0 | pages = 40–41 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HFs33ev0leUC&pg=PA40&dq=oscillococcinum }}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2000 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2000 season (southern hemisphere winter) contain the following:
+
| 2000 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2000 season (southern hemisphere winter) contain the following:
  
 
* an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
 
* an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
Line 161: Line 197:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2000–2001 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2000-2001 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2000–2001 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2000-2001 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
 
* an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
Line 168: Line 204:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2001 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2001 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2001 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2001 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
 
* an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
Line 175: Line 211:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2001–2002 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2001-2002 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2001–2002 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2001-2002 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 182: Line 218:
 
||
 
||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2002 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2002 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2002 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2002 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 189: Line 225:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2002 || {{w|H7N2}} || Non-human (avian) || Infection || New avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H7N2|influenza A virus subtype H7N2]] strain affects 197 farms in [[wikipedia:Virginia|Virginia]] and results in the killing of over 4.7 million birds. One person is infected, fully recovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akey|first1=BL|title=Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Virgnia during 2002.|doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1099|pmid=14575120}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 2002 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}}, {{w|Influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development || High dietary intake of {{w|green tea}} is correlated with reduced risk of contracting influenza, as well as having an antiviral effect upon types A and B.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Imanishi | first1 = N | last2 = Tuji | first2 = Y | last3 = Katada | first3 = Y | last4 = Maruhashi | first4 = M | last5 = Konosu | first5 = S | last6 = Mantani | first6 = N | last7 = Terasawa | first7 = K | last8 = Ochiai | first8 = H | year = 2002 | title = Additional inhibitory effect of tea extract on the growth of influenza A and B viruses in MDCK cells. | url = | journal = Microbiol. Immunol.| volume =  46| issue = 7| pages =  491–4| pmid = 12222936 | doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02724.x}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || {{w|H7N2}} || Non-human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || New avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H7N2|influenza A virus subtype H7N2]] strain affects 197 farms in [[wikipedia:Virginia|Virginia]] and results in the killing of over 4.7 million birds. One person is infected, fully recovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akey|first1=BL|title=Low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza outbreak in Virgnia during 2002.|doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1099|pmid=14575120}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2002–2003 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2002-2003 season (Northern Hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2002–2003 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2002-2003 season (Northern Hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 198: Line 236:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2003 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2003 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2003 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2003 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 205: Line 243:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2003 || || Human || System launch || {{w|Influenzanet}} launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system monitoring the incidence of influenza-like illness in {{w|Europe}}. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geneviève |first1=LD |last2=Wangmo |first2=T |last3=Dietrich |first3=D |last4=Woolley-Meza |first4=O |last5=Flahault |first5=A |last6=Elger |first6=BS |title=Research Ethics in the European Influenzanet Consortium: Scoping Review. |pmid=10.2196/publichealth.9616 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/30305258 |pmc=6231872}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koppeschaar |first1=CE |last2=Colizza |first2=V |last3=Guerrisi |first3=C |last4=Turbelin |first4=C |last5=Duggan |first5=J |last6=Edmunds |first6=WJ |last7=Kjelsø |first7=C |last8=Mexia |first8=R |last9=Moreno |first9=Y |last10=Meloni |first10=S |last11=Paolotti |first11=D |last12=Perrotta |first12=D |last13=van Straten |first13=E |last14=Franco |first14=AO |title=Influenzanet: Citizens Among 10 Countries Collaborating to Monitor Influenza in Europe. |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7429 |pmid=28928112 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928112 |pmc=5627046}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Belgium}}
+
| 2003 || || Human || System launch || {{w|Influenzanet}} launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system monitoring the incidence of influenza-like illness in {{w|Europe}}. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geneviève |first1=LD |last2=Wangmo |first2=T |last3=Dietrich |first3=D |last4=Woolley-Meza |first4=O |last5=Flahault |first5=A |last6=Elger |first6=BS |title=Research Ethics in the European Influenzanet Consortium: Scoping Review|url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/30305258}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koppeschaar |first1=CE |last2=Colizza |first2=V |last3=Guerrisi |first3=C |last4=Turbelin |first4=C |last5=Duggan |first5=J |last6=Edmunds |first6=WJ |last7=Kjelsø |first7=C |last8=Mexia |first8=R |last9=Moreno |first9=Y |last10=Meloni |first10=S |last11=Paolotti |first11=D |last12=Perrotta |first12=D |last13=van Straten |first13=E |last14=Franco |first14=AO |title=Influenzanet: Citizens Among 10 Countries Collaborating to Monitor Influenza in Europe. |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7429 |pmid=28928112 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928112 |pmc=5627046}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Belgium}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2003 || || Human || Medical development || The mixture of ''{{w|Eleutherococcus senticosus}}'' ("Siberian ginseng") and ''{{w|Andrographis paniculata}}'', sold under the trade name Kan Jang, is reported in the Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy to outperform {{w|amantadine}} in reducing influenza-related sick time and complications in a {{w|Volgograd}} pilot study of 71 patients.<!--- bear in mind that the flu was likely resistant to amantadine, so this may be a matter of statistical chance... ---><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 15277072 | volume=3 | issue=1 | title=A randomized, controlled study of Kan Jang versus amantadine in the treatment of influenza in Volgograd | year=2003 | journal=J Herb Pharmacother | pages=77–93 |vauthors=Kulichenko LL, Kireyeva LV, Malyshkina EN, Wikman G | doi=10.1080/j157v03n01_04}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2003 || {{w|H7N7}} || Human, avian || Infection || First reported case of avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H7N7|influenza A virus subtype H7N7]] strain in humans. 88 people are infected, one dies. 30 million birds are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stegeman|first1=A|last2=Bouma|first2=A|last3=Elbers|first3=AR|last4=De Jong|first4=MC|last5=Nodelijk|first5=G|last6=De Klerk|first6=F|last7=Koch|first7=G|last8=Van Boven|first8=M.|title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: course of the epidemic and effectiveness of control measures.|doi=10.1086/425583|pmid=15551206}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]]
+
| 2003 || || || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The United States {{w|FDA}} first licenses FluMist –an intranasally administered influenza vaccine, for healthy, nonpregnant persons aged 5–49 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Notice to Readers: Expansion of Use of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (FluMist®) to Children Aged 2--4 Years and Other FluMist Changes for the 2007--08 Influenza Season|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5646a4.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 April 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2003–2004 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2003-2004 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2003 || {{w|H7N7}} || Human, avian || {{w|Epidemic}}, {{w|epizootic}} || First reported case of avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H7N7|influenza A virus subtype H7N7]] strain in humans. 88 people are infected, one dies. 30 million birds are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stegeman|first1=A|last2=Bouma|first2=A|last3=Elbers|first3=AR|last4=De Jong|first4=MC|last5=Nodelijk|first5=G|last6=De Klerk|first6=F|last7=Koch|first7=G|last8=Van Boven|first8=M.|title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: course of the epidemic and effectiveness of control measures.|doi=10.1086/425583|pmid=15551206}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2003–2004 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2003-2004 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 216: Line 258:
 
||
 
||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2003–2007 || {{w|H5N1}} || Human || Infection || Avian ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]]) strain is reported in humans. In February 2003, two people are infected in [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], one dies. In December 2003, H5N1 breaks out among chicken in [[wikipedia:South Korea|South Korea]]. By January 2004, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] has its first outbreak of avian flu since 1925 and Vietnam reports human cases. In [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], nine million chickens are slaughtered to stop the spread of the disease.<ref name="Avian flu: a history">{{cite web|title=Avian flu: a history|url=http://eedition.winklertimes.com/doc/Winkler-Times/winkler_times-1211/2014120901/24.html#24|publisher=Winkler Times|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> By December 2006, over 240 million poultry would die or be culled due to H5N1.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Global Strategy for Prevention and Control of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sWDQWPhnVo8C&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=%22H5N1%22+%22281%22+%22169%22&source=bl&ots=XW1qV4VQau&sig=4uhyYcEPfBTvl44IpgTuGTYenYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix6My66e_RAhUKlZAKHav-Dl8Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=%22H5N1%22%20%22281%22%20%22169%22&f=false|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:East Asia|East Asia]], [[wikipedia:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]
+
| 2003–2007 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human, avian || {{w|Epidemic}}, {{w|epizootic}} || Avian ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|Influenza A virus subtype H5N1]]) strain is reported in humans. In February 2003, two people are infected in [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], one dies. In December 2003, H5N1 breaks out among chicken in [[wikipedia:South Korea|South Korea]]. By January 2004, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] has its first outbreak of avian flu since 1925 and Vietnam reports human cases. In [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], nine million chickens are slaughtered to stop the spread of the disease.<ref name="Avian flu: a history">{{cite web|title=Avian flu: a history|url=http://eedition.winklertimes.com/doc/Winkler-Times/winkler_times-1211/2014120901/24.html#24|publisher=Winkler Times|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> By December 2006, over 240 million poultry would die or be culled due to H5N1.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Global Strategy for Prevention and Control of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sWDQWPhnVo8C&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=%22H5N1%22+%22281%22+%22169%22&source=bl&ots=XW1qV4VQau&sig=4uhyYcEPfBTvl44IpgTuGTYenYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix6My66e_RAhUKlZAKHav-Dl8Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=%22H5N1%22%20%22281%22%20%22169%22&f=false|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:East Asia|East Asia]], [[wikipedia:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2004 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2004 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organizatin}} publishes its ''Guidelines for the use of seasonal influenza vaccine in humans at risk of H5N1 infection''.<ref name="Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2004 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1) -like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1) -like virus;
Line 227: Line 271:
 
| 2004 || || Human || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Influenza Genome Sequencing Project|Influenza Genome Sequencing Project]] is launched to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions. Funded by the [[wikipedia:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fauci AS |title=Pandemic influenza threat and preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=73–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494721 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0983.htm |doi=10.3201/eid1201.050983 |pmc=3291399}}</ref>||
 
| 2004 || || Human || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Influenza Genome Sequencing Project|Influenza Genome Sequencing Project]] is launched to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions. Funded by the [[wikipedia:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fauci AS |title=Pandemic influenza threat and preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=73–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494721 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0983.htm |doi=10.3201/eid1201.050983 |pmc=3291399}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|H7N3]] || Human || Infection || New avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|Influenza A virus subtype H7N3]] strain is detected in humans. Two poultry workers become infected, eventually fully recovered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]
+
| 2004 || || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organizatin}} publishes its guideline ''Advice for people living in areas affected by bird flu or avian influenza''.<ref name="Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions"/> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || {{w|H10N7}} || Human || Infection || New avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H10N7|influenza A virus subtype H10N7]] strain is detected in humans. Two children become infected.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.paho.org/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-07-may-2004.htm | title = EID Weekly Updates - Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas | accessdate =1 February 2017 | publisher = Pan American Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" />||[[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]
+
| 2004 || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|H7N3]] || Human || Infection case || New avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N3|Influenza A virus subtype H7N3]] strain is detected in humans. Two poultry workers become infected, eventually fully recovered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/Canada/rv504/2004(H7N3)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || {{w|H5N2}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || Avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H5N2|influenza A virus subtype H5N2]] infects birds in [[wikipedia:Texas|Texas]]. 6,600 infected broiler chickens are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza|url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/impactworksheets/iw_2004_files/domestic/hpaitexas032004.htm|website=usda.gov|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 2004 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H10N7}}) || Human || Infection case || New avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H10N7|influenza A virus subtype H10N7]] strain is detected in humans. Two children become infected.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.paho.org/English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-07-may-2004.htm | title = EID Weekly Updates - Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Region of the Americas | accessdate =1 February 2017 | publisher = Pan American Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" />||[[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || {{w|H3N8}} || Non-human ({{w|Canidae}}) || Scientific development || {{w|Canine influenza}} (dog flu) virus subtype H3N8, is discovered to cause disease in canines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Payungporn |first1=Sunchai |last2=Crawford |first2=P. Cynda |last3=Kouo |first3=Theodore S. |last4=Chen |first4=Li-mei |last5=Pompey |first5=Justine |last6=Castleman |first6=William L. |last7=Dubovi |first7=Edward J. |last8=Katz |first8=Jacqueline M. |last9=Donis |first9=Ruben O. |title=Influenza A Virus (H3N8) in Dogs with Respiratory Disease, Florida |doi=10.3201/eid1406.071270 |pmid=18507900 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600298/ |pmc=2600298}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2004 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} {{w|H5N2}} || Non–human (avian) || {{w|Epizootic}} || Avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H5N2|influenza A virus subtype H5N2]] infects birds in [[wikipedia:Texas|Texas]]. 6,600 infected broiler chickens are slaughtered.<ref>{{cite web|title=Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza|url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/impactworksheets/iw_2004_files/domestic/hpaitexas032004.htm|website=usda.gov|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004–2005 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2004-2005 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2004 || {{w|H3N8}} || Non-human ({{w|Canidae}}) || Virus type discovery || {{w|Canine influenza}} (dog flu) virus subtype H3N8, is discovered to cause disease in canines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Payungporn |first1=Sunchai |last2=Crawford |first2=P. Cynda |last3=Kouo |first3=Theodore S. |last4=Chen |first4=Li-mei |last5=Pompey |first5=Justine |last6=Castleman |first6=William L. |last7=Dubovi |first7=Edward J. |last8=Katz |first8=Jacqueline M. |last9=Donis |first9=Ruben O. |title=Influenza A Virus (H3N8) in Dogs with Respiratory Disease, Florida |doi=10.3201/eid1406.071270 |pmid=18507900 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600298/ |pmc=2600298}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2004–2005 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2004-2005 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 243: Line 289:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2005 || || Human || Organization || [[wikipedia:President of the United States|United States President]] [[wikipedia:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] unveils the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza. US$1&nbsp;billion for the production and stockpile of [[wikipedia:oseltamivir|oseltamivir]] are requested after Congress approves $1.8&nbsp;billion for military use of the drug.<ref>Shannon Brownlee and Jeanne Lenzer (November 2009) [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200911/brownlee-h1n1 "Does the Vaccine Matter?"], ''[[wikipedia:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] Whitehouse.gov Retrieved 26 October 2006.</ref>|| [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
| 2005 || || Human || Organization || [[wikipedia:President of the United States|United States President]] [[wikipedia:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] unveils the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza. US$1&nbsp;billion for the production and stockpile of [[wikipedia:oseltamivir|oseltamivir]] are requested after Congress approves $1.8&nbsp;billion for military use of the drug.<ref>Shannon Brownlee and Jeanne Lenzer (November 2009) [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200911/brownlee-h1n1 "Does the Vaccine Matter?"], ''[[wikipedia:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] Whitehouse.gov Retrieved 26 October 2006.</ref>|| [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 || || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its guideline ''Clarification on the use of masks by health-care workers in pandemic settings - in WHO global influenza preparedness plan''.<ref name="Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2005 || || General || Organization || American president [[wikipedia:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] announces the [[wikipedia:International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza]]. The purpose of the partnership is protecting human and animal health as well as mitigating the global socioeconomic and security consequences of an influenza pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Partnership on Avian and  Pandemic Influenza|url=http://mddb.apec.org/documents/2008/HWG/WKSP1/08_hwg_wksp1_007.pdf|website=apec.org|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/54428.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]])
 
| 2005 || || General || Organization || American president [[wikipedia:George W. Bush|George W. Bush]] announces the [[wikipedia:International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza]]. The purpose of the partnership is protecting human and animal health as well as mitigating the global socioeconomic and security consequences of an influenza pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Partnership on Avian and  Pandemic Influenza|url=http://mddb.apec.org/documents/2008/HWG/WKSP1/08_hwg_wksp1_007.pdf|website=apec.org|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/54428.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]])
 
|-
 
|-
| 2005 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2005 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2005 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2005 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 253: Line 301:
 
||
 
||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2005 || || General || || New technology development led by {{w|Elodie Ghedin}} at {{w|The Institute for Genomic Research}} is first published at journal ''[[w:Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' describing over 100 influenza genomes.<ref name=Ghedin05>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ghedin E, Sengamalay NA, Shumway M, Zaborsky J, Feldblyum T, Subbu V, Spiro DJ, Sitz J, Koo H, Bolotov P, Dernovoy D, Tatusova T, Bao Y, St George K, Taylor J, Lipman DJ, Fraser CM, Taubenberger JK, Salzberg SL |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 |bibcode=2005Natur.437.1162G|doi-access=free }} (as [http://cbcb.umd.edu/~salzberg/docs/NatureFluGenomeProjectReprint.pdf PDF]</ref> ||
+
| 2005 || || General || Research (genomics) || New technology development led by {{w|Elodie Ghedin}} at {{w|The Institute for Genomic Research}} is first published at journal ''[[w:Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' describing over 100 influenza {{w|genome}}s.<ref name=Ghedin05>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ghedin E, Sengamalay NA, Shumway M, Zaborsky J, Feldblyum T, Subbu V, Spiro DJ, Sitz J, Koo H, Bolotov P, Dernovoy D, Tatusova T, Bao Y, St George K, Taylor J, Lipman DJ, Fraser CM, Taubenberger JK, Salzberg SL |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239|doi-access=free }} (as [http://cbcb.umd.edu/~salzberg/docs/NatureFluGenomeProjectReprint.pdf PDF]</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2005 || {{w|H1N1}} || || Infection || Avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H1N1|influenza A virus subtype H1N1]] strain kills one person in [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]]. In [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], a village is quarantined after three dead ducks test positive for H1N1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]
+
| 2005 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human, avian || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its ''WHO guidance on public health measures in countries experiencing their first outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza''.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO guidance on public health measures in countries experiencing their first outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/guidance_publichealthmeasures_h5n1_10_2005/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2005–2006 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2005-2006 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2005 (August) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} {{w|H5N3}} || Non-human (avian) || Infection case || {{w|Influenza A virus subtype H5N3}} is identified in {{w|Quebec}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.recombinomics.com/News/11190504/H5_LPAI_Quebec_British_Columbia.html | title=H5N2 H5N3 and H5N9 Detected in Quebec and British Columbia}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 || {{w|H1N1}} || Human, avian || Infection case || Avian [[wikipedia:influenza A virus subtype H1N1|influenza A virus subtype H1N1]] strain kills one person in [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]]. In [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], a village is quarantined after three dead ducks test positive for H1N1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Influenza Strain Details for A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)|url=https://www.fludb.org/brc/fluStrainDetails.spg?strainName=A/Cambodia/V0803338/2011(H1N1)&decorator=influenza|publisher=Influenza Research Database|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 (Ocober) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} {{w|H5N3}} || Non-human (avian) || Infection case || {{w|Influenza A virus subtype H5N3}} is identified in  {{w|Sweden}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza A H5N3 |url=https://www.sinobiological.com/research/virus/influenza-a-h5n3 |website=sinobiological.com |accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2005 (November) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} {{w|H5N2}} || Non-human (falcon) || Infection case || It is reported that a {{w|falcon}} was found to have {{w|H5N2}}.<ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/einet/?a=printArticle&print=1097] article ''Kuwait: Avian influenza H5N1 confirmed case in flamingo'' November 12, 2005</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2005–2006 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2005-2006 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
A trivalent vaccine containing:
 
A trivalent vaccine containing:
Line 265: Line 321:
 
* a B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index9.html |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 
* a B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index9.html |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its guideline ''Avian influenza: food safety issues''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian influenza: food safety issues |url=https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/zoonose/avian/en/index1.html |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/guidelinestopics/en/index2.html |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 (May) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its ''WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus''.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/pharmacological_management_h5n1_05_2006/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2006 || || Human, avian || Organization || The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza is held Beijing. Co-hosted by the [[wikipedia:Government of China|Chinese Government]], the [[wikipedia:European Commission|European Commission]] and the [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]]. The purpose is to raise funds for international cooperation in the prevention and control of avian and human influenza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinamission.be/eng/zxxx/t232280.htm|title= The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza Is Successfully Held in Beijing}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Beijing|Beijing]])   
 
| 2006 || || Human, avian || Organization || The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza is held Beijing. Co-hosted by the [[wikipedia:Government of China|Chinese Government]], the [[wikipedia:European Commission|European Commission]] and the [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]]. The purpose is to raise funds for international cooperation in the prevention and control of avian and human influenza.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinamission.be/eng/zxxx/t232280.htm|title= The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza Is Successfully Held in Beijing}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[wikipedia:Beijing|Beijing]])   
Line 272: Line 332:
 
| 2006 || || Human || Website launch || <code>flutracking.net</code> launches in Australia as a weekly web-based survey of influenza-like illness (ILI). It monitors the transmission and severity of ILI across Australia. The survey documents symptoms (cough, fever, and sore throat), time off work or normal duties, influenza vaccination status, laboratory testing for influenza, and health seeking behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dalton |first1=Craig |last2=Carlson |first2=Sandra |last3=Butler |first3=Michelle |last4=Cassano |first4=Daniel |last5=Clarke |first5=Stephen |last6=Fejsa |first6=John |last7=Durrheim |first7=David |title=Insights From Flutracking: Thirteen Tips to Growing a Web-Based Participatory Surveillance System |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7333 |pmid=28818817 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579323/ |pmc=5579323}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 
| 2006 || || Human || Website launch || <code>flutracking.net</code> launches in Australia as a weekly web-based survey of influenza-like illness (ILI). It monitors the transmission and severity of ILI across Australia. The survey documents symptoms (cough, fever, and sore throat), time off work or normal duties, influenza vaccination status, laboratory testing for influenza, and health seeking behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dalton |first1=Craig |last2=Carlson |first2=Sandra |last3=Butler |first3=Michelle |last4=Cassano |first4=Daniel |last5=Clarke |first5=Stephen |last6=Fejsa |first6=John |last7=Durrheim |first7=David |title=Insights From Flutracking: Thirteen Tips to Growing a Web-Based Participatory Surveillance System |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7333 |pmid=28818817 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5579323/ |pmc=5579323}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2006 || || || || {{w|Pandemrix}} ||
+
| 2006 || || Human || Research (epidemiology) || A randomized trial published in the ''{{w|British Medical Journal}}'' shows that even being able to vaccinate half the nursing home staff can prevent half of all deaths during the influenza season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protecting our elderly: beating flu outbreaks in nursing homes |url=https://theconversation.com/protecting-our-elderly-beating-flu-outbreaks-in-nursing-homes-2960 |website=theconversation.com |accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
 +
| 2006 || || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its ''WHO strategic action plan for pandemic influenza'', a document on global alert and response (GAR).<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO strategic action plan for pandemic influenza |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_2/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}} ({{w|Geneva}})
 +
|-
 
| 2006 || || Human || Program launch || The {{w|Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines}} (GAP) launches as a strategy to reduce the global shortage of influenza vaccines for seasonal epidemics and pandemic influenza in all countries of the world through three major approaches:
 
| 2006 || || Human || Program launch || The {{w|Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines}} (GAP) launches as a strategy to reduce the global shortage of influenza vaccines for seasonal epidemics and pandemic influenza in all countries of the world through three major approaches:
 
* Increase in seasonal vaccine use
 
* Increase in seasonal vaccine use
Line 281: Line 343:
 
||
 
||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2006–2007 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2006-7 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2006 || || Human || Organization || The {{w|Global action plan for influenza vaccines}} is launched as a 10-year initiative by the {{w|World Health Organization}}, with the purpose to reduce the global shortage and inequitable access to {{w|influenza vaccine}}s in the event of an influenza pandemic.<ref name="saawe">{{cite web |title=4th International Conference on Influenza and Zoonotic Diseases |url=https://influenza.infectiousconferences.com/abstract/2018/global-pandemic-influenza-vaccine-preparedness-progress-under-the-global-action-plan-for-influenza-vaccines-and-next-steps |website=influenza.infectiousconferences.com |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3rd WHO Consultation on Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines, November 2016 |url=https://www.who.int/influenza_vaccines_plan/news/gap3_Nov16/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2006–2007 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2006-7 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 288: Line 352:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2007 || || Non-human (equine) || || [[wikipedia:2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak|Equine influenza outbreak]] is diagnosed in Australia's horse population following the failure to contain infection in quarantine after the importation of one or more infected horses. The outbreak would also have a major impact on individual horse owners, the horse industry and associated sectors in both infected and uninfected states.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Overview of the 2007 Australian outbreak of equine influenza|journal=Australian Veterinary Journal|doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x/abstract?systemMessage=WOL+Usage+report+download+page+will+be+unavailable+on+Friday+27th+January+2017+at+23%3A00+GMT%2F+18%3A00+EST%2F+07%3A00+SGT+%28Saturday+28th+Jan+for+SGT%29++for+up+to+2+hours+due+to+essential+server+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]
+
| 2007 || || Non-human (equine) || {{w|Epizootic}} || [[wikipedia:2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak|Equine influenza outbreak]] is diagnosed in Australia's horse population following the failure to contain infection in quarantine after the importation of one or more infected horses. The outbreak would also have a major impact on individual horse owners, the horse industry and associated sectors in both infected and uninfected states.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Overview of the 2007 Australian outbreak of equine influenza|journal=Australian Veterinary Journal|doi=10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00721.x/abstract?systemMessage=WOL+Usage+report+download+page+will+be+unavailable+on+Friday+27th+January+2017+at+23%3A00+GMT%2F+18%3A00+EST%2F+07%3A00+SGT+%28Saturday+28th+Jan+for+SGT%29++for+up+to+2+hours+due+to+essential+server+maintenance.+Apologies+for+the+inconvenience.|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2007 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2007 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2007 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} || Human, avian || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its guideline ''Avian influenza, including influenza A (H5N1), in humans: WHO interim infection control guideline for health care facilities''.<ref name="Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2007 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}, {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N2}}) || Non-human ([[w:Swine influenza|swine]]) || Research (virology) || A study reports that in {{w|swine}}, three influenza A virus subtypes ({{w|H1N1}}, {{w|H3N2}}, and {{w|H1N2}}) are circulating throughout the world.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = René Gramer | first1 = Marie | last2 = Hoon Lee | first2 = Jee | last3 = Ki Choi | first3 = Young | last4 = Goyal | first4 = Sagar M. | last5 = Soo Joo | first5 = Han | year = 2007 | title = Serologic and genetic characterization of North American H3N2 swine influenza A viruses | url = | journal = Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 71 | issue = 3| pages = 201–206 |pmc = 1899866 | pmid=17695595}}</ref> || Worldwide
 +
|-
 +
| 2007 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2007 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
Line 297: Line 365:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2007–2008 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2007-8 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2007–2008 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2007-8 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 304: Line 372:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || || || Literature || Roni K. Devlin publishes ''Influenza (Biographies of Disease)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza (Biographies of Disease) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Influenza-Biographies-Disease-Roni-Devlin/dp/0313342598 |website=amazon.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2008 || || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its guideline ''Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations |url=https://www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/HSE_EPR_DCE_2008_3rweb.pdf |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || || Human || Literature || ''Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza: Guidance on Developing a Distribution and Dispensing Program'' is published by the U.S. [[w:National Academy of Medicine|Institute of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12170/antivirals-for-pandemic-influenza-guidance-on-developing-a-distribution-and |website=nap.edu |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 2008 || || || Program launch || The {{w|GISAID}} initiative (Global initiative on sharing all influenza data) launches as a {{w|public–private partnership}} between the {{w|German government}} and the {{w|nonprofit organization}} Friends of GISAID that provides public access to a collection of {{w|genetic sequence}} data of {{w|influenza}} {{w|viruses}} and related clinical and epidemiological data through its database (named EpiFlu).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=Yuelong |last2=McCauley |first2=John |title=GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494 |pmid=28382917 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388101/ |pmc=5388101}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || {{w|H5N1 }} and others || Human, avian || Literature || ''Avian Influenza'', by Hans-Dieter Klenk, Mikhail N. Matrosovich, and Jürgen Stech, is published. It provides information about the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza with particular emphasis on recent [[w:Global spread of H5N1|H5N1 outbreaks]] in {{w|China}}, {{w|Siberia}} and {{w|Europe}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian Influenza |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Avian_Influenza.html?id=BsFo_f90aLoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||  
+
| 2008 || || Human, avian || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its guideline ''Aide-Memoire -Infection control recommendations for avian influenza in health-care facilities''.<ref name="Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions">{{cite web |title=Avian influenza: guidelines. recommendations, descriptions |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/guidelinestopics/en/index3.html |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2008 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2008 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its guideline ''Protection of individuals with high poultry contact in areas affected by avian influenza H5N1: Consolidation of pre-existing guidance''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protection of individuals with high poultry contact in areas affected by avian influenza H5N1: Consolidation of pre-existing guidance |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/guidance_protection_h5n1_02_2008/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || || Human || Publication || Roni K. Devlin publishes ''Influenza (Biographies of Disease)''. The book covers influenza as a disease with potential of being at the center of a new pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza (Biographies of Disease) |url=https://www.amazon.com/Influenza-Biographies-Disease-Roni-Devlin/dp/0313342598 |website=amazon.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || || Human || Publication || ''Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza: Guidance on Developing a Distribution and Dispensing Program'' is published by the U.S. [[w:National Academy of Medicine|Institute of Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12170/antivirals-for-pandemic-influenza-guidance-on-developing-a-distribution-and |website=nap.edu |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) and others || Human, avian || Publication || ''Avian Influenza'', by Hans-Dieter Klenk, Mikhail N. Matrosovich, and Jürgen Stech, is published. It provides information about the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza with particular emphasis on recent [[w:Global spread of H5N1|H5N1 outbreaks]] in {{w|China}}, {{w|Siberia}} and {{w|Europe}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian Influenza |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Avian_Influenza.html?id=BsFo_f90aLoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2008 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 317: Line 393:
 
||                                   
 
||                                   
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || || General || Scientific development || Research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) finds that the influenza virus has a butter-like coating, which melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before the virus reaches the respiratory tract.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Polozov |author-first1=I. V. |author-last2=Bezrukov |author-first2=L. |author-last3=Gawrisch |author-first3=K. |author-last4=Zimmerberg |author-first4=J. |title=Progressive ordering with decreasing temperature of the phospholipids of influenza virus |journal={{w|Nature Chemical Biology}} |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–255 |date=2008 |pmid=18311130 |doi=10.1038/nchembio.77 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233359}}</ref> ||
+
| 2008 || || General || Research (virology) || Research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) finds that the influenza virus has a butter-like coating, which melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before the virus reaches the respiratory tract.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Polozov |author-first1=I. V. |author-last2=Bezrukov |author-first2=L. |author-last3=Gawrisch |author-first3=K. |author-last4=Zimmerberg |author-first4=J. |title=Progressive ordering with decreasing temperature of the phospholipids of influenza virus |journal={{w|Nature Chemical Biology}} |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=248–255 |date=2008 |pmid=18311130 |doi=10.1038/nchembio.77 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233359}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || || General || Scientific development ||[[wikipedia:OpenFluDB|OpenFluDB]] is launched as a [[wikipedia:database|database]] for human and animal influenza virus. It's used to collect, manage, store and distribute worldwide data on influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robin Liechti1, Anne Gleizes, Dmitry Kuznetsov, Lydie Bougueleret, Philippe Le Mercier, Amos Bairoch and Ioannis Xenarios |date= |title=OpenFluDB, a database for human and animal influenza virus |url=http://database.oxfordjournals.org/content/2010/baq004.full |journal= |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.1093/database/baq004 |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref>|| Worldwide  
+
| 2008 || || General || Research (epidemiology) ||[[wikipedia:OpenFluDB|OpenFluDB]] is launched as a [[wikipedia:database|database]] for human and animal influenza virus. It's used to collect, manage, store and distribute worldwide data on influenza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robin Liechti1, Anne Gleizes, Dmitry Kuznetsov, Lydie Bougueleret, Philippe Le Mercier, Amos Bairoch and Ioannis Xenarios |date= |title=OpenFluDB, a database for human and animal influenza virus |url=http://database.oxfordjournals.org/content/2010/baq004.full |journal= |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.1093/database/baq004 |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref>|| Worldwide  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2008 || || Human || Service launch || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]] launches [[wikipedia:Google Flu Trends|Google Flu Trends]], a web service with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity by aggregating [[wikipedia:Google Search|Google Search]] queries. The system would provide data to 29 countries worldwide, extending service to include surveillance for [[wikipedia:dengue|dengue]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Declan|title=When Google got flu wrong|url=http://www.nature.com/news/when-google-got-flu-wrong-1.12413|website=nature.com|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]   
 
| 2008 || || Human || Service launch || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]] launches [[wikipedia:Google Flu Trends|Google Flu Trends]], a web service with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity by aggregating [[wikipedia:Google Search|Google Search]] queries. The system would provide data to 29 countries worldwide, extending service to include surveillance for [[wikipedia:dengue|dengue]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Declan|title=When Google got flu wrong|url=http://www.nature.com/news/when-google-got-flu-wrong-1.12413|website=nature.com|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]   
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008–2009 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2008-2009 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2008–2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2008-2009 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 330: Line 406:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009 || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]] || Human || Epidemic || New flu virus ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) [[wikipedia:2009 flu pandemic|pandemic]] (colloquially called the swine flu pandemic), first recognized in the state of [[wikipedia:Veracruz|Veracruz]], Mexico, spreads quickly across the United States and the world, prompting a strong global public reaction. Overseas flights are discouraged from government health bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/27/swine-flu-mexico|title=Europeans urged to avoid Mexico and US as swine flu death toll rises}}</ref>  Worldwide, nearly 1 billion doses of H1N1 vaccine are ordered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/conditions/how-vaccines-became-big-business/article572731/?page=all|title= How vaccines became big business}}</ref> A total of 74 countries are affected. 18,500 deaths.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/>|| Worldwide
+
| 2009 (January) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} {{w|H5N3}} || Non-human (avian) || Epizootic || {{w|Influenza A virus subtype H5N3}} is identified at a {{w|La Garnache}} farm in {{w|France}}. 90 birds are found dead between 29 January 2009 and 31 January 2009.  The remaining stock of 4,932 birds are culled on 1 February 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scoglio |first1=Caterina |last2=Schumm |first2=Walter |last3=Schumm |first3=Phillip |last4=Easton |first4=Todd |last5=Chowdhury |first5=Sohini Roy |last6=Sydney |first6=Ali |last7=Youssef |first7=Mina |title=Efficient Mitigation Strategies for Epidemics in Rural Regions |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011569 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011569}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SWINE FLU: DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT SAMEER PRAKASH BIOTECH BOOKS SWINE FLU DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT BY SAMEER PRAKASH BI... |url=https://epdf.pub/swine-flu-diagnosis-and-treatment.html |website=epdf.pub |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || New flu virus ([[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]) [[wikipedia:2009 flu pandemic|pandemic]] (colloquially called the swine flu pandemic), first recognized in the state of [[wikipedia:Veracruz|Veracruz]], Mexico, spreads quickly across the United States and the world, prompting a strong global public reaction. Overseas flights are discouraged from government health bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/27/swine-flu-mexico|title=Europeans urged to avoid Mexico and US as swine flu death toll rises}}</ref>  Worldwide, nearly 1 billion doses of H1N1 vaccine are ordered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/conditions/how-vaccines-became-big-business/article572731/?page=all|title= How vaccines became big business}}</ref> A total of 74 countries are affected. 18,500 deaths.<ref name=Pandemic-Flu-History/>|| Worldwide
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (April 27) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Policy || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} issues {{w|Emergency Use Authorization}}s to make available {{w|Relenza}} and {{w|Tamiflu}} {{w|antiviral drug}}s to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they were currently unapproved. The agency issues these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs, including by volunteers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amended Authorizations of Emergency Use of Certain Antiviral Drugs Zanamivir and Oseltamivir Phosphate; Availability |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2010/04/19/2010-8603/amended-authorizations-of-emergency-use-of-certain-antiviral-drugs-zanamivir-and-oseltamivir |website=federalregister.gov |accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (Late April) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || The {{w|World Health Organization}} declares its first ever "[[w:PHEIC|public health emergency of international concern]]" (PHEIC) in response to the [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]] pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_20090425/en/|title=WHO—Swine influenza|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (May) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Research (epidemiology) || A study at the [[w:United States|U.S.]] {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} (CDC) reports that children have no preexisting [[w:immunity (medical)|immunity]] to the new {{w|pandemic H1N1/09 virus}} strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, have some degree of immunity. Children show no [[w:Cross-reactivity|cross-reactive]] {{w|antibody}} reaction to the then-new strain, while adults aged 18 to 64 had 6–9%, and older adults 34%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/may2109serum-jw.html|title=Some immunity to novel H1N1 flu found in seniors}}</ref><ref name="CDC_MMWRDispatch_20090421">
 +
{{cite web
 +
|publisher={{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}
 +
|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm58d0421a1.htm
 +
|title=Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children—Southern California, March–April 2009
 +
|work={{w|Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report}}
 +
|date=21 April 2009
 +
}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (May 22) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine funding || The {{w|United States Department of Health and Human Services}} directs US$1 billion toward development of vaccine for novel influenza A (H1N1).<ref>{{cite web |title=HHS Takes $1 Billion "Step" Toward Making Swine Flu Vaccine |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2009/05/hhs-takes-1-billion-step-toward-making-swine-flu-vaccine |website=sciencemag.org |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (June) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Policy || The {{w|World Health Organization}} and the U.S. {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} stop counting cases and declare the H1N1 outbreak a {{w|pandemic}}.<ref name="MargaretChanJune11">{{Cite news|title=World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic|last=Chan|first= Margaret|date=11 June 2009|publisher={{w|World Health Organization}} (WHO) url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022123810/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html}}</ref> || Worldwide
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2009 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Research (epidemiology) || A link between {{w|obesity}} and 2009 H1N1 flu complications is found during the [[w:2009 swine flu pandemic|pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Study reveals obesity link to seasonal flu hospitalizations |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2011/08/study-reveals-obesity-link-seasonal-flu-hospitalizations |website=cidrap.umn.edu |accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its interim guidance ''Advice on the use of masks in the community setting in Influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks'', which deals with emergencies preparedness and response.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advice on the use of masks in the community setting in Influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/masks_community/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|Prevalence}} || It is estimated that in the {{w|2009 flu pandemic}} 11–21% of the then global population (of about 6.8 billion), or around 700 million to 1.4 billion people, contracted the illness—more in absolute terms than the {{w|Spanish flu}} pandemic. Calculated fatalities range between 12,000 and 18,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2012/06/cdc-estimate-global-h1n1-pandemic-deaths-284000|title=CDC estimate of global H1N1 pandemic deaths: 284,000 |website=CDC |publisher=CDC |accessdate=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/pandemic-global-estimates.htm |website=CDC |publisher=CDC |accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> || Worldwide
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2009 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 339: Line 440:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009–2010 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2009-2010 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Medical development || A few news reports suggest the use of an {{w|elderberry}} ''({{w|Sambucus nigra}})'' extract as a potential preventative against the {{w|2009 flu pandemic}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnj.com/article/20090428/NEWS01/904280328|title=No swine flu cases in state; officials on alert|author=Louis Cooper|date=2009-04-28|publisher=Pensacola News-Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/matthew-stein/when-a-super-bug-strikes_b_192543.html|title=When a Super-Bug Strikes Close to Home, How Will You Deal With it?|author=Matthew Stein|date=2009-04-28|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H17N10}} || Non-human ({{w|bat}}s) || Virus type discovery || The first bat influenza virus (IAV H17N10) is found in {{w|little yellow-shouldered bat}}s (''Sturnira lilium'') in {{w|Guatemala}}.<ref name="swwa">{{cite web |title=Bat Influenza (Flu) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/other/bat-flu.html |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Guatemala}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ([[w:Influenza A virus subtype H11N2|H11N2]]) || Non-human ({{w|mallard}}s) || Virus type discovery || IAV H11N2 is found in sentinel {{w|mallard}}s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wille |first1=Michelle |last2=Latorre-Margalef |first2=Neus |last3=Tolf |first3=Conny |last4=Halpin |first4=Rebecca |last5=Wentworth |first5=David |last6=Fouchier |first6=Ron A M |last7=Raghwani |first7=Jayna |last8=Pybus |first8=Oliver G |last9=Olsen |first9=Björn |last10=Waldenström |first10=Jonas |title=Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8–H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl |doi=10.1093/ve/vey025 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ve/article/4/2/vey025/5074428}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (September 15) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}} || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The United States {{w|FDA}} approves four vaccines against the {{w|Influenza A virus subtype H1N1}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA approves Cervarix, GlaxoSmithKline’s cervical cancer vaccine |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/fda-approves-cervarix-glaxosmithkline-s-cervical-cancer-vaccine/ |website=gsk.com |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Update on Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5839a3.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (October) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Medical development || It is reported that the experimental {{w|antiviral drug}} {{w|Peramivir}} has been effective in treating serious cases of [[w:2009 flu pandemic|swine flu]].<ref name="Peramivir">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/10/19/eveningnews/main5398999.shtml?tag=stack|title=Life-Saving H1N1 Drug Unavailable to Most|date=2009-10-19|work=CBS Evening News|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=2009-10-20|location=Atlanta, GA, USA}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (October 25) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || United States President {{w|Barack Obama}} officially declares {{w|H1N1}} a {{w|national emergency}}, after the disease becomes alarmingly prevalent in the country.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obama declares swine flu a national emergency | url=http://heraldextra.com/news/national/article_a4de47bf-1dd4-52ea-9f2d-db535ba581b4.html | publisher=The Daily Herald | year=2009 | accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (November) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Research (virology) || A study is published in ''{{w|Virology Journal}}'' suggesting that the {{w|influenza A virus subtype H1N1}} virus may be the product of three strains from three continents that swapped genes in a lab or a vaccine-making plant, and subsequently "escaped". The study follows debate among researchers in May 2009, when the authors asked the {{w|World Health Organization}} to consider the hypothesis. After reviewing the initial paper, WHO and other organizations conclude the pandemic strain is a naturally-occurring virus and not laboratory-derived.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibbs |first1=Adrian J |last2=Armstrong |first2=John S |last3=Downie |first3=Jean C |title=From where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza A virus (H1N1) emerge? |journal=Virology Journal |url=https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-6-207 |accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (December) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Non-human (canine) || Infection case || The first case of a dog with H1N1 is reported.<ref>{{cite web |title=H1N1 & Animals: New York Dog Confirmed First US H1N1 Canine Case |url=https://www.oregonvma.org/news/h1n1 |website=oregonvma.org |accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (December) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Medical development || A study finds that {{w|H1N1}} flu can cause {{w|pulmonary embolism}}, surmised as a leading cause of death in the [[w:2009 flu pandemic|pandemic]]. The study authors suggest physician evaluation via contrast enhanced CT scans for the presence of pulmonary emboli when caring for patients diagnosed with respiratory complications from a "severe" case of the H1N1 flu.<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Mollura DJ, Asnis DS, Crupi RS, etal |title=Imaging Findings in a Fatal Case of Pandemic Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=193 |issue=6 |pages=1500–03 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19933640 |pmc=2788497 |doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3365 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 (December 23) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine ({{w|Fluzone}} High-Dose) for people ages 65 years and older.<ref>{{cite web |title=Licensure of a High-Dose Inactivated Influenza Vaccine for Persons Aged ≥65 Years (Fluzone High-Dose) and Guidance for Use --- United States, 2010 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5916a2.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2009–2010 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2009-2010 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus; and
 
* an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus; and
Line 345: Line 466:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2010 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2010 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2010 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 352: Line 473:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010 || || Human || Literature || ''Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics'' is published by Tamara Giles-Vernick, Susan Craddock, and Jennifer Lee Gunn. The book explores past influenza pandemics with the purpose to obtain critical insights into possible transmission patterns, experiences, mistakes, and interventions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Influenza_and_Public_Health.html?id=KBoEUws2_y8C&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com.ar |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2010 || || Human || Publication || ''Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics'' is published by Tamara Giles-Vernick, Susan Craddock, and Jennifer Lee Gunn. The book explores past influenza pandemics with the purpose to obtain critical insights into possible transmission patterns, experiences, mistakes, and interventions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Influenza_and_Public_Health.html?id=KBoEUws2_y8C&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com.ar |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 (August 11) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || The {{w|World Health Organization}} declares end to 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO Declares End to 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic |url=https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/who-declares-end-to-2009-h1n1-influenza-pandemic |website=fiercehealthcare.com |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} || Human || Tool launch || The {{w|Influenza Risk Assessment Tool}} (IRAT) is launched as an evaluation tool developed by the U.S. {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} and external influenza experts. IRAT has the purpose to asses the potential pandemic risk posed by influenza A viruses that currently circulate in animals but not in humans. It evaluates risk elements in three domains: virus (e.g. genomic variation), population (e.g. existing population immunity), and ecology (e.g. global geographic distribution).<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/national-strategy/risk-assessment.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza Risk Assessment Tool |url=http://216.230.117.100/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/PublicHealth/MedPrep/KATZ_IRAT.pdf |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010–2011 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2010-2011 influenza season (northern hemisphere):
+
| 2010–2011 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2010-2011 influenza season (northern hemisphere):
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
 
* an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
* a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended viruses for influenza vaccines for use in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/2010_11north/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
+
* a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended viruses for influenza vaccines for use in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/2010_11north/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>  
 +
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011 (March) || || General || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} releases its global standards and tools for influenza surveillance. The report summarizes the discussions and recommendations concluded in a global consultation aimed at reviewing influenza surveillance standards and the current data-sharing and reporting tools.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO global technical consultation: global standards and tools for influenza surveillance 8–10 March 2011 |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/technical_consultation/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||  
+
| 2011 (March) || || General || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} releases its global standards and tools for influenza surveillance. The report summarizes the discussions and recommendations concluded in a global consultation aimed at reviewing influenza surveillance standards and the current data-sharing and reporting tools.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO global technical consultation: global standards and tools for influenza surveillance 8–10 March 2011 |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/technical_consultation/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 || {{w|H3N8}} || Non–human || Epizootic || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N8|Influenza A virus subtype H3N8]] causes death of more than 160 baby [[wikipedia:Pinniped|seals]] in [[wikipedia:New England|New England]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karlsson|first1=Erik A.|last2=Hon|first2=S.|last3=Hall|first3=Jeffrey S.|last4=Yoon|first4=Sun Woo|last5=Johnson|first5=Jordan|last6=Beck|first6=Melinda A.|last7=Webby|first7=Richard J.|last8=Schultz-Cherry|first8=Stacey|title=Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal|doi=10.1038/ncomms5791|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5791|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
| 2011 || {{w|H3N8}} || Non–human || Epizootic || [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H3N8|Influenza A virus subtype H3N8]] causes death of more than 160 baby [[wikipedia:Pinniped|seals]] in [[wikipedia:New England|New England]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karlsson|first1=Erik A.|last2=Hon|first2=S.|last3=Hall|first3=Jeffrey S.|last4=Yoon|first4=Sun Woo|last5=Johnson|first5=Jordan|last6=Beck|first6=Melinda A.|last7=Webby|first7=Richard J.|last8=Schultz-Cherry|first8=Stacey|title=Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal|doi=10.1038/ncomms5791|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5791|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011 || || General || Scientific development || "Standardization of terminology of the pandemic
+
| 2011 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || General || Recommendation || The Advisers to the WHO Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Vaccines for the Southern Hemisphere 2012, advise [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] to use the nomenclature: A(H1N1)pdm09 in order to minimize confusion, and to differentiate the virus from the old seasonal A(H1N1) viruses circulating in humans before the pandemic (H1N1) 2009. This standardization would help to minimize potential confusion among the scientific community as well as the general public.<ref>{{cite web |title=Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/terminology_ah1n1pdm09/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>  
A(H1N1)2009 virus" "In order to minimize confusion, and to differentiate the virus from the old seasonal A(H1N1) viruses circulating in humans before the pandemic (H1N1) 2009, the Advisers to the WHO Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Vaccines for the Southern Hemisphere 2012, after discussion on 26 September 2011, advise WHO to use the nomenclature: A(H1N1)pdm09 This standardization will help to minimize potential confusion among the scientific community as well as the general public."<ref>{{cite web |title=Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/terminology_ah1n1pdm09/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>  
 
 
||
 
||
 
|-  
 
|-  
| 2011 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2011 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2011 (July 22) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Non-human ({{w|mink}}) || Infection case || The Norwegian Veterinary Institute reports the first occurrence of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus in minks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Åkerstedt |first1=J. |last2=Valheim |first2=M. |last3=Germundsson |first3=A. |last4=Moldal |first4=T. |last5=Lie |first5=K-I. |last6=Falk |first6=M. |last7=Hungne |first7=O. |title=Pneumonia caused by influenza A H1N1 2009 virus in farmed American mink (Neovison vison) |doi=10.1136/vr.100512 |url=https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/170/14/362.2 |accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Norway}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2011 (August) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Non-human ({{w|sea otter}}) || {{w|Epizootic}} || According to the {{w|United States Geological Survey}} and the {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}, northern sea otters off the coast of {{w|Washington state}} were infected with the same version of the H1N1 flu virus that caused the [[w:2009 swine flu pandemic|2009 pandemic]] and "may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sea Otters Can Get the Flu, Too |url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/sea-otters-can-get-flu-too |website=usgs.gov |accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2011 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2011 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 375: Line 504:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011–2012 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2011-2012 influenza season (northern hemisphere) containing the following:
+
| 2011–2012 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2011-2012 influenza season (northern hemisphere) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
Line 382: Line 511:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || || || Scientific development || A 2012 [[wikipedia:meta-analysis|meta-analysis]] finds that flu shots are efficacious 67&nbsp;percent of the time.<ref name="Osterholm">{{cite journal|last1=Osterholm|first1=MT|last2=Kelley|first2=NS|last3=Sommer|first3=A|last4=Belongia|first4=EA|title=Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The Lancet. Infectious diseases|date=January 2012|volume=12|issue=1|pages=36–44|pmid=22032844|doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x}}</ref>||  
+
| 2012 || || || Research || A 2012 [[wikipedia:meta-analysis|meta-analysis]] finds that flu shots are efficacious 67 percent of the time.<ref name="Osterholm">{{cite journal|last1=Osterholm|first1=MT|last2=Kelley|first2=NS|last3=Sommer|first3=A|last4=Belongia|first4=EA|title=Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=The Lancet. Infectious diseases|date=January 2012|volume=12|issue=1|pages=36–44|pmid=22032844|doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x}}</ref>||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || || || Scientific project/controversy || American virologists [[wikipedia:Ron Fouchier|Ron Fouchier]] and [[wikipedia:Yoshihiro Kawaoka|Yoshihiro Kawaoka]] intentionally develop a strain based on [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] for which no vaccine exists, causing outrage in both the media and scientific community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jun/11/crazy-dangerous-creation-deadly-airborne-flu-virus|title= Scientists condemn 'crazy, dangerous' creation of deadly airborne flu virus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-controversial-us-scientist-creates-deadly-new-flu-strain-for-pandemic-research-9577088.html|title=Exclusive: Controversial US scientist creates deadly new flu strain for pandemic research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://redice.tv/news/u-s-virologists-intentionally-engineer-super-deadly-pandemic-flu-virus|title=U.S. virologists intentionally engineer super-deadly pandemic flu virus}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] ([[wikipedia:Erasmus Medical Center|Erasmus Medical Center]]), [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:University of Wisconsin-Madison|University of Wisconsin-Madison]])
+
| 2012 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || || Research (virology) || American virologists [[wikipedia:Ron Fouchier|Ron Fouchier]] and [[wikipedia:Yoshihiro Kawaoka|Yoshihiro Kawaoka]] intentionally develop a strain based on [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]] for which no vaccine exists, causing outrage in both the media and scientific community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jun/11/crazy-dangerous-creation-deadly-airborne-flu-virus|title= Scientists condemn 'crazy, dangerous' creation of deadly airborne flu virus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-controversial-us-scientist-creates-deadly-new-flu-strain-for-pandemic-research-9577088.html|title=Exclusive: Controversial US scientist creates deadly new flu strain for pandemic research}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://redice.tv/news/u-s-virologists-intentionally-engineer-super-deadly-pandemic-flu-virus|title=U.S. virologists intentionally engineer super-deadly pandemic flu virus}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] ([[wikipedia:Erasmus Medical Center|Erasmus Medical Center]]), [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] ([[wikipedia:University of Wisconsin-Madison|University of Wisconsin-Madison]])
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2012 influenza season (southern hemisphere) containing the following:
+
| 2012 (July) || || Human || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its ''WHO Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza''.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/influenza_surveillance_manual/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2012 influenza season (southern hemisphere) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 393: Line 524:
 
||
 
||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || || || Literature || Yoshihiro Kawaoka and Gabriele Neumann publish ''Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols''. It summarizes techniques ranging from protocols for virus isolation, growth, and subtyping to procedures for the efficient generation of any influenza virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Influenza_Virus.html?id=lynlygAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2012 || || General || Publication || Yoshihiro Kawaoka and Gabriele Neumann publish ''Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols''. It summarizes techniques ranging from protocols for virus isolation, growth, and subtyping to procedures for the efficient generation of any influenza virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Influenza_Virus.html?id=lynlygAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-  
 
|-  
| 2012 || || || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm328982.htm|website=fda.gov|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 2012 || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology|url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm328982.htm|website=fda.gov|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || || Human || Literature || Jonathan Van-Tam publishes ''Pandemic Influenza'', which covers the science and operational application of influenza epidemiology, {{w|virology}} and {{w|immunology}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandemic Influenza |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Pandemic_Influenza.html?id=e3cjd9FCfbIC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com.ar |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2012 || || Human || Publication || Jonathan Van-Tam publishes ''Pandemic Influenza'', which covers the science and operational application of influenza epidemiology, {{w|virology}} and {{w|immunology}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandemic Influenza |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Pandemic_Influenza.html?id=e3cjd9FCfbIC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com.ar |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012–2013 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2012-2013 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2012 (November 20) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || {{w|Novartis}} receives approval by the U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} for the first cell-culture influenza vaccine.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/novartis-receives-fda-approval-for-flucelvax-the-first-cell-culture-vaccine-in-us-to-help-protect-against-seasonal-influenza-180239401.html|title=Novartis receives FDA approval for Flucelvax, the first cell-culture vaccine in US to help protect against seasonal influenza |publisher=Novartis}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 (December 12) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves quadrivalent formulation of Fluarix (inactivated influenza vaccine; GlaxoSmithKline).<ref>{{cite web |title=Quadrivalent flu vaccines coming; companies cite good demand |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2013/08/quadrivalent-flu-vaccines-coming-companies-cite-good-demand |website=cidrap.umn.edu |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2012–2013 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2012-2013 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 406: Line 541:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || {{w|H7N9}} || || Epidemic || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N9|Influenza A virus subtype H7N9]] strain, a low pathogenic AI virus, breaks out in China. As of April 11, 2014, the outbreak's overall reaches 419 people, including 7 in Hong Kong, with the unofficial death toll at 127.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian and other zoonotic influenza|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/study-says-vietnam-h7n9-risk-two-new-cases-noted|title=Study says Vietnam at H7N9 risk as two new cases noted|website=umn.edu|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
+
| 2013 || {{w|H7N9}} || Human, avian || Epidemic || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H7N9|Influenza A virus subtype H7N9]] strain, a low pathogenic AI virus, breaks out in China. As of April 11, 2014, the outbreak's overall reaches 419 people, including 7 in Hong Kong, with the unofficial death toll at 127.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian and other zoonotic influenza|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/study-says-vietnam-h7n9-risk-two-new-cases-noted|title=Study says Vietnam at H7N9 risk as two new cases noted|website=umn.edu|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 (June 7) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|Fluzone}} ({{w|Sanofi Pasteur}}) as the third quadrivalent influenza vaccine licensed for U.S. use.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEMORANDUM |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/97324/download |website=fda.gov |accessdate=3 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 (June 20) || || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices}} (ACIP) votes to recommend FluBlok influenza vaccine for people age 18 through 49 with egg allergy.<ref>{{cite web |first1= |title=CDC advisory committee recommends an influenza vaccine option for persons with egg allergy |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/a0620-FluBlok.html |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=5 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 (August 16) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} extends FluLaval IIV ({{w|GlaxoSmithKline}}) age range to include children and teens age 3–17 years; licenses quadrivalent FluLaval product.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=P |last2=Moro |first2=PL |last3=Lewis |first3=P |last4=Woo |first4=EJ |last5=Jankosky |first5=C |last6=Cano |first6=M |title=Post-licensure surveillance of quadrivalent inactivated influenza (IIV4) vaccine in the United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), July 1, 2013-May 31, 2015. |url=http://europepmc.org/article/PMC/4916262 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.048 |pmid=27015735 |accessdate=5 June 2020 |pmc=4916262}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ([[w:Influenza A virus subtype H11N9|H11N9]]) || Non-human ({{w|domestic duck}}) || Virus type discovery || H11N9 is isolated from a domestic duck in live-poultry markets in Eastern China.<ref name="Peng  vv">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Haibo |last2=Peng |first2=Xiuming |last3=Peng |first3=Xiaorong |last4=Wu |first4=Nanping |title=Molecular characterization of a reassortant H11N9 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from a domestic duck in Eastern China |journal=Archives of Virology |date=October 2015 |volume=160 |issue=10 |pages=2595–2601 |doi=10.1007/s00705-015-2528-6}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || {{w|H1N1}} || || Literature || ''Radiology of Influenza A (H1N1)'' is published by Hongjun Li, presenting the theory of influenza and its imaging characteristics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radiology of Influenza: A Practical Approach |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Radiology_of_Influenza.html?id=AhpADQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com.ar |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2013 || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves influenza vaccine ''Flublok'' ([[wikipedia:Protein Sciences|Protein Sciences]]), developed through recombinant DNA technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA Approves Flublok Quadrivalent Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/870201|website=medscape.com|accessdate=31 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2013 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2013 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Publication || ''Radiology of Influenza A (H1N1)'' is published by Hongjun Li, presenting the theory of influenza and its imaging characteristics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radiology of Influenza: A Practical Approach |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Radiology_of_Influenza.html?id=AhpADQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com.ar |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2013 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2013 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus; and
 
* an A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus; and
* a B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013 southern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2013_south/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
+
* a B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013 southern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2013_south/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 +
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || || || Medical development || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves influenza vaccine ''Flublok'' ([[wikipedia:Protein Sciences|Protein Sciences]]), developed through recombinant DNA technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA Approves Flublok Quadrivalent Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/870201|website=medscape.com|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]  
+
| 2013 || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || United States [[wikipedia:FDA|FDA]] approves influenza vaccine ''Flublok'' ([[wikipedia:Protein Sciences|Protein Sciences]]), developed through recombinant DNA technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA Approves Flublok Quadrivalent Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/870201|website=medscape.com|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]  
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || [[w:Influenza A virus subtype H10N8|H10N8]] || || Infection || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H10N8|Influenza A virus subtype H10N8]] strain infects for the first time and kills one person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian influenza A (H10N8)|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/china/mediacentre/factsheets/h10n8/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]
+
| 2013 || [[w:Influenza A virus subtype H10N8|H10N8]] || Human, avian || Infection case || Avian [[wikipedia:Influenza A virus subtype H10N8|Influenza A virus subtype H10N8]] strain in reported to infect humans for the first time and kills one person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avian influenza A (H10N8)|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/china/mediacentre/factsheets/h10n8/en/|publisher=[[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]]|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Avian flu: a history" /> || [[wikipedia:China|China]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013–2014 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2013-14 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2013–2014 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2013-14 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 427: Line 573:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2014 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2014 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2014 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2014 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 434: Line 580:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2014 || || || || The wholesale price per dose of {{w|influenza vaccine}} in the {{w|developing world}} is about US$5.25 as of year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, influenza|date=2014|publisher=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225001353/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=792&search|year=2014}}</ref> || {{w|Developing world}}
+
| 2014 || || Human || Vaccine cost || The wholesale price per dose of {{w|influenza vaccine}} in the {{w|developing world}} is about US$5.25 as of year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, influenza|date=2014|publisher=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225001353/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=792&search|year=2014}}</ref> || {{w|Developing world}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2014–2015 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2014-2015 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2014 (December 11) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves quadrivalent formulation of Fluzone Intradermal inactivated influenza vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015–16 Influenza Season |url=https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/patient_care/influenza/influenza-policy.pdf |website=aafp.org |accessdate=2 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 (December 19) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves Rapivab to treat influenza infection.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kliegman |first1=Robert M. |last2=Stanton |first2=Bonita M.D. |last3=Geme |first3=Joseph St. |last4=Schor |first4=Nina F |title=Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=P9piCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1602&lpg=PA1602&dq=December+19,+2014+FDA+approved+Rapivab+to+treat+influenza+infection&source=bl&ots=2fmyn4yp5E&sig=ACfU3U2XcEdP40sVfsPf_LDVPci9JOXl_A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwituZmeleTpAhUGIbkGHR4TB9AQ6AEwA3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=December%2019%2C%202014%20FDA%20approved%20Rapivab%20to%20treat%20influenza%20infection&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2014–2015 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2014-2015 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 443: Line 593:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2015 || || || Program || [[wikipedia:Google Flu Trends|Google Flu Trends]] shuts down in August 2015 after successive inaccuracies in the big data analysis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Real-time influenza tracking with 'big data'|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/bch-rit050916.php|website=eurekalert.org|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref>  After performing well for two to three years since the service launch in 2008, GFT would start to fail significantly and require substantial revision.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lazer|first1=David|last2=Kennedy|first2=Ryan|title=What We Can Learn From the Epic Failure of Google Flu Trends|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/can-learn-epic-failure-google-flu-trends/|website=wired.com|publisher=Science|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> However, Google Flu Trends would also inspire several other similar projects that use social media data to predict disease trends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Flu Trends|url=http://datacollaboratives.org/cases/google-flu-trends.html|website=datacollaboratives.org|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 2015 || || Human || Program shutdown || [[wikipedia:Google Flu Trends|Google Flu Trends]] shuts down in August 2015 after successive inaccuracies in the big data analysis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Real-time influenza tracking with 'big data'|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-05/bch-rit050916.php|website=eurekalert.org|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref>  After performing well for two to three years since the service launch in 2008, GFT would start to fail significantly and require substantial revision.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lazer|first1=David|last2=Kennedy|first2=Ryan|title=What We Can Learn From the Epic Failure of Google Flu Trends|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/10/can-learn-epic-failure-google-flu-trends/|website=wired.com|publisher=Science|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> However, Google Flu Trends would also inspire several other similar projects that use social media data to predict disease trends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Flu Trends|url=http://datacollaboratives.org/cases/google-flu-trends.html|website=datacollaboratives.org|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2015 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2015 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2015 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2015 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 452: Line 602:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2015–2016 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2015-2016 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2015 (July 12) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N6}}) || Human || Infection case || As of date, four known cases of {{w|influenza A virus subtype H5N6}} infection, three fatal, have occurred in humans.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2014-12/23/content_34393283.htm Human H5N6 avian flu case reported in south China ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.wpro.who.int/china/mediacentre/releases/2014/20140507/en/ | title=WPRO &#124; WHO China statement on H5N6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=292147 | title=Chinese woman dies in new H5N6 case &#124; Shanghai Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/china-reports-fatal-human-h5n6-avian-influenza-case-in-yunnan-29608/ | title=China reports fatal human H5N6 avian influenza case in Yunnan| date=2015-07-12}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || The {{w|2015 Indian swine flu outbreak}} causes nearly 30,000 laboratory confirmed cases with more than 1700 deaths by March 15. Most of these cases are reported from the states of {{w|Rajasthan}}, {{w|Gujarat}}, {{w|Delhi}}, {{w|Jammu}} and {{w|Kashmir}}, {{w|Maharashtra}}, {{w|Madhya Pradesh}}, {{w|Telangana}}, {{w|Karnataka}} and {{w|Tamil Nadu}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murhekar |first1=Manoj |last2=Mehendale |first2=Sanjay |title=The 2015 influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 outbreak in India |doi=10.4103/0971-5916.192077 |pmid=27748308 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094123/ |pmc=5094123}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2015 (November 24) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves new injectable influenza vaccine, Fluad, for use in people age 65 years and older.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Approves First Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Containing an Adjuvant |url=https://community.aafa.org/blog/fda-approves-first-seasonal-influenza-vaccine-containing-an-adjuvant |website=community.aafa.org |accessdate=2 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2015–2016 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2015-2016 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 459: Line 615:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2016 (May) || || || || The {{w|Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment}} (TIPRA) is developed by the {{w|World Health Organization}} to provide a standardized and transparent approach to support the risk assessment of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. TIPRA supports hazard assessment by asking a risk question about the pandemic likelihood and impact of an influenza virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA) |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/publications/TIPRA_manual_v1/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2016 (May) || || Human || Tool launch || The {{w|Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment}} (TIPRA) is developed by the {{w|World Health Organization}} to provide a standardized and transparent approach to support the risk assessment of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. TIPRA supports hazard assessment by asking a risk question about the pandemic likelihood and impact of an influenza virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA) |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/publications/TIPRA_manual_v1/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2016 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2016 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2016 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2016 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 468: Line 624:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2016–2017 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
+
| 2016 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Non-human (porcine) || Research (virology) || A report by researchers at the [[w:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai|Mount Sinai School of Medicine]] finds that the 2009 H1N1 virus likely originated from pigs in a very small region of central Mexico.<ref name="swine flu originated in Mexico">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160627160935.htm|title=2009 swine flu pandemic originated in Mexico, researchers discover|author=|publisher=Science Daily|date=27 June 2016|accessdate=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Mexico}}, {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || Vaxigrip Tetra is approved in Europe except for infants younger than three years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaxigrip Tetra |url=https://www.news-medical.net/drugs/Vaxigrip-Tetra.aspx |website=news-medical.net |accessdate=22 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 (November 18) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves extending the age range for use of FluLaval Quadrivalent to include children 6 to 35 months of age.<ref>{{cite web |title=GSK receives FDA approval for expanded indication for FluLaval® Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine) for infants 6 months and older |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-receives-fda-approval-for-expanded-indication-for-flulaval-quadrivalent-influenza-vaccine-for-infants-6-months-and-older/ |website=gsk.com |accessdate=2 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 (November–December) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N6}}) || Human || Infection case || Human cases of {{w|H5N6}} are reported in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/07-december-2016-ah5n6-china/en/|title=Human infections with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus – China|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2016–2017 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  
an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
+
* an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus;
+
* an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus;
a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016-2017 northern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2016_17_north/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
+
* a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016-2017 northern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2016_17_north/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
+
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || || Human || Medical development || Researchers from the [[wikipedia:University of Texas at Arlington|University of Texas at Arlington]] build influenza detector that can diagnose at a breath, without the intervention of a doctor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Researchers build flu detector that can diagnose at a breath, no doctor required|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/flu-breathalyzer/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || [[w:Influenza A virus subtype H5N6|H5N6]] || Avian || {{w|Epizootic}} || An outbreak of [[w:2017 Central Luzon H5N6 outbreak|H5N6 avian influenza]] affecting poultry occurs in at least three towns in {{w|Philippines}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian flu here; DA clears out 12,000 quails in Nueva Ecija farm |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/03/17/avian-flu-here-da-clears-out-12k-quail-farm/ |website=businessmirror.com.ph |accessdate=18 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Philippines}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || || Human || Research || Researchers from the [[wikipedia:University of Helsinki|University of Helsinki]] demonstrate that three anti-influenza compounds effectively inhibit [[wikipedia:zika virus|zika virus]] infection in human cells.<ref>{{cite web|title=Certain anti-influenza compounds also inhibit Zika virus infection, researchers find|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170116091437.htm|website=sciencedaily.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2017 || || || Medical development || Researchers from the [[wikipedia:University of Texas at Arlington|University of Texas at Arlington]] build influenza detector that can diagnose at a breath, without the intervention of a doctor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Researchers build flu detector that can diagnose at a breath, no doctor required|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/flu-breathalyzer/|website=digitaltrends.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
+
| 2017 || || Human || Publication || Mieczyslaw Pokorski publishes ''Influenza and Respiratory Care''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza and Respiratory Care |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Influenza_and_Respiratory_Care.html?id=YyYmDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2017 || [[w:Influenza A virus subtype H5N6|H5N6]] || Avian || {{w|Epizootic}} || {{w|2017 Central Luzon H5N6 outbreak}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Avian flu here; DA clears out 12,000 quails in Nueva Ecija farm |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/03/17/avian-flu-here-da-clears-out-12k-quail-farm/ |website=businessmirror.com.ph |accessdate=18 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Philippines}}
+
| 2017 (August 25) || {{w|Influenza}} || Human || Recommendation || The U.S. {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} publishes [[w:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices|ACIP]] 2017–18 influenza vaccination recommendations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grohskopf |first1=Lisa A. |last2=Sokolow |first2=Leslie Z. |last3=Broder |first3=Karen R. |last4=Walter |first4=Emmanuel B. |last5=Bresee |first5=Joseph S. |last6=Fry |first6=Alicia M. |last7=Jernigan |first7=Daniel B. |title=Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2017–18 Influenza Season |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/rr6602a1.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=2 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2017 || || || Scientific development || Researchers from the [[wikipedia:University of Helsinki|University of Helsinki]] demonstrate that three anti-influenza compounds effectively inhibit [[wikipedia:zika virus|zika virus]] infection in human cells.<ref>{{cite web|title=Certain anti-influenza compounds also inhibit Zika virus infection, researchers find|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170116091437.htm|website=sciencedaily.com|accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]]
+
| 2017 (August 31) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} expands licensure of Afluria quadrivalent (Seqirus) to include people age 5 years and older.<ref>{{cite web |title=BLA Clinical Review Memorandum |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/107499/download |website=fda.gov |accessdate=2 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2017 || || Human || Literature || ''Influenza and Respiratory Care''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza and Respiratory Care |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Influenza_and_Respiratory_Care.html?id=YyYmDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |website=books.google.com |accessdate=3 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+
| 2017–2018 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || {{w|Pakistan}} reports {{w|H1N1}} cases mostly arising from the city of {{w|Multan}}, with deaths resulting from the epidemic reaching 42.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nation.com.pk/24-Jan-2018/toll-rises-to-42-as-3-more-succumb-to-swine-flu |title=Toll rises to 42 as 3 more succumb to swine flu |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[w:The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |access-date=25 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> || {{w|Pakistan}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2017–2018 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2017-2018 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2017–2018 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2017-2018 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 490: Line 660:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2018 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2018 (January 11) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves expanded pediatric age indication for Fluarix Quadrivalent influenza vaccine."<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary Basis of Regulatory Action |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/110206/download |website=fda.gov |accessdate=2 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 (February) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}}, {{w|influenzavirus B}} || Human || Medical development || Antiviral medication {{w|Xofluza}} ({{w|baloxavir marboxil}}) is approved for sale in {{w|Japan}}.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.publicnow.com/view/7E9FBF87835EEBAC31508CC4E1F96D3D77D54C0A|title=Xofluza (Baloxavir Marboxil) Tablets 10mg/20mg Approved For The Treatment Of Influenza Types A And B In Japan|date=23 February 2018|via=publicnow.com|publisher=[[w:Shionogi|Shionogi & Co., Ltd.]]}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 (June 8) || || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The U.S. {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} publishes [[w:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices|ACIP]]'s recommendations for the use of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) in the 2018–19 influenza season."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grohskopf |first1=Lisa A. |last2=Sokolow |first2=Leslie Z. |last3=Fry |first3=Alicia M. |last4=Walter |first4=Emmanuel B. |last5=Jernigan |first5=Daniel B. |title=Update: ACIP Recommendations for the Use of Quadrivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV4) — United States, 2018–19 Influenza Season |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6722a5.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 (August 24) || || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The U.S. {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} publishes [[w:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices|ACIP]]'s 2018–19 influenza vaccination recommendations.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACIP Influenza Vaccine Recommendations |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/flu.html |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 (October) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves expanded age indication for Seqirus’s Afluria influenza vaccine to include children age 6 months through 59 months.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grohskopf |first1=Lisa A. |last2=Alyanak |first2=Elif |last3=Broder |first3=Karen R. |last4=Walter |first4=Emmanuel B. |last5=Fry |first5=Alicia M. |last6=Jernigan |first6=Daniel B. |title=Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2019–20 Influenza Season |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/rr/rr6803a1.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 497: Line 677:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2019 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2019 (January) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || An outbreak of H1N1 is recorded in Morocco, with nine confirmed fatalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/02/02/Swine-flu-outbreak-kills-9-in-Morocco.html |title=Swine flu outbreak kills 9 in Morocco |agency=[[w:Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=2 February 2019 |website={{w|Al Arabiya}} |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Morocco}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 (January 15) || || Human || Vaccine launch || A cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine by manufacturer Seqirus is licensed in Europe for use for people nine years and above, after the European Commission issues marketing approval for its new seasonal influenza vaccine, Flucelvax Tetra. This is the first cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) available in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Halim |first1=Shakera |title=Influenza vaccines launched by Seqirus |url=https://www.healtheuropa.eu/influenza-vaccines/89785/ |website=Health Europa |access-date=18 March 2021 |date=15 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 (January 23) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves use of the 0.5 mL dose of Sanofi's Fluzone Quadrivalent influenza vaccine to include children age 6 through 35 months.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA approves use of 0.5 mL dose of Fluzone® Quadrivalent (influenza vaccine) in children as young as 6 months of age |url=http://www.news.sanofi.us/2019-01-23-FDA-approves-use-of-0-5-mL-dose-of-Fluzone-R-Quadrivalent-influenza-vaccine-in-children-as-young-as-6-months-of-age |website=news.sanofi.us |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 514: Line 700:
 
||
 
||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2019–2020 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2019 (August 28) || || || Vaccine recommendation || The U.S. {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} releases ACIP recommendations on the use of influenza vaccines for the 2019–20 influenza season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza ACIP Vaccine Recommendations |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/flu.html |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 (November 4) || || || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent ({{w|Sanofi Pasteur}}) for adults 65+ years of age—will be available for 2020–21 flu season.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA approves Fluzone® High-Dose Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine) for adults 65 years of age and older |url=http://www.news.sanofi.us/2019-11-04-FDA-approves-Fluzone-R-High-Dose-Quadrivalent-Influenza-Vaccine-for-adults-65-years-of-age-and-older |website=news.sanofi.us |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 (November) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Epidemic || An outbreak of H1N1 is recorded in {{w|Iran}}, with 56 fatalities and 4,000 people hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7155842/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF|title=آنفولانزا و راههای درمان آن را بشناسید|trans-title=Learn about the flu and how to treat it |language=fa |website=yjc.ir|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Iran}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2019–2020 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 522: Line 714:
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2020 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || {{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2020 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
* an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
 
* an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
Line 536: Line 728:
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Southern hemisphere}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2020–2021 || {{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}} || Human || "{{w|WHO}} influenza vaccine formulation recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2020 - 2021 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
+
| 2020 (January) || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H5N1}}) || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves {{w|Audenz}}, an adjuvanted influenza A (H5N1) monovalent vaccine.<ref name="FDA Audenz" /><ref>{{cite web | last=Keown | first=Alex | title=FDA Approves Seqirus' Audenz as Vaccine Against Potential Flu Pandemic | website=BioSpace | date=4 February 2020 | url=https://www.biospace.com/article/seqirus-wins-fda-approval-of-vaccine-for-potential-flu-pandemic/ | access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> Audenz is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by the influenza A virus H5N1 subtype contained in the vaccine. Audenz is approved for use in persons six months of age and older at increased risk of exposure to the influenza A virus H5N1 subtype contained in the vaccine.<ref name="FDA Audenz">{{cite web | title=Audenz | website=U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} (FDA) | date=31 January 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/audenz | access-date=21 May 2020|id=STN: 125692}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (February 21) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves the first adjuvanted quadrivalent flu shot for seniors.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Approves 1st Adjuvanted Quadrivalent Flu Shot For Seniors |url=https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/fluad%C2%A0quadrivalent%C2%A0vaccine-helps-protect-adults-65-years-and-older-against-seasonal-influenza |website=precisionvaccinations.com |accessdate=1 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (June 8) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine approval) || The {{w|European Commission}} approves aQIV, the first adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine is the continent, built on the well-established technology used in an existing adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) available in several European countries already.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Adjuvanted Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine by Seqirus Receives EU Approval |url=https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/first-adjuvanted-quadrivalent-influenza-vaccine-by-seqirus-receives-eu-approval-846708830.html |website=www.prnewswire.co.uk |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (June 29) || G4 EA H1N1 || Human, non-human || Research || Researchers in China report having identified a new influenza strain in pigs, called G4 EA H1N1, which has 'essential hallmarks' of a pandemic virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=New influenza strain identified in pigs has 'essential hallmarks' of a pandemic virus |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/new-influenza-strain-identified-in-pigs-has-essential-hallmarks-of-a-pandemic-virus-1.5005198 |website=CTVNews |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en |date=29 June 2020}}</ref>|| {{w|China}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020–2021 || {{w|Influenzavirus A}} ({{w|H3N2}}, {{w|H1N1}}) || Human || Vaccine recommendation || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends vaccines to be used in the 2020 - 2021 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  
 
Egg-based Vaccines:
 
Egg-based Vaccines:
Line 565: Line 765:
 
* a B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020 - 2021 northern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2020-21_north/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 
* a B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020 - 2021 northern hemisphere influenza season |url=https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2020-21_north/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 
|| {{w|Northern hemisphere}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (July 9) || || Human || Research || A study in Brazil conducted on more than 92,000 patients suggests that an inactivated trivalent flu shot may protect patients from getting severe COVID-19 by improving their innate immunity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza vaccine may offer some protection against severe COVID-19 infection, studies suggest - Health News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/influenza-vaccine-may-offer-some-protection-against-severe-covid-19-infection-studies-suggest-8577061.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=9 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (July 13) || || Human || Research || Research concludes that asingle dose of {{w|baloxavir marboxil}} can reduce the spread of influenza among household contacts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Single dose of flu drug can prevent influenza spread among household contacts |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200713/Single-dose-of-flu-drug-can-prevent-influenza-spread-among-household-contacts.aspx |website=News-Medical.net |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en |date=13 July 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (August 26) || || Human || Research || Scientists say that COVID-19 precautions made influenza almost disappear in the {{w|Southern Hemisphere}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus Safety Precautions Make Influenza Nearly Disappear In Southern Hemisphere |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/26/906333316/coronavirus-safety-precautions-make-influenza-nearly-disappear-in-southern-hemis |website=NPR.org |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Southern Hemisphere}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (August 27) || || Human || Research || A study by United States {{w|CDC}} on more than 80,000 adult patients hospitalized with influenza over eight seasons concludes that sudden, serious heart complications are common, occurring in 12% of patients, or 1 in 8. This result strengthens the link between influenza and serious heart conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study confirms link between influenza, heart complications |url=https://newsroom.uw.edu/news/study-confirms-link-between-influenza-heart-complications |website=newsroom.uw.edu |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza and serious heart conditions link is strong: Study |url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/influenza-and-serious-heart-conditions-link-is-strong-study-27235/ |website=Outbreak News Today |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=28 August 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (September 24) || || Non-human (mice) || Research || Researchers at {{w|Washington University School of Medicine}} in {{w|Saint Louis}} and {{w|Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai}} report having identified two antibodies that protect mice against lethal infections of influenza B virus, using an antibody that targets {{w|influenza A}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antibodies protect against wide range of influenza B virus strains |url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/antibodies-protect-against-wide-range-of-influenza-b-virus-strains-80172/ |website=Outbreak News Today |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=24 September 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (September 29) || || Human || Public opinion || A national poll conducted in the Unied States, with nearly 2000 respondents, results in 1 in 3 parents saying they are not going to get the influenza vaccine in the year. The most common reasons include concerns about side effects or beliefs that it is not necessary or effective.<ref>{{cite web |title=1 in 3 Parents Say No to Influenza Vaccinations |url=https://www.contagionlive.com/view/1-in-3-parents-say-no-to-influenza-vaccinations- |website=Contagion Live |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (October 12) || || || Infection case || The first case of coronavirus and influenza double infection is confirmed in {{w|Mexico}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=News |first1=Vallarta Daily |title=First case of coronavirus and influenza double infection confirmed in Mexico |url=https://www.vallartadaily.com/first-case-of-coronavirus-and-influenza-double-infection-confirmed-in-mexico/ |website=Puerto Vallarta News |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=12 October 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Mexico}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (November 24) || || Human || Research || German and British scientists report having discovered that influenza drug {{w|aprotinin}}, a protease inhibitor, can prevent the SARS CoV-2 virus from entering host cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza drug prevents SARS-CoV-2 from invading host cells |url=https://innovationorigins.com/influenza-drug-prevents-sars-cov-2-from-invading-host-cells/ |website=Innovation Origins |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=24 November 2020}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (November 30) || || Human || Research || Study by researchers at the {{w|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine}} finds that survivors from a wide range of cancers are more likely to be hospitalized or die from seasonal influenza, even years after their cancer diagnosis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cancer survivors at higher risk of hospitalization or dying from flu |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-11/lsoh-csa112720.php |website=EurekAlert! |access-date=23 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Araujo |first1=Rebecca |title=Cancer Survivors Have High Risk of Severe Influenza Years After Diagnosis |url=https://www.docwirenews.com/docwire-pick/cancer-survivors-have-high-risk-of-severe-influenza-years-after-diagnosis/ |website=Docwire News |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=2 December 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (November 30) || || Human || Research || Study at the {{w|Karolinska Institute}} in Sweden concludes that influenza infections can lead to an increased risk of bacterial pneumonia. Study author Birgitta Henriques Normark says “The ability of pneumococcus to grow in the lower airways during an influenza infection seems to depend on the nutrient-rich environment with its higher levels of antioxidants that occurs during a viral infection, as well as on the bacteria’s ability to adapt to the environment and protect itself from being eradicated by the immune system”.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karmakar |first1=Satata |title=Influenza infections can increase bacterial pneumonia risk |url=https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/scared-of-pneumonia-influenza-infections-can-increase-bacterial-pneumonia-risk-783136/ |website=www.thehealthsite.com |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=29 November 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (December 7) || || Human || Testing || United States {{w|FDA}} authorizes the first {{w|COVID-19 test}} to detect COVID-19, as well as influenza A and B.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA authorizes first COVID-19 test to detect COVID-19, influenza A and B |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201207/FDA-authorizes-first-COVID-19-test-to-detect-COVID-19-influenza-A-and-B.aspx |website=News-Medical.net |access-date=20 March 2021 |language=en |date=7 December 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (December 8) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || An observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I trial conducted by {{w|Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai}} researchers on a chimeric hemagglutinin (HA)-based vaccine, concludes that it has the potential to provide long-lived protection against a spectrum of influenza strains with two or three immunizations, eliminating the need for revaccination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal influenza vaccine shows promise in early-phase clinical trial |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/135840/universal-influenza-vaccine-shows-promise-in-early-phase-clinical-trial/ |website=europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (January 11) || || Human || Medical development || {{w|Hoffmann-La Roche}} announces approval by the {{w|European Commission}} of Xofluza ({{w|baloxavir marboxil}}) for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza in patients aged 12 years and above.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ltd |first1=F. Hoffmann-La Roche |title=Roche’s Xofluza approved by the European Commission for the treatment of influenza, the first new influenza antiviral for patients in almost 20 years |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/01/11/2155889/0/en/Roche-s-Xofluza-approved-by-the-European-Commission-for-the-treatment-of-influenza-the-first-new-influenza-antiviral-for-patients-in-almost-20-years.html |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |access-date=19 March 2021 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (January 14) || || Human || Research || A randomized controlled trial of {{w|vitamin D}} supplements led by {{w|QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute}} in {{w|Australia}} finds they do not protect most people from developing colds, influenza and other acute respiratory infections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clinical trial finds vitamin D does not ward off colds and flu |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-clinical-trial-vitamin-d-ward.html |website=medicalxpress.com |access-date=19 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (January) || || || Medical development (vaccine) || Researchers complete the first human trial of a vaccine created by recombinant genetic technology to make the immune system attack a part of the virus that does not change so fast and is common among different strains. This makes a universal influenza vaccine one step closer, bringing long-lasting protection against the disease.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foster |first1=Patricia L. |title=A universal influenza vaccine may be one step closer, bringing long-lasting protection against flu |url=https://theconversation.com/a-universal-influenza-vaccine-may-be-one-step-closer-bringing-long-lasting-protection-against-flu-152274 |website=The Conversation |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (February) || {{w|H5N8}} || Human || Infection case || Russia reports cases of the first known H5N8 avian flu infection in humans, involving seven workers at a poultry plant in the south of the country.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feb 22 |first1=Lisa Schnirring|title=Russia reports first human H5N8 avian flu cases |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/02/russia-reports-first-human-h5n8-avian-flu-cases |website=CIDRAP |access-date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (February) || || || Research || A Phase 1 study published in the ''Journal of Clinical Investigation'' reports on a safe intranasal influenza vaccine, able to produce a durable immune response. The recombinant, replicating adenovirus vaccine, called Ad4-H5-VTN, is designed to spur antibodies to hemagglutinin, a protein found on the surface of influenza viruses that attaches to human cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza: Investigational intranasal vaccine deemed safe and elicits strong immune response: Phase 1 study |url=http://outbreaknewstoday.com/influenza-investigational-intranasal-vaccine-deemed-safe-and-elicits-strong-immune-response-phase-1-study-87858/ |website=Outbreak News Today |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=3 February 2021}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 (September 18) || || Human || {{w|Prevalence}} || United States {{w|CDC}} reports on decreased influenza activity worldwide during the {{w|Covid-19 pandemic}}, as a result of massive adoption of preventive measures, like mask wearing and socially distancing, which are effective against both diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists say it’s been a mild flu season as COVID-19 health precautions helped minimize influenza infections |url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/scientists-say-its-been-a-mild-flu-season-as-covid-19-health-precautions-helped-minimize-influenza-infections/ |website=WWLP |access-date=29 March 2021 |date=1 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Hallie |title=Infectious disease consultant says low influenza cases are due to COVID-19 precautions in place |url=https://www.kfyrtv.com/2020/12/31/infectious-disease-consultant-says-low-influenza-cases-are-due-to-covid-19-precautions-in-place/ |website=kfyrtv.com|access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || Worldwide
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (March) || || Human || Research || Researchers from the {{w|Georgia Institute of Technology}} and {{w|Emory University}} jointly develop a {{w|CRISPR}}-based treatment ( mRNA-encoded Cas13a) to stop the replication in mice of both the influenza virus and {{w|SARS‑CoV‑2}}, which causes COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inhaled CRISPR Treatment Targets Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Infections |url=https://www.genengnews.com/news/inhaled-crispr-treatment-targets-influenza-and-sars-cov-2-infections/ |website=GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News |access-date=16 March 2021 |date=5 March 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (March) || || Human || Medical development (vaccine) || A research team at {{w|National Tsing Hua University}} in {{w|Taiwan}} develops a vaccine providing protection against all strains of influenza, which can be administered in the form of a nasal spray instead of by injection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan develops vaccine against all strains of influenza |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/37/17758/taiwan-develops-vaccine-against-all-strains-of-influenza.html |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |access-date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Taiwan}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (March) || || Human || Research || Researchers report on a treatment with an immune receptor blocker in combination with an antiviral agent which has the potential to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Combination therapy may reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210316/Combination-therapy-may-reduce-influenza-associated-morbidity-and-mortality.aspx |website=News-Medical.net |access-date=17 March 2021 |language=en |date=16 March 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2021 (March 29) || || Human || Research || A Los Alamos National Laboratory vaccine development software called Epigraph is described to have the potencial ability to create a broadly reactive influenza vaccine for H1N1 influenza, to offer a path toward a pan-influenza vaccine and possibly coronavirus vaccine as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaccine development software shows promise in influenza effort, could help defeat coronavirus |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-03/danl-vds030121.php |website=EurekAlert! |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
== Numerical and visual data ==
 +
 +
=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
 +
 +
The table below summarizes per-year mentions of the influenza types and {{w|influenza vaccine}} (entries without quotation marks) on Google Scholar as of May 11, 2021.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! ''{{w|Influenza A virus}}''
 +
! ''{{w|Influenza B virus}}''
 +
! ''{{w|Influenza C virus}}''
 +
! ''{{w|Influenza D virus}}''
 +
! {{w|Influenza vaccine}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 2,600 || 2,110 || 2,100 || 1,980 || 923
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 3,670 || 3,080 || 3,010 || 2,910 || 1,280
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 4,410 || 3,950 || 3,860 || 3,730 || 1,600
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 5,740 || 5,130 || 5,150 || 5,010 || 2,240
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 9,910 || 8,840 || 8,900 || 8,490 || 5,130
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 11,600 || 10,400 || 10,500 || 9,910 || 6,620
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 15,800 || 13,700 || 13,900 || 13,200 || 8,870
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 20,700 || 17,000 || 17,500 || 16,700 || 10,900
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 24,600 || 21,000 || 21,400 || 20,500 || 13,400
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 36,600 || 30,200 || 31,300 || 30,200 || 17,400
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 40,300 || 35,800 || 36,500 || 35,200 || 21,400
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 41,300 || 37,500 || 38,400 || 37,400 || 22,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 41,500 || 38,300 || 39,200 || 37,600 || 22,200
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 43,000 || 39,100 || 39,200 || 38,500 || 22,500
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 41,600 || 38,900 || 39,200 || 38,200 || 23,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 39,200 || 37,200 || 36,900 || 36,100 || 23,700
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 55,600 || 50,900 || 54,300 || 45,700 || 29,600
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Influenza.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data Influenza (Disease) and Influenza (Search Term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map. See local maximums indicating interest peaking in April 2009 ({{w|Swine flu pandemic}}), and March 2020 ({{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0cycc,Influenza |website=Google Trends |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Influenza gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Influenza from 1600 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Influenza&year_start=1600&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=28 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Influenza ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Influenza}} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider,mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Influenza |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Influenza&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Influenza wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]
 +
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 583: Line 898:
  
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
* [https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/en/]
 
* [https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/vaccinerecommendations1/en/index23.html recommendations]
 
* {{w|Influenza vaccine}}
 
* {{w|Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine}}
 
* {{w|Influenza treatment}}
 
* [https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/influenza/en/]
 
 
   
 
   
* [https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/index.html For visual data]
 
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2374803/ For visual data]
 
 
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===
  

Latest revision as of 06:11, 28 July 2023

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of influenza". The original page still exists at Timeline of influenza. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines. In addition to specific year/period-related events, there's the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year, and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.[1][2]

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • What are some notable outbreaks of influenza recorded throughout history?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Epidemic".
    • You will see oubreaks notable by their magnitude, like big epidemics and pandemics, or by the novelty of the influenza virus strain.
  • What are some notable outbreaks affecting non-human animals?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Epizootic".
  • What are some events describing notable infections on individuals (both human and non-human) that do not develop into epidemics or epizootics?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Infection case".
    • You will mainly see the emergence of a specific strain detected in individuals.
  • What are some events describing discoveries or first isolations of new influenza virus types?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Virus type discovery".
    • You will see events describing discoveries of new types of flu virus in both humans and non-humans.
  • What are some significant events describing research on influenza in the different fields of science?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Research".
    • For research in virology, look for the group of rows with value "Research (virology)". The same can be applied for research in epidemiology and other fields, clarified between parentheses.
  • What are some significant events describing the medical development progress on treating and preventing influenza?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Medical development".
    • For specific development of vaccines, look for the group of rows with value "Medical development (vaccine)".
  • What are the several influenza vaccine recommendations issued by important organizations?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Vaccine recommendation".
    • You will see a number of recommendations, like those by WHO for both Northern and Southern hemispheres starting from 1998.
  • What are some notable publications authored by experts and/or organizations concerning influenza?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
    • You will see publications about influenza in different fields, including virology and epidemiology, as well as numerous guidelines produced by the World Health Organization.
  • Other events are described under the following types: "Alternative medicine", "Policy", "Prevalence", "Program shutdown", "Public opinion", "Service launch", and "System launch", "Testing", "Tool launch", "Website launch".

Big Picture

Year/period Key developments Details
400 BCE onward Post first description era This period marks the existence of influenza as a disease since its first description by Greek physician Hippocrates.
1510 onward Post first pandemic description era This period begins with the first recognition of pandemic influenza, giving birth to a five centuries period of documented influenza pandemics.
1930s onward Modern medical development era Period marking an accelerating time of scientific and medical development including the discovery of the influenza virus in both non-humans (1931) and humans (1933), as well as the first influenza vaccine (1936). After the end of World War II, international health organizations merge, and large scale vaccination campaigns begin.[3]
21th century Present time Today, worldwide accessible databases multiply in order to control outbreaks and prevent pandemics. New influenza strain outbreaks still occur. Efficacy of currently available vaccines is still insufficient to diminish the current annual health burden induced by the virus.[3]


Full timeline

Year/period Strain Species Type of event Event Geographical location
400 BCE Medical development The symptoms of human influenza are described by Hippocrates.[4][5]
1173 Epidemic The first epidemic where symptoms are probably influenza, is reported.[6]
1357 Human Medical development The term influenza is first used to describe a disease prevailing in 1357. It would be applied again to the epidemic in 1386−1387.[7] Italy
1386–1387 Human Epidemic Influenza-like illness epidemic develops in Europe, preferentially killing elderly and debilitating persons. This is probably the first documentation of a key epidemiological feature of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.[7] Europe
1411 Human Epidemic Epidemic of coughing disease associated with spontaneous abortions is noted in Paris.[7] France
1510 Human Epidemic Influenza pandemic invades Europe from Africa in the summer of 1510 and proceedes northward to involve all of Europe and then the Baltic States. Attack rates are extremely high, but fatality is low and said to be restricted to young children.[7] This is the first recognition of pandemic influenza.[8] Africa, Europe
1557–1558 Human Epidemic The first influenza pandemic in which global involvement and westward spread from Asia to Europe is documented. Unlike the previous pandemic from 1510, this one is highly fatal, with deaths recorded as being due to "pleurisy and fatal peripneumony". High mortality in pregnant women is also recorded.[7] Eurasia
1580 Human Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates in Asia during the summer, spreading to Africa, and then to Europe along two corridors from Asia Minor and North-West Africa. Illness rates are high. 8000 deaths are reported in Rome, and some Spanish cities are decimated.[6][7] Eurasia, Africa
1729 Human Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates in Russia, spreading westwards in expanding waves to embrace all Europe within six months. High death rates are reported.[9][6][7] Eurasia
1761–1762 Human Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates. Remarkably it is estimated to have begun in the Americas in the spring of 1761 and to have spread from there to Europe and around the globe in 1762. It is the first pandemic to be studied by multiple observers who communicate with each other in learned societies and through medical journals and books. Influenza is characterized clinically to a greater degree than it has been previously, as physicians carefully record observations on series of patients and attempt to understand what would later be called the pathophysiology of the disease.[7] Americas, Europe
1780–1782 Human Epidemic Influenza pandemic originates in Southeast Asia and spreads to Russia and eastward into Europe. It is remarkable for extremely high attack rates but negligible mortality. It appears that in this pandemic the concept of influenza as a distinct entity with characteristic epidemiological features is first appreciated.[7] Eurasia
1830–1833 Human Epidemic Influenza pandemic breaks out in the winter of 1830 in China, further spreading southwards by sea to reach the Philippines, India and Indonesia, and across Russia into Europe. By 1831, the epidemic reaches the Americas. Overall the attack rate is estimated at 20–25% of the population, but the mortality rate is not exceptionally high.[6] Eurasia, Americas
1878 Non-human (Avian) Research Avian influenza is recorded for the first time. Originally known as Fowl Plague.[10] Italy
1889–1892 H3N8?[11] H2N2?[12][13] Human Epidemic 1889–90 flu pandemic. Dubbed the "Russian pandemic". Attack rates are reported in 408 geographic entities from 14 European countries and in the United States. Rapidly spreading, the pandemic would take only 4 months to circumnavigate the planet, reaching the United States 70 days after the original outbreak in Saint Petersburg.[14] Following this pandemic, interest is renewed in examining the recurrence patterns of influenza.[7] Eurasia, Americas
1901 Non-human (Avian) Research The causative organism of avian influenza is discovered to be a virus.[15]
1918-1920 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic The Spanish flu (H1N1) pandemic breaks out. As of the 21st century, it is considered one of the deadliest natural disasters ever, infecting an estimated 500 million people across the globe and claiming between 50 and 100 million lives. This pandemic would be described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and is estimated to have killed in a single year more people than the Black Death bubonic plague killed in four years from 1347 to 1351.[16][17] Worldwide; originated in France (disputed)
1931 Non-human (porcine) Research The real cause of the flu, the Influenza Virus, is discovered by American virologist Richard Shope[18], who finds the etiological cause of influenza in pigs.[19] United States
1933 Human Research British researchers Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrews, and Patrick Laidlaw are the first to identify the human flu virus by experimenting with ferrets.[20][21][22] United Kingdom
1936 Human Medical development (vaccine) Soviet scientist A. Smorodintseff conducts the first attempt of a vaccination with a live influenza vaccine that has been passed about 30-times in eggs. Smorodintseff would later report that the modified virus causes only a barely perceptible, slight fever and that subjects are protected against reinfection.[23][24] Russia
1942 Influenzavirus B Human Medical development (vaccine) Bivalent vaccine is produced after the discovery of influenza B.[22]
1945 Human Medical development (vaccine) The first license to produce an influenza vaccine for civilian use is granted in the United States.[25] United States
1946 Organization The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in order to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of diseases. The CDC would launch campaigns targeting the transmission of influenza.[26][27] United States (Atlanta)
1947 Organization The World Medical Association (WMA) is formed as an international confederation of free professional medical associations. Like CDC, the WMA would launch Influenza Immunization Campaigns.[28] France (serves worldwide)
1948 Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is established.[29]
1952 Organization (Research institute) The Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) is established by the WHO with the purpose of conducting global influenza virological surveillance. GISRS monitors the evolution of influenza viruses and provides recommendations in areas including laboratory diagnostics, vaccines, antiviral susceptibility and risk assessment. It also serves as a global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.[30]
1956 Non-human (equine) Virus type discovery Viruses that cause equine influenza are first isolated.[31]
1957 H2N2 Human Epidemic New, virulent influenza A virus subtype H2N2 breaks out in Guizhou (China). It would turn into pandemic (category 2) and kill 1 to 4 million people.[32] It is considered the second major influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century, after the Spanish flu.[33][7] China
1959 H5N1 Non–human (avian) Epizootic Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 breaks out in Scotland and affects domestic chicken.[34] United Kingdom
1961 H5N1 Non–human (avian) Virus type discovery Avian Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 strain is found in birds in South Africa.[35][36] South Africa
1963 H7N3 Non–human (avian) Epizootic Influenza A virus subtype H7N3 breaks out in England and affects domestic turkeys.[34] United Kingdom
1966 H5N9 Non–human (avian) Epizootic Influenza A virus subtype H5N9 breaks out in Ontario and affects domestic turkeys.[34] Canada
1966 Medical development The activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against influenza is first suggested.[37]
1968 Human Research Study of 1,900 male cadets after the 1968 Hong Kong A2 influenza epidemic at a South Carolina military academy, compares three groups: nonsmokers, heavy smokers, and light smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day) had 21% more illnesses and 20% more bed rest, light smokers (20 cigarettes or fewer per day) had 10% more illnesses and 7% more bed rest.[38] United States
1968-1969 H3N2 Human Epidemic Hong Kong flu (H3N2) pandemic breaks out, caused by a virus that has been “updated” from the previously circulating virus by reassortment of avian genes.[7][39] Eurasia, North America
1973 Human Program launch The World Health Organization starts issuing annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that would identify currently circulating strains.[22]
1976 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic Swine flu outbreak is identified at U.S. army base in Fort Dix, New Jersey. Four soldiers infected resulting in one death. To prevent a major pandemic, the United States launches a vaccination campaign.[40][41] United States (New Jersey)
1976 H7N7 Non–human (avian) Epizootic Influenza A virus subtype H7N7 breaks out in Victoria (Australia) and affects domestic chicken.[34] Australia
1976 Influenzavirus A Human Medical development Symmetrel (amantadine) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for preventing and treating infection caused by influenzavirus A.[42] United States
1977 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic Russian flu (H1N1) epidemic. New influenza strain in humans. Isolated in northern China. A similar strain prevalent in 1947–57 causes most adults to have substantial immunity. This outbreak is not considered a pandemic because most patients are children.[41][43][44][45] Russia, China, worldwide
1978 Influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B Human Medical development (vaccine) The first trivalent influenza vaccine is introduced. It includes two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain.[22]
1979 Human Research Surveillance of an influenza outbreak at a military base for women in Israel reveals that influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of the current smokers vs. 41.6% of the nonsmokers.[46] Israel
1980 Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B Human Medical development (vaccine) United States FDA approves influenza vaccine Fluzone (Sanofi Pasteur), developed for A subtype viruses and type B virus contained in the vaccine.[47] United States
1982 Human Research Study concludes that smoking may substantially contribute to the growth of influenza epidemics affecting the entire population.[48]
1983 H5N8 Non–human (avian) Epizootic Avian Influenza A virus subtype H5N8 breaks out. 8,000 turkeys, 28,020 chickens, and 270,000 ducks are slaughtered.[49][36] Ireland
1986 Publication Medical geographer Gerald F. Pyle publishes The Diffusion of Influenza.[50]
1988 Influenzavirus A (H1N2) Human Infection case Influenza A virus subtype H1N2 is isolated from humans in six cities in China, but the virus does not spread further.[51] China
1990 Influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B Human Medical development Relenza (zanamivir) is first licensed to GlaxoSmithKline.[52]
1990-1996 Human Medical development Oseltamivir (often referenced by its trademark name Tamiflu) is developed by Gilead Sciences, using shikimic acid for synthesis. It would be widely used in further antiviral campaigns targeting influenza A and B. Included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[53] United States
1993 Human Research In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, it is found that 23% of smokers have clinical influenza as compared with 6% of non-smokers.[54]
1993 Influenzavirus A Human Medical development Flumadine (rimantadine) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for preventing and treating infection caused by influenzavirus A.[42] United States
1997 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human Infection case Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 (also known as bird flu) is discovered in humans. The first time an influenza virus is found to be transmitted directly from birds to people. Eighteen people hospitalized, six of whom die. Hong Kong kills its entire poultry population of about 1.5 million birds. No pandemic develops.[55] China (Hong Kong)
1997 H7N4 Avian Epizootic Highly pathogenic Influenza A virus subtype H7N4 strain causes a minor flu outbreak in chicken in Australia.[56] Australia
1997 Human System launch FluNet is launched as a global web-based tool for influenza virological surveillance.[57]
1997 Human Medical development A randomized clinical trial finds that volunteers taking 1.2 grams of N-acetylcysteine daily for six months are as likely as those taking placebo to be infected by influenza, but only 25% of them experience clinical symptoms, as contrasted with 67% of the control group. The authors conclude that resistance to flu symptoms is associated with a shift in cell mediated immunity from anergy toward normoergy, as measured by the degree of skin reactivity to seven common antigens such as tetanus and Candida albicans.[58]
1998–1999 (November 1998–April 1999) Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 1998-1999 season containing the following:
  • an A/Sydney/5/97(H3N2)-like virus;
  • an A/Beijing/262/95(H1N1)-like virus;
  • a B/Beijing/184/93-like virus.[59]
Northern hemisphere
1999 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 1999 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • an A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • a B/Beijing/184/93-like virus.[60]
Southern hemisphere
1999 Influenzavirus A (H9N2) Human Infection case New Influenza A virus subtype H9N2 strain is detected in humans. It causes illness in two children in Hong Kong, with poultry being the probable source. No pandemic develops.[41][36] China (Hong Kong)
1999 Influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B Human Medical development Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) is approved for medical use in the United States.[61] United States
1999–2000 (November 1999 to April 2000) Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 1999-2000 season contain the following:
  • an A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • an A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virus; and
  • a B/Beijing/184/93-like virus or a B/Shangdong/7/97-like virus.[62]
2000 Human Alternative medicine Homeopathic preparation Oscillococcinum becomes one of the top ten selling drugs in France, is publicised widely in the media, and becomes widely prescribed for both influenza and the common cold.[63] France
2000 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2000 season (southern hemisphere winter) contain the following:
  • an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • a B/Beijing/184/93-like virus.[64]
Southern hemisphere
2000–2001 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2000-2001 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • a B/Beijing/184/93-like virus.[65]
Northern hemisphere
2001 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2001 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • a B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus.[66]
Southern hemisphere
2001–2002 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2001-2002 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Moscow/10/99(H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus.[67]
2002 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2002 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Moscow/10/99(H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Sichuan/379/99-like virus.[68]
Southern hemisphere
2002 Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B Human Medical development High dietary intake of green tea is correlated with reduced risk of contracting influenza, as well as having an antiviral effect upon types A and B.[69]
2002 H7N2 Non-human (avian) Epizootic New avian influenza A virus subtype H7N2 strain affects 197 farms in Virginia and results in the killing of over 4.7 million birds. One person is infected, fully recovered.[70][36] United States
2002–2003 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2002-2003 season (Northern Hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Moscow/10/99(H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus.[71]
Northern hemisphere
2003 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2003 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Moscow/10/99(H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus.[72]
Southern hemisphere
2003 Human System launch Influenzanet launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system monitoring the incidence of influenza-like illness in Europe. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.[73][74] Netherlands, Belgium
2003 Human Medical development The mixture of Eleutherococcus senticosus ("Siberian ginseng") and Andrographis paniculata, sold under the trade name Kan Jang, is reported in the Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy to outperform amantadine in reducing influenza-related sick time and complications in a Volgograd pilot study of 71 patients.[75] Russia
2003 Medical development (vaccine approval) The United States FDA first licenses FluMist –an intranasally administered influenza vaccine, for healthy, nonpregnant persons aged 5–49 years.[76] United States
2003 H7N7 Human, avian Epidemic, epizootic First reported case of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 strain in humans. 88 people are infected, one dies. 30 million birds are slaughtered.[77][36] Netherlands
2003–2004 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2003-2004 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Moscow/10/99(H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus.[78]
2003–2007 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human, avian Epidemic, epizootic Avian (Influenza A virus subtype H5N1) strain is reported in humans. In February 2003, two people are infected in Hong Kong, one dies. In December 2003, H5N1 breaks out among chicken in South Korea. By January 2004, Japan has its first outbreak of avian flu since 1925 and Vietnam reports human cases. In Thailand, nine million chickens are slaughtered to stop the spread of the disease.[36] By December 2006, over 240 million poultry would die or be culled due to H5N1.[79] East Asia, Southeast Asia
2004 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human Publication The World Health Organizatin publishes its Guidelines for the use of seasonal influenza vaccine in humans at risk of H5N1 infection.[80]
2004 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2004 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1) -like virus;
  • an A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) - like virus; and
  • a B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virus.[81]
2004 Human Organization The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is launched to investigate influenza evolution by providing a public data set of complete influenza genome sequences from collections of isolates representing diverse species distributions. Funded by the NIAID.[82]
2004 Human Publication The World Health Organizatin publishes its guideline Advice for people living in areas affected by bird flu or avian influenza.[80]
2004 H7N3 Human Infection case New avian Influenza A virus subtype H7N3 strain is detected in humans. Two poultry workers become infected, eventually fully recovered.[83][36] Canada
2004 Influenzavirus A (H10N7) Human Infection case New avian influenza A virus subtype H10N7 strain is detected in humans. Two children become infected.[84][36] Egypt
2004 Influenzavirus A H5N2 Non–human (avian) Epizootic Avian influenza A virus subtype H5N2 infects birds in Texas. 6,600 infected broiler chickens are slaughtered.[85][36] United States
2004 H3N8 Non-human (Canidae) Virus type discovery Canine influenza (dog flu) virus subtype H3N8, is discovered to cause disease in canines.[86] United States
2004–2005 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2004-2005 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus.[87]
Northern hemisphere
2005 Human Organization United States President George W. Bush unveils the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza. US$1 billion for the production and stockpile of oseltamivir are requested after Congress approves $1.8 billion for military use of the drug.[88][89] United States
2005 Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its guideline Clarification on the use of masks by health-care workers in pandemic settings - in WHO global influenza preparedness plan.[80]
2005 General Organization American president George W. Bush announces the International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza. The purpose of the partnership is protecting human and animal health as well as mitigating the global socioeconomic and security consequences of an influenza pandemic.[90][91] United States (New York City)
2005 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2005 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Wellington/1/2004(H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus.[92]
2005 General Research (genomics) New technology development led by Elodie Ghedin at The Institute for Genomic Research is first published at journal Nature describing over 100 influenza genomes.[93]
2005 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human, avian Publication The World Health Organization publishes its WHO guidance on public health measures in countries experiencing their first outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza.[94]
2005 (August) Influenzavirus A H5N3 Non-human (avian) Infection case Influenza A virus subtype H5N3 is identified in Quebec.[95] Canada
2005 H1N1 Human, avian Infection case Avian influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strain kills one person in Cambodia. In Romania, a village is quarantined after three dead ducks test positive for H1N1.[96][36] Cambodia, Romania
2005 (Ocober) Influenzavirus A H5N3 Non-human (avian) Infection case Influenza A virus subtype H5N3 is identified in Sweden.[97] Sweden
2005 (November) Influenzavirus A H5N2 Non-human (falcon) Infection case It is reported that a falcon was found to have H5N2.[98]
2005–2006 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2005-2006 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:

A trivalent vaccine containing:

  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/California/7/2004(H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus.[99]
Northern hemisphere
2006 Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its guideline Avian influenza: food safety issues.[100][101]
2006 (May) Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines on pharmacological management of humans infected with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus.[102]
2006 Human, avian Organization The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza is held Beijing. Co-hosted by the Chinese Government, the European Commission and the World Bank. The purpose is to raise funds for international cooperation in the prevention and control of avian and human influenza.[103] China (Beijing)
2006 Human Website launch FluTrackers (flutrackers.com launches as a website, online forum and early warning system which tracks and gathers information relating to a wide range of infectious diseases, including flu and assists in how to use it to inform the general public.[104]
2006 Human Website launch flutracking.net launches in Australia as a weekly web-based survey of influenza-like illness (ILI). It monitors the transmission and severity of ILI across Australia. The survey documents symptoms (cough, fever, and sore throat), time off work or normal duties, influenza vaccination status, laboratory testing for influenza, and health seeking behavior.[105] Australia
2006 Human Research (epidemiology) A randomized trial published in the British Medical Journal shows that even being able to vaccinate half the nursing home staff can prevent half of all deaths during the influenza season.[106] United Kingdom
2006 Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its WHO strategic action plan for pandemic influenza, a document on global alert and response (GAR).[107] Switzerland (Geneva)
2006 Human Program launch The Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (GAP) launches as a strategy to reduce the global shortage of influenza vaccines for seasonal epidemics and pandemic influenza in all countries of the world through three major approaches:

The program would close in 2016.[108]

2006 Human Organization The Global action plan for influenza vaccines is launched as a 10-year initiative by the World Health Organization, with the purpose to reduce the global shortage and inequitable access to influenza vaccines in the event of an influenza pandemic.[109][110]
2006–2007 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2006-7 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus.[111]
Northern hemisphere
2007 Non-human (equine) Epizootic Equine influenza outbreak is diagnosed in Australia's horse population following the failure to contain infection in quarantine after the importation of one or more infected horses. The outbreak would also have a major impact on individual horse owners, the horse industry and associated sectors in both infected and uninfected states.[112] Australia
2007 Influenzavirus A Human, avian Publication The World Health Organization publishes its guideline Avian influenza, including influenza A (H5N1), in humans: WHO interim infection control guideline for health care facilities.[80]
2007 Influenzavirus A (H1N1, H3N2, H1N2) Non-human (swine) Research (virology) A study reports that in swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world.[113] Worldwide
2007 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2007 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Wisconsin/67/2005(H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus.[114]
Southern hemisphere
2007–2008 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2007-8 season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virus.[115]
Northern hemisphere
2008 Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its guideline Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations.[116]
2008 Program launch The GISAID initiative (Global initiative on sharing all influenza data) launches as a public–private partnership between the German government and the nonprofit organization Friends of GISAID that provides public access to a collection of genetic sequence data of influenza viruses and related clinical and epidemiological data through its database (named EpiFlu).[117] Germany
2008 Human, avian Publication The World Health Organization publishes its guideline Aide-Memoire -Infection control recommendations for avian influenza in health-care facilities.[80]
2008 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its guideline Protection of individuals with high poultry contact in areas affected by avian influenza H5N1: Consolidation of pre-existing guidance.[118]
2008 Human Publication Roni K. Devlin publishes Influenza (Biographies of Disease). The book covers influenza as a disease with potential of being at the center of a new pandemic.[119]
2008 Human Publication Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza: Guidance on Developing a Distribution and Dispensing Program is published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine.[120] United States
2008 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) and others Human, avian Publication Avian Influenza, by Hans-Dieter Klenk, Mikhail N. Matrosovich, and Jürgen Stech, is published. It provides information about the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza with particular emphasis on recent H5N1 outbreaks in China, Siberia and Europe.[121]
2008 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2008 season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Florida/4/2006-like virus.[122]
2008 General Research (virology) Research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) finds that the influenza virus has a butter-like coating, which melts when it enters the respiratory tract. In the winter, the coating becomes a hardened shell; therefore, it can survive in the cold weather similar to a spore. In the summer, the coating melts before the virus reaches the respiratory tract.[123]
2008 General Research (epidemiology) OpenFluDB is launched as a database for human and animal influenza virus. It's used to collect, manage, store and distribute worldwide data on influenza.[124] Worldwide
2008 Human Service launch Google launches Google Flu Trends, a web service with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity by aggregating Google Search queries. The system would provide data to 29 countries worldwide, extending service to include surveillance for dengue.[125] United States
2008–2009 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2008-2009 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Florida/4/2006-like virus.[126]
Northern hemisphere
2009 (January) Influenzavirus A H5N3 Non-human (avian) Epizootic Influenza A virus subtype H5N3 is identified at a La Garnache farm in France. 90 birds are found dead between 29 January 2009 and 31 January 2009. The remaining stock of 4,932 birds are culled on 1 February 2009.[127][128] France
2009 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic New flu virus (H1N1) pandemic (colloquially called the swine flu pandemic), first recognized in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, spreads quickly across the United States and the world, prompting a strong global public reaction. Overseas flights are discouraged from government health bodies.[129] Worldwide, nearly 1 billion doses of H1N1 vaccine are ordered.[130] A total of 74 countries are affected. 18,500 deaths.[41] Worldwide
2009 (April 27) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Policy The United States Food and Drug Administration issues Emergency Use Authorizations to make available Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral drugs to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they were currently unapproved. The agency issues these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs, including by volunteers.[131] United States
2009 (Late April) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic The World Health Organization declares its first ever "public health emergency of international concern" (PHEIC) in response to the H1N1 pandemic.[132]
2009 (May) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Research (epidemiology) A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that children have no preexisting immunity to the new pandemic H1N1/09 virus strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, have some degree of immunity. Children show no cross-reactive antibody reaction to the then-new strain, while adults aged 18 to 64 had 6–9%, and older adults 34%.[133][134] United States
2009 (May 22) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Vaccine funding The United States Department of Health and Human Services directs US$1 billion toward development of vaccine for novel influenza A (H1N1).[135] United States
2009 (June) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Policy The World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stop counting cases and declare the H1N1 outbreak a pandemic.[136] Worldwide
2009 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Research (epidemiology) A link between obesity and 2009 H1N1 flu complications is found during the pandemic.[137]
2009 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its interim guidance Advice on the use of masks in the community setting in Influenza A(H1N1) outbreaks, which deals with emergencies preparedness and response.[138]
2009 Influenzavirus A H1N1 Human Prevalence It is estimated that in the 2009 flu pandemic 11–21% of the then global population (of about 6.8 billion), or around 700 million to 1.4 billion people, contracted the illness—more in absolute terms than the Spanish flu pandemic. Calculated fatalities range between 12,000 and 18,000.[139][140] Worldwide
2009 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2009 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Florida/4/2006-like virus.[141]
Southern hemisphere
2009 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Medical development A few news reports suggest the use of an elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract as a potential preventative against the 2009 flu pandemic.[142][143]
2009 Influenzavirus A (H17N10 Non-human (bats) Virus type discovery The first bat influenza virus (IAV H17N10) is found in little yellow-shouldered bats (Sturnira lilium) in Guatemala.[144] Guatemala
2009 Influenzavirus A (H11N2) Non-human (mallards) Virus type discovery IAV H11N2 is found in sentinel mallards.[145]
2009 (September 15) Influenzavirus A (H1N1 Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The United States FDA approves four vaccines against the Influenza A virus subtype H1N1.[146][147] United States
2009 (October) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Medical development It is reported that the experimental antiviral drug Peramivir has been effective in treating serious cases of swine flu.[148]
2009 (October 25) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic United States President Barack Obama officially declares H1N1 a national emergency, after the disease becomes alarmingly prevalent in the country.[149] United States
2009 (November) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Research (virology) A study is published in Virology Journal suggesting that the influenza A virus subtype H1N1 virus may be the product of three strains from three continents that swapped genes in a lab or a vaccine-making plant, and subsequently "escaped". The study follows debate among researchers in May 2009, when the authors asked the World Health Organization to consider the hypothesis. After reviewing the initial paper, WHO and other organizations conclude the pandemic strain is a naturally-occurring virus and not laboratory-derived.[150]
2009 (December) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Non-human (canine) Infection case The first case of a dog with H1N1 is reported.[151] United States
2009 (December) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Medical development A study finds that H1N1 flu can cause pulmonary embolism, surmised as a leading cause of death in the pandemic. The study authors suggest physician evaluation via contrast enhanced CT scans for the presence of pulmonary emboli when caring for patients diagnosed with respiratory complications from a "severe" case of the H1N1 flu.[152] United States
2009 (December 23) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) for people ages 65 years and older.[153] United States
2009–2010 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2009-2010 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virus; and
  • an A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virus.[154]
Northern hemisphere
2010 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2010 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[155]
Southern hemisphere
2010 Human Publication Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics is published by Tamara Giles-Vernick, Susan Craddock, and Jennifer Lee Gunn. The book explores past influenza pandemics with the purpose to obtain critical insights into possible transmission patterns, experiences, mistakes, and interventions.[156]
2010 (August 11) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic The World Health Organization declares end to 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.[157]
2010 Influenzavirus A Human Tool launch The Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) is launched as an evaluation tool developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and external influenza experts. IRAT has the purpose to asses the potential pandemic risk posed by influenza A viruses that currently circulate in animals but not in humans. It evaluates risk elements in three domains: virus (e.g. genomic variation), population (e.g. existing population immunity), and ecology (e.g. global geographic distribution).[158][159] United States
2010–2011 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2010-2011 influenza season (northern hemisphere):
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[160]
Northern hemisphere
2011 (March) General Publication The World Health Organization releases its global standards and tools for influenza surveillance. The report summarizes the discussions and recommendations concluded in a global consultation aimed at reviewing influenza surveillance standards and the current data-sharing and reporting tools.[161]
2011 H3N8 Non–human Epizootic Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 causes death of more than 160 baby seals in New England.[162] United States
2011 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) General Recommendation The Advisers to the WHO Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Vaccines for the Southern Hemisphere 2012, advise WHO to use the nomenclature: A(H1N1)pdm09 in order to minimize confusion, and to differentiate the virus from the old seasonal A(H1N1) viruses circulating in humans before the pandemic (H1N1) 2009. This standardization would help to minimize potential confusion among the scientific community as well as the general public.[163]
2011 (July 22) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Non-human (mink) Infection case The Norwegian Veterinary Institute reports the first occurrence of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus in minks.[164] Norway
2011 (August) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Non-human (sea otter) Epizootic According to the United States Geological Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, northern sea otters off the coast of Washington state were infected with the same version of the H1N1 flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemic and "may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses".[165] United States
2011 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2011 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[166]
Southern hemisphere
2011–2012 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2011-2012 influenza season (northern hemisphere) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus;
  • an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[167]
Northern hemisphere
2012 Research A 2012 meta-analysis finds that flu shots are efficacious 67 percent of the time.[168]
2012 Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Research (virology) American virologists Ron Fouchier and Yoshihiro Kawaoka intentionally develop a strain based on H5N1 for which no vaccine exists, causing outrage in both the media and scientific community.[169][170][171] Netherlands (Erasmus Medical Center), United States (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
2012 (July) Human Publication The World Health Organization publishes its WHO Global Epidemiological Surveillance Standards for Influenza.[172]
2012 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2012 influenza season (southern hemisphere) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[173]
2012 General Publication Yoshihiro Kawaoka and Gabriele Neumann publish Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols. It summarizes techniques ranging from protocols for virus isolation, growth, and subtyping to procedures for the efficient generation of any influenza virus.[174]
2012 Human Medical development (vaccine) United States FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology.[175] United States
2012 Human Publication Jonathan Van-Tam publishes Pandemic Influenza, which covers the science and operational application of influenza epidemiology, virology and immunology.[176]
2012 (November 20) Human Medical development (vaccine) Novartis receives approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the first cell-culture influenza vaccine.[177] United States
2012 (December 12) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves quadrivalent formulation of Fluarix (inactivated influenza vaccine; GlaxoSmithKline).[178] United States
2012–2013 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2012-2013 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus.[179]
Northern hemisphere
2013 H7N9 Human, avian Epidemic Avian Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 strain, a low pathogenic AI virus, breaks out in China. As of April 11, 2014, the outbreak's overall reaches 419 people, including 7 in Hong Kong, with the unofficial death toll at 127.[180][181] China, Vietnam
2013 (June 7) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves Fluzone (Sanofi Pasteur) as the third quadrivalent influenza vaccine licensed for U.S. use.[182] United States
2013 (June 20) Human Vaccine recommendation The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) votes to recommend FluBlok influenza vaccine for people age 18 through 49 with egg allergy.[183] United States
2013 (August 16) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration extends FluLaval IIV (GlaxoSmithKline) age range to include children and teens age 3–17 years; licenses quadrivalent FluLaval product.[184] United States
2013 Influenzavirus A (H11N9) Non-human (domestic duck) Virus type discovery H11N9 is isolated from a domestic duck in live-poultry markets in Eastern China.[185] China
2013 Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves influenza vaccine Flublok (Protein Sciences), developed through recombinant DNA technology.[186] United States
2013 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Publication Radiology of Influenza A (H1N1) is published by Hongjun Li, presenting the theory of influenza and its imaging characteristics.[187]
2013 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2013 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus.[188]
Southern hemisphere
2013 Human Medical development (vaccine) United States FDA approves influenza vaccine Flublok (Protein Sciences), developed through recombinant DNA technology.[189] United States
2013 H10N8 Human, avian Infection case Avian Influenza A virus subtype H10N8 strain in reported to infect humans for the first time and kills one person.[190][36] China
2013–2014 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2013-14 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011; and
  • a B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus.[191]
Northern hemisphere
2014 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2014 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus.[192]
Southern hemisphere
2014 Human Vaccine cost The wholesale price per dose of influenza vaccine in the developing world is about US$5.25 as of year.[193] Developing world
2014 (December 11) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves quadrivalent formulation of Fluzone Intradermal inactivated influenza vaccine.[194] United States
2014 (December 19) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves Rapivab to treat influenza infection.[195] United States
2014–2015 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2014-2015 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus.[196]
Northern hemisphere
2015 Human Program shutdown Google Flu Trends shuts down in August 2015 after successive inaccuracies in the big data analysis.[197] After performing well for two to three years since the service launch in 2008, GFT would start to fail significantly and require substantial revision.[198] However, Google Flu Trends would also inspire several other similar projects that use social media data to predict disease trends.[199] United States
2015 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2015 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus.[200]
Southern hemisphere
2015 (July 12) Influenzavirus A (H5N6) Human Infection case As of date, four known cases of influenza A virus subtype H5N6 infection, three fatal, have occurred in humans.[201][202][203][204]
2015 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic The 2015 Indian swine flu outbreak causes nearly 30,000 laboratory confirmed cases with more than 1700 deaths by March 15. Most of these cases are reported from the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.[205] India
2015 (November 24) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves new injectable influenza vaccine, Fluad, for use in people age 65 years and older.[206] United States
2015–2016 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2015-2016 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus.[207]
Northern hemisphere
2016 (May) Human Tool launch The Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA) is developed by the World Health Organization to provide a standardized and transparent approach to support the risk assessment of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. TIPRA supports hazard assessment by asking a risk question about the pandemic likelihood and impact of an influenza virus.[208]
2016 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2016 influenza season (southern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[209]
Southern hemisphere
2016 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Non-human (porcine) Research (virology) A report by researchers at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine finds that the 2009 H1N1 virus likely originated from pigs in a very small region of central Mexico.[210] Mexico, United States
2016 Human Medical development (vaccine) Vaxigrip Tetra is approved in Europe except for infants younger than three years old.[211] Europe
2016 (November 18) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves extending the age range for use of FluLaval Quadrivalent to include children 6 to 35 months of age.[212] United States
2016 (November–December) Influenzavirus A (H5N6) Human Infection case Human cases of H5N6 are reported in China.[213] China
2016–2017 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2016-2017 influenza season (northern hemisphere winter) containing the following:
  • an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[214]
Northern hemisphere
2017 Human Medical development Researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington build influenza detector that can diagnose at a breath, without the intervention of a doctor.[215] United States
2017 H5N6 Avian Epizootic An outbreak of H5N6 avian influenza affecting poultry occurs in at least three towns in Philippines[216] Philippines
2017 Human Research Researchers from the University of Helsinki demonstrate that three anti-influenza compounds effectively inhibit zika virus infection in human cells.[217] Finland
2017 Human Publication Mieczyslaw Pokorski publishes Influenza and Respiratory Care.[218]
2017 (August 25) Influenza Human Recommendation The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes ACIP 2017–18 influenza vaccination recommendations.[219]
2017 (August 31) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration expands licensure of Afluria quadrivalent (Seqirus) to include people age 5 years and older.[220]
2017–2018 Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic Pakistan reports H1N1 cases mostly arising from the city of Multan, with deaths resulting from the epidemic reaching 42.[221] Pakistan
2017–2018 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2017-2018 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  • an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virus.[222]
Northern hemisphere
2018 (January 11) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves expanded pediatric age indication for Fluarix Quadrivalent influenza vaccine."[223] United States
2018 (February) Influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B Human Medical development Antiviral medication Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) is approved for sale in Japan.[224] Japan
2018 (June 8) Human Vaccine recommendation The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes ACIP's recommendations for the use of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) in the 2018–19 influenza season."[225]
2018 (August 24) Human Vaccine recommendation The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes ACIP's 2018–19 influenza vaccination recommendations.[226]
2018 (October) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves expanded age indication for Seqirus’s Afluria influenza vaccine to include children age 6 months through 59 months.[227]
2018 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  • an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus.[228]
Southern hemisphere
2019 (January) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic An outbreak of H1N1 is recorded in Morocco, with nine confirmed fatalities.[229] Morocco
2019 (January 15) Human Vaccine launch A cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine by manufacturer Seqirus is licensed in Europe for use for people nine years and above, after the European Commission issues marketing approval for its new seasonal influenza vaccine, Flucelvax Tetra. This is the first cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) available in Europe.[230] Europe
2019 (January 23) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves use of the 0.5 mL dose of Sanofi's Fluzone Quadrivalent influenza vaccine to include children age 6 through 35 months.[231] United States
2019 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  • an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Switzerland/8060/2017 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage);
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage).

The World Health Organization also recommends that egg based trivalent vaccines for use in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season contain the following:

  • an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Switzerland/8060/2017 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage).

It is recommended that the A(H3N2) component of non-egg based vaccines for use in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season be:

  • A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016-like virus together with the other vaccine components as indicated above.[232]
2019 (August 28) Vaccine recommendation The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention releases ACIP recommendations on the use of influenza vaccines for the 2019–20 influenza season.[233] United States
2019 (November 4) Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent (Sanofi Pasteur) for adults 65+ years of age—will be available for 2020–21 flu season.[234] United States
2019 (November) Influenzavirus A (H1N1) Human Epidemic An outbreak of H1N1 is recorded in Iran, with 56 fatalities and 4,000 people hospitalized.[235] Iran
2019–2020 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  • an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage); and
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage).[236]
Northern hemisphere
2020 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:
  • an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/South Australia/34/2019 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Washington/02/2019-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus;
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like (B/Yamagata lineage) virus.

WHO also recommends that trivalent influenza vaccines for use in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season contain the following:

  • an A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/South Australia/34/2019 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Washington/02/2019-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus.[237]
Southern hemisphere
2020 (January) Influenzavirus A (H5N1) Human Medical development (vaccine) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves Audenz, an adjuvanted influenza A (H5N1) monovalent vaccine.[238][239] Audenz is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by the influenza A virus H5N1 subtype contained in the vaccine. Audenz is approved for use in persons six months of age and older at increased risk of exposure to the influenza A virus H5N1 subtype contained in the vaccine.[238] United States
2020 (February 21) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves the first adjuvanted quadrivalent flu shot for seniors.[240] United States
2020 (June 8) Human Medical development (vaccine approval) The European Commission approves aQIV, the first adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine is the continent, built on the well-established technology used in an existing adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) available in several European countries already.[241] Europe
2020 (June 29) G4 EA H1N1 Human, non-human Research Researchers in China report having identified a new influenza strain in pigs, called G4 EA H1N1, which has 'essential hallmarks' of a pandemic virus.[242] China
2020–2021 Influenzavirus A (H3N2, H1N1) Human Vaccine recommendation The World Health Organization recommends vaccines to be used in the 2020 - 2021 northern hemisphere influenza season containing the following:

Egg-based Vaccines:

  • an A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus; and
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus.

Cell- or recombinant-based Vaccines:

  • an A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus;
  • a B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus; and
  • a B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus.

It is recommended that trivalent influenza vaccines for use in the 2020 - 2021 northern hemisphere influenza season contain the following:

Egg-based Vaccines

  • an A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus.

Cell- or recombinant-based Vaccines

  • an A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
  • an A/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virus; and
  • a B/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virus.[243]
Northern hemisphere
2020 (July 9) Human Research A study in Brazil conducted on more than 92,000 patients suggests that an inactivated trivalent flu shot may protect patients from getting severe COVID-19 by improving their innate immunity.[244] Brazil
2020 (July 13) Human Research Research concludes that asingle dose of baloxavir marboxil can reduce the spread of influenza among household contacts.[245]
2020 (August 26) Human Research Scientists say that COVID-19 precautions made influenza almost disappear in the Southern Hemisphere.[246] Southern Hemisphere
2020 (August 27) Human Research A study by United States CDC on more than 80,000 adult patients hospitalized with influenza over eight seasons concludes that sudden, serious heart complications are common, occurring in 12% of patients, or 1 in 8. This result strengthens the link between influenza and serious heart conditions.[247][248] United States
2020 (September 24) Non-human (mice) Research Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai report having identified two antibodies that protect mice against lethal infections of influenza B virus, using an antibody that targets influenza A.[249] United States
2020 (September 29) Human Public opinion A national poll conducted in the Unied States, with nearly 2000 respondents, results in 1 in 3 parents saying they are not going to get the influenza vaccine in the year. The most common reasons include concerns about side effects or beliefs that it is not necessary or effective.[250] United States
2020 (October 12) Infection case The first case of coronavirus and influenza double infection is confirmed in Mexico.[251] Mexico
2020 (November 24) Human Research German and British scientists report having discovered that influenza drug aprotinin, a protease inhibitor, can prevent the SARS CoV-2 virus from entering host cells.[252]
2020 (November 30) Human Research Study by researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine finds that survivors from a wide range of cancers are more likely to be hospitalized or die from seasonal influenza, even years after their cancer diagnosis.[253][254] United Kingdom
2020 (November 30) Human Research Study at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden concludes that influenza infections can lead to an increased risk of bacterial pneumonia. Study author Birgitta Henriques Normark says “The ability of pneumococcus to grow in the lower airways during an influenza infection seems to depend on the nutrient-rich environment with its higher levels of antioxidants that occurs during a viral infection, as well as on the bacteria’s ability to adapt to the environment and protect itself from being eradicated by the immune system”.[255] Sweden
2020 (December 7) Human Testing United States FDA authorizes the first COVID-19 test to detect COVID-19, as well as influenza A and B.[256] United States
2020 (December 8) Human Medical development (vaccine) An observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I trial conducted by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai researchers on a chimeric hemagglutinin (HA)-based vaccine, concludes that it has the potential to provide long-lived protection against a spectrum of influenza strains with two or three immunizations, eliminating the need for revaccination.[257] United States
2021 (January 11) Human Medical development Hoffmann-La Roche announces approval by the European Commission of Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza in patients aged 12 years and above.[258]
2021 (January 14) Human Research A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplements led by QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Australia finds they do not protect most people from developing colds, influenza and other acute respiratory infections.[259] Australia
2021 (January) Medical development (vaccine) Researchers complete the first human trial of a vaccine created by recombinant genetic technology to make the immune system attack a part of the virus that does not change so fast and is common among different strains. This makes a universal influenza vaccine one step closer, bringing long-lasting protection against the disease.[260]
2021 (February) H5N8 Human Infection case Russia reports cases of the first known H5N8 avian flu infection in humans, involving seven workers at a poultry plant in the south of the country.[261] Russia
2021 (February) Research A Phase 1 study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation reports on a safe intranasal influenza vaccine, able to produce a durable immune response. The recombinant, replicating adenovirus vaccine, called Ad4-H5-VTN, is designed to spur antibodies to hemagglutinin, a protein found on the surface of influenza viruses that attaches to human cells.[262]
2020 (September 18) Human Prevalence United States CDC reports on decreased influenza activity worldwide during the Covid-19 pandemic, as a result of massive adoption of preventive measures, like mask wearing and socially distancing, which are effective against both diseases.[263][264] Worldwide
2021 (March) Human Research Researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University jointly develop a CRISPR-based treatment ( mRNA-encoded Cas13a) to stop the replication in mice of both the influenza virus and SARS‑CoV‑2, which causes COVID-19.[265] United States
2021 (March) Human Medical development (vaccine) A research team at National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan develops a vaccine providing protection against all strains of influenza, which can be administered in the form of a nasal spray instead of by injection.[266] Taiwan
2021 (March) Human Research Researchers report on a treatment with an immune receptor blocker in combination with an antiviral agent which has the potential to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality.[267] United States
2021 (March 29) Human Research A Los Alamos National Laboratory vaccine development software called Epigraph is described to have the potencial ability to create a broadly reactive influenza vaccine for H1N1 influenza, to offer a path toward a pan-influenza vaccine and possibly coronavirus vaccine as well.[268] United States

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The table below summarizes per-year mentions of the influenza types and influenza vaccine (entries without quotation marks) on Google Scholar as of May 11, 2021.

Year Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza C virus Influenza D virus Influenza vaccine
1980 2,600 2,110 2,100 1,980 923
1985 3,670 3,080 3,010 2,910 1,280
1990 4,410 3,950 3,860 3,730 1,600
1995 5,740 5,130 5,150 5,010 2,240
2000 9,910 8,840 8,900 8,490 5,130
2002 11,600 10,400 10,500 9,910 6,620
2004 15,800 13,700 13,900 13,200 8,870
2006 20,700 17,000 17,500 16,700 10,900
2008 24,600 21,000 21,400 20,500 13,400
2010 36,600 30,200 31,300 30,200 17,400
2012 40,300 35,800 36,500 35,200 21,400
2014 41,300 37,500 38,400 37,400 22,700
2016 41,500 38,300 39,200 37,600 22,200
2017 43,000 39,100 39,200 38,500 22,500
2018 41,600 38,900 39,200 38,200 23,700
2019 39,200 37,200 36,900 36,100 23,700
2020 55,600 50,900 54,300 45,700 29,600
Influenza.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data Influenza (Disease) and Influenza (Search Term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map. See local maximums indicating interest peaking in April 2009 (Swine flu pandemic), and March 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic).[269]

Influenza gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Influenza from 1600 to 2019.[270]

Influenza ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Influenza on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider,mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.[271]

Influenza wv.png


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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