Difference between revisions of "Timeline of malaria in 2018"

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This is a '''timeline of malaria in 2018''', attempting to describe significant events related to progress in the management of the disease in 2018.
 
This is a '''timeline of malaria in 2018''', attempting to describe significant events related to progress in the management of the disease in 2018.
  
==Big picture==
+
== Important developments ==
  
{| class="wikitable"
+
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
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! Category !! Important developments
 +
|-
 +
| Drugs || {{w|mRNA}} vaccines against malaria continue development. Combination of {{w|fosmidomycin}} and {{w|piperaquine}} successfully complete clinical trial for antimalarial treatment.
 +
|-
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| Parasite || Malaria parasites are found to be able to occupy sites outside the bloodstream, specifically in the {{w|bone marrow}} and {{w|spleen}} where red blood cells are formed.
 +
|-
 +
| Vector || {{w|CRISPR}}/Cas9 engineered mosquitoes are developed to resist the malaria parasite.
 +
|-
 +
| Prevention || A mosquito-repellant paint is developed.
 +
|-
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| Achievements || The {{w|World Health Organization}} declares {{w|Paraguay}} as free from malaria, being the first country in the Americas to be granted this status since Cuba in 1973.
 +
|-
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| Progress || The {{w|World Health Organization}} announces that progress against malaria has stalled, and that malaria is on the rise in more than 13 countries.
 
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|}
 
|}
 
  
  
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Note:  
 
Note:  
 
* Dates are approximate to the event and matched with the news release.
 
* Dates are approximate to the event and matched with the news release.
* Displayed location is often matched with location of main institution.
+
* Displayed location is often matched with location of main institution involved with the event.
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!  Month and date !! Event type !! Details !! Location
+
!  Month and date !! Category !! Details !! Location
 
|-
 
|-
| January 4 || Scientific development (parasite) || Australian-led international team identifies the key portal used by malaria parasite ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' to enter human red blood cells. The researchers in {{w|Melbourne}} discover that the parasite infects humans by hijacking a protein the body cannot live without. This allows the possibility to successfully develop antibodies that disable the parasite from carrying out its activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria infection linked to iron in red blood cells |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/malaria-infection-linked-to-iron-in-red-blood-cells |website=cosmosmagazine.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hijacker parasite blocked from infiltrating blood |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-01-hijacker-parasite-blocked-infiltrating-blood.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australian scientists solve malaria mystery |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/australian-scientists-solve-malaria-mystery/news-story/4a13c4c8d1f8105d4fe01a4e657ef5fe |website=theaustralian.com.au |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
+
| January 4 || Parasite || Australian-led international team identifies the key portal used by malaria parasite ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' to enter human red blood cells. The researchers in {{w|Melbourne}} discover that the parasite infects humans by hijacking a protein the body cannot live without. This allows the possibility to successfully develop antibodies that disable the parasite from carrying out its activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria infection linked to iron in red blood cells |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/malaria-infection-linked-to-iron-in-red-blood-cells |website=cosmosmagazine.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hijacker parasite blocked from infiltrating blood |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-01-hijacker-parasite-blocked-infiltrating-blood.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australian scientists solve malaria mystery |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/australian-scientists-solve-malaria-mystery/news-story/4a13c4c8d1f8105d4fe01a4e657ef5fe |website=theaustralian.com.au |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 
|-
 
|-
| January 10 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at {{w|Pennsylvania State University}} describe two proteins that facilitate RNA-based interactions between the malaria parasite, its mosquito vector, and its human host. The two specialized proteins protect the parasite's {{w|messenger RNA}}s, until it takes up residence in a new mosquito or a human host.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria parasite packs genetic material for trip from mosquitoes to humans |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180110220503.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| January 10 || Parasite || Researchers at {{w|Pennsylvania State University}} describe two proteins that facilitate RNA-based interactions between the malaria parasite, its mosquito vector, and its human host. The two specialized proteins protect the parasite's {{w|messenger RNA}}s, until it takes up residence in a new mosquito or a human host.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria parasite packs genetic material for trip from mosquitoes to humans |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180110220503.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| January 11 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers based at {{w|University of California San Diego School of Medicine}} publish study using whole genome analyses and {{w|chemogenetics}} to identify new drug targets and resistance genes in 262 cell lines of malaria parasite {{w|Plasmodium falciparum}} that are resistant to 37 diverse antimalarial compound.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers map druggable genomic targets in evolving malaria parasite |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-01-druggable-genomic-evolving-malaria-parasite.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria parasite evolution in a test tube |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6372/159 |website=science.sciencemag.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| January 11 || Parasite  || Researchers based at {{w|University of California San Diego School of Medicine}} publish study using whole genome analyses and {{w|chemogenetics}} to identify new drug targets and resistance genes in 262 cell lines of malaria parasite {{w|Plasmodium falciparum}} that are resistant to 37 diverse antimalarial compound.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers map druggable genomic targets in evolving malaria parasite |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-01-druggable-genomic-evolving-malaria-parasite.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria parasite evolution in a test tube |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6372/159 |website=science.sciencemag.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| January 12 || Scientific development (parasite) || International team of researchers publish study describing growth of clonal isolates of malaria parasite ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' in the lab in the presence of 37 different small {{w|molecule}}s with known antimalarial activity over the course of 3 to 6 months. The study identified more than 80 genes that contribute to resistance, some of which could provide important information for drug development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study identifies malaria resistance genes, possible drug targets |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2018/01/study-identifies-malaria-resistance-genes-possible-drug-targets |website=cidrap.umn.edu |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists Discover How Malarial Parasites Became Resistant to Drugs |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40161-malaria-parasite-drug-treatment-research |website=inverse.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||  
+
| January 12 || Parasite  || International team of researchers publish study describing growth of clonal isolates of malaria parasite ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' in the lab in the presence of 37 different small {{w|molecule}}s with known antimalarial activity over the course of 3 to 6 months. The study identified more than 80 genes that contribute to resistance, some of which could provide important information for drug development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study identifies malaria resistance genes, possible drug targets |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2018/01/study-identifies-malaria-resistance-genes-possible-drug-targets |website=cidrap.umn.edu |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists Discover How Malarial Parasites Became Resistant to Drugs |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40161-malaria-parasite-drug-treatment-research |website=inverse.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| January 18 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers at {{w|University of Cambridge}}, using {{w|artificial intelligence}} to conduct high-throughput screening, report that {{w|triclosan}} (an antibacterial and antifungal ingredient used in {{w|toothpaste}}) shows the potential to interrupt malaria infections at two critical stages, in the liver and the blood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toothpaste ingredient could fight malaria, research shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-malaria-toothpaste/toothpaste-ingredient-could-fight-malaria-research-shows-idUSKBN1F715N |website=reuters.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Robot scientist finds a toothpaste ingredient could help in the fight against malaria |url=https://www.irishnews.com/magazine/science/2018/01/18/news/robot-scientist-finds-that-a-toothpaste-ingredient-that-could-help-in-the-fight-against-malaria-1235576/ |website=irishnews.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AI 'robot scientist' discovers toothpaste could help fight malaria |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/robot-scientist-discovers-toothpaste-can-help-cure-malaria-a3743221.html |website=standard.co.uk |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AI 'scientist' finds that toothpaste ingredient may help fight drug-resistant malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180118083407.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| January 18 || Treatment || Researchers at {{w|University of Cambridge}}, using {{w|artificial intelligence}} to conduct high-throughput screening, report that {{w|triclosan}} (an antibacterial and antifungal ingredient used in {{w|toothpaste}}) shows the potential to interrupt malaria infections at two critical stages, in the liver and the blood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toothpaste ingredient could fight malaria, research shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-malaria-toothpaste/toothpaste-ingredient-could-fight-malaria-research-shows-idUSKBN1F715N |website=reuters.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Robot scientist finds a toothpaste ingredient could help in the fight against malaria |url=https://www.irishnews.com/magazine/science/2018/01/18/news/robot-scientist-finds-that-a-toothpaste-ingredient-that-could-help-in-the-fight-against-malaria-1235576/ |website=irishnews.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AI 'robot scientist' discovers toothpaste could help fight malaria |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/robot-scientist-discovers-toothpaste-can-help-cure-malaria-a3743221.html |website=standard.co.uk |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AI 'scientist' finds that toothpaste ingredient may help fight drug-resistant malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180118083407.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
| January 19 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers from {{w|Tubingen Institute of Tropical Medicine}} and German company Deutschen Malaria GmbH report a new medication for malaria that can safely and effectively cure the disease, after having successfully completed a clinical trial for the drug combination of {{w|Fosmidomycin}} and {{w|Piperaquine}}. The two-fold medication is administered for three days to patients aged one to thirty who were infected with malaria via the ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' pathogen.<ref>{{cite web |title=New malaria medication safely, effectively cures the deadly disease |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/220118/new-malaria-medication-safely-effectively-cures-the-deadly-disease.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Promising malaria medication tested |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180119090342.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+
| January 19 || Treatment || Researchers from {{w|Tubingen Institute of Tropical Medicine}} and German company Deutschen Malaria GmbH report a new medication for malaria that can safely and effectively cure the disease, after having successfully completed a clinical trial for the drug combination of {{w|Fosmidomycin}} and {{w|Piperaquine}}. The two-fold medication is administered for three days to patients aged one to thirty who were infected with malaria via the ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' pathogen.<ref>{{cite web |title=New malaria medication safely, effectively cures the deadly disease |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/220118/new-malaria-medication-safely-effectively-cures-the-deadly-disease.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Promising malaria medication tested |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180119090342.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
| January 19 || Medical development (treatment) || The Nigerian National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) says it has successfully researched and developed six traditional herbal products for the treatment of {{w|ebola}}, {{w|malaria}} and other diseases. It includes Niprimal, an anti-malaria drug, which is said to be safe for use by pregnant women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria develops herbal drugs for treatment of Ebola, malaria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/nigeria-develops-herbal-drugs-treatment-ebola-malaria/ |website=vanguardngr.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NIPRD develops herbal drugs for Ebola, malaria treatments |url=https://punchng.com/niprd-develops-herbal-drugs-for-ebola-malaria-treatments/ |website=punchng.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
+
| January 19 || Treatment || The Nigerian National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) says it has successfully researched and developed six traditional herbal products for the treatment of {{w|ebola}}, {{w|malaria}} and other diseases. It includes Niprimal, an anti-malaria drug, which is said to be safe for use by pregnant women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria develops herbal drugs for treatment of Ebola, malaria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/nigeria-develops-herbal-drugs-treatment-ebola-malaria/ |website=vanguardngr.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NIPRD develops herbal drugs for Ebola, malaria treatments |url=https://punchng.com/niprd-develops-herbal-drugs-for-ebola-malaria-treatments/ |website=punchng.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
 
|-
 
|-
| January 22 || || Study conducted by the {{w|University of Liverpool}} and the {{w|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine}} reports a novel 'long acting' medicine for the prevention of malaria. The approach uses {{w|nanotechnology}} to improve the delivery of an existing antimalarial drug via a novel injectable format that can maintain blood concentration of the drug for weeks or months following a single dose.<ref>{{cite web |title=New long-acting approach for malaria prophylaxis developed using nanomedicine approach |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180122104042.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}
+
| January 22 || Treatment || Study conducted by the {{w|University of Liverpool}} and the {{w|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine}} reports a novel 'long acting' medicine for the prevention of malaria. The approach uses {{w|nanotechnology}} to improve the delivery of an existing antimalarial drug via a novel injectable format that can maintain blood concentration of the drug for weeks or months following a single dose.<ref>{{cite web |title=New long-acting approach for malaria prophylaxis developed using nanomedicine approach |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180122104042.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}
 
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| January 28 || Eradication || The {{w|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}, the {{w|Inter-American Development Bank}}, and {{w|Carlos Slim Foundation}}  announce a US$180 million initiative to eliminate malaria in {{w|Central America}}. The funding involves US$37.1 million from IDB, US$31.5 million from Gates, and US$15 million from the Carlos Slim Foundation, in addition to expected leveraging of US$100 million in domestic financing and $39 million of existing donor resources over the next five years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gates backs Central America malaria elimination plan with $31 million |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-malaria-centralamerica/gates-backs-central-america-malaria-elimination-plan-with-31-million-idUSKBN1FD20B |website=reuters.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gates and IDB announce plan to eliminate malaria in Central America |url=https://www.devex.com/news/gates-and-idb-announce-plan-to-eliminate-malaria-in-central-america-91952 |website=devex.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| January 28 || Eradication || The {{w|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}, the {{w|Inter-American Development Bank}}, and {{w|Carlos Slim Foundation}}  announce a US$180 million initiative to eliminate malaria in {{w|Central America}}. The funding involves US$37.1 million from IDB, US$31.5 million from Gates, and US$15 million from the Carlos Slim Foundation, in addition to expected leveraging of US$100 million in domestic financing and $39 million of existing donor resources over the next five years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gates backs Central America malaria elimination plan with $31 million |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-malaria-centralamerica/gates-backs-central-america-malaria-elimination-plan-with-31-million-idUSKBN1FD20B |website=reuters.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gates and IDB announce plan to eliminate malaria in Central America |url=https://www.devex.com/news/gates-and-idb-announce-plan-to-eliminate-malaria-in-central-america-91952 |website=devex.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
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| January 28 || Eradication || Six African countries ({{w|Rwanda}}, {{w|Zimbabwe}}, {{w|Madagascar}}, {{w|Senegal}}, {{w|the Gambia}}, {{w|Algeria}} and {{w|Comoros}}) are honoured by the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) at the 30th African Union Summit in {{w|Addis Ababa}}, for leading the way to a Malaria Free-Africa by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe bags ALMA award for leading Africa’s anti-malaria fight |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-bags-alma-award-for-leading-africas-anti-malaria-fight/ |website=chronicle.co.zw |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interview With Joy Phumaphi, Executive Secretary of the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) Gambia’s Award of Excellence In Malaria Control |url=http://foroyaa.gm/interview-with-joy-phumaphi-executive-secretary-of-the-african-leaders-malaria-alliance-alma-gambias-award-of-excellence-in-malaria-control/ |website=foroyaa.gm |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe Wins African Award For Anti-Malaria Fight |url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2018/01/29/zimbabwe-wins-african-award-anti-malaria-fight/ |website=news.pindula.co.zw |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}}
 
| January 28 || Eradication || Six African countries ({{w|Rwanda}}, {{w|Zimbabwe}}, {{w|Madagascar}}, {{w|Senegal}}, {{w|the Gambia}}, {{w|Algeria}} and {{w|Comoros}}) are honoured by the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) at the 30th African Union Summit in {{w|Addis Ababa}}, for leading the way to a Malaria Free-Africa by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe bags ALMA award for leading Africa’s anti-malaria fight |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-bags-alma-award-for-leading-africas-anti-malaria-fight/ |website=chronicle.co.zw |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interview With Joy Phumaphi, Executive Secretary of the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) Gambia’s Award of Excellence In Malaria Control |url=http://foroyaa.gm/interview-with-joy-phumaphi-executive-secretary-of-the-african-leaders-malaria-alliance-alma-gambias-award-of-excellence-in-malaria-control/ |website=foroyaa.gm |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe Wins African Award For Anti-Malaria Fight |url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2018/01/29/zimbabwe-wins-african-award-anti-malaria-fight/ |website=news.pindula.co.zw |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ethiopia}}
 
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| January 31 || Medical development (prevention) || Researchers find that the pulp juice and seed of ''{{w|Chrysophyllum albidum}}'' (African star apple) contain chemical substances that can protect from developing malaria and so its consumption should be encouraged especially in pregnancy. For the study, the researchers evaluated the properties of extracts in Albino mice inoculated with ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=African Star Apple Prevents Malaria In Pregnancy —Study |url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/129568/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| January 31 || Prevention || Researchers find that the pulp juice and seed of ''{{w|Chrysophyllum albidum}}'' (African star apple) contain chemical substances that can protect from developing malaria and so its consumption should be encouraged especially in pregnancy. For the study, the researchers evaluated the properties of extracts in Albino mice inoculated with ''{{w|Plasmodium berghei}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=African Star Apple Prevents Malaria In Pregnancy —Study |url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/129568/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| January 31 || Vector || Study using questionnaires sent to more than 100 health, conservation and fisheries workers around the world to produce a rapid assessment of the prevalence of mosquito net fishing, concludes warning that use of anti-malarial nets may reduce people’s protection and affect fish stocks, and calls for urgent research into potential impacts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global use of mosquito nets for fishing 'endangering humans and wildlife' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/31/global-use-of-mosquito-nets-for-fishing-endangering-humans-and-wildlife |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Short |first1=Rebecca |last2=Gurung |first2=Rajina |last3=Rowcliffe |first3=Marcus |last4=Hill |first4=Nicholas |last5=Milner-Gulland |first5=E. J. |title=The use of mosquito nets in fisheries: A global perspective |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0191519 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0191519}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| January 31 || Vector || Study using questionnaires sent to more than 100 health, conservation and fisheries workers around the world to produce a rapid assessment of the prevalence of mosquito net fishing, concludes warning that use of anti-malarial nets may reduce people’s protection and affect fish stocks, and calls for urgent research into potential impacts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global use of mosquito nets for fishing 'endangering humans and wildlife' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/31/global-use-of-mosquito-nets-for-fishing-endangering-humans-and-wildlife |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Short |first1=Rebecca |last2=Gurung |first2=Rajina |last3=Rowcliffe |first3=Marcus |last4=Hill |first4=Nicholas |last5=Milner-Gulland |first5=E. J. |title=The use of mosquito nets in fisheries: A global perspective |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0191519 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0191519}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| February 2 || Resistance || Researchers from the {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} and their collaborators show that malaria parasites developed multidrug resistance to first-line treatments extremely rapidly, after studying an outbreak of multidrug-resistant malaria in {{w|southeast Asia}}, likely stemming from two mutations of the malaria-causing parasite ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' that combined a decade ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria-Causing Parasite Mutating to Resist Multiple Drugs |url=https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/malaria-news-459/malaria-causing-parasite-mutating-to-resist-multiple-drugs-730761.html |website=consumer.healthday.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Multidrug resistant malaria spread under the radar for years in Cambodia |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180202124046.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| February 2 || Resistance || Researchers from the {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} and their collaborators show that malaria parasites developed multidrug resistance to first-line treatments extremely rapidly, after studying an outbreak of multidrug-resistant malaria in {{w|southeast Asia}}, likely stemming from two mutations of the malaria-causing parasite ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' that combined a decade ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria-Causing Parasite Mutating to Resist Multiple Drugs |url=https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/malaria-news-459/malaria-causing-parasite-mutating-to-resist-multiple-drugs-730761.html |website=consumer.healthday.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Multidrug resistant malaria spread under the radar for years in Cambodia |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180202124046.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| February 8 || Scientific development (vector) || An international team of researchers show that some people develop an immune response following a malaria infection that stops them from infecting other mosquitoes. The antibodies that these people produce are sucked up by the mosquito and destroy the malaria parasite in the mosquito's stomach. 1 in 25 malaria patients were found prevent the disease from spreading in this way. The study also unravels the defense proteins responsible, and these could be used to make a vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |title=New approach to stop transmission of malaria from humans to mosquitoes |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180208084804.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primaquine-methylene blue combination blocks malaria transmission |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/72581/primaquine-methylene-blocks-malaria/ |website=europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||  
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| February 8 || Vector || An international team of researchers show that some people develop an immune response following a malaria infection that stops them from infecting other mosquitoes. The antibodies that these people produce are sucked up by the mosquito and destroy the malaria parasite in the mosquito's stomach. 1 in 25 malaria patients were found prevent the disease from spreading in this way. The study also unravels the defense proteins responsible, and these could be used to make a vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |title=New approach to stop transmission of malaria from humans to mosquitoes |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180208084804.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primaquine-methylene blue combination blocks malaria transmission |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/72581/primaquine-methylene-blocks-malaria/ |website=europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| February 8 || Prevention || The {{w|Unicode Consortium}}, the nonprofit governing body responsible for determining which emoji are added each year, announces that it has approved 157 new characters for release in June 2018, including a mosquito emoji for public health awarenes.<ref>{{cite web |title=A mosquito emoji for public health awareness takes flight |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2018/02/08/mosquito-emoji-approved/ |website=hub.jhu.edu |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
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| February 8 || || The {{w|Unicode Consortium}}, the nonprofit governing body responsible for determining which emoji are added each year, announces that it has approved 157 new characters for release in June 2018, including a mosquito emoji for public health awarenes.<ref>{{cite web |title=A mosquito emoji for public health awareness takes flight |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2018/02/08/mosquito-emoji-approved/ |website=hub.jhu.edu |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| February 9 || Treatment || Tests in {{w|West Africa}} find that {{w|primaquine}} and {{w|methylene blue}}, a safe drug long used to treat urinary tract infections, is also effective against malaria. The medication has however one disadvantage, turning {{w|urine}} a vivid blue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Dye Kills Malaria Parasites — But There Is One Catch |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/02/09/584285815/blue-dye-kills-malaria-parasites-but-there-is-one-catch |website=npr.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Promising Malaria Drug Has a Striking Drawback: Blue Urine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/health/malaria-methylene-blue.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dicko |first1=Alassane |last2=Roh |first2=Michelle E |last3=Diawara |first3=Halimatou |last4=Mahamar |first4=Almahamoudou |last5=Soumare |first5=Harouna M |last6=Lanke |first6=Kjerstin |title=Efficacy and safety of primaquine and methylene blue for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Mali: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30044-6 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30044-6/fulltext}}</ref> ||
 
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| February 9 || || Tests in {{w|West Africa}} find that {{w|primaquine}} and {{w|methylene blue}}, a safe drug long used to treat urinary tract infections, is also effective against malaria. The medication has however one disadvantage, turning {{w|urine}} a vivid blue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Dye Kills Malaria Parasites — But There Is One Catch |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/02/09/584285815/blue-dye-kills-malaria-parasites-but-there-is-one-catch |website=npr.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Promising Malaria Drug Has a Striking Drawback: Blue Urine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/health/malaria-methylene-blue.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dicko |first1=Alassane |last2=Roh |first2=Michelle E |last3=Diawara |first3=Halimatou |last4=Mahamar |first4=Almahamoudou |last5=Soumare |first5=Harouna M |last6=Lanke |first6=Kjerstin |title=Efficacy and safety of primaquine and methylene blue for prevention of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Mali: a phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30044-6 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30044-6/fulltext}}</ref> || 
+
| February 12 || Treatment || Researchers at {{w|University of Liverpool}} and the {{w|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine}} make use of {{w|nanotechnology}} in order to improve the delivery of {{w|atovaquone}}, an existing antimalarial drug. The process consists in a novel injectable format, which allows the drug to maintain blood concentration of the drug for several weeks following the application of a single dose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essential Science: Nanotechnology provides antimalarial drug |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-and-science/science/essential-science-nanotechnology-provides-antimalarial-drug/article/514598 |website=digitaljournal.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| February 12 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers at {{w|University of Liverpool}} and the {{w|Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine}} make use of {{w|nanotechnology}} in order to improve the delivery of {{w|atovaquone}}, an existing antimalarial drug. The process consists in a novel injectable format, which allows the drug to maintain blood concentration of the drug for several weeks following the application of a single dose.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essential Science: Nanotechnology provides antimalarial drug |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-and-science/science/essential-science-nanotechnology-provides-antimalarial-drug/article/514598 |website=digitaljournal.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}
+
| February 13 || Prevention || German biopharmaceutical company {{w|CureVac}} announces the awarding of two new grants from the {{w|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}, aimed at pursuing innovative {{w|mRNA}} vaccines against {{w|influenza}} and {{w|malaria}}. The programs would leverage CureVac’s prophylactic vaccine technology to develop mRNA-based vaccines designed to prevent influenza and malaria infection. These vaccines, which are flexible in their applications, can be rapidly produced and have the potential to address several global vaccine challenges.<ref>{{cite web |title=CureVac to Pursue Innovative mRNA Vaccines Against Flu and Malaria |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180213005311/en/CureVac-Pursue-Innovative-mRNA-Vaccines-Flu-Malaria |website=businesswire.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
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|-
| February 13 || Medical development (prevention) || German biopharmaceutical company {{w|CureVac}} announces the awarding of two new grants from the {{w|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}, aimed at pursuing innovative {{w|mRNA}} vaccines against {{w|influenza}} and {{w|malaria}}. The programs would leverage CureVac’s prophylactic vaccine technology to develop mRNA-based vaccines designed to prevent influenza and malaria infection. These vaccines, which are flexible in their applications, can be rapidly produced and have the potential to address several global vaccine challenges.<ref>{{cite web |title=CureVac to Pursue Innovative mRNA Vaccines Against Flu and Malaria |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180213005311/en/CureVac-Pursue-Innovative-mRNA-Vaccines-Flu-Malaria |website=businesswire.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+
| February 20 || Parasite || Researchers based at the {{w|Francis Crick Institute}} discover a new processes that allows malaria parasites to escape red blood cells and infect other cells, offering potential new treatment targets. The team announces already working with pharmaceutical companies to use this knowledge to develop new antimalarial drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists find new antimalarial drug targets |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180220143427.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
| February 20 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers based at the {{w|Francis Crick Institute}} discover a new processes that allows malaria parasites to escape red blood cells and infect other cells, offering potential new treatment targets. The team announces already working with pharmaceutical companies to use this knowledge to develop new antimalarial drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists find new antimalarial drug targets |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180220143427.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| February 21 || Treatment || German scientists announce a new way to make a key malaria drug developed in 2012 at the {{w|Max Planck Institute}}, by means of a technique to make the process even more efficient, which should increase global access and reduce the cost.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists in Germany Improve Malaria Drug Production |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/news/articles/2018-02-21/scientists-in-germany-improve-malaria-drug-production |website=usnews.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
| February 21 || Medical development (treatment) || German scientists announce a new way to make a key malaria drug developed in 2012 at the {{w|Max Planck Institute}}, by means of a technique to make the process even more efficient, which should increase global access and reduce the cost.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists in Germany Improve Malaria Drug Production |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/news/articles/2018-02-21/scientists-in-germany-improve-malaria-drug-production |website=usnews.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+
| February 21 || Vector || Researchers from the {{w|University of Illinois}}, {{w|Ohio State University}}, and the Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI) in Argentina find that certain invasive plants provide shelter or resting sites and produce copious amounts of rich nectar, a source of energy which significantly increases their ability to transmit malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Management Of Invasive Plants Could Prevent Spread Of Deadly Malaria, Scientists Suggest |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/health/20180221/management-invasive-plants-could-prevent-spread-deadly-malaria-scientists |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|Argentina}}
 
|-
 
|-
| February 21 || || Researchers from the {{w|University of Illinois}}, {{w|Ohio State University}}, and the Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI) in Argentina find that certain invasive plants provide shelter or resting sites and produce copious amounts of rich nectar, a source of energy which significantly increases their ability to transmit malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Management Of Invasive Plants Could Prevent Spread Of Deadly Malaria, Scientists Suggest |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/health/20180221/management-invasive-plants-could-prevent-spread-deadly-malaria-scientists |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|Argentina}}
+
| February 22 || Parasite || Researchers at the {{w|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}} show that they can grow dormant human malaria parasites in engineered human liver tissue for several weeks, allowing them to closely study how the parasite becomes dormant, what vulnerabilities it may have, and how it springs back to life. The finding is expected to allow researchers develop and test new antimalaria drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking dormant malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180222125635.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human malaria parasites grown for the first time in dormant form |url=http://news.mit.edu/2018/human-malaria-parasites-grown-first-time-dormant-form-0222 |website=news.mit.edu |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Researchers develop dormant malaria parasites to test new drug counters |url=https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/26938-mit-researchers-develop-dormant-malaria-parasites-test-new-drug-counters/ |website=homelandprepnews.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| February 22 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at the {{w|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}} show that they can grow dormant human malaria parasites in engineered human liver tissue for several weeks, allowing them to closely study how the parasite becomes dormant, what vulnerabilities it may have, and how it springs back to life. The finding is expected to allow researchers develop and test new antimalaria drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking dormant malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180222125635.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human malaria parasites grown for the first time in dormant form |url=http://news.mit.edu/2018/human-malaria-parasites-grown-first-time-dormant-form-0222 |website=news.mit.edu |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Researchers develop dormant malaria parasites to test new drug counters |url=https://homelandprepnews.com/stories/26938-mit-researchers-develop-dormant-malaria-parasites-test-new-drug-counters/ |website=homelandprepnews.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| February 25 || Treatment || Researchers at the School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, {{w|University of Hyderabad}}, develop a new polymer-nanomedicine for treatment of malaria. The new drug delivery system is equipped with a “time-temperature clock” module, where the doses for the treatment can be precisely tuned. The new formulation is efficient in killing ''{{w|plasmodium falciparum}}'' infection in red blood cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nanomedicine for malaria treatment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/250218/nanomedicine-for-malaria-treatment.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad varsity researchers develop nanomedicine for malaria |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-varsity-researchers-develop-nanomedicine-for-malaria |website=telanganatoday.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Hyderabad team develops medicine to kill deadly malaria parasite |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/university-of-hyderabad-team-develops-medicine-to-kill-deadly-malaria-parasite-5077838/ |website=indianexpress.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
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| February 25 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers at the School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, {{w|University of Hyderabad}}, develop a new polymer-nanomedicine for treatment of malaria. The new drug delivery system is equipped with a “time-temperature clock” module, where the doses for the treatment can be precisely tuned. The new formulation is efficient in killing ''{{w|plasmodium falciparum}}'' infection in red blood cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nanomedicine for malaria treatment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/250218/nanomedicine-for-malaria-treatment.html |website=deccanchronicle.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad varsity researchers develop nanomedicine for malaria |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-varsity-researchers-develop-nanomedicine-for-malaria |website=telanganatoday.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Hyderabad team develops medicine to kill deadly malaria parasite |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/university-of-hyderabad-team-develops-medicine-to-kill-deadly-malaria-parasite-5077838/ |website=indianexpress.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+
| February 26 || Treatment || Researchers at {{w|University Health Network}} in {{w|Toronto}} publish treatment with inhaled {{w|nitric oxide}} (NO) which reduces the risk of fine motor impairment in pediatric patients with malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inhaled Nitric Oxide Protects From Fine Motor Impairment in Severe Malaria |url=https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/vector-borne-illnesses/inhaled-nitric-oxide-neuroprotective-in-severe-pediatric-malaria/article/746244/ |website=infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 
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| February 26 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers at {{w|University Health Network}} in {{w|Toronto}} publish treatment with inhaled {{w|nitric oxide}} (NO) which reduces the risk of fine motor impairment in pediatric patients with malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inhaled Nitric Oxide Protects From Fine Motor Impairment in Severe Malaria |url=https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/vector-borne-illnesses/inhaled-nitric-oxide-neuroprotective-in-severe-pediatric-malaria/article/746244/ |website=infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
+
| February 28 || Diagnosis || Ugandan team develops a new test that can diagnose malaria in under two minutes—without taking blood. The test combines {{w|magnetism}} and light to differentiate between the blood of an infected and a healthy person.<ref>{{cite web |title=A new test can diagnose malaria in under two minutes—without taking blood |url=https://qz.com/africa/1227775/a-new-test-can-diagnose-malaria-in-under-two-minutes-without-taking-blood/ |website=qz.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Uganda}}
 
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| February 28 || || Ugandan team develops a new test that can diagnose malaria in under two minutes—without taking blood. The test combines {{w|magnetism}} and light to differentiate between the blood of an infected and a healthy person.<ref>{{cite web |title=A new test can diagnose malaria in under two minutes—without taking blood |url=https://qz.com/africa/1227775/a-new-test-can-diagnose-malaria-in-under-two-minutes-without-taking-blood/ |website=qz.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Uganda}}
+
| March 9 || Vector || Researchers from {{w|Johns Hopkins University}} make use of the {{w|CRISPR}}/Cas9 gene editing tool to engineer mosquitoes that are highly resistant to the malaria parasite, by deleting one specific gene.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria-resistant mosquitoes engineered using CRISPR |url=https://newatlas.com/malaria-resistant-mosquitoes-crispr/53739/ |website=newatlas.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR/Cas9 technique suppresses malaria infection in mosquitoes |url=https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/p-cts030218.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| March 9 || Scientific development (vector) || Researchers from {{w|Johns Hopkins University}} make use of the {{w|CRISPR}}/Cas9 gene editing tool to engineer mosquitoes that are highly resistant to the malaria parasite, by deleting one specific gene.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria-resistant mosquitoes engineered using CRISPR |url=https://newatlas.com/malaria-resistant-mosquitoes-crispr/53739/ |website=newatlas.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CRISPR/Cas9 technique suppresses malaria infection in mosquitoes |url=https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/p-cts030218.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| March 12 || Parasite || Researchers from {{w|Princeton University}} examine data from an earlier Indonesian study of 4,000 patients carrying both malaria and {{w|hookworm}} parasites, and conclude that the two {{w|pathogen}}s compete for a common food source — red blood cells in the host’s internal ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hookworms can suppress malaria infection |url=https://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/malaria/news/hookworms-can-suppress-malaria-infection.html |website=scidev.net |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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|-
| March 12 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers from {{w|Princeton University}} examine data from an earlier Indonesian study of 4,000 patients carrying both malaria and {{w|hookworm}} parasites, and conclude that the two {{w|pathogen}}s compete for a common food source — red blood cells in the host’s internal ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hookworms can suppress malaria infection |url=https://www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/malaria/news/hookworms-can-suppress-malaria-infection.html |website=scidev.net |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| March 23 || Treatment || International collaborative research group develops the world's first Drug Delivery System (DDS) for antimalarial drugs. The treatment increases efficiency up to 240 times as much as when antimalarial medicine is taken orally. The research group is headed by Prof. Shinya Hayami from {{w|Kumamoto University}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breakthrough antimalarial drug delivery system using mesoporous silica nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180323104829.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nanoparticles Help Antimalarial Drugs Go The Distance R |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2018/03/in-the-lab/malaria-drug-delivery-nanoparticles/ |website=asianscientist.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 
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|-
| March 23 || Medical development (treatment) || International collaborative research group develops the world's first Drug Delivery System (DDS) for antimalarial drugs. The treatment increases efficiency up to 240 times as much as when antimalarial medicine is taken orally. The research group is headed by Prof. Shinya Hayami from {{w|Kumamoto University}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Breakthrough antimalarial drug delivery system using mesoporous silica nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180323104829.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nanoparticles Help Antimalarial Drugs Go The Distance Read more from Asian Scientist Magazine at: https://www.asianscientist.com/2018/03/in-the-lab/malaria-drug-delivery-nanoparticles/ |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2018/03/in-the-lab/malaria-drug-delivery-nanoparticles/ |website=asianscientist.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
+
| March 27 || Parasite || Scientists from the {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} publish the first step towards the development of a Malaria Cell Atlas, after investigating the genes in individual malaria parasites, which lead to understanding the genetic processes each parasite undergoes as it moves through its complicated lifecycle. The Malaria Cell Atlas is a data resource aimed at providing gene activity profiles of individual malaria parasites throughout their lifecycle. It is expected to allow researchers to identify weak points in the parasite's lifecycle for intervention with drugs, and to help transform research into the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Cell Atlas launched: Parasite development mapped in unprecedented detail |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-malaria-cell-atlas-parasite-unprecedented.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Cell Atlas launched: Parasite development mapped in unprecedented detail |url=https://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/malaria-cell-atlas-launched-parasite-development-mapped-unprecedented-detail |website=sanger.ac.uk |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Single-Cell RNA-Seq Used to Start Creation of Malaria Cell Atlas |url=https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/single-cell-rna-seq-used-to-start-creation-of-malaria-cell-atlas/ |website=genengnews.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Cell Atlas Tracks Parasite Activity With Single-Cell Transcriptomes |url=https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/malaria-cell-atlas-tracks-parasite-activity-single-cell-transcriptomes#.XGYGV6L0mUk |website=genomeweb.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| March 27 || Scientific development || Scientists from the {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} publish the first step towards the development of a Malaria Cell Atlas, after investigating the genes in individual malaria parasites, which lead to understanding the genetic processes each parasite undergoes as it moves through its complicated lifecycle. The Malaria Cell Atlas is a data resource aimed at providing gene activity profiles of individual malaria parasites throughout their lifecycle. It is expected to allow researchers to identify weak points in the parasite's lifecycle for intervention with drugs, and to help transform research into the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Cell Atlas launched: Parasite development mapped in unprecedented detail |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-malaria-cell-atlas-parasite-unprecedented.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Cell Atlas launched: Parasite development mapped in unprecedented detail |url=https://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/malaria-cell-atlas-launched-parasite-development-mapped-unprecedented-detail |website=sanger.ac.uk |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Single-Cell RNA-Seq Used to Start Creation of Malaria Cell Atlas |url=https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/single-cell-rna-seq-used-to-start-creation-of-malaria-cell-atlas/ |website=genengnews.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Cell Atlas Tracks Parasite Activity With Single-Cell Transcriptomes |url=https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/malaria-cell-atlas-tracks-parasite-activity-single-cell-transcriptomes#.XGYGV6L0mUk |website=genomeweb.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| March 29 || Parasite || Researchers of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Brazil and colleagues show that {{w|kidney}} dysfunction is a contributing factor to severe ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' malaria cases. The study analyzed data on 572 individuals from the {{w|Amazon rainforest}}, including 179 patients with ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' infection and 165 healthy controls. Severity of malaria was associated with abnormal {{w|creatinine}} increases, and patients who died from severe disease had the highest levels of creatinine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kidney dysfunction contributes to severe malaria |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-03-kidney-dysfunction-contributes-severe-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
 
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| March 29 || || Researchers of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Brazil and colleagues show that {{w|kidney}} dysfunction is a contributing factor to severe ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' malaria cases. The study analyzed data on 572 individuals from the {{w|Amazon rainforest}}, including 179 patients with ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' infection and 165 healthy controls. Severity of malaria was associated with abnormal {{w|creatinine}} increases, and patients who died from severe disease had the highest levels of creatinine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kidney dysfunction contributes to severe malaria |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-03-kidney-dysfunction-contributes-severe-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Brazil}}
+
| March 29 || Prevention || The {{w|Global Health Innovative Technology Fund}} awards the {{w|University of Florida}} and partners in the United States and Japan US$3.2 million to advance a promising vaccine to prevent transmission of malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=$3.2 million grant funds development of new malaria vaccine |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/uof-mg032918.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|United States}}
 
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| March 29 || Funding || The {{w|Global Health Innovative Technology Fund}} awards the {{w|University of Florida}} and partners in the United States and Japan US$3.2 million to advance a promising vaccine to prevent transmission of malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=$3.2 million grant funds development of new malaria vaccine |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-03/uof-mg032918.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|United States}}
+
| April 9 || Parasite || Researchers from the {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} discover a receptor protein on the surface of human cells that interacts with a protein displayed on the surface of malaria parasites called "TRAP", as it navigates through the body. These findings are expected to help improve the development of an effective malaria vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |title=20-year-old mystery of malaria vaccine target solved |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/wtsi-2ym040918.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists near effective malaria vaccine, solve 20-year-old mystery |url=https://guardian.ng/features/scientists-near-effective-malaria-vaccine-solve-20-year-old-mystery/ |website=guardian.ng |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alpha-v–containing integrins are host receptors for the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein, TRAP |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/115/17/4477 |website=pnas.org |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Science X Newsletter Monday, Apr 9 |url=http://mabsj2.blogspot.com/2018/04/science-x-newsletter-monday-apr-9.html |website=mabsj2.blogspot.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| April 9 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers from the {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} discover a receptor protein on the surface of human cells that interacts with a protein displayed on the surface of malaria parasites called "TRAP", as it navigates through the body. These findings are expected to help improve the development of an effective malaria vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |title=20-year-old mystery of malaria vaccine target solved |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/wtsi-2ym040918.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists near effective malaria vaccine, solve 20-year-old mystery |url=https://guardian.ng/features/scientists-near-effective-malaria-vaccine-solve-20-year-old-mystery/ |website=guardian.ng |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alpha-v–containing integrins are host receptors for the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein, TRAP |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/115/17/4477 |website=pnas.org |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Science X Newsletter Monday, Apr 9 |url=http://mabsj2.blogspot.com/2018/04/science-x-newsletter-monday-apr-9.html |website=mabsj2.blogspot.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| April 16 || Parasite || Research in sub-Saharan Africa shows high risk of malaria transmission after blood transfusions in the region, with nearly one in four blood bank supplies containing the parasites that cause malaria. Additional research in {{w|Equatorial Guinea}} shows that screening technology commonly used in the region cannot detect parasites in most of the contaminated supplies. Both studies are presented at the 7th Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) Pan African Malaria Conference in {{w|Dakar}}, {{w|Senegal}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=New research: High risk of malaria transmission after blood transfusions in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/b-hro041018.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sub-Saharan Africa}}, {{w|Equatorial Guinea}}, {{w|Senegal}}  
 
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| April 16 || Scientific development (parasite) || Research in sub-Saharan Africa shows high risk of malaria transmission after blood transfusions in the region, with nearly one in four blood bank supplies containing the parasites that cause malaria. Additional research in {{w|Equatorial Guinea}} shows that screening technology commonly used in the region cannot detect parasites in most of the contaminated supplies. Both studies are presented at the 7th Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) Pan African Malaria Conference in {{w|Dakar}}, {{w|Senegal}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=New research: High risk of malaria transmission after blood transfusions in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/b-hro041018.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> ||  {{w|Sub-Saharan Africa}}, {{w|Equatorial Guinea}}, {{w|Senegal}}  
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| April 17 || Parasite || Dutch molecular/cellular parasitologist Taco Kooij from {{w|Radboud University Medical Center}} discovers a protein in the {{w|mitochondrion}} of the malaria parasite that could be used as a target for a new drug. The malaria parasite is highly dependent on a unique protein for infecting new mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unique protein is a vulnerability in the malaria parasite |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418111615.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unique protein is a vulnerability in the malaria parasite |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/rumc-upi041818.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Unusual Prohibitin Regulates Malaria Parasite Mitochondrial Membrane Potential |url=https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(18)30449-2 |website=cell.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 
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| April 17 || || Dutch molecular/cellular parasitologist Taco Kooij from {{w|Radboud University Medical Center}} discovers a protein in the {{w|mitochondrion}} of the malaria parasite that could be used as a target for a new drug. The malaria parasite is highly dependent on a unique protein for infecting new mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unique protein is a vulnerability in the malaria parasite |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418111615.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unique protein is a vulnerability in the malaria parasite |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/rumc-upi041818.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Unusual Prohibitin Regulates Malaria Parasite Mitochondrial Membrane Potential |url=https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(18)30449-2 |website=cell.com |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| April 18 || Organization || The Malaria Summit 2018 is held in {{w|London}}. Financial, political and scientific commitments made at the summit total US$4.1 billion. 53 country leaders from countries belonging to the {{w|Commonwealth of Nations}} – which represent more than 50 percent of the global malaria burden – publicly commit to reduce malaria by half by 2023.<ref name="2018 HIGHLIGHTS">{{cite web |title=2018 HIGHLIGHTS |url=https://www.malarianomore.org/2018-highlights/ |website=malarianomore.org |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> The summit is conceived and delivered by [[w:Malaria No More|Malaria No More UK]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malaria Summit London 2018 |url=https://thedukeofyork.org/organisation-2/the-malaria-summit-london-2018/ |website=thedukeofyork.org |accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Malaria Summit London |url=https://www.malariasummit.com/ |website=malariasummit.com |accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Malaria No More UK |url=https://www.charityjob.co.uk/jobs/malaria-no-more-uk/strategy-planning-manager/646923 |website=charityjob.co.uk |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| April 20 || Scientific development (vector) || Researchers from the {{w|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine}}, {{w|Wageningen University & Research}}, {{w|Rothamsted Research}}, the {{w|International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology}} and {{w|Cardiff University}} publish important details about how human odor is influenced by malaria, whose parasite can change the way people smell, making them more attractive to mosquitoes. The work may help explain why the disease is able to spread so effectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria infection creates a ‘human perfume’ that makes us more attractive to mosquitoes |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/malaria-infection-creates-human-perfume-makes-us-more-attractive-mosquitoes?r3f_986=https://www.google.com.ar/ |website=sciencemag.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Kenya}}
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| April 20 || Vector || Researchers from the {{w|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine}}, {{w|Wageningen University & Research}}, {{w|Rothamsted Research}}, the {{w|International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology}} and {{w|Cardiff University}} publish important details about how human odor is influenced by malaria, whose parasite can change the way people smell, making them more attractive to mosquitoes. The work may help explain why the disease is able to spread so effectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria infection creates a ‘human perfume’ that makes us more attractive to mosquitoes |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/malaria-infection-creates-human-perfume-makes-us-more-attractive-mosquitoes?r3f_986=https://www.google.com.ar/ |website=sciencemag.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Kenya}}
 
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| April 26 || Medical development (prevention) || Ghanaian officials say their country is readying itself for the smooth pilot of the world's first malaria vaccine later in the year. {{w|Ghana}}, {{w|Kenya}} and {{w|Malawi}} would be the first African countries to test the MosquirixTM vaccine, which acts against ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'', the most deadly malaria parasite globally, and the most prevalent in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana set to pilot world's first malaria vaccine |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-set-to-pilot-world-s-first-malaria-vaccine-646435# |website=ghanaweb.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana set to pilot new malaria vaccine |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/26/c_137138791.htm |website=xinhuanet.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana to get malaria treatment center to manufacture vaccines |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2018/April-26th/ghana-to-get-malaria-treatment-center-to-manufacture-vaccines.php |website=myjoyonline.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ghana}}
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| April 26 || Prevention || Ghanaian officials say their country is readying itself for the smooth pilot of the world's first malaria vaccine later in the year. {{w|Ghana}}, {{w|Kenya}} and {{w|Malawi}} would be the first African countries to test the MosquirixTM vaccine, which acts against ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'', the most deadly malaria parasite globally, and the most prevalent in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana set to pilot world's first malaria vaccine |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-set-to-pilot-world-s-first-malaria-vaccine-646435# |website=ghanaweb.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana set to pilot new malaria vaccine |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/26/c_137138791.htm |website=xinhuanet.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana to get malaria treatment center to manufacture vaccines |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/lifestyle/2018/April-26th/ghana-to-get-malaria-treatment-center-to-manufacture-vaccines.php |website=myjoyonline.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Ghana}}
 
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| May 9 || || Researchers at {{w|University of South Florida College of Public Health}} developed technique that allows scientists to more easily study malaria outside the human body during the earliest point of infection, the liver. The liver stage is significant as it precedes the parasite's ability to infect human blood, the point of which symptoms of malaria first appear.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major enhancement to in vitro testing of human liver-stage malaria |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-major-vitro-human-liver-stage-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}  
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| May 9 || Parasite || Researchers at {{w|University of South Florida College of Public Health}} develop technique that allows scientists to more easily study malaria outside the human body during the earliest point of infection, the liver. The liver stage is significant as it precedes the parasite's ability to infect human blood, the point of which symptoms of malaria first appear.<ref>{{cite web |title=Major enhancement to in vitro testing of human liver-stage malaria |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-major-vitro-human-liver-stage-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}  
 
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| May 15 || Medical development (diagnostic) || International team of researchers discover that malaria could be diagnosed through changes in body odor, after previously showing that malaria infection in a mouse model altered the odors of the mice to make them more attractive to mosquitoes, particularly at a stage of infection where the transmissible stage of the parasite was present at high levels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers use body odor to diagnose malaria |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180515/Researchers-use-body-odor-to-diagnose-malaria.aspx |website=news-medical.net |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> ||
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| May 15 || Diagnosis || International team of researchers discover that malaria could be diagnosed through changes in body odor, after previously showing that malaria infection in a mouse model altered the odors of the mice to make them more attractive to mosquitoes, particularly at a stage of infection where the transmissible stage of the parasite was present at high levels.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers use body odor to diagnose malaria |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180515/Researchers-use-body-odor-to-diagnose-malaria.aspx |website=news-medical.net |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
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| May 18 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers from {{w|Louisiana State University}} report discovery of a small number of lizard species (''{{w|Prasinohaema}}'') in {{w|New Guinea}} have green blood (tinted by bile pigment) that may pack a toxic punch strong enough to wipe out malaria parasites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neon-green lizard blood might be a key tool for fighting malaria |url=https://qz.com/1282286/neon-green-lizard-blood-might-be-a-key-tool-for-fighting-malaria-according-to-a-new-study/ |website=qz.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lizards with lime-green blood might lead to cure for malaria and other diseases |url=https://www.zmescience.com/science/green-blood-lizard-423423/ |website=zmescience.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The mystery of lime-green lizard blood |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180516172305.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These Lizards Evolved Toxic Green Blood |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/some-reason-these-lizards-have-toxic-green-blood-180969103/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lizards keep evolving toxic green blood and we don’t know why |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2169131-lizards-keep-evolving-toxic-green-blood-and-we-dont-know-why/ |website=newscientist.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| May 18 || Parasite || Researchers from {{w|Louisiana State University}} report discovery of a small number of lizard species (''{{w|Prasinohaema}}'') in {{w|New Guinea}} have green blood (tinted by bile pigment) that may pack a toxic punch strong enough to wipe out malaria parasites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neon-green lizard blood might be a key tool for fighting malaria |url=https://qz.com/1282286/neon-green-lizard-blood-might-be-a-key-tool-for-fighting-malaria-according-to-a-new-study/ |website=qz.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lizards with lime-green blood might lead to cure for malaria and other diseases |url=https://www.zmescience.com/science/green-blood-lizard-423423/ |website=zmescience.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The mystery of lime-green lizard blood |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180516172305.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These Lizards Evolved Toxic Green Blood |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/some-reason-these-lizards-have-toxic-green-blood-180969103/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lizards keep evolving toxic green blood and we don’t know why |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2169131-lizards-keep-evolving-toxic-green-blood-and-we-dont-know-why/ |website=newscientist.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| May 18 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Riverside}} report finding that various stages of the development of human malaria parasites, including stages involved in malaria transmission, are linked to epigenetic features and how {{w|chromatin}}—the complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus—is organized and structured in these parasites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research offers new insights into malaria parasite |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-insights-malaria-parasite.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| May 18 || Parasite || Researchers at {{w|University of California, Riverside}} report finding that various stages of the development of human malaria parasites, including stages involved in malaria transmission, are linked to epigenetic features and how {{w|chromatin}}—the complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus—is organized and structured in these parasites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research offers new insights into malaria parasite |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-insights-malaria-parasite.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| May 22 || Scientific development (parasite) || Scientists at the {{w|Duke University}} in {{w|North Carolina}} report that the Plasmodium parasite manipulates liver cells to survive, tricking them into pumping out a protein called {{w|aquaporin 3}}, and then steals the protein for itself. Using an inhibitor to disable aquaporin-3 curtails the parasite's ability to reproduce inside the liver, the researchers report in PLOS Pathogens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria-causing parasite manipulates liver cells to survive |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180522152117.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Parasite Tricks Liver Cells In Order To Survive And Reproduce |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/228331/20180523/malaria-parasite-tricks-liver-cells-in-order-to-survive-and-reproduce.htm |website=techtimes.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| May 22 || Parasite || Scientists at the {{w|Duke University}} in {{w|North Carolina}} report that the Plasmodium parasite manipulates liver cells to survive, tricking them into pumping out a protein called {{w|aquaporin 3}}, and then steals the protein for itself. Using an inhibitor to disable aquaporin-3 curtails the parasite's ability to reproduce inside the liver, the researchers report in PLOS Pathogens.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria-causing parasite manipulates liver cells to survive |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180522152117.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Parasite Tricks Liver Cells In Order To Survive And Reproduce |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/228331/20180523/malaria-parasite-tricks-liver-cells-in-order-to-survive-and-reproduce.htm |website=techtimes.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| May 22 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers from {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} in {{w|Cambridge}}, reveal the process of how malaria became a human-killer. The team compared seven types of malaria - tracing the parasite's family tree, and concluded that, about 50,000 years ago, the parasites diverged, with one "branch" evolving into the most deadly human-infecting species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria genetics: study shows how disease became deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44146321 |website=bbc.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| May 22 || Parasite || Researchers from {{w|Wellcome Sanger Institute}} in {{w|Cambridge}}, reveal the process of how malaria became a human-killer. The team compared seven types of malaria - tracing the parasite's family tree, and concluded that, about 50,000 years ago, the parasites diverged, with one "branch" evolving into the most deadly human-infecting species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria genetics: study shows how disease became deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44146321 |website=bbc.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| May 23 || Scientific development || Researchers at the {{w|USC Viterbi School of Engineering}} develop a portable optical diagnostics system (PODS) prototype for malaria screening that exploits magnetic properties of parasite byproduct to detect all strains in low-resource environments.<ref>{{cite web |title=New portable malaria screening instrument developed |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/uosc-npm052318.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| May 23 || Diagnosis || Researchers at the {{w|USC Viterbi School of Engineering}} develop a portable optical diagnostics system (PODS) prototype for malaria screening that exploits magnetic properties of parasite byproduct to detect all strains in low-resource environments.<ref>{{cite web |title=New portable malaria screening instrument developed |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-05/uosc-npm052318.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| May 23 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at the American Museum of Natural History report having built the most comprehensive tree of life for malaria parasites, revealing more than 500 described species of malaria that infect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Among the researchers' findings, is that the diverse malaria parasite genus Plasmodium (which includes those species that infect humans) is composed of several distantly related evolutionary lineages, and, from a taxonomic standpoint, many species should be renamed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers build most comprehensive tree of life for malaria parasites |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-comprehensive-tree-life-malaria-parasites.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Comprehensive Malaria DNA Tree Suggests Genus Name Change |url=https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2018/05/comprehensive-malaria-dna-tree-suggests-genus-name-change |website=laboratoryequipment.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}  
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| May 23 || Parasite || Researchers at the American Museum of Natural History report having built the most comprehensive tree of life for malaria parasites, revealing more than 500 described species of malaria that infect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Among the researchers' findings, is that the diverse malaria parasite genus Plasmodium (which includes those species that infect humans) is composed of several distantly related evolutionary lineages, and, from a taxonomic standpoint, many species should be renamed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers build most comprehensive tree of life for malaria parasites |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-comprehensive-tree-life-malaria-parasites.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Comprehensive Malaria DNA Tree Suggests Genus Name Change |url=https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2018/05/comprehensive-malaria-dna-tree-suggests-genus-name-change |website=laboratoryequipment.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}  
 
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| May 24 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at {{w|University of Glasgow}}'s Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology discover that malaria parasites can occupy sites outside the bloodstream, specifically in the {{w|bone marrow}} and {{w|spleen}} where red blood cells are formed. The studies show in animal models and human infection that this is the major niche for the development of malaria transmission stages and a significant reservoir for the parasite's replicative stages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discovery of novel malaria parasite behaviour offers new target for treatment |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-discovery-malaria-parasite-behaviour-treatment.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| May 24 || Parasite || Researchers at {{w|University of Glasgow}}'s Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology discover that malaria parasites can occupy sites outside the bloodstream, specifically in the {{w|bone marrow}} and {{w|spleen}} where red blood cells are formed. The studies show in animal models and human infection that this is the major niche for the development of malaria transmission stages and a significant reservoir for the parasite's replicative stages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discovery of novel malaria parasite behaviour offers new target for treatment |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-05-discovery-malaria-parasite-behaviour-treatment.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| May 25 || Scientific development (resistance) || Researchers at {{w|University of Calgary}} develop an inexpensive field test for drug-resistant malaria that can be performed anywhere, without the need for electricity or specialized lab equipment. The kit is portable and battery powered. Results are available in an hour, allowing health-care workers to administer the right treatment to patients sooner.<ref>{{cite web |title=UCalgary researchers develop field test for drug-resistant malaria |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/utoday/issue/2018-05-25/ucalgary-researchers-develop-field-test-drug-resistant-malaria |website=ucalgary.ca |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Calgary researchers develop portable malaria test |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/university-of-calgary-researchers-develop-portable-malaria-test-1.3957660 |website=ctvnews.ca |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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| May 25 || Resistance || Researchers at {{w|University of Calgary}} develop an inexpensive field test for drug-resistant malaria that can be performed anywhere, without the need for electricity or specialized lab equipment. The kit is portable and battery powered. Results are available in an hour, allowing health-care workers to administer the right treatment to patients sooner.<ref>{{cite web |title=UCalgary researchers develop field test for drug-resistant malaria |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/utoday/issue/2018-05-25/ucalgary-researchers-develop-field-test-drug-resistant-malaria |website=ucalgary.ca |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Calgary researchers develop portable malaria test |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/university-of-calgary-researchers-develop-portable-malaria-test-1.3957660 |website=ctvnews.ca |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 
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| June 11 || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} certifies {{w|Paraguay}} as having eliminated malaria, the first country in the Americas to be granted this status since Cuba in 1973. The country recorded its last case of ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' malaria in 1995, and ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' malaria, in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO certifies Paraguay malaria-free |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/11-06-2018-who-certifies-paraguay-malaria-free |website=who.int |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In a Rare Success, Paraguay Conquers Malaria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/health/paraguay-venezuela-malaria.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paraguay, primer país de América libre de malaria tras Cuba |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/06/08/planeta_futuro/1528490478_275613.html |website=elpais.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paraguay’s elimination of malaria ‘shows what is possible’ – UN health agency |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011922 |website=news.un.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Paraguay}}
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| June 11 || Erradication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} certifies {{w|Paraguay}} as having eliminated malaria, the first country in the Americas to be granted this status since Cuba in 1973. The country recorded its last case of ''{{w|Plasmodium falciparum}}'' malaria in 1995, and ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' malaria, in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO certifies Paraguay malaria-free |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/11-06-2018-who-certifies-paraguay-malaria-free |website=who.int |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In a Rare Success, Paraguay Conquers Malaria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/health/paraguay-venezuela-malaria.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paraguay, primer país de América libre de malaria tras Cuba |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/06/08/planeta_futuro/1528490478_275613.html |website=elpais.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paraguay’s elimination of malaria ‘shows what is possible’ – UN health agency |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011922 |website=news.un.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Paraguay}}
 
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| June 25 || Scientific development (vector) || The {{w|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation}} announces donation of US$ 4 million for the development of bioengineered mosquitoes that kill off future generations of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes during sex. Oxitec is the {{w|United Kingdom}} company that would develop the genetically modified mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Gates Wants to Develop a Malaria-Killing Mosquito |url=https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/article/bill-gates-wants-develop-malaria-killing-mosquito |website=healthcarepackaging.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ENGINEERED MOSQUITOES BACKED BY BILL AND MELINDA GATES TO WIPE OUT MALARIA |url=https://www.newsweek.com/engineered-mosquitoes-backed-bill-and-melinda-gates-wipe-out-malaria-990338 |website=newsweek.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Gates Finances Plan To Eradicate Malaria With Mosquitoes That Kill Each Other During Sex |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/230953/20180622/bill-gates-finances-plan-to-eradicate-malaria-with-mosquitoes-that-kill-each-other-during-sex.htm |website=techtimes.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}
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| June 25 || Vector || The {{w|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation}} announces donation of US$ 4 million for the development of bioengineered mosquitoes that kill off future generations of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes during sex. Oxitec is the {{w|United Kingdom}} company that would develop the genetically modified mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Gates Wants to Develop a Malaria-Killing Mosquito |url=https://www.healthcarepackaging.com/article/bill-gates-wants-develop-malaria-killing-mosquito |website=healthcarepackaging.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ENGINEERED MOSQUITOES BACKED BY BILL AND MELINDA GATES TO WIPE OUT MALARIA |url=https://www.newsweek.com/engineered-mosquitoes-backed-bill-and-melinda-gates-wipe-out-malaria-990338 |website=newsweek.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Gates Finances Plan To Eradicate Malaria With Mosquitoes That Kill Each Other During Sex |url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/230953/20180622/bill-gates-finances-plan-to-eradicate-malaria-with-mosquitoes-that-kill-each-other-during-sex.htm |website=techtimes.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}
 
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| July 11 || Scientific development (parasite) || Researchers at the {{w|National Institutes of Health}} identify sequence leading to release of malaria parasites from red blood cells. According to the study, the {{w|vacuole}}, a compartment inside human red blood cells in which malaria parasites reproduce and develop, takes on a distinct spherical shape just minutes before its membrane ruptures, leading to the release of parasites into the blood stream.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIH researchers identify sequence leading to release of malaria parasites from red blood cells |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-researchers-identify-sequence-leading-release-malaria-parasites-red-blood-cells |website=nih.gov |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| July 11 || Parasite || Researchers at the {{w|National Institutes of Health}} identify sequence leading to release of malaria parasites from red blood cells. According to the study, the {{w|vacuole}}, a compartment inside human red blood cells in which malaria parasites reproduce and develop, takes on a distinct spherical shape just minutes before its membrane ruptures, leading to the release of parasites into the blood stream.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIH researchers identify sequence leading to release of malaria parasites from red blood cells |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-researchers-identify-sequence-leading-release-malaria-parasites-red-blood-cells |website=nih.gov |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| July 13 || Prevention || Researchers based at {{w|Yale University}} create a vaccine that protects against malaria infection in mouse models, paving the way for the development of a human vaccine that works by targeting the specific protein that parasites use to evade the immune system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yale researchers identify target for novel malaria vaccine |url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/07/13/yale-researchers-identify-target-novel-malaria-vaccine |website=news.yale.edu |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Novel RNA-based Vaccine Provides Protection Against Malaria |url=https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/novel-rna-based-vaccine-provides-protection-against-malaria/ |website=genengnews.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| July 13 || Prevention || Researchers based at {{w|Yale University}} create a vaccine that protects against malaria infection in mouse models, paving the way for the development of a human vaccine that works by targeting the specific protein that parasites use to evade the immune system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yale researchers identify target for novel malaria vaccine |url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/07/13/yale-researchers-identify-target-novel-malaria-vaccine |website=news.yale.edu |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Novel RNA-based Vaccine Provides Protection Against Malaria |url=https://www.genengnews.com/topics/drug-discovery/novel-rna-based-vaccine-provides-protection-against-malaria/ |website=genengnews.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| July 17 || || "FDA Approves New Drug to Treat Recurrent Malaria" "Krintafel (tafenoquine) is a single-dose medication for radical cure (prevention of relapse) of P. vivax malaria. The drug is the result of a partnership of Glaxo Smith-Kline (GSK) and Medicines for Malaria Venture, a public-private company whose stated mission is to reduce the burden of malaria by developing and delivering new, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs."<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Approves New Drug to Treat Recurrent Malaria |url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/malaria/treatment/fda-approves-new-drug-treat-recurrent-malaria/ |website=everydayhealth.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tafenoquine – single shot malaria cure endorsed by the FDA advisers |url=https://pharmaphorum.com/news/tafenoquine-single-shot-malaria-cure-endorsed-by-the-fda/ |website=pharmaphorum.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aprobado el primer fármaco contra la malaria en 60 años |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/2018-07-23/tafenoquina-primer-farmaco-malaria-paludismo_1596112/ |website=elconfidencial.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| July 17 || Treatment || The United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} approves Krintafel ({{w|tafenoquine}}), a new drug to treat recurrent malaria. The drug is a single-dose medication for radical cure (prevention of relapse) of ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'' malaria. The drug is the result of a partnership of Glaxo Smith-Kline (GSK) and Medicines for Malaria Venture, a public-private company whose stated mission is to reduce the burden of malaria by developing and delivering new, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=FDA Approves New Drug to Treat Recurrent Malaria |url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/malaria/treatment/fda-approves-new-drug-treat-recurrent-malaria/ |website=everydayhealth.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tafenoquine – single shot malaria cure endorsed by the FDA advisers |url=https://pharmaphorum.com/news/tafenoquine-single-shot-malaria-cure-endorsed-by-the-fda/ |website=pharmaphorum.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aprobado el primer fármaco contra la malaria en 60 años |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/2018-07-23/tafenoquina-primer-farmaco-malaria-paludismo_1596112/ |website=elconfidencial.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| July 31 || || "A team led by scientists from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has sequenced and annotated the first complete mitochondrial genome of Anopheles funestus, one of the main vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. This milestone, published in June in Scientific Reports, offers a glimpse inside this insect’s genetic diversity, ancestral history, and evolution—information that researchers might eventually exploit to develop new ways to prevent this deadly disease."<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitochondrial Genome of Malaria Mosquito is Sequenced |url=https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/mitochondrial-genome-of-malaria-mosquito-is-sequenced-306993 |website=technologynetworks.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| July 31 || Parasite || Researchers from the {{w|Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health}} announce having sequenced and annotated the first complete mitochondrial genome of ''{{w|Anopheles funestus}}'', one of the main vectors of malaria in {{w|sub-Saharan Africa}}. The finding offers a glimpse inside this insect’s genetic diversity, ancestral history, and evolution—information that researchers might eventually exploit to develop new ways to prevent malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mitochondrial Genome of Malaria Mosquito is Sequenced |url=https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/mitochondrial-genome-of-malaria-mosquito-is-sequenced-306993 |website=technologynetworks.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| August 1 || || "A study involving researchers from The Australian National University (ANU) has found that platelets can attack and kill malaria parasites—reducing the number of parasites circulating in the blood."<ref>{{cite web |title=Research reveals defence against malaria parasites |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-08-reveals-defence-malaria-parasites.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
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| August 1 || Parasite || Researchers from {{w|The Australian National University}} report having found that {{w|platelet}}s can attack and kill malaria parasites—reducing the number of parasites circulating in the blood. The group's findings suggest PF4-based peptides (which are toxic platelet peptides) could be potential candidates for malaria treatment in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research reveals defence against malaria parasites |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-08-reveals-defence-malaria-parasites.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 
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| August 11 || || "Researchers have developed a new type of bed net with a specific combination of an insecticide and insect growth regulator that could prevent millions of cases of malaria."<ref>{{cite web |title=This New Type Of Bed Net Can Help Prevent Malaria: Lancet |url=https://odishatv.in/health/this-new-type-of-bed-net-can-help-prevent-malaria-lancet-314505 |website=odishatv.in |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This new type of bed net can help prevent malaria: The Lancet |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2018/aug/11/this-new-type-of-bed-net-can-help-prevent-malaria-the-lancet-1856442.html |website=newindianexpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This newly designed mosquito net with insect growth regulator can help prevent malaria: Study |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/article/this-newly-designed-mosquito-bed-net-with-insect-growth-regulator-can-help-prevent-malaria-lancet-study/268765 |website=timesnownews.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists hail malaria breakthrough as bed nets prove deadly to mosquitoes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/11/scientists-hail-malaria-breakthrough-bed-nets-deadly-to-mosquitoes-burkina-faso-trial |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| August 11 || Prevention || Researchers from {{w|Durham University}}, {{w|Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine}}, Burkina Faso’s Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, and the {{w|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute}} report development of a new type of bed net with a specific combination of an insecticide and insect growth regulator that could prevent millions of cases of malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=This New Type Of Bed Net Can Help Prevent Malaria: Lancet |url=https://odishatv.in/health/this-new-type-of-bed-net-can-help-prevent-malaria-lancet-314505 |website=odishatv.in |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This new type of bed net can help prevent malaria: The Lancet |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/health/2018/aug/11/this-new-type-of-bed-net-can-help-prevent-malaria-the-lancet-1856442.html |website=newindianexpress.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This newly designed mosquito net with insect growth regulator can help prevent malaria: Study |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/article/this-newly-designed-mosquito-bed-net-with-insect-growth-regulator-can-help-prevent-malaria-lancet-study/268765 |website=timesnownews.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists hail malaria breakthrough as bed nets prove deadly to mosquitoes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/11/scientists-hail-malaria-breakthrough-bed-nets-deadly-to-mosquitoes-burkina-faso-trial |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|Burkina Faso}}, {{w|Switzerland}}
 
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| August 16 || || "researchers from the University of Copenhagen " "Researchers have discovered a method of diagnosing a broad range of cancers at their early stages by utilizing a particular malaria protein, which sticks to cancer cells in blood samples. The researchers hope that this method can be used in cancer screenings in the near future."<ref>{{cite web |title=Diagnosing cancer with malaria protein: New method discovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180816105535.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}
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| August 16 || Diagnosis || Researchers from the {{w|University of Copenhagen}} report discovery of a method of diagnosing a broad range of cancers at their early stages by utilizing a particular malaria protein, which sticks to cancer cells in blood samples. It is expected that this method can be used in cancer screenings in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diagnosing cancer with malaria protein: New method discovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180816105535.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}
 
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| August 20 || || "The genome sequences of ape parasites related to Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax), the main source of mosquito-borne malaria outside Africa, provide insights on the origin and early evolution of the human parasite. This finding could have implications for better comprehending and eradicating malaria infection worldwide, according to new research from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Edinburgh, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ape parasite genomes reveal origin, evolution of leading cause of malaria outside Africa |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-08-ape-parasite-genomes-reveal-evolution.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| August 20 || Parasite || Researchers from the {{w|Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania}} and the {{w|University of Edinburgh}} publish study describing how the genome sequences of ape parasites related to ''{{w|Plasmodium vivax}}'', the main source of mosquito-borne malaria outside Africa, provide insights on the origin and early evolution of the human parasite. This finding could have implications for better comprehending and eradicating malaria infection worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ape parasite genomes reveal origin, evolution of leading cause of malaria outside Africa |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-08-ape-parasite-genomes-reveal-evolution.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| August 31 || || "A computational analysis identifies a new clinical phenotype of severe malaria" "There are more clinical phenotypes of severe malaria than those defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), according to a study led by ISGlobal, an institution supported by "la Caixa" Foundation. The results indicate that heart failure can be a pathogenic mechanism of disease, which has implications in the clinical management of these patients."<ref>{{cite web |title=A computational analysis identifies a new clinical phenotype of severe malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180831110345.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| August 31 || || Study led by ISGlobal in {{w|Barcelona}} identifies a new clinical phenotype of severe malaria by using computational analysis. The results indicate that heart failure can be a pathogenic mechanism of disease, which has implications in the clinical management of these patients.<ref>{{cite web |title=A computational analysis identifies a new clinical phenotype of severe malaria |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180831110345.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 
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| August 31 || || "Modelling the success of new strains of the deadly disease produced surprising results. Andrew Masterson reports."<ref>{{cite web |title=The mathematics of malaria |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/mathematics/the-mathematics-of-malaria |website=cosmosmagazine.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| August 31 || Epidemiology || Researchers from {{w|Emory University}} report surprising results (including time of infection as critical) after using mathematical modelling to measure the success of new strains of malaria. The researchers set up a computer model that runs simulations of malaria transmission over a period of roughly 14 years. The model contains 400 digital people who were attacked, on a random basis, by 12,000 digital mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite web |title=The mathematics of malaria |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/mathematics/the-mathematics-of-malaria |website=cosmosmagazine.com |accessdate=12 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| September 4 || || "New experimental research by the University of Glasgow and the Wellcome Sanger Institute published today in Nature Microbiology, demonstrates that a regulator protein, AP2-G, may hold the key to finding new approaches to prevent this potentially devastating disease." "Regulator protein key to malaria parasite's lifecycle"<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulator protein key to malaria parasite's lifecycle |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-09-protein-key-malaria-parasite-lifecycle.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Regulator Protein, AP2-G, May Hold the Key to Preventing Malaria |url=https://www.technologynetworks.com/drug-discovery/news/regulator-protein-ap2-g-may-hold-the-key-to-preventing-malaria-308755 |website=technologynetworks.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| September 4 || Prevention || Researchers at University of Glasgow and the Wellcome Sanger Institute publish results of experimental research demonstrating that a regulator protein, AP2-G, may hold the key to finding new approaches to prevent malaria. The regulator protein AP2-G is key to malaria parasite's lifecycle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Regulator protein key to malaria parasite's lifecycle |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-09-protein-key-malaria-parasite-lifecycle.html |website=phys.org |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Regulator Protein, AP2-G, May Hold the Key to Preventing Malaria |url=https://www.technologynetworks.com/drug-discovery/news/regulator-protein-ap2-g-may-hold-the-key-to-preventing-malaria-308755 |website=technologynetworks.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| September 10 || || "Some 10,000 sterile male mosquitoes will be released in Burkina Faso, a country at the front line of the war against the disease." "First genetically modified mosquitoes set to be released in Africa"<ref>{{cite web |title=First genetically modified mosquitoes set to be released in Africa |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/first-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-set-released-africa/ |website=telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| September 10 || Prevention || Officials announce release of some 10,000 sterile male mosquitoes in {{w|Burkina Faso}}, with the eventual hope that male mosquitoes, modified so that 90% of their offspring are also male, would dramatically reduce the overall population as well as reducing malaria incidence, as it is the female mosquitoes which transmit the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=First genetically modified mosquitoes set to be released in Africa |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/first-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-set-released-africa/ |website=telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Burkina Faso}}
 
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| September 10 || || "NOT less than 4.7 million Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN’s) will be distributed free to the people of Katsina State as part of measures to eliminate malaria scourge in the state."<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria: 4.7m Mosquito Nets To Be Distributed Free In Katsina State |url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163765/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
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| September 10 || Prevention || Nigerian officials announce distribution of at least 4.7 million Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN’s) for free to the people of {{w|Katsina State}} as part of measures to eliminate malaria scourge in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria: 4.7m Mosquito Nets To Be Distributed Free In Katsina State |url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/163765/ |website=tribuneonlineng.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
 
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| September 18 || || "A University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment research trial studying the feasibility of growing plants used to treat malaria was successful in its first growing season."<ref>{{cite web |title=First Test Plot of Malaria-fighting Plant a Success at UK Farm |url=https://uknow.uky.edu/research/first-test-plot-malaria-fighting-plant-success-uk-farm |website=uknow.uky.edu |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| September 18 || Treatment || Research trial from the {{w|University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment}}, studying the feasibility of growing plants used to treat malaria, report success in its first growing season. The crop's success ([[w:Artemisia (genus)|artemisia]]) can be attributed to the abundance of rainfall in the season, negating the need for any irrigation.<ref>{{cite web |title=First Test Plot of Malaria-fighting Plant a Success at UK Farm |url=https://uknow.uky.edu/research/first-test-plot-malaria-fighting-plant-success-uk-farm |website=uknow.uky.edu |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| September 19 || || "A Portland-based drug developer is starting human trials for a new anti-malarial drug designed to overcome resistance to other malaria drugs. The drug, called DM1157, was first developed by David Peyton, a chemistry professor at Portland State University and chief scientific officer for DesignMedix." "Portland lab's new malaria drug now in human trials DesignMedix designed the drug to overcome resistance to other malaria drugs"<ref>{{cite web |title=Portland lab's new malaria drug now in human trials |url=https://www.koin.com/news/health/portland-lab-s-new-malaria-drug-now-in-human-trials/1459939607 |website=koin.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| September 19 || Treatment || {{w|Portland}}-based drug developer announces starting human trials for a new anti-malarial drug called DM1157, designed to overcome resistance to other malaria drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portland lab's new malaria drug now in human trials |url=https://www.koin.com/news/health/portland-lab-s-new-malaria-drug-now-in-human-trials/1459939607 |website=koin.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| September 20 || || " The study led by Hernando A. del Portillo, ICREA researcher, and Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, Assistant Research Professor, both at IGTP and ISGlobal – an institution supported by “la Caixa” Foundation, indicates the possibility of using small vesicles secreted by immature red blood cells as a vaccine platform against malaria" "A novel study indicates promising avenues in an innovative approach for developing a vaccine against Plasmodium vivax, the most prevalent human malaria parasite outside sub-Saharan Africa."<ref>{{cite web |title=Promising new vaccine developed for vivax malaria |url=https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/35650/promising-new-vaccine-malaria/ |website=drugtargetreview.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers ID compounds that could help stop malaria |url=https://www.upi.com/Researchers-ID-compounds-that-could-help-stop-malaria/9471537626853/ |website=upi.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| September 20 || Prevention || Researchers in {{w|Spain}} announce study indicating promising avenues in an innovative approach for developing a vaccine against {{w|Plasmodium vivax}}, the most prevalent human malaria parasite outside sub-Saharan Africa. The study indicates the possibility of using small vesicles secreted by immature red blood cells as a vaccine platform against malaria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Promising new vaccine developed for vivax malaria |url=https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/35650/promising-new-vaccine-malaria/ |website=drugtargetreview.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers ID compounds that could help stop malaria |url=https://www.upi.com/Researchers-ID-compounds-that-could-help-stop-malaria/9471537626853/ |website=upi.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 
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| September 20 || || "Scientists have found a way to boost the efficacy of the world's most powerful antimalarial drug with the help of chemotherapy medicines, according to new research published in the journal Nature Communications. Scientists from the University of Melbourne and the Japanese pharmaceutical company Takeda have discovered that antimalarial drug artemisinin works through a "double whammy" attack on the deadly parasite."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-cancer drugs may hold key to overcoming antimalarial drug resistance |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180920102152.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}, {{w|Japan}}
+
| September 20 || Treatment || Scientists from the {{w|University of Melbourne}} and {{w|Takeda Pharmaceutical Company}} from Japan report having discovered that antimalarial drug {{w|artemisinin}} works through a twofold setback attack on the parasite. The drug damages proteins in malaria parasites and clogs the parasite's waste disposal system, known as the {{w|proteasome}}, which {{w|chemotherapy}} can target.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-cancer drugs may hold key to overcoming antimalarial drug resistance |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180920102152.htm |website=sciencedaily.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}, {{w|Japan}}
 
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| September 21 || || " Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites, but scientists report they have discovered compounds that might keep mosquitoes from spreading the sometimes deadly disease."Current anti-malarial drugs can cure a person of the disease, but that person is still infectious to mosquitoes, and can therefore still cause someone else to become infected," explained lead researcher Jake Baum, of the department of life sciences at Imperial College London."<ref>{{cite web |title=New Compounds Might Help Stop Spread of Malaria |url=https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/malaria-news-459/new-compounds-might-help-stop-spread-of-malaria-737831.html |website=consumer.healthday.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| September 21 || Vector || Scientists report having discovered compounds that might keep mosquitoes from spreading {{w|malaria}}. The researchers identified compounds that could stop the spread of the disease by making the parasites incapable of infecting mosquitoes. After screening more than 70,000 compounds, the team identified six with the potential to become malaria-blocking drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Compounds Might Help Stop Spread of Malaria |url=https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/malaria-news-459/new-compounds-might-help-stop-spread-of-malaria-737831.html |website=consumer.healthday.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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|-
 
| September 26 || Prevention || The [[w:Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] in collaboration with the {{w|World Health Organization}} launch a 'micro-strategic plan' to eliminate malaria from the state by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab targets elimination of malaria by 2020 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/punjab-targets-elimination-of-malaria-by-2020-118092601147_1.html |website=business-standard.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
| September 26 || Prevention || The [[w:Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] in collaboration with the {{w|World Health Organization}} launch a 'micro-strategic plan' to eliminate malaria from the state by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab targets elimination of malaria by 2020 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/punjab-targets-elimination-of-malaria-by-2020-118092601147_1.html |website=business-standard.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
| September 27 || || Researches at {{w|Oxford University}}, the U.S. {{w|National Institutes of Health}} and {{w|Leiden University Medical Center}} in the Netherlands develop a new approach to battling malaria, by boosting an immune response in the {{w|liver}}. The group report successful test in mice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bolstering the liver's immune response to fight off malaria infection |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-bolstering-liver-immune-response-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}, {{w|Netherlands}}
+
| September 27 || Treatment || Researches at {{w|Oxford University}}, the U.S. {{w|National Institutes of Health}} and {{w|Leiden University Medical Center}} in the Netherlands develop a new approach to battling malaria, by boosting an immune response in the {{w|liver}}. The group report successful test in mice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bolstering the liver's immune response to fight off malaria infection |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-09-bolstering-liver-immune-response-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|United States}}, {{w|Netherlands}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| October 2 || Prevention || Japanese paint producer Kansai Plascon launches the world's first mosquito-repellant paint in {{w|Zambia}} to help it reach a target to eliminate malaria by 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese paint to help Zambia eliminate malaria |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2018-10-02-japanese-paint-to-help-zambia-eliminate-malaria/ |website=timeslive.co.za |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's Kansai to help Zambia paint out malaria |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kansai-paint-zambia-malaria/japans-kansai-to-help-zambia-paint-out-malaria-idUSKCN1MC18W |website=reuters.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|Zambia}}
 
| October 2 || Prevention || Japanese paint producer Kansai Plascon launches the world's first mosquito-repellant paint in {{w|Zambia}} to help it reach a target to eliminate malaria by 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese paint to help Zambia eliminate malaria |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2018-10-02-japanese-paint-to-help-zambia-eliminate-malaria/ |website=timeslive.co.za |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Japan's Kansai to help Zambia paint out malaria |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kansai-paint-zambia-malaria/japans-kansai-to-help-zambia-paint-out-malaria-idUSKCN1MC18W |website=reuters.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}, {{w|Zambia}}
 
|-
 
|-
| October 4 || Scientific development (immunology) || Researchers at the {{w|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}} find that in some malaria patients, immune cells called {{w|natural killer cell}}s (NK cells) fail to turn on the genes necessary to effectively destroy malaria-infected red blood cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immune cell variations contribute to malaria severity |url=http://news.mit.edu/2018/immune-cell-variations-contribute-malaria-severity-1004 |website=news.mit.edu |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| October 4 || Immunology || Researchers at the {{w|Massachusetts Institute of Technology}} find that in some malaria patients, immune cells called {{w|natural killer cell}}s (NK cells) fail to turn on the genes necessary to effectively destroy malaria-infected red blood cells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immune cell variations contribute to malaria severity |url=http://news.mit.edu/2018/immune-cell-variations-contribute-malaria-severity-1004 |website=news.mit.edu |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| October 8 || Prevention || Researchers based at {{w|Yale University}} explores the role of {{w|glucose}} metabolism in the development of the disease, and may hold a key to preventing or treating it in humans. Using mouse models of cerebral malaria, the research team experimented with different ways of manipulating feeding behavior, and based on their findings in a previous study, they theorized that reduced food intake —and specifically reduced glucose utilization— after malarial infection would increase the ability of mice to tolerate the infection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers study link between glucose metabolism and malaria |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-link-glucose-metabolism-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| October 23 || Immunology || Scientists at the {{w|Scripps Research}} Institute manage to capture images of antibodies working together against malaria. The research shows that antibodies working together can result in a protein on the parasite's cell surface locking it into a spiral conformation, like a wide corkscrew, blocking the parasite from starting its life cycle in the human host and, hence, protecting against infection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists capture images of antibodies working together against malaria |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/sri-sci102318.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| October 29 || Diagnosis || Researchers from the {{w|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine}} suggest that dogs can identify the odor of malaria. After several weeks of training, the dogs correctly identified socks from infected children 70 percent of the time and correctly identified socks from uninfected children 90 percent of the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Good Dogs Could Help Identify Malaria Carriers |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dogs-can-sniff-out-malaria-180970646/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These dogs know you have malaria before you do |url=https://www.popsci.com/dogs-sniff-out-malaria |website=popsci.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These Dogs Have a Nose for Malaria |url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/these-dogs-have-nose-malaria |website=insidescience.org |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sniffer dogs could detect malaria in people |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-sniffer-dogs-malaria-people.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dogs can detect malaria by sniffing people's socks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/29/dogs-noses-powerful-weapon-malaria-symptoms |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
| October 8 || Scientific development (prevention) || Researchers based at {{w|Yale University}} explores the role of {{w|glucose}} metabolism in the development of the disease, and may hold a key to preventing or treating it in humans. Using mouse models of cerebral malaria, the research team experimented with different ways of manipulating feeding behavior, and based on their findings in a previous study, they theorized that reduced food intake —and specifically reduced glucose utilization— after malarial infection would increase the ability of mice to tolerate the infection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Researchers study link between glucose metabolism and malaria |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-link-glucose-metabolism-malaria.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| October || Agreement || Global nonprofit {{w|Malaria No More}} signs an agreement with the {{w|Government of Odisha}}, India, to provide technical capacity and support the strengthening of the government’s program to further reduce malaria cases and deaths in {{w|Odisha}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=JOINING TOGETHER TO END MALARIA IN INDIA |url=https://www.abbott.com/responsibility/social-impact/access-to-healthcare/articles/joining-together-to-end-malaria.html |website=abbott.com |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
| October 23 || || Scientists at the {{w|Scripps Research}} Institute manage to capture images of antibodies working together against malaria. The research shows that antibodies working together can result in a protein on the parasite's cell surface locking it into a spiral conformation, like a wide corkscrew, blocking the parasite from starting its life cycle in the human host and, hence, protecting against infection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists capture images of antibodies working together against malaria |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/sri-sci102318.php |website=eurekalert.org |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| November 3 || Treatment || Researchers from the {{w|National Institute of Malaria Research}} in {{w|India}} announce developement of two new drugs against drug-resistant malaria that target a new protein not targeted by currently available drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIMR scientists develop 2 new medicines for drug-resistant Malaria |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/nimr-scientists-develop-2-new-medicines-for-drug-resistant-malaria/story-yU1WThyRZvsfP1i4aVmBQM.html |website=hindustantimes.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
| October 29 || Medical development (diagnostic) || Researchers from the {{w|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine}} suggest that dogs can identify the odor of malaria. After several weeks of training, the dogs correctly identified socks from infected children 70 percent of the time and correctly identified socks from uninfected children 90 percent of the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Good Dogs Could Help Identify Malaria Carriers |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dogs-can-sniff-out-malaria-180970646/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These dogs know you have malaria before you do |url=https://www.popsci.com/dogs-sniff-out-malaria |website=popsci.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=These Dogs Have a Nose for Malaria |url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/these-dogs-have-nose-malaria |website=insidescience.org |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sniffer dogs could detect malaria in people |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-sniffer-dogs-malaria-people.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dogs can detect malaria by sniffing people's socks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/29/dogs-noses-powerful-weapon-malaria-symptoms |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| November 7 || Prevention || {{w|South Africa}} investigates sterilising mosquitoes in anti-malaria drive. The project involving ''{{w|Anopheles arabiensis}}'' aims to show that the sterile insect technique can be successfully used to suppress mosquito populations that carry and spread malaria. If it works, the approach can be used as an alternative vector control method to complement existing strategies. South Africa is one of four southern African countries aiming to eliminate malaria transmission by 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa investigates sterilising mosquitoes in anti-malaria drive |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/south-africa-investigates-sterilising-mosquitoes/ |website=thesouthafrican.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|South Africa}}
 
|-
 
|-
| November 3 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers from the {{w|National Institute of Malaria Research}} in {{w|India}} announce developement of two new drugs against drug-resistant malaria that target a new protein not targeted by currently available drugs.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIMR scientists develop 2 new medicines for drug-resistant Malaria |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/nimr-scientists-develop-2-new-medicines-for-drug-resistant-malaria/story-yU1WThyRZvsfP1i4aVmBQM.html |website=hindustantimes.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+
| November 19 || Epidemiology || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes its World malaria report 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=World malaria report 2018 |url=https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> which announces that progress against malaria has stalled, adding a second year in a row in its annual report on the disease. However, unlike last year, the WHO pairs the update with an aggressive plan to step up action in the hardest-hit countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO reports malaria setbacks; groups launch response plan |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2018/11/who-reports-malaria-setbacks-groups-launch-response-plan |website=cidrap.umn.edu |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO and partners launch new country-led response to put stalled malaria control efforts back on track |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/19-11-2018-who-and-partners-launch-new-country-led-response-to-put-stalled-malaria-control-efforts-back-on-track |website=who.int |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress against malaria has ‘stalled,’ WHO says |url=https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B2310ee58-9175-4288-91d1-087aca065555%7D/progress-against-malaria-has-stalled-who-says |website=healio.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO: Malaria reductions stall after progress |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-11-malaria-reductions-stall.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> Also, it is reported that malaria is on the rise in more than 13 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria on the rise in more than 13 countries, experts warn |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/19/health/malaria-increase-global-report-2018-intl/index.html |website=edition.cnn.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| November 7 || || {{w|South Africa}} investigates sterilising mosquitoes in anti-malaria drive. The project involving ''{{w|Anopheles arabiensis}}'' aims to show that the sterile insect technique can be successfully used to suppress mosquito populations that carry and spread malaria. If it works, the approach can be used as an alternative vector control method to complement existing strategies. South Africa is one of four southern African countries aiming to eliminate malaria transmission by 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa investigates sterilising mosquitoes in anti-malaria drive |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/south-africa-investigates-sterilising-mosquitoes/ |website=thesouthafrican.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|South Africa}}
+
| November 28 || Prevention || A four-day mass drug administration (MDA) campaign is launched in the {{w|Northern Kivu}} province town of Beni in {{w| DR Congo}}, with a target to reach up to 450,000 people with anti-malarial drugs combined with the distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria control campaign launched in Democratic Republic of the Congo to save lives and aid Ebola response |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/malaria-control-campaign-launched-democratic-republic-congo-save-lives-and-aid-ebola-response |website=afro.who.int |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spike in malaria cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo threatens to derail attempts to combat Ebola outbreak which has killed 242 |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-6439351/To-stop-Ebola-Congo-targets-malaria-outbreak-zone.html |website=dailymail.co.uk |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
 
|-
 
|-
| November 19 || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} announces that progress against malaria has stalled, adding a second year in a row in its annual report on the disease. However, unlike last year, the WHO pairs the update with an aggressive plan to step up action in the hardest-hit countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO reports malaria setbacks; groups launch response plan |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2018/11/who-reports-malaria-setbacks-groups-launch-response-plan |website=cidrap.umn.edu |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO and partners launch new country-led response to put stalled malaria control efforts back on track |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/19-11-2018-who-and-partners-launch-new-country-led-response-to-put-stalled-malaria-control-efforts-back-on-track |website=who.int |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progress against malaria has ‘stalled,’ WHO says |url=https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B2310ee58-9175-4288-91d1-087aca065555%7D/progress-against-malaria-has-stalled-who-says |website=healio.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO: Malaria reductions stall after progress |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-11-malaria-reductions-stall.html |website=medicalxpress.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> Also, it is reported that malaria is on the rise in more than 13 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria on the rise in more than 13 countries, experts warn |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/19/health/malaria-increase-global-report-2018-intl/index.html |website=edition.cnn.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| November || Organization || About 41 non-governmental organizations from across Francophone Africa and Asia join to create the Civil Society Network for Malaria Elimination, which is expected to "advocate for political and resource commitments, and drive greater accountability at the local, regional and global levels to eliminate malaria". {{w|Malaria No More}} is chosen to serve as the Secretariat to drive forward the network’s activities.<ref name="2018 HIGHLIGHTS"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ngou |first1=Olivia |title=Opinion: Civil society and community engagement key to achieve malaria elimination |url=https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-civil-society-and-community-engagement-key-to-achieve-malaria-elimination-93801 |website=devex.com |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| November 28 || || A four-day mass drug administration (MDA) campaign is launched in the {{w|Northern Kivu}} province town of Beni in {{w| DR Congo}}, with a target to reach up to 450,000 people with anti-malarial drugs combined with the distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria control campaign launched in Democratic Republic of the Congo to save lives and aid Ebola response |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/malaria-control-campaign-launched-democratic-republic-congo-save-lives-and-aid-ebola-response |website=afro.who.int |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spike in malaria cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo threatens to derail attempts to combat Ebola outbreak which has killed 242 |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-6439351/To-stop-Ebola-Congo-targets-malaria-outbreak-zone.html |website=dailymail.co.uk |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
+
| November || Organization || American charity evaluator {{w|GiveWell}} ranks both nonprofits {{w|Malaria Consortium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria Consortium – Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/malaria-consortium |website=givewell.org |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> and {{w|Against Malaria Foundation}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Against Malaria Foundation |url=https://www.givewell.org/charities/amf |website=givewell.org |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> as top-rated charities, and recommends {{w|private foundation}} {{w|Good Ventures}} a US$26.6 million allocation for Malaria Consortium and US$2.5 million for Against Malaria Foundation during the end-of-2018 Giving Season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our recommendation to Good Ventures |url=https://blog.givewell.org/2018/11/26/our-recommendation-to-good-ventures/ |website=blog.givewell.org |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| December 10 || Medical development (treatment) || Researchers at Insilico Taiwan (a Taipei-based subsidiary of {{w|Insilico Medicine}}) announce development of a new end-to-end drug discovery pipeline to eradicate malaria by using next generation {{w|artificial intelligence}} (AI)-based tools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial intelligence to speed up malaria research |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/11/13/Artificial-intelligence-to-speed-up-malaria-research.html |website=theweek.in |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial intelligence boosts drug delivery to eradicate malaria |url=https://telanganatoday.com/artificial-intelligence-boosts-drug-delivery-to-eradicate-malaria |website=telanganatoday.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Taiwan}}
+
| December 10 || Treatment || Researchers at Insilico Taiwan (a Taipei-based subsidiary of {{w|Insilico Medicine}}) announce development of a new end-to-end drug discovery pipeline to eradicate malaria by using next generation {{w|artificial intelligence}} (AI)-based tools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial intelligence to speed up malaria research |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/11/13/Artificial-intelligence-to-speed-up-malaria-research.html |website=theweek.in |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial intelligence boosts drug delivery to eradicate malaria |url=https://telanganatoday.com/artificial-intelligence-boosts-drug-delivery-to-eradicate-malaria |website=telanganatoday.com |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Taiwan}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
== Visual data ==
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Malaria (Disease), Dengue fever (Disease), Yellow fever (Disease), Zika fever (Disease) and Chikungunya virus infection (Disease), from January 2018 to December 2018, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection 2018 |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2018-01-01%202018-12-31&q=%2Fm%2F0542n,%2Fm%2F09wsg,%2Fm%2F087z2,%2Fm%2F02vkznh,%2Fm%2F01__7l |website=Google Trends |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection 2018.png|thumb|center|600px]]
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==

Latest revision as of 22:10, 7 March 2024

This is a timeline of malaria in 2018, attempting to describe significant events related to progress in the management of the disease in 2018.

Important developments

Category Important developments
Drugs mRNA vaccines against malaria continue development. Combination of fosmidomycin and piperaquine successfully complete clinical trial for antimalarial treatment.
Parasite Malaria parasites are found to be able to occupy sites outside the bloodstream, specifically in the bone marrow and spleen where red blood cells are formed.
Vector CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mosquitoes are developed to resist the malaria parasite.
Prevention A mosquito-repellant paint is developed.
Achievements The World Health Organization declares Paraguay as free from malaria, being the first country in the Americas to be granted this status since Cuba in 1973.
Progress The World Health Organization announces that progress against malaria has stalled, and that malaria is on the rise in more than 13 countries.


Full timeline

Note:

  • Dates are approximate to the event and matched with the news release.
  • Displayed location is often matched with location of main institution involved with the event.
Month and date Category Details Location
January 4 Parasite Australian-led international team identifies the key portal used by malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax to enter human red blood cells. The researchers in Melbourne discover that the parasite infects humans by hijacking a protein the body cannot live without. This allows the possibility to successfully develop antibodies that disable the parasite from carrying out its activity.[1][2][3] Australia
January 10 Parasite Researchers at Pennsylvania State University describe two proteins that facilitate RNA-based interactions between the malaria parasite, its mosquito vector, and its human host. The two specialized proteins protect the parasite's messenger RNAs, until it takes up residence in a new mosquito or a human host.[4] United States
January 11 Parasite Researchers based at University of California San Diego School of Medicine publish study using whole genome analyses and chemogenetics to identify new drug targets and resistance genes in 262 cell lines of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that are resistant to 37 diverse antimalarial compound.[5][6] United States
January 12 Parasite International team of researchers publish study describing growth of clonal isolates of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in the lab in the presence of 37 different small molecules with known antimalarial activity over the course of 3 to 6 months. The study identified more than 80 genes that contribute to resistance, some of which could provide important information for drug development.[7][8]
January 18 Treatment Researchers at University of Cambridge, using artificial intelligence to conduct high-throughput screening, report that triclosan (an antibacterial and antifungal ingredient used in toothpaste) shows the potential to interrupt malaria infections at two critical stages, in the liver and the blood.[9][10][11][12] United Kingdom
January 19 Treatment Researchers from Tubingen Institute of Tropical Medicine and German company Deutschen Malaria GmbH report a new medication for malaria that can safely and effectively cure the disease, after having successfully completed a clinical trial for the drug combination of Fosmidomycin and Piperaquine. The two-fold medication is administered for three days to patients aged one to thirty who were infected with malaria via the Plasmodium falciparum pathogen.[13][14] Germany
January 19 Treatment The Nigerian National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) says it has successfully researched and developed six traditional herbal products for the treatment of ebola, malaria and other diseases. It includes Niprimal, an anti-malaria drug, which is said to be safe for use by pregnant women.[15][16] Nigeria
January 22 Treatment Study conducted by the University of Liverpool and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine reports a novel 'long acting' medicine for the prevention of malaria. The approach uses nanotechnology to improve the delivery of an existing antimalarial drug via a novel injectable format that can maintain blood concentration of the drug for weeks or months following a single dose.[17] United Kingdom, United States
January 28 Eradication The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Inter-American Development Bank, and Carlos Slim Foundation announce a US$180 million initiative to eliminate malaria in Central America. The funding involves US$37.1 million from IDB, US$31.5 million from Gates, and US$15 million from the Carlos Slim Foundation, in addition to expected leveraging of US$100 million in domestic financing and $39 million of existing donor resources over the next five years.[18][19]
January 28 Eradication Six African countries (Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Senegal, the Gambia, Algeria and Comoros) are honoured by the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) at the 30th African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, for leading the way to a Malaria Free-Africa by 2030.[20][21][22] Ethiopia
January 31 Prevention Researchers find that the pulp juice and seed of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) contain chemical substances that can protect from developing malaria and so its consumption should be encouraged especially in pregnancy. For the study, the researchers evaluated the properties of extracts in Albino mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei.[23]
January 31 Vector Study using questionnaires sent to more than 100 health, conservation and fisheries workers around the world to produce a rapid assessment of the prevalence of mosquito net fishing, concludes warning that use of anti-malarial nets may reduce people’s protection and affect fish stocks, and calls for urgent research into potential impacts.[24][25] United Kingdom
February 2 Resistance Researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute and their collaborators show that malaria parasites developed multidrug resistance to first-line treatments extremely rapidly, after studying an outbreak of multidrug-resistant malaria in southeast Asia, likely stemming from two mutations of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum that combined a decade ago.[26][27] United Kingdom
February 8 Vector An international team of researchers show that some people develop an immune response following a malaria infection that stops them from infecting other mosquitoes. The antibodies that these people produce are sucked up by the mosquito and destroy the malaria parasite in the mosquito's stomach. 1 in 25 malaria patients were found prevent the disease from spreading in this way. The study also unravels the defense proteins responsible, and these could be used to make a vaccine.[28][29]
February 8 Prevention The Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit governing body responsible for determining which emoji are added each year, announces that it has approved 157 new characters for release in June 2018, including a mosquito emoji for public health awarenes.[30]
February 9 Treatment Tests in West Africa find that primaquine and methylene blue, a safe drug long used to treat urinary tract infections, is also effective against malaria. The medication has however one disadvantage, turning urine a vivid blue.[31][32][33]
February 12 Treatment Researchers at University of Liverpool and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine make use of nanotechnology in order to improve the delivery of atovaquone, an existing antimalarial drug. The process consists in a novel injectable format, which allows the drug to maintain blood concentration of the drug for several weeks following the application of a single dose.[34] United Kingdom, United States
February 13 Prevention German biopharmaceutical company CureVac announces the awarding of two new grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, aimed at pursuing innovative mRNA vaccines against influenza and malaria. The programs would leverage CureVac’s prophylactic vaccine technology to develop mRNA-based vaccines designed to prevent influenza and malaria infection. These vaccines, which are flexible in their applications, can be rapidly produced and have the potential to address several global vaccine challenges.[35] Germany
February 20 Parasite Researchers based at the Francis Crick Institute discover a new processes that allows malaria parasites to escape red blood cells and infect other cells, offering potential new treatment targets. The team announces already working with pharmaceutical companies to use this knowledge to develop new antimalarial drugs.[36] United Kingdom
February 21 Treatment German scientists announce a new way to make a key malaria drug developed in 2012 at the Max Planck Institute, by means of a technique to make the process even more efficient, which should increase global access and reduce the cost.[37] Germany
February 21 Vector Researchers from the University of Illinois, Ohio State University, and the Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI) in Argentina find that certain invasive plants provide shelter or resting sites and produce copious amounts of rich nectar, a source of energy which significantly increases their ability to transmit malaria.[38] United States, Argentina
February 22 Parasite Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology show that they can grow dormant human malaria parasites in engineered human liver tissue for several weeks, allowing them to closely study how the parasite becomes dormant, what vulnerabilities it may have, and how it springs back to life. The finding is expected to allow researchers develop and test new antimalaria drugs.[39][40][41] United States
February 25 Treatment Researchers at the School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, University of Hyderabad, develop a new polymer-nanomedicine for treatment of malaria. The new drug delivery system is equipped with a “time-temperature clock” module, where the doses for the treatment can be precisely tuned. The new formulation is efficient in killing plasmodium falciparum infection in red blood cells.[42][43][44] India
February 26 Treatment Researchers at University Health Network in Toronto publish treatment with inhaled nitric oxide (NO) which reduces the risk of fine motor impairment in pediatric patients with malaria.[45] Canada
February 28 Diagnosis Ugandan team develops a new test that can diagnose malaria in under two minutes—without taking blood. The test combines magnetism and light to differentiate between the blood of an infected and a healthy person.[46] Uganda
March 9 Vector Researchers from Johns Hopkins University make use of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool to engineer mosquitoes that are highly resistant to the malaria parasite, by deleting one specific gene.[47][48] United States
March 12 Parasite Researchers from Princeton University examine data from an earlier Indonesian study of 4,000 patients carrying both malaria and hookworm parasites, and conclude that the two pathogens compete for a common food source — red blood cells in the host’s internal ecosystem.[49] United States
March 23 Treatment International collaborative research group develops the world's first Drug Delivery System (DDS) for antimalarial drugs. The treatment increases efficiency up to 240 times as much as when antimalarial medicine is taken orally. The research group is headed by Prof. Shinya Hayami from Kumamoto University.[50][51] Japan
March 27 Parasite Scientists from the Wellcome Sanger Institute publish the first step towards the development of a Malaria Cell Atlas, after investigating the genes in individual malaria parasites, which lead to understanding the genetic processes each parasite undergoes as it moves through its complicated lifecycle. The Malaria Cell Atlas is a data resource aimed at providing gene activity profiles of individual malaria parasites throughout their lifecycle. It is expected to allow researchers to identify weak points in the parasite's lifecycle for intervention with drugs, and to help transform research into the disease.[52][53][54][55] United Kingdom
March 29 Parasite Researchers of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Brazil and colleagues show that kidney dysfunction is a contributing factor to severe Plasmodium vivax malaria cases. The study analyzed data on 572 individuals from the Amazon rainforest, including 179 patients with Plasmodium vivax infection and 165 healthy controls. Severity of malaria was associated with abnormal creatinine increases, and patients who died from severe disease had the highest levels of creatinine.[56] Brazil
March 29 Prevention The Global Health Innovative Technology Fund awards the University of Florida and partners in the United States and Japan US$3.2 million to advance a promising vaccine to prevent transmission of malaria.[57] Japan, United States
April 9 Parasite Researchers from the Wellcome Sanger Institute discover a receptor protein on the surface of human cells that interacts with a protein displayed on the surface of malaria parasites called "TRAP", as it navigates through the body. These findings are expected to help improve the development of an effective malaria vaccine.[58][59][60][61] United Kingdom
April 16 Parasite Research in sub-Saharan Africa shows high risk of malaria transmission after blood transfusions in the region, with nearly one in four blood bank supplies containing the parasites that cause malaria. Additional research in Equatorial Guinea shows that screening technology commonly used in the region cannot detect parasites in most of the contaminated supplies. Both studies are presented at the 7th Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) Pan African Malaria Conference in Dakar, Senegal.[62] Sub-Saharan Africa, Equatorial Guinea, Senegal
April 17 Parasite Dutch molecular/cellular parasitologist Taco Kooij from Radboud University Medical Center discovers a protein in the mitochondrion of the malaria parasite that could be used as a target for a new drug. The malaria parasite is highly dependent on a unique protein for infecting new mosquitoes.[63][64][65] Netherlands
April 18 Organization The Malaria Summit 2018 is held in London. Financial, political and scientific commitments made at the summit total US$4.1 billion. 53 country leaders from countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations – which represent more than 50 percent of the global malaria burden – publicly commit to reduce malaria by half by 2023.[66] The summit is conceived and delivered by Malaria No More UK.[67][68][69] United Kingdom
April 20 Vector Researchers from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Wageningen University & Research, Rothamsted Research, the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology and Cardiff University publish important details about how human odor is influenced by malaria, whose parasite can change the way people smell, making them more attractive to mosquitoes. The work may help explain why the disease is able to spread so effectively.[70] United Kingdom, Netherlands, Kenya
April 26 Prevention Ghanaian officials say their country is readying itself for the smooth pilot of the world's first malaria vaccine later in the year. Ghana, Kenya and Malawi would be the first African countries to test the MosquirixTM vaccine, which acts against Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly malaria parasite globally, and the most prevalent in Africa.[71][72][73] Ghana
May 9 Parasite Researchers at University of South Florida College of Public Health develop technique that allows scientists to more easily study malaria outside the human body during the earliest point of infection, the liver. The liver stage is significant as it precedes the parasite's ability to infect human blood, the point of which symptoms of malaria first appear.[74] United States
May 15 Diagnosis International team of researchers discover that malaria could be diagnosed through changes in body odor, after previously showing that malaria infection in a mouse model altered the odors of the mice to make them more attractive to mosquitoes, particularly at a stage of infection where the transmissible stage of the parasite was present at high levels.[75]
May 18 Parasite Researchers from Louisiana State University report discovery of a small number of lizard species (Prasinohaema) in New Guinea have green blood (tinted by bile pigment) that may pack a toxic punch strong enough to wipe out malaria parasites.[76][77][78][79][80] United States
May 18 Parasite Researchers at University of California, Riverside report finding that various stages of the development of human malaria parasites, including stages involved in malaria transmission, are linked to epigenetic features and how chromatin—the complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus—is organized and structured in these parasites.[81] United States
May 22 Parasite Scientists at the Duke University in North Carolina report that the Plasmodium parasite manipulates liver cells to survive, tricking them into pumping out a protein called aquaporin 3, and then steals the protein for itself. Using an inhibitor to disable aquaporin-3 curtails the parasite's ability to reproduce inside the liver, the researchers report in PLOS Pathogens.[82][83] United States
May 22 Parasite Researchers from Wellcome Sanger Institute in Cambridge, reveal the process of how malaria became a human-killer. The team compared seven types of malaria - tracing the parasite's family tree, and concluded that, about 50,000 years ago, the parasites diverged, with one "branch" evolving into the most deadly human-infecting species.[84] United Kingdom
May 23 Diagnosis Researchers at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering develop a portable optical diagnostics system (PODS) prototype for malaria screening that exploits magnetic properties of parasite byproduct to detect all strains in low-resource environments.[85] United States
May 23 Parasite Researchers at the American Museum of Natural History report having built the most comprehensive tree of life for malaria parasites, revealing more than 500 described species of malaria that infect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Among the researchers' findings, is that the diverse malaria parasite genus Plasmodium (which includes those species that infect humans) is composed of several distantly related evolutionary lineages, and, from a taxonomic standpoint, many species should be renamed.[86][87] United States
May 24 Parasite Researchers at University of Glasgow's Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology discover that malaria parasites can occupy sites outside the bloodstream, specifically in the bone marrow and spleen where red blood cells are formed. The studies show in animal models and human infection that this is the major niche for the development of malaria transmission stages and a significant reservoir for the parasite's replicative stages.[88] United Kingdom
May 25 Resistance Researchers at University of Calgary develop an inexpensive field test for drug-resistant malaria that can be performed anywhere, without the need for electricity or specialized lab equipment. The kit is portable and battery powered. Results are available in an hour, allowing health-care workers to administer the right treatment to patients sooner.[89][90] Canada
June 11 Erradication The World Health Organization certifies Paraguay as having eliminated malaria, the first country in the Americas to be granted this status since Cuba in 1973. The country recorded its last case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 1995, and Plasmodium vivax malaria, in 2011.[91][92][93][94] Paraguay
June 25 Vector The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announces donation of US$ 4 million for the development of bioengineered mosquitoes that kill off future generations of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes during sex. Oxitec is the United Kingdom company that would develop the genetically modified mosquitoes.[95][96][97] United Kingdom, United States
July 11 Parasite Researchers at the National Institutes of Health identify sequence leading to release of malaria parasites from red blood cells. According to the study, the vacuole, a compartment inside human red blood cells in which malaria parasites reproduce and develop, takes on a distinct spherical shape just minutes before its membrane ruptures, leading to the release of parasites into the blood stream.[98] United Kingdom
July 13 Prevention Researchers based at Yale University create a vaccine that protects against malaria infection in mouse models, paving the way for the development of a human vaccine that works by targeting the specific protein that parasites use to evade the immune system.[99][100] United States
July 17 Treatment The United States Food and Drug Administration approves Krintafel (tafenoquine), a new drug to treat recurrent malaria. The drug is a single-dose medication for radical cure (prevention of relapse) of Plasmodium vivax malaria. The drug is the result of a partnership of Glaxo Smith-Kline (GSK) and Medicines for Malaria Venture, a public-private company whose stated mission is to reduce the burden of malaria by developing and delivering new, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs.[101][102][103] United States
July 31 Parasite Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health announce having sequenced and annotated the first complete mitochondrial genome of Anopheles funestus, one of the main vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. The finding offers a glimpse inside this insect’s genetic diversity, ancestral history, and evolution—information that researchers might eventually exploit to develop new ways to prevent malaria.[104] United States
August 1 Parasite Researchers from The Australian National University report having found that platelets can attack and kill malaria parasites—reducing the number of parasites circulating in the blood. The group's findings suggest PF4-based peptides (which are toxic platelet peptides) could be potential candidates for malaria treatment in the future.[105] Australia
August 11 Prevention Researchers from Durham University, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Burkina Faso’s Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, and the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute report development of a new type of bed net with a specific combination of an insecticide and insect growth regulator that could prevent millions of cases of malaria.[106][107][108][109] United Kingdom, Burkina Faso, Switzerland
August 16 Diagnosis Researchers from the University of Copenhagen report discovery of a method of diagnosing a broad range of cancers at their early stages by utilizing a particular malaria protein, which sticks to cancer cells in blood samples. It is expected that this method can be used in cancer screenings in the near future.[110] Denmark
August 20 Parasite Researchers from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Edinburgh publish study describing how the genome sequences of ape parasites related to Plasmodium vivax, the main source of mosquito-borne malaria outside Africa, provide insights on the origin and early evolution of the human parasite. This finding could have implications for better comprehending and eradicating malaria infection worldwide.[111] United States, United Kingdom
August 31 Study led by ISGlobal in Barcelona identifies a new clinical phenotype of severe malaria by using computational analysis. The results indicate that heart failure can be a pathogenic mechanism of disease, which has implications in the clinical management of these patients.[112] Spain
August 31 Epidemiology Researchers from Emory University report surprising results (including time of infection as critical) after using mathematical modelling to measure the success of new strains of malaria. The researchers set up a computer model that runs simulations of malaria transmission over a period of roughly 14 years. The model contains 400 digital people who were attacked, on a random basis, by 12,000 digital mosquitoes.[113] United States
September 4 Prevention Researchers at University of Glasgow and the Wellcome Sanger Institute publish results of experimental research demonstrating that a regulator protein, AP2-G, may hold the key to finding new approaches to prevent malaria. The regulator protein AP2-G is key to malaria parasite's lifecycle.[114][115] United Kingdom
September 10 Prevention Officials announce release of some 10,000 sterile male mosquitoes in Burkina Faso, with the eventual hope that male mosquitoes, modified so that 90% of their offspring are also male, would dramatically reduce the overall population as well as reducing malaria incidence, as it is the female mosquitoes which transmit the disease.[116] Burkina Faso
September 10 Prevention Nigerian officials announce distribution of at least 4.7 million Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN’s) for free to the people of Katsina State as part of measures to eliminate malaria scourge in the state.[117] Nigeria
September 18 Treatment Research trial from the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, studying the feasibility of growing plants used to treat malaria, report success in its first growing season. The crop's success (artemisia) can be attributed to the abundance of rainfall in the season, negating the need for any irrigation.[118] United States
September 19 Treatment Portland-based drug developer announces starting human trials for a new anti-malarial drug called DM1157, designed to overcome resistance to other malaria drugs.[119] United States
September 20 Prevention Researchers in Spain announce study indicating promising avenues in an innovative approach for developing a vaccine against Plasmodium vivax, the most prevalent human malaria parasite outside sub-Saharan Africa. The study indicates the possibility of using small vesicles secreted by immature red blood cells as a vaccine platform against malaria.[120][121] Spain
September 20 Treatment Scientists from the University of Melbourne and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company from Japan report having discovered that antimalarial drug artemisinin works through a twofold setback attack on the parasite. The drug damages proteins in malaria parasites and clogs the parasite's waste disposal system, known as the proteasome, which chemotherapy can target.[122] Australia, Japan
September 21 Vector Scientists report having discovered compounds that might keep mosquitoes from spreading malaria. The researchers identified compounds that could stop the spread of the disease by making the parasites incapable of infecting mosquitoes. After screening more than 70,000 compounds, the team identified six with the potential to become malaria-blocking drugs.[123] United Kingdom
September 26 Prevention The Government of Punjab in collaboration with the World Health Organization launch a 'micro-strategic plan' to eliminate malaria from the state by 2020.[124] India
September 27 Treatment Researches at Oxford University, the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands develop a new approach to battling malaria, by boosting an immune response in the liver. The group report successful test in mice.[125] United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands
October 2 Prevention Japanese paint producer Kansai Plascon launches the world's first mosquito-repellant paint in Zambia to help it reach a target to eliminate malaria by 2021.[126][127] Japan, Zambia
October 4 Immunology Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology find that in some malaria patients, immune cells called natural killer cells (NK cells) fail to turn on the genes necessary to effectively destroy malaria-infected red blood cells.[128] United States
October 8 Prevention Researchers based at Yale University explores the role of glucose metabolism in the development of the disease, and may hold a key to preventing or treating it in humans. Using mouse models of cerebral malaria, the research team experimented with different ways of manipulating feeding behavior, and based on their findings in a previous study, they theorized that reduced food intake —and specifically reduced glucose utilization— after malarial infection would increase the ability of mice to tolerate the infection.[129] United States
October 23 Immunology Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute manage to capture images of antibodies working together against malaria. The research shows that antibodies working together can result in a protein on the parasite's cell surface locking it into a spiral conformation, like a wide corkscrew, blocking the parasite from starting its life cycle in the human host and, hence, protecting against infection.[130] United States
October 29 Diagnosis Researchers from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine suggest that dogs can identify the odor of malaria. After several weeks of training, the dogs correctly identified socks from infected children 70 percent of the time and correctly identified socks from uninfected children 90 percent of the time.[131][132][133][134][135] United Kingdom
October Agreement Global nonprofit Malaria No More signs an agreement with the Government of Odisha, India, to provide technical capacity and support the strengthening of the government’s program to further reduce malaria cases and deaths in Odisha.[136] India
November 3 Treatment Researchers from the National Institute of Malaria Research in India announce developement of two new drugs against drug-resistant malaria that target a new protein not targeted by currently available drugs.[137] India
November 7 Prevention South Africa investigates sterilising mosquitoes in anti-malaria drive. The project involving Anopheles arabiensis aims to show that the sterile insect technique can be successfully used to suppress mosquito populations that carry and spread malaria. If it works, the approach can be used as an alternative vector control method to complement existing strategies. South Africa is one of four southern African countries aiming to eliminate malaria transmission by 2023.[138] South Africa
November 19 Epidemiology The World Health Organization publishes its World malaria report 2018[139] which announces that progress against malaria has stalled, adding a second year in a row in its annual report on the disease. However, unlike last year, the WHO pairs the update with an aggressive plan to step up action in the hardest-hit countries.[140][141][142][143] Also, it is reported that malaria is on the rise in more than 13 countries.[144]
November 28 Prevention A four-day mass drug administration (MDA) campaign is launched in the Northern Kivu province town of Beni in DR Congo, with a target to reach up to 450,000 people with anti-malarial drugs combined with the distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.[145][146] Democratic Republic of the Congo
November Organization About 41 non-governmental organizations from across Francophone Africa and Asia join to create the Civil Society Network for Malaria Elimination, which is expected to "advocate for political and resource commitments, and drive greater accountability at the local, regional and global levels to eliminate malaria". Malaria No More is chosen to serve as the Secretariat to drive forward the network’s activities.[66][147]
November Organization American charity evaluator GiveWell ranks both nonprofits Malaria Consortium[148] and Against Malaria Foundation[149] as top-rated charities, and recommends private foundation Good Ventures a US$26.6 million allocation for Malaria Consortium and US$2.5 million for Against Malaria Foundation during the end-of-2018 Giving Season.[150]
December 10 Treatment Researchers at Insilico Taiwan (a Taipei-based subsidiary of Insilico Medicine) announce development of a new end-to-end drug discovery pipeline to eradicate malaria by using next generation artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools.[151][152] Taiwan

Visual data

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Malaria (Disease), Dengue fever (Disease), Yellow fever (Disease), Zika fever (Disease) and Chikungunya virus infection (Disease), from January 2018 to December 2018, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[153]

Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection 2018.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

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See also

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References

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