Difference between revisions of "Timeline of medical education"
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− | This is a '''timeline of {{w|medical education}}'''. | + | This is a '''timeline of {{w|medical education}}''', attempting to describe important events in the development of medical education. |
==Big picture== | ==Big picture== | ||
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! Time period !! Development summary | ! Time period !! Development summary | ||
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− | | {{w|Ancient history}} || Scholars usually consider that medical education began with the ancient Greeks’ method of rational inquiry, which introduced the practice of observation and reasoning regarding disease.<ref name="medical education britannica">{{cite web |title=Medical education |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/medical-education |website=britannica.com |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref> | + | | {{w|Ancient history}} || Early medical traditions include those of {{w|Babylon}}, [[w:ancient China|China]], [[w:ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[w:Ancient India|India]].<ref name="History of Medicine">{{cite web |title=History of Medicine |url=http://www.ncrworks.com/learn?s=History_of_medicine |website=ncrworks.com |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> Scholars usually consider that medical education began with the ancient Greeks’ method of rational inquiry, which introduced the practice of observation and reasoning regarding disease.<ref name="medical education britannica">{{cite web |title=Medical education |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/medical-education |website=britannica.com |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref> The concepts of medical diagnosis, prognosis, and advanced medical ethics are intrduced by the Greeks.<ref name="History of Medicine"/> {{w|Ayurveda}} is taught in India and {{w|traditional Chinese medicine}} develops. |
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− | | {{w|Middle Ages}} || Apprenticeship training in monastic infirmaries and hospitals dominates medical education during the early Middle Ages. A medical school is established in {{w|Salerno}} in southern Italy between the 9th and 11th centuries. During the same period, medicine and medical education flourish in the Muslim world at such centres as {{w|Baghdad}}, {{w|Cairo}}, and [[w:Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref name="medical education britannica"/> Formal medical education system in {{w|Europe}} | + | | {{w|Middle Ages}} || Apprenticeship training in monastic infirmaries and hospitals dominates medical education during the early Middle Ages. Universities begin systematic training of physicians around the years 1220 in Italy.<ref name="History of Medicine"/> A medical school is established in {{w|Salerno}} in southern Italy between the 9th and 11th centuries. During the same period, medicine and medical education flourish in the Muslim world at such centres as {{w|Baghdad}}, {{w|Cairo}}, and [[w:Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref name="medical education britannica"/> Formal medical education system in {{w|Europe}} starts in the late Middle Ages, with the rise of the universities in what is now Northern Italy.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency">{{cite journal |last1=Custers |first1=Eugène |last2=Cate |first2=Olle |title=The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency |doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000002079 |url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2018/03001/The_History_of_Medical_Education_in_Europe_and_the.10.aspx}}</ref> |
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− | | 20th century || Preparing students for medical practice is not considered an academic responsibility until well into the 20th century.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> During the 1950s and 1960s, dissatisfaction with the medical curriculum increases in Europe and the United States. Curricular overload is rampant and prevents all efforts to make the course more practical.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> | + | | 16th – 17th centuries || In Europe, the first biological revolution takes place, whose best pedagogical expression is that of [[w:Herman Boerhaave|Boerhave]] (known as "the father of physiology") and the [[w:Leiden University|school of Leyden]].<ref name="The history of medical teaching">{{cite web |last1=Danielle Gourevitch |title=The history of medical teaching |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673699903768.pdf |website=thelancet.com |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> In the 16th century, the Portuguese first introduce Western medicine into India.<ref name="Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism">{{cite journal |last=Supe |first=A |title=Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism |doi=10.4103/0022-3859.191011 |pmid=27763484 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105212/ |pmc=5105212}}</ref> |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 19th century || In Europe, until well into century, there is a sharp distinction between academically trained “learned gentlemen” and practically trained surgeons.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> The century is the great era of {{w|Paris}}, {{w|London}}, and {{w|Edinburgh}}, where hospital-based teaching departs from Oxford's and Cambridge's academic methods. Experimental methods and specialization are pivotal to the second biological revolution and modern scientific medicine.<ref name="The history of medical teaching"/> {{w|Physiology}}, {{w|pathology}}, and {{w|bacteriology}} merge, transforming basic teaching. This change constituted the great German epoch. In the mid-19th century upheavals were such that yesterday's medicine was no longer relevant.<ref name="The history of medical teaching"/> In China there exists only a small Imperial College, with the role limited to the preparation of physicians attached to the Imperial Palace.<ref name="The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968, Volume 673"/> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 20th century || At the turn of the century, Western medical studies are the ideal mechanism for a respectable social promotion. At the top of the aristocracy of knowledge sits the doctor.<ref name="The history of medical teaching"/> Preparing students for medical practice is not considered an academic responsibility until well into the 20th century.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> During the 1950s and 1960s, dissatisfaction with the medical curriculum increases in Europe and the United States. Curricular overload is rampant and prevents all efforts to make the course more practical. In Europe, the aim of establishing an international market for professionals results in a 1975 {{w|European Union}} directive determining the minimum length and nomenclature of postgraduate medical education programs.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> | ||
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| 5th century BC || || Greek physician Hippocrates teaches and originates the oath that would become a credo for practitioners through the ages.<ref name="medical education britannica"/> || {{w|Greece}} | | 5th century BC || || Greek physician Hippocrates teaches and originates the oath that would become a credo for practitioners through the ages.<ref name="medical education britannica"/> || {{w|Greece}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 598 – 907 || || The {{w|Tang Dynasty}} creates the ''tai-yi-chu'' (great medical service), an early example of medical instruction supervised by the state.<ref name="The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968, Volume 673">{{cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=Charles Donald |title=The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968, Volume 673 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=afYzWG1FLroC&pg=PA367&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|China}} | ||
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| 931 || || Hundreds of physicians in {{w|Baghdad}} are screened, and only those qualified are allowed to practice medicine. During the Abbasid period, the rulers want to ensure that physicians are skilled enough to practice medicine. Passing oral and written examinations are required to get licensed.<ref name="Medical education in medieval Islam"/> || {{w|Irak}} | | 931 || || Hundreds of physicians in {{w|Baghdad}} are screened, and only those qualified are allowed to practice medicine. During the Abbasid period, the rulers want to ensure that physicians are skilled enough to practice medicine. Passing oral and written examinations are required to get licensed.<ref name="Medical education in medieval Islam"/> || {{w|Irak}} | ||
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− | | | + | | 1123 || Medical school || The [[w:Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry|Medical College of St Bartholomew’s Hospital]] is founded.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Piers |title=Anatomical Dissection in Enlightenment England and Beyond: Autopsy, Pathology and Display |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iB0GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=%22in+1123%22+Medical+College+of+St+Bartholomew%E2%80%99s+Hospital&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJg4b9zYrcAhUFDZAKHSIaAtcQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201123%22%20Medical%20College%20of%20St%20Bartholomew%E2%80%99s%20Hospital&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=J. |last2=Sheppard |first2=J. |title=British Archives: A Guide to Archive Resources in the UK |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FpwYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA450&dq=%22in+1123%22+Medical+College+of+St+Bartholomew%E2%80%99s+Hospital&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJg4b9zYrcAhUFDZAKHSIaAtcQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201123%22%20Medical%20College%20of%20St%20Bartholomew%E2%80%99s%20Hospital&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1137 || Medical school || Medicine is taught at {{w|Montpellier}}, decades before the {{w|University of Montpellier}} is established.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1181 || Policy || {{w|William VIII of Montpellier}} act allows for licensed physicians to lecture in Montpellier without limit, thus attracting teachers and students from outside of the city.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|France}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1220 – 1255 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Oxford}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1245 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Siena}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1290 || Medical school || The {{w|University of Coimbra}} is founded by {{w|Denis of Portugal}} in {{w|Lisbon}}, with four original faculties, including Medicine.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=Charles Donald |title=The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968, Volume 673 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=afYzWG1FLroC&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=%22medical+education%22+%22in+1400..1500%22&source=bl&ots=M7TBSqL6E0&sig=EHsH1CPUtsRutrIcn93b6YxRohQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvgcKT4IjcAhUKFpAKHbD6B5sQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20education%22%20%22in%201400..1500%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Portugal}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1321 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Perugia}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Perugia |url=http://www.retemuseiuniversitari.unimore.it/site/en/home/stories/universita-di-perugia/articolo160025599.html |website=retemuseiuniversitari.unimore.it |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashdall |first1=Hastings |title=The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 2, Part 1, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Scotland, Etc. |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iW7E7LQiu8kC&pg=PA41&dq=%22in+1321%22+%22university%22+%22perugia%22&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjjejBzYrcAhXMGZAKHXTtDUYQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201321%22%20%22university%22%20%22perugia%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1399 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Florence}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1343 || Medical school || The {{w|University of Pisa}} is established by {{w|Papal Bull}} from {{w|Pope Clement VI}}. A medical school is established among its original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1348 || Medical school || {{w|Charles University}} is established in {{w|Prague}} by {{w|Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor}}. A faculty of medicine is amongst its four original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Czech Republic}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1364 || Medical school || {{w|Jagiellonian University}}, the oldest in Poland, is founded by {{w|Casimir III the Great}}, in Kazimierz (now a district of {{w|Krakow}}). A medical school is established among its original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Poland}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1365 || Medical school || The {{w|University of Vienna}} is founded by {{w|Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria}}. A medical school is established among its original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Austria}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1386 || Medical school || {{w|Heidelberg University}}, the oldest in {{w|Germany}}, is founded. A faculty of medicine is established as one of the original four faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Germany}} | ||
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− | | | + | | 1399 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Padua}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Italy}} |
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− | | | + | | 1409 || Medical school || {{w|Leipzig University}} is established, with medicine amongst its four original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Germany}} |
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− | | | + | | 1413 || Medical school || The {{w|University of St Andrews School of Medicine}} is established in {{w|St Andrews}}, {{w|Scotland}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1822 || || The Native Medical Institution is established in {{w|Calcutta}} to provide medical training to Indians.<ref name="Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism"/> || {{w|India}} | + | | 1419 || Medical school || The {{w|University of Rostock}} is founded, including medicine amongst the original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Germany}} |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1421 || Policy || The British Parliament petitions {{w|Henry V of England}} to pass a law determining that a medicine degree from a university be the only qualification granting the right to practice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watmough |first1=Simon |title=Succeeding in Your Medical Degree |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oKVDDRiCj9MC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=%22medical+education%22+%22in+1400..1500%22&source=bl&ots=-o6N3_3RvH&sig=wpnnGl6ZUtSFybVeOY5fdaSeSq0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjcj7io54jcAhUGGpAKHaAaDYkQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20education%22%20%22in%201400..1500%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1431 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|Sapienza University of Rome}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sapienza University of Rome |url=http://www.ready4study.eu/en/a/Sapienza-University-of-Rome?page=2 |website=ready4study.eu |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1434 || Medical school || Medicine is established amongst the original four faculties at the {{w|University of Catania}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Catania |url=http://www.esncatania.it/university-catania |website=esncatania.it |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1436 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Turin}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Siraisi |first1=Nancy G. |title=Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=He_2Yj4YCMkC&pg=PA202&dq=%22in+1436%22+A+medical+faculty+is+established+at+the+University+of+Turin&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-zLPr1IrcAhVOOZAKHe36BEAQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201436%22%20A%20medical%20faculty%20is%20established%20at%20the%20University%20of%20Turin&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1456 || Medical school || A medical faculty established as one of the original faculties at the {{w|University of Greifswald}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ERNST-MORITZ-ARNDT-UNIVERSITÄT GREIFSWALD |url=http://www.raids-fp7.eu/consortium/ernst-moritz-arndt-universitaet-greifswald.html |website=raids-fp7.eu |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1457 || Medical school || {{w|University of Freiburg}} is founded by {{w|Albert VII, Archduke of Austria}}. A medical faculty is established as one of the four original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Germany}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1460 || Medical school || The {{w|University of Basel}} is established, with Medicine as one of the four original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Switzerland}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1477 || Medical school || {{w|Uppsala University}} is founded by {{w|Papal Bull}} from {{w|Pope Sixtus IV}}. A medical faculty is established as one of the four original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Sweden}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1477 || Medical school || The {{w|University of Tübingen}} is founded by {{w|Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg}}. Medicine is established as one of the original faculties.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Germany}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1479 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Copenhagen}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Denmark}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1481 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Genoa}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=University of Genoa (Università degli Studi di Genova) |url=http://www.genoa.university-guides.com/ |website=genoa.university-guides.com |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | c.1509 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|Complutense University of Madrid}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Spain}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1518 || Medical school || The Royal College of Physicians of London is established.<ref name="medical education britannica"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Royal College of Physicians and Its Collections: An Illustrated History |edition=Geoffrey Davenport, Ian McDonald, Caroline Moss-Gibbons |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bGPZSDzOCxYC&pg=PA10&dq=%22in+1518%22+Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+London&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS57_6z4rcAhUDTJAKHRXYA_8Q6AEINzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201518%22%20Royal%20College%20of%20Physicians%20of%20London&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Berkowitz |first1=Carin |last2=Lightman |first2=Bernard |title=Science Museums in Transition: Cultures of Display in Nineteenth-Century Britain and America |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rXUqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80&dq=%22in+1518%22+Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+London&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS57_6z4rcAhUDTJAKHRXYA_8Q6AEIVDAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201518%22%20Royal%20College%20of%20Physicians%20of%20London&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | <1520 || Medical school || A medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Pavia}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|Italy}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1542 || Medical school || A Medical faculty is established at the {{w|University of Zaragoza}}.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Historia |url=http://www.unizar.es/institucion/historia/historia |website=unizar.es |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1669 || Publication || Muhammad Mumin publishes his Tufat al-Muminin, one of the most reliable books on medicine in medieval Islam.<ref name="Medical education in medieval Islam">{{cite web |title=Medical education in medieval Islam |url=http://hekint.org/2017/01/29/medical-education-in-medieval-islam/ |website=hekint.org |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1765 || Medical school || The School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, is founded. It is the oldest medical school in the United States.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD">{{cite web |title=30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD |url=https://www.bestmedicaldegrees.com/30-of-the-oldest-medical-schools-in-the-world/ |website=bestmedicaldegrees.com |accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Health, Volume 18 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=i2p3yW5hx5MC&pg=PA1111&lpg=PA1111&dq=%22medical+school%22+%22in+1400..1500%22&source=bl&ots=0bM8vwHveX&sig=LB4Lmlt3i2aC0c_H7ZHJQIJWvt4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj62PmZ4IjcAhUEjZAKHUZECmAQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20school%22%20%22in%201400..1500%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1785 || Medical school || The [[w:Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry|London Hospital Medical College]] is founded.<ref name="30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1815 || Policy || A decree in the {{w|Netherlands}} establishes the structure of the academic medical curriculum and lists the disciplines to be included. However, nothing is stipulated about their content, which is determined by individual professors, being both teacher and examiner.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> || {{w|Netherlands}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1822 || Medical school || The Native Medical Institution is established in {{w|Calcutta}} to provide medical training to Indians.<ref name="Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism"/> || {{w|India}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1827 || Medical school || Kasr Al-Ainy is established as a military teaching hospital near Cairo, giving rise to the modern history of Egyptian medical education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Adel |last2=Kassab |first2=Salah Eldin |last3=Abdelnasser |first3=Asmaa |last4=Hosny |first4=Somaya |title=Medical Education in Egypt: Historical Background, Current Status, and Challenges |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452301117301499}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1842 || Medical school || A western formal medical school, Escola Medico-Cirurgica de Nova Goa, is established in {{w|Goa}}, in Portuguese India. Enrolment is limited to christians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=RA1-PA158&lpg=RA1-PA158&dq=%22medical+school%22+%22in+1400..1500%22&source=bl&ots=NN7_EGKFgT&sig=b0chzOxX6yDrU2ATjlmhj9z8BsQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj62PmZ4IjcAhUEjZAKHUZECmAQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20school%22%20%22in%201400..1500%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1842, a history of healing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/1842-a-history-of-healing/articleshow/59093476.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ESCOLA MÉDICO-CIRÚRGICA DE GOA |url=https://abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt/266857.html |website=abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|India}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1847 || Organization || The {{w|American Medical Association}} (AMA) is founded with primary tasks to raise ethical standards in the medical field.<ref name="History of Medical Education">{{cite web |title=History of Medical Education |url=http://www.acgme.org/About-Us/Overview/History-of-Medical-Education |website=acgme.org |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | | 1847 || Organization || The {{w|American Medical Association}} (AMA) is founded with primary tasks to raise ethical standards in the medical field.<ref name="History of Medical Education">{{cite web |title=History of Medical Education |url=http://www.acgme.org/About-Us/Overview/History-of-Medical-Education |website=acgme.org |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1858 || || The Medical Act of 1858 is passed in {{w|Britain}}, often termed the most important event in British medicine. It establishes the General Medical Council, controlling admission to the medical register, thus having great powers over medical education and examinations.<ref name="medical education britannica"/> || | + | | 1858 || Policy || The Medical Act of 1858 is passed in {{w|Britain}}, often termed the most important event in British medicine. It establishes the General Medical Council, controlling admission to the medical register, thus having great powers over medical education and examinations.<ref name="medical education britannica"/> || |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1875 || Medical school || Madras Medical College becomes the first in India to open its doors to female students.<ref name="Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism"/> || {{w|India}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1876 || Medical school || The {{w|Association of American Medical Colleges}} (AAMC) is founded with the purpose to reform medical education.<ref name="History of Medical Education"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1887 || Medical school || The Hong Kong College of Medicine is founded by private practitioners in western medicine to train Chinese doctors to serve the local community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing the Hong Kong College of Medicine |url=http://www.hkmms.org.hk/en/exh/exhibitions/introducing-the-hong-kong-college-of-medicine-2/ |website=hkmms.org.hk |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Hong Kong}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1889 || Medical school || {{w|Johns Hopkins Hospital}} opens and offers the first “residency” program in the United States.<ref name="History of Medical Education"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1910 || Publication || American educator {{w|Abraham Flexner}} publishes report entitled report entitled ''Medical Education in the United states and Canada'' ({{w|Flexner Report}}), under the aegis of the {{w|Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching}}. The report would have an immediate impact on the improvement of the adequacy of medical schools in the United States.<ref name="medical education britannica"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Gary S. |title=Around the Eye in 365 Days |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EN_PQ0R6qxgC&pg=PA149&dq=%22in+1910%22+%22flexner+report%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi81OTxpeXbAhUEFJAKHel4CcIQ6AEITDAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201910%22%20%22flexner%20report%22&f=false}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1915 || Organization || The Chinese Medical Association is established with aims at uniting medical professionals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Medical Association |url=http://en.cma.org.cn/ |website=en.cma.org.cn/ |accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tu |first1=Ya |last2=Fang |first2=Tingyu |title=History and Philosophy of Chinese Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SEeuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA219&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Chinese+Medical+Association&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicl_DqiovcAhUJHJAKHan0CU0Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Chinese%20Medical%20Association&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sullivan |first1=Lawrence R. |last2=Liu |first2=Nancy Y. |title=Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DGCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Chinese+Medical+Association&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicl_DqiovcAhUJHJAKHan0CU0Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Chinese%20Medical%20Association&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|China}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1916 || Policy || The "Indian Medical Degrees Act" is introduced in {{w|India}} in order to regulate medical practice in the country.<ref name="Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |title=Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_zAwlKX_zNwC&pg=PA188&dq=%22Medical+Council+of+India%22+%22in+1933%22&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjynOrbkYvcAhXBkCwKHWCJDc8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22Medical%20Council%20of%20India%22%20%22in%201933%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|India}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1933 || Organization || The {{w|American Board of Medical Specialties}} (ABMS) is established as the preeminent entity to oversee the certification of physician specialists in the United States.<ref name="History of Medical Education"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1933 || Organization || The {{w|Medical Council of India}} is founded with aims at establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dark days for medical profession in India |doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-3279 |pmid=20530169 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2900324/}}</ref> || {{w|India}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1937 || Publication || The {{w|American College of Surgeons}} publishes ''Fundamental Requirements for Graduate Training in Surgery'', setting its own standards for surgical education programs.<ref name="History of Medical Education"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1951 || Organization || The International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA) is founded. It represents a network of 1.3 million medical students in 127 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who We Are? |url=https://ifmsa.org/ |website=ifmsa.org |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1953 || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes the first edition of the World Directory of Medical Schools. Successive editions would be published until the seventh and final print edition in 2000.<ref name="Mission of the World Directory of Medical Schools">{{cite web |title=Mission of the World Directory of Medical Schools |url=https://www.wdoms.org/about/ |website=wdoms.org |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1962 || Organization || The Panamerican Federation of Association of Medical Schools (PAFAMS) is founded in Chile by a group of leading medical educators. It constitutes 343 medical schools from Latin America, United States and Canada, and adresses the prevailing problems in medical education in Latin America.<ref name="Oxford Textbook of Medical Education">{{cite book |last1=Walsh |first1=Kieran |title=Oxford Textbook of Medical Education |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KW2rAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA691&lpg=PA691&dq=%22medical+education%22+%22in+1900..2017%22&source=bl&ots=Wiz3X6jG8d&sig=wgCGCd8AC73c03iEG9WQ87VuuMc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG5fj138TcAhUEQZAKHdTpDOkQ6AEwAXoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20education%22%20%22in%201900..2017%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Chile}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1972 || Organization || The {{w|World Federation for Medical Education}} (WFME) is established in {{w|Copenhagen}}. WFME’s main objective is to "enhance the quality of medical education worldwide, with promotion of the highest scientific and ethical standards in medical education". The organization develops standards for medical education and promotes accreditation of medical schools. It also co-manages the {{w|World Directory of Medical Schools}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Directory of Medical Schools |url=https://www.wdoms.org/ |website=wdoms.org |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://wfme.org/about-wfme/ |website=wfme.org |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1981 || Organization || The {{w|Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education}} (ACGME) is established.<ref name="The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1988 || Treaty || The Edinburgh declaration is approved at the World Conference on Medical Education, calling for greater co-operation between the health system and the education system, reflecting national needs in medical education and continuing lifelong education of medical staff to achieve quality in practice.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE EDINBURGH DECLARATION |url=http://wfme.org/publications/the-edinburgh-declaration/?wpdmdl=898 |website=wfme.org |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdomm} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1995 || Organization || The Global Alliance for Medical Education (GAME) is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of GAME |url=http://www.game-cme.org/history |website=game-cme.org |accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> || | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2000 || Organization || The Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) is incorporated as a nonprofit foundation, with the purpose to "support the {{w|Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates}} (ECFMG) as it promotes international health professions education through programmatic and research activities."<ref>{{cite web | title = FAIMER : About Us : Strategic Plan - Mission | url = http://www.faimer.org/about-strategic-plan.html | accessdate = 29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = FAIMER : About Us - Activities | url = http://www.faimer.org/about.html | accessdate = 29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.faimer.org/about-history.html |website=faimer.org |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2004 || || The Guidelines for Accreditation of Basic Medical Education is developed by an international task force. In 2005, it would be published jointly by {{w|World Health Organization}} and the {{w|World Federation for Medical Education}}.<ref name="Accreditation">{{cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://wfme.org/accreditation/ |website=wfme.org |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WHO/WFME Guidelines for Accreditation of Basic Medical Education |url=http://wfme.org/publications/who-wfme-guidelines-for-accreditation-of-basic-medical-education_english/?wpdmdl=805%27;return%20false;%22%3EDownload%3C/a%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class=%22media-body%22%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ch3%20class=%22media-heading%22%20style=%22padding-top:%200px;border:0px;margin:%200%200%205px%200;font-size:12pt;%22%3E%3Ca%20style=%22font-weight:%20700%22%20href=%22http://wfme.org/publications/who-wfme-guidelines-for-accreditation-of-basic-medical-education_english/%22%3EWHO-WFME%20Guidelines%20for%20Accreditation%20of%20BME%3C/a%3E%20%3Cspan%20style=%22margin-left:30px;font-size:8pt;font-weight:300%22%3E%3Ci%20style=%22margin:%202px%200%200%205px;opacity:0.5%22%20class=%22fa%20fa-th-large%22%3E%3C/i%3E%2067.15%20KB%20%3Ci%20style=%22margin:%202px%200%200%205px;opacity:0.5%22%20class=%22fa%20fa-download%22%3E%3C/i%3E%201125%20downloads%3C/span%3E%3C/h3%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHO-WFME%20Guidelines%20for%20Accreditation%20of%20Basic%20Medical%20Education.%202005....%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/blockquote%3E%3Cstyle%3E.well.c2a3%20.btn.wpdm-download-link{%20padding:%2011px%2030px;font-size:%2011pt;%20}%20.well.c2a3%20.media-body{%20font-size:%2011pt;%20}%20.well.c2a3%20.wpdm_icon{%20height:%2042px;%20width:%20auto;%20}%3C/style%3E%3C/div%3E |website=wfme.org |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2005 || Organization || The {{w|International Association of Medical Colleges}} is founded with the purpose of peer evaluating of the {{w|medical education}} and maintaining uniform standards and recognition of physicians qualifications provided by individual medical schools anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Association of Medical Colleges |url=http://www.iaomc.org/begining.htm |website=iaomc.org |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2007 || Study || Studies conducted among the [[w:Millennials|Generation Y]] of medical students in countries including the {{w|United Kingdom}}, {{w|Denmark}}, {{w|Austria}}, {{w|Tanzania}}, {{w|Colombia}} and {{w|Malaysia}} show that information technology (IT) has potential as an educational tool in enhancing teaching and learning in medical schools.<ref name="Oxford Textbook of Medical Education"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2008 || || The [[w:Avicenna Directories|Avicenna Directory]] opens as a public database of worldwide medical schools, schools of pharmacy, schools of {{w|public health}} and educational institutions of other academic health professions.<ref name="Mission of the World Directory of Medical Schools"/><ref name='b'>{{cite web|url=http://avicenna.ku.dk/ |title=Avicenna homepage – University of Copenhagen |publisher=Avicenna.ku.dk |date=2012-07-19 |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2012 || || {{w|Massive open online course}}s emerge as a popular mode of learning, with many courses on medicine and healthcare.<ref name=NYTimes030613>{{cite news|last=Lewin|first=Tamar|title=Universities Abroad Join Partnerships on the Web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/education/universities-abroad-join-mooc-course-projects.html|accessdate=6 July 2018|newspaper={{w|New York Times}}|date=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=pappano>{{cite news|last=Pappano|first=Laura|title=The Year of the MOOC|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/education/edlife/massive-open-online-courses-are-multiplying-at-a-rapid-pace.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|work=The New York Times|accessdate=6 July 2018}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2013 || || The [[w:Avincenna directories|Avicenna Directory]] merges with the {{w|International Medical Education Directory}} (IMED) to create the {{w|World Directory of Medical Schools}}.<ref name="wdoms.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wdoms.org/about/|title=World Directory of Medical Schools {{!}} About|website=www.wdoms.org|language=en|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 2018 || Study || A published review shows that online teaching modalities are becoming increasingly prevalent in medical education, with associated high student satisfaction and improvement on knowledge tests.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tang|first=Brandon|last2=Coret|first2=Alon|last3=Qureshi|first3=Aatif|last4=Barron|first4=Henry|last5=Ayala|first5=Ana Patricia|last6=Law|first6=Marcus|date=2018|title=Online Lectures in Undergraduate Medical Education: Scoping Review|url=https://mededu.jmir.org/2018/1/e11/|journal=JMIR Medical Education|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.2196/mededu.9091}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Numerical and visual data == | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Scholar === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of August 10, 2021. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
+ | ! Year | ||
+ | ! "medical education" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1900 || 360 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1910 || 478 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1920 || 670 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1930 || 730 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1940 || 899 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1950 || 1,090 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1960 || 2,150 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1970 || 3,530 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1980 || 4,900 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1990 || 6,720 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2000 || 18,800 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2010 || 67,300 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2020 || 90,700 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Medical education google schoolar.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Trends === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Medical education (Topic) and Medical education (Search term), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical education |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F079y65,Medical%20education |website=Google Trends |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Medical education gt.png|thumb|center|600px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Ngram Viewer === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Medical education, from 1500 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical education |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Medical+education&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t4%3B%2CMedical%20education%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bmedical%20education%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BMedical%20Education%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BMEDICAL%20EDUCATION%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BMedical%20education%3B%2Cc0#t4%3B%2CMedical%20education%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bmedical%20education%3B%2Cc1%3B%3BMedical%20Education%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BMEDICAL%20EDUCATION%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BMedical%20education%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=17 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Medical education ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Wikipedia Views === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Medical education}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical education |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Medical+education&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Medical education wv.png|thumb|center|400px]] | ||
+ | |||
==Meta information on the timeline== | ==Meta information on the timeline== | ||
Line 68: | Line 237: | ||
===What the timeline is still missing=== | ===What the timeline is still missing=== | ||
− | |||
− | |||
===Timeline update strategy=== | ===Timeline update strategy=== |
Latest revision as of 21:55, 7 March 2024
This is a timeline of medical education, attempting to describe important events in the development of medical education.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
Ancient history | Early medical traditions include those of Babylon, China, Egypt and India.[1] Scholars usually consider that medical education began with the ancient Greeks’ method of rational inquiry, which introduced the practice of observation and reasoning regarding disease.[2] The concepts of medical diagnosis, prognosis, and advanced medical ethics are intrduced by the Greeks.[1] Ayurveda is taught in India and traditional Chinese medicine develops. |
Middle Ages | Apprenticeship training in monastic infirmaries and hospitals dominates medical education during the early Middle Ages. Universities begin systematic training of physicians around the years 1220 in Italy.[1] A medical school is established in Salerno in southern Italy between the 9th and 11th centuries. During the same period, medicine and medical education flourish in the Muslim world at such centres as Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba.[2] Formal medical education system in Europe starts in the late Middle Ages, with the rise of the universities in what is now Northern Italy.[3] |
16th – 17th centuries | In Europe, the first biological revolution takes place, whose best pedagogical expression is that of Boerhave (known as "the father of physiology") and the school of Leyden.[4] In the 16th century, the Portuguese first introduce Western medicine into India.[5] |
19th century | In Europe, until well into century, there is a sharp distinction between academically trained “learned gentlemen” and practically trained surgeons.[3] The century is the great era of Paris, London, and Edinburgh, where hospital-based teaching departs from Oxford's and Cambridge's academic methods. Experimental methods and specialization are pivotal to the second biological revolution and modern scientific medicine.[4] Physiology, pathology, and bacteriology merge, transforming basic teaching. This change constituted the great German epoch. In the mid-19th century upheavals were such that yesterday's medicine was no longer relevant.[4] In China there exists only a small Imperial College, with the role limited to the preparation of physicians attached to the Imperial Palace.[6] |
20th century | At the turn of the century, Western medical studies are the ideal mechanism for a respectable social promotion. At the top of the aristocracy of knowledge sits the doctor.[4] Preparing students for medical practice is not considered an academic responsibility until well into the 20th century.[3] During the 1950s and 1960s, dissatisfaction with the medical curriculum increases in Europe and the United States. Curricular overload is rampant and prevents all efforts to make the course more practical. In Europe, the aim of establishing an international market for professionals results in a 1975 European Union directive determining the minimum length and nomenclature of postgraduate medical education programs.[3] |
Full timeline
Year | Event type | Details | Country |
---|---|---|---|
5th century BC | Greek physician Hippocrates teaches and originates the oath that would become a credo for practitioners through the ages.[2] | Greece | |
598 – 907 | The Tang Dynasty creates the tai-yi-chu (great medical service), an early example of medical instruction supervised by the state.[6] | China | |
931 | Hundreds of physicians in Baghdad are screened, and only those qualified are allowed to practice medicine. During the Abbasid period, the rulers want to ensure that physicians are skilled enough to practice medicine. Passing oral and written examinations are required to get licensed.[7] | Irak | |
1123 | Medical school | The Medical College of St Bartholomew’s Hospital is founded.[8][9][10] | United Kingdom |
1137 | Medical school | Medicine is taught at Montpellier, decades before the University of Montpellier is established.[8] | France |
1181 | Policy | William VIII of Montpellier act allows for licensed physicians to lecture in Montpellier without limit, thus attracting teachers and students from outside of the city.[8] | France |
1220 – 1255 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Oxford.[8] | United Kingdom |
1245 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Siena.[8] | Italy |
1290 | Medical school | The University of Coimbra is founded by Denis of Portugal in Lisbon, with four original faculties, including Medicine.[8][11] | Portugal |
1321 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Perugia.[8][12][13] | Italy |
1399 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Florence.[8] | Italy |
1343 | Medical school | The University of Pisa is established by Papal Bull from Pope Clement VI. A medical school is established among its original faculties.[8] | Italy |
1348 | Medical school | Charles University is established in Prague by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. A faculty of medicine is amongst its four original faculties.[8] | Czech Republic |
1364 | Medical school | Jagiellonian University, the oldest in Poland, is founded by Casimir III the Great, in Kazimierz (now a district of Krakow). A medical school is established among its original faculties.[8] | Poland |
1365 | Medical school | The University of Vienna is founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. A medical school is established among its original faculties.[8] | Austria |
1386 | Medical school | Heidelberg University, the oldest in Germany, is founded. A faculty of medicine is established as one of the original four faculties.[8] | Germany |
1399 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Padua.[8] | Italy |
1409 | Medical school | Leipzig University is established, with medicine amongst its four original faculties.[8] | Germany |
1413 | Medical school | The University of St Andrews School of Medicine is established in St Andrews, Scotland.[8] | United Kingdom |
1419 | Medical school | The University of Rostock is founded, including medicine amongst the original faculties.[8] | Germany |
1421 | Policy | The British Parliament petitions Henry V of England to pass a law determining that a medicine degree from a university be the only qualification granting the right to practice.[14] | United Kingdom |
1431 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the Sapienza University of Rome.[8][15] | Italy |
1434 | Medical school | Medicine is established amongst the original four faculties at the University of Catania.[8][16] | Italy |
1436 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Turin.[8][17] | Italy |
1456 | Medical school | A medical faculty established as one of the original faculties at the University of Greifswald.[8][18] | Germany |
1457 | Medical school | University of Freiburg is founded by Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. A medical faculty is established as one of the four original faculties.[8] | Germany |
1460 | Medical school | The University of Basel is established, with Medicine as one of the four original faculties.[8] | Switzerland |
1477 | Medical school | Uppsala University is founded by Papal Bull from Pope Sixtus IV. A medical faculty is established as one of the four original faculties.[8] | Sweden |
1477 | Medical school | The University of Tübingen is founded by Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg. Medicine is established as one of the original faculties.[8] | Germany |
1479 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Copenhagen.[8] | Denmark |
1481 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Genoa.[8][19] | Italy |
c.1509 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the Complutense University of Madrid.[8] | Spain |
1518 | Medical school | The Royal College of Physicians of London is established.[2][20][21] | United Kingdom |
<1520 | Medical school | A medical faculty is established at the University of Pavia.[8] | Italy |
1542 | Medical school | A Medical faculty is established at the University of Zaragoza.[8][22] | Spain |
1669 | Publication | Muhammad Mumin publishes his Tufat al-Muminin, one of the most reliable books on medicine in medieval Islam.[7] | |
1765 | Medical school | The School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, is founded. It is the oldest medical school in the United States.[8][23] | United States |
1785 | Medical school | The London Hospital Medical College is founded.[8] | United Kingdom |
1815 | Policy | A decree in the Netherlands establishes the structure of the academic medical curriculum and lists the disciplines to be included. However, nothing is stipulated about their content, which is determined by individual professors, being both teacher and examiner.[3] | Netherlands |
1822 | Medical school | The Native Medical Institution is established in Calcutta to provide medical training to Indians.[5] | India |
1827 | Medical school | Kasr Al-Ainy is established as a military teaching hospital near Cairo, giving rise to the modern history of Egyptian medical education.[24] | Egypt |
1842 | Medical school | A western formal medical school, Escola Medico-Cirurgica de Nova Goa, is established in Goa, in Portuguese India. Enrolment is limited to christians.[25][26][27] | India |
1847 | Organization | The American Medical Association (AMA) is founded with primary tasks to raise ethical standards in the medical field.[28] | United States |
1858 | Policy | The Medical Act of 1858 is passed in Britain, often termed the most important event in British medicine. It establishes the General Medical Council, controlling admission to the medical register, thus having great powers over medical education and examinations.[2] | |
1875 | Medical school | Madras Medical College becomes the first in India to open its doors to female students.[5] | India |
1876 | Medical school | The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is founded with the purpose to reform medical education.[28] | United States |
1887 | Medical school | The Hong Kong College of Medicine is founded by private practitioners in western medicine to train Chinese doctors to serve the local community.[29] | Hong Kong |
1889 | Medical school | Johns Hopkins Hospital opens and offers the first “residency” program in the United States.[28] | United States |
1910 | Publication | American educator Abraham Flexner publishes report entitled report entitled Medical Education in the United states and Canada (Flexner Report), under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The report would have an immediate impact on the improvement of the adequacy of medical schools in the United States.[2][30] | |
1915 | Organization | The Chinese Medical Association is established with aims at uniting medical professionals.[31][32][33] | China |
1916 | Policy | The "Indian Medical Degrees Act" is introduced in India in order to regulate medical practice in the country.[34] | India |
1933 | Organization | The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) is established as the preeminent entity to oversee the certification of physician specialists in the United States.[28] | United States |
1933 | Organization | The Medical Council of India is founded with aims at establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India.[35] | India |
1937 | Publication | The American College of Surgeons publishes Fundamental Requirements for Graduate Training in Surgery, setting its own standards for surgical education programs.[28] | United States |
1951 | Organization | The International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA) is founded. It represents a network of 1.3 million medical students in 127 countries.[36] | |
1953 | The World Health Organization publishes the first edition of the World Directory of Medical Schools. Successive editions would be published until the seventh and final print edition in 2000.[37] | ||
1962 | Organization | The Panamerican Federation of Association of Medical Schools (PAFAMS) is founded in Chile by a group of leading medical educators. It constitutes 343 medical schools from Latin America, United States and Canada, and adresses the prevailing problems in medical education in Latin America.[38] | Chile |
1972 | Organization | The World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) is established in Copenhagen. WFME’s main objective is to "enhance the quality of medical education worldwide, with promotion of the highest scientific and ethical standards in medical education". The organization develops standards for medical education and promotes accreditation of medical schools. It also co-manages the World Directory of Medical Schools.[39][40] | Denmark |
1981 | Organization | The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) is established.[3] | United States |
1988 | Treaty | The Edinburgh declaration is approved at the World Conference on Medical Education, calling for greater co-operation between the health system and the education system, reflecting national needs in medical education and continuing lifelong education of medical staff to achieve quality in practice.[41] | United Kingdomm} |
1995 | Organization | The Global Alliance for Medical Education (GAME) is established.[42] | |
2000 | Organization | The Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) is incorporated as a nonprofit foundation, with the purpose to "support the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) as it promotes international health professions education through programmatic and research activities."[43][44][45] | |
2004 | The Guidelines for Accreditation of Basic Medical Education is developed by an international task force. In 2005, it would be published jointly by World Health Organization and the World Federation for Medical Education.[46][47] | ||
2005 | Organization | The International Association of Medical Colleges is founded with the purpose of peer evaluating of the medical education and maintaining uniform standards and recognition of physicians qualifications provided by individual medical schools anywhere in the world.[48] | |
2007 | Study | Studies conducted among the Generation Y of medical students in countries including the United Kingdom, Denmark, Austria, Tanzania, Colombia and Malaysia show that information technology (IT) has potential as an educational tool in enhancing teaching and learning in medical schools.[38] | |
2008 | The Avicenna Directory opens as a public database of worldwide medical schools, schools of pharmacy, schools of public health and educational institutions of other academic health professions.[37][49] | ||
2012 | Massive open online courses emerge as a popular mode of learning, with many courses on medicine and healthcare.[50][51] | ||
2013 | The Avicenna Directory merges with the International Medical Education Directory (IMED) to create the World Directory of Medical Schools.[52] | ||
2018 | Study | A published review shows that online teaching modalities are becoming increasingly prevalent in medical education, with associated high student satisfaction and improvement on knowledge tests.[53] |
Numerical and visual data
Google Scholar
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of August 10, 2021.
Year | "medical education" |
---|---|
1900 | 360 |
1910 | 478 |
1920 | 670 |
1930 | 730 |
1940 | 899 |
1950 | 1,090 |
1960 | 2,150 |
1970 | 3,530 |
1980 | 4,900 |
1990 | 6,720 |
2000 | 18,800 |
2010 | 67,300 |
2020 | 90,700 |
Google Trends
The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Medical education (Topic) and Medical education (Search term), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[54]
Google Ngram Viewer
The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Medical education, from 1500 to 2019.[55]
Wikipedia Views
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Medical education, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to February 2021.[56]
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
Feedback and comments
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
- FIXME
What the timeline is still missing
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "History of Medicine". ncrworks.com. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Medical education". britannica.com. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Custers, Eugène; Cate, Olle. "The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency". doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002079.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Danielle Gourevitch. "The history of medical teaching" (PDF). thelancet.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Supe, A. "Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism". PMC 5105212. PMID 27763484. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.191011.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 O'Malley, Charles Donald. The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968, Volume 673.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Medical education in medieval Islam". hekint.org. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 "30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD". bestmedicaldegrees.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
- ↑ Mitchell, Piers. Anatomical Dissection in Enlightenment England and Beyond: Autopsy, Pathology and Display.
- ↑ Foster, J.; Sheppard, J. British Archives: A Guide to Archive Resources in the UK.
- ↑ O'Malley, Charles Donald. The History of Medical Education: An International Symposium Held February 5-9, 1968, Volume 673.
- ↑ "University of Perugia". retemuseiuniversitari.unimore.it. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ Rashdall, Hastings. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 2, Part 1, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Scotland, Etc.
- ↑ Watmough, Simon. Succeeding in Your Medical Degree.
- ↑ "Sapienza University of Rome". ready4study.eu. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ↑ "University of Catania". esncatania.it. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ↑ Siraisi, Nancy G. Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice.
- ↑ "ERNST-MORITZ-ARNDT-UNIVERSITÄT GREIFSWALD". raids-fp7.eu. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ↑ "University of Genoa (Università degli Studi di Genova)". genoa.university-guides.com. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ The Royal College of Physicians and Its Collections: An Illustrated History (Geoffrey Davenport, Ian McDonald, Caroline Moss-Gibbons ed.).
- ↑ Berkowitz, Carin; Lightman, Bernard. Science Museums in Transition: Cultures of Display in Nineteenth-Century Britain and America.
- ↑ "Historia". unizar.es. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Health, Volume 18.
- ↑ Abdelaziz, Adel; Kassab, Salah Eldin; Abdelnasser, Asmaa; Hosny, Somaya. "Medical Education in Egypt: Historical Background, Current Status, and Challenges".
- ↑ Selin, Helaine. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.
- ↑ "1842, a history of healing". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ "ESCOLA MÉDICO-CIRÚRGICA DE GOA". abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 "History of Medical Education". acgme.org. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ "Introducing the Hong Kong College of Medicine". hkmms.org.hk. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ Schwartz, Gary S. Around the Eye in 365 Days.
- ↑ "Chinese Medical Association". en.cma.org.cn/. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ Tu, Ya; Fang, Tingyu. History and Philosophy of Chinese Medicine.
- ↑ Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Liu, Nancy Y. Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China.
- ↑ Sharma. Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology.
- ↑ "Dark days for medical profession in India". PMID 20530169. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3279.
- ↑ "Who We Are?". ifmsa.org. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Mission of the World Directory of Medical Schools". wdoms.org. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Walsh, Kieran. Oxford Textbook of Medical Education.
- ↑ "World Directory of Medical Schools". wdoms.org. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ "About". wfme.org. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ "THE EDINBURGH DECLARATION". wfme.org. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ "History of GAME". game-cme.org. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ↑ "FAIMER : About Us : Strategic Plan - Mission". Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ "FAIMER : About Us - Activities". Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ "History". faimer.org. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ "Accreditation". wfme.org. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ "WHO/WFME Guidelines for Accreditation of Basic Medical Education". wfme.org. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ↑ "International Association of Medical Colleges". iaomc.org. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ "Avicenna homepage – University of Copenhagen". Avicenna.ku.dk. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ Lewin, Tamar (20 February 2013). "Universities Abroad Join Partnerships on the Web". New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ Pappano, Laura. "The Year of the MOOC". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ↑ "World Directory of Medical Schools | About". www.wdoms.org. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
- ↑ Tang, Brandon; Coret, Alon; Qureshi, Aatif; Barron, Henry; Ayala, Ana Patricia; Law, Marcus (2018). "Online Lectures in Undergraduate Medical Education: Scoping Review". JMIR Medical Education. 4 (1). doi:10.2196/mededu.9091.
- ↑ "Medical education". Google Trends. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ↑ "Medical education". books.google.com. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ↑ "Medical education". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 17 March 2021.