Difference between revisions of "Timeline of medical education"
From Timelines
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===What the timeline is still missing=== | ===What the timeline is still missing=== | ||
− | [https://www.britannica.com/topic/medical-education], [http://blogs.einstein.yu.edu/history-in-medical-education-and-the-roots-of-knowledge/], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2029428/], [https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_History_of_Medical_Education.html?id=afYzWG1FLroC&redir_esc=y],[http://hekint.org/2017/01/29/medical-education-in-medieval-islam/], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105212/], [https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=afYzWG1FLroC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=%22medical+education%22+%22in+1800..1900%22&source=bl&ots=M7RJOxT0B2&sig=G3sxl8n1pH0bCyuyilu8BpTvHWo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq9L_kjqLZAhVJUJAKHdodDI44ChDoAQg_MAQ#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20education%22%20%22in%201800..1900%22&f=false | + | [https://www.britannica.com/topic/medical-education], [http://blogs.einstein.yu.edu/history-in-medical-education-and-the-roots-of-knowledge/], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2029428/], [https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_History_of_Medical_Education.html?id=afYzWG1FLroC&redir_esc=y],[http://hekint.org/2017/01/29/medical-education-in-medieval-islam/], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105212/], [https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=afYzWG1FLroC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=%22medical+education%22+%22in+1800..1900%22&source=bl&ots=M7RJOxT0B2&sig=G3sxl8n1pH0bCyuyilu8BpTvHWo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq9L_kjqLZAhVJUJAKHdodDI44ChDoAQg_MAQ#v=onepage&q=%22medical%20education%22%20%22in%201800..1900%22&f=false] |
===Timeline update strategy=== | ===Timeline update strategy=== |
Revision as of 19:50, 22 June 2018
This is a timeline of medical education.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
Ancient history | Scholars usually consider that medical education began with the ancient Greeks’ method of rational inquiry, which introduced the practice of observation and reasoning regarding disease.[1] |
Middle Ages | Apprenticeship training in monastic infirmaries and hospitals dominates medical education during the early Middle Ages. A medical school is established in Salerno in southern Italy between the 9th and 11th centuries. During the same period, medicine and medical education flourish in the Muslim world at such centres as Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba.[1] Formal medical education system in Europe starts in the late Middle Ages, with the rise of the universities in what is now Northern Italy.[2] |
16th – 17th centuries | In Europe, the first biological revolution takes place, whose best pedagogical expression is that of Boerhave (known as "the father of physiology") and the school of Leyden.[3] In the 16th century, the Portuguese first introduce Western medicine into India.[4] |
19th century | In Europe, until well into century, there is a sharp distinction between academically trained “learned gentlemen” and practically trained surgeons.[2] The century is the great era of Paris, London, and Edinburgh, where hospital-based teaching departs from Oxford's and Cambridge's academic methods. Experimental methods and specialization are pivotal to the second biological revolution and modern scientific medicine.[3] Physiology, pathology, and bacteriology merge, transforming basic teaching. This change constituted the great German epoch. In the mid-19th century upheavals were such that yesterday's medicine was no longer relevant.[3] |
20th century | At the turn of the century, medical studies are the ideal mechanism for a respectable social promotion. At the top of the aristocracy of knowledge sits the doctor.[3] Preparing students for medical practice is not considered an academic responsibility until well into the 20th century.[2] During the 1950s and 1960s, dissatisfaction with the medical curriculum increases in Europe and the United States. Curricular overload is rampant and prevents all efforts to make the course more practical.[2] |
Full timeline
Year | Event type | Details | Country |
---|---|---|---|
5th century BC | Greek physician Hippocrates teaches and originates the oath that would become a credo for practitioners through the ages.[1] | Greece | |
931 | Hundreds of physicians in Baghdad are screened, and only those qualified are allowed to practice medicine. During the Abbasid period, the rulers want to ensure that physicians are skilled enough to practice medicine. Passing oral and written examinations are required to get licensed.[5] | Irak | |
1123 | The Medical College of St Bartholomew’s Hospital is founded.[6] | United Kingdom | |
1137 | Medicine is taught at Montpellier, decades before the University of Montpellier is established.[6] | France | |
1181 | William VIII of Montpellier act allows for licensed physicians to lecture in Montpellier without limit, thus attracting teachers and students from outside of the city.[6] | France | |
1220 – 1255 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Oxford.[6] | United Kingdom | |
1245 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Siena.[6] | Italy | |
1290 | The University of Coimbra is founded by Denis of Portugal in Lisbon, with four original faculties, including Medicine.[6] | Portugal | |
1321 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Perugia.[6] | Italy | |
1399 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Florence.[6] | Italy | |
1343 | The University of Pisa is established by Papal Bull from Pope Clement VI. A medical school is established among its original faculties.[6] | Italy | |
1348 | Charles University is established in Prague by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. A faculty of medicine is amongst its four original faculties.[6] | Czech Republic | |
1364 | Jagiellonian University, the oldest in Poland, is founded by Casimir III the Great, in Kazimierz (now a district of Krakow). A medical school is established among its original faculties.[6] | Poland | |
1365 | The University of Vienna is founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. A medical school is established among its original faculties.[6] | Austria | |
1386 | Heidelberg University, the oldest in Germany, is founded. A faculty of medicine is established as one of the original four faculties.[6] | Germany | |
1399 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Padua.[6] | Italy | |
1409 | Leipzig University is established, with medicine amongst its four original faculties.[6] | Germany | |
1413 | The University of St Andrews School of Medicine is established in St Andrews, Scotland.[6] | United Kingdom | |
1419 | The University of Rostock is founded, including medicine amongst the original faculties.[6] | Germany | |
1431 | A medical faculty is established at the Sapienza University of Rome.[6] | Italy | |
1434 | Medicine is established amongst the original four faculties at the University of Catania.[6] | Italy | |
1436 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Turin.[6] | Italy | |
1456 | A medical faculty established as one of the original faculties at the University of Greifswald.[6] | Germany | |
1457 | University of Freiburg is founded by Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. A medical faculty is established as one of the four original faculties.[6] | Germany | |
1460 | The University of Basel is established, with Medicine as one of the four original faculties.[6] | Switzerland | |
1477 | Uppsala University is founded by Papal Bull from Pope Sixtus IV. A medical faculty is established as one of the four original faculties.[6] | Sweden | |
1477 | The University of Tübingen is founded by Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg. Medicine is established as one of the original faculties.[6] | Germany | |
1479 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Copenhagen.[6] | Denmark | |
1481 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Genoa.[6] | Italy | |
c.1509 | A medical faculty is established at the Complutense University of Madrid.[6] | Spain | |
1518 | The Royal College of Physicians of London is established.[1] | United Kingdom | |
<1520 | A medical faculty is established at the University of Pavia.[6] | Italy | |
1542 | A Medical faculty is established at the University of Zaragoza.[6] | Spain | |
1669 | Muhammad Mumin publishes his Tufat al-Muminin, one of the most reliable books on medicine in medieval Islam.[5] | ||
1765 | The School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, is founded. It is the oldest medical school in the United States.[6] | United States | |
1785 | The London Hospital Medical College is founded.[6] | United Kingdom | |
1815 | A decree in the Netherlands establishes the structure of the academic medical curriculum and lists the disciplines to be included. However, nothing is stipulated about their content, which is determined by individual professors, being both teacher and examiner.[2] | Netherlands | |
1822 | The Native Medical Institution is established in Calcutta to provide medical training to Indians.[4] | India | |
1827 | Kasr Al-Ainy is established as a military teaching hospital near Cairo, giving rise to the modern history of Egyptian medical education.[7] | Egypt | |
1847 | Organization | The American Medical Association (AMA) is founded with primary tasks to raise ethical standards in the medical field.[8] | United States |
1858 | The Medical Act of 1858 is passed in Britain, often termed the most important event in British medicine. It establishes the General Medical Council, controlling admission to the medical register, thus having great powers over medical education and examinations.[1] | ||
1875 | Madras Medical College becomes the first in India to open its doors to female students.[4] | India | |
1876 | The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is founded with the purpose to reform medical education.[8] | United States | |
1889 | Johns Hopkins Hospital opens and offers the first “residency” program in the United States.[8] | United States | |
1910 | American educator Abraham Flexner publishes report entitled report entitled Medical Education in the United states and Canada (Flexner Report), under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The report would have an immediate impact on the improvement of the adequacy of medical schools in the United States.[1][9] | ||
1933 | The American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) is established as the preeminent entity to oversee the certification of physician specialists in the United States.[8] | United States | |
1937 | The American College of Surgeons publishes Fundamental Requirements for Graduate Training in Surgery, setting its own standards for surgical education programs.[8] | United States | |
1981 | The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) is established.[2] | United States | |
1995 | The Global Alliance for Medical Education (GAME) is established.[10] |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
Feedback and comments
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
- FIXME
What the timeline is still missing
[1], [2], [3], [4],[5], [6], [7]
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Medical education". britannica.com. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Custers, Eugène; Cate, Olle. "The History of Medical Education in Europe and the United States, With Respect to Time and Proficiency". doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002079.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Danielle Gourevitch. "The history of medical teaching" (PDF). thelancet.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Supe, A. "Evolution of medical education in India: The impact of colonialism". PMC 5105212. PMID 27763484. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.191011.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Medical education in medieval Islam". hekint.org. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 "30 OF THE OLDEST MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE WORLD". bestmedicaldegrees.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
- ↑ Abdelaziz, Adel; Kassab, Salah Eldin; Abdelnasser, Asmaa; Hosny, Somaya. "Medical Education in Egypt: Historical Background, Current Status, and Challenges".
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "History of Medical Education". acgme.org. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ↑ Schwartz, Gary S. Around the Eye in 365 Days.
- ↑ "History of GAME". game-cme.org. Retrieved 23 June 2018.