Difference between revisions of "Timeline of medical testing"

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| 1865 || Dermatology || Test introduction || {{w|skin allergy test}} "Skin testing for allergies goes back many years. Perhaps the first person to perform it scientifically was a Lancashire doctor called Charles H. Blackley in 1865. He abraded a small area of his own skin with a lancet, applied grass pollen on a piece of wet lint and covered the scarified area with a bandage. The result was intense itching and inflammation."<ref>{{cite web |title=Skin allergy test (1865) {{!}} British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/skin-allergy-test-1865 |website=www.immunology.org |access-date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 
| 1865 || Dermatology || Test introduction || {{w|skin allergy test}} "Skin testing for allergies goes back many years. Perhaps the first person to perform it scientifically was a Lancashire doctor called Charles H. Blackley in 1865. He abraded a small area of his own skin with a lancet, applied grass pollen on a piece of wet lint and covered the scarified area with a bandage. The result was intense itching and inflammation."<ref>{{cite web |title=Skin allergy test (1865) {{!}} British Society for Immunology |url=https://www.immunology.org/skin-allergy-test-1865 |website=www.immunology.org |access-date=2 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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| 1880 || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Scientific development || French physicist {{w|Pierre Curie}} discovers {{w|piezoelectricity}}. This allows for ultrasonic waves to be deliberately generated for industry. || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1883 || Laboratory || [[w:Clinical urine tests|Urine testing]] || English physiologist [[w:George Oliver (physician)|George Oliver]] commercializes his “Urinary Test Papers”. || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1883 || Laboratory || [[w:Clinical urine tests|Urine testing]] || English physiologist [[w:George Oliver (physician)|George Oliver]] commercializes his “Urinary Test Papers”. || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1912 || || [[w:Skin test|Skin testing]] || Italian physician {{w|Tomaso Casoni}} first describes what would later be called {{w|Casoni test}}, a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease.<ref>Casoni T. La diagnosi biologica dell'echinococcosi umana mediante l'introdermoreazione. Folia Clinica Chimica e Microscopica; 1912: 4</ref> || {{w|Italy}} || [[File:Tomaso Casoni.jpg|thumb|center|100px|Tomaso Casoni]]
 
| 1912 || || [[w:Skin test|Skin testing]] || Italian physician {{w|Tomaso Casoni}} first describes what would later be called {{w|Casoni test}}, a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease.<ref>Casoni T. La diagnosi biologica dell'echinococcosi umana mediante l'introdermoreazione. Folia Clinica Chimica e Microscopica; 1912: 4</ref> || {{w|Italy}} || [[File:Tomaso Casoni.jpg|thumb|center|100px|Tomaso Casoni]]
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| 1919 || || Rheumatologic test || Professor {{w|Kenji Takagi}} in Tokyo arguably performs the first [[w:Arthroscopy|arthroscopic]] examination of a knee joint. || {{w|Japan}}
 
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| c.1920 || || || Austrian chemist {{w|Fritz Feigl}} publishes his technique of “{{w|spot analysis}}".<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Blood Pressure and Proteinuria - Action on Pre-eclampsia |url=https://action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Measuring-Blood-Pressure-and-Proteinuria.ppt}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 
| c.1920 || || || Austrian chemist {{w|Fritz Feigl}} publishes his technique of “{{w|spot analysis}}".<ref>{{cite web |title=Measuring Blood Pressure and Proteinuria - Action on Pre-eclampsia |url=https://action-on-pre-eclampsia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Measuring-Blood-Pressure-and-Proteinuria.ppt}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
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| 1968 || || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes guidelines on the ''Principles and practice of screening for disease'' (also referred to as ''Wilson and Jungner criteria'').<ref name=Wilson>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=JMG |last2=Jungner |first2=G |year=1968 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37650/1/WHO_PHP_34.pdf |title=Principles and practice of screening for disease | journal=WHO Chronicle |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=281–393 |postscript= Public Health Papers, #34.|pmid=4234760 }}</ref> ||
 
| 1968 || || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes guidelines on the ''Principles and practice of screening for disease'' (also referred to as ''Wilson and Jungner criteria'').<ref name=Wilson>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=JMG |last2=Jungner |first2=G |year=1968 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37650/1/WHO_PHP_34.pdf |title=Principles and practice of screening for disease | journal=WHO Chronicle |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=281–393 |postscript= Public Health Papers, #34.|pmid=4234760 }}</ref> ||
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| 1968 || || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Dr Raymond Gramiak discovers a [[w:contrast media|contrast medium]] for medical ultrasonography, consisting in a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1540-8175.1999.tb00144.x |title=Characteristics of SonoVue™ |year=1999 |last1=Schneider |first1=Michel |journal=Echocardiography |volume=16 |pages=743–746 |pmid=11175217 |issue=7, Pt 2|s2cid=73314302 }}</ref> to increase {{w|echogenicity}} of blood.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/00004424-196809000-00011 |title=Echocardiography of the Aortic Root |year=1968 |last1=Gramiak |first1=Raymond |last2=Shah |first2=Pravin M. |journal=Investigative Radiology |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=356–66 |pmid=5688346}}</ref> which Gramiak names {{w|contrast-enhanced ultrasound}}. This contrast {{w|medical imaging}} modality is used throughout the world for {{w|echocardiography}} in particular in the United States and for {{w|ultrasound}} {{w|radiology}} in {{w|Europe}} and {{w|Asia}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icus-society.org/attachments/article/103/ICUS%20CEUS%20Use%20Around%20the%20World-2.pdf |title=CEUS Around the World – The International Contrast Ultrasound Society (ICUS) |date=October 2013 |access-date=2013-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213232/http://www.icus-society.org/attachments/article/103/ICUS%20CEUS%20Use%20Around%20the%20World-2.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2013 }}</ref> ||
 
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| 1969 || || Gastrointestinal testing || {{w|Colonoscopy}} "After 1968, Dr. William Wolff and Dr. Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope. " Two physicians based in America, Dr William Wolff and Dr Hiromi Shinya, then pioneered its use, performing the first modern colonoscopies in June 1969. They described ‘over 1000 successful and totally uncomplicated endoscopic examinations’. "<ref name=Wolff89>{{cite journal |author=Wolff WI.|title=Colonoscopy: History and development. |journal=Am J Gastroenterol|date=September 1989|volume=84|issue=9|pages=1017–25|pmid=2672788}}</ref> Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was an advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire large intestine. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy." ||
 
| 1969 || || Gastrointestinal testing || {{w|Colonoscopy}} "After 1968, Dr. William Wolff and Dr. Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope. " Two physicians based in America, Dr William Wolff and Dr Hiromi Shinya, then pioneered its use, performing the first modern colonoscopies in June 1969. They described ‘over 1000 successful and totally uncomplicated endoscopic examinations’. "<ref name=Wolff89>{{cite journal |author=Wolff WI.|title=Colonoscopy: History and development. |journal=Am J Gastroenterol|date=September 1989|volume=84|issue=9|pages=1017–25|pmid=2672788}}</ref> Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was an advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire large intestine. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy." ||
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| 1997 || || || {{w|Capsule endoscopy}}. "The technology was originally developed by Gabi Iddan and Paul Swain, with the first pill swallowed in 1997."<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler SN, Metzger YC | title = PillCam COLON capsule endoscopy: recent advances and new insights | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 265–8 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21765870 | pmc = 3131168 | doi = 10.1177/1756283X11401645 }}</ref> || || [[File:CapsuleEndoscope.jpg|thumb|center|150px]]
 
| 1997 || || || {{w|Capsule endoscopy}}. "The technology was originally developed by Gabi Iddan and Paul Swain, with the first pill swallowed in 1997."<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler SN, Metzger YC | title = PillCam COLON capsule endoscopy: recent advances and new insights | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 265–8 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21765870 | pmc = 3131168 | doi = 10.1177/1756283X11401645 }}</ref> || || [[File:CapsuleEndoscope.jpg|thumb|center|150px]]
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| 1997 || {{w|Radiology}} ({{w|ultrasonography}}) || Scientific development || Russian biologist [[w:Alexander Klibanov (biologist)|Alexander Klibanov]] designs targeted microbubbles, which are used in molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging).<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=9240089 |year=1997|last1=Klibanov|first1=A. L. |last2=Hughes |first2=M. S. |last3=Marsh |first3=J. N. |last4=Hall |first4=C. S. |last5=Miller |first5=J. G. |last6=Wilble |first6=J. H. |last7=Brandenburger |first7=G. H. |title=Targeting of ultrasound contrast material. An in vitro feasibility study |volume=412 |pages=113–120 |journal=Acta Radiologica Supplementum}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00104-5 |title=Targeted delivery of gas-filled microspheres, contrast agents for ultrasound imaging |year=1999 |last1=Klibanov |first1=A |journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews |volume=37 |pages=139–157 |pmid=10837732 |issue=1–3}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1998 || || {{w|Pregnancy test}} || A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastian |first1=L. A. |title=Diagnostic Efficiency of Home Pregnancy Test Kits: A Meta-analysis |journal=Archives of Family Medicine |date=1 September 1998 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=465–469 |doi=10.1001/archfami.7.5.465}}</ref> ||
 
| 1998 || || {{w|Pregnancy test}} || A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastian |first1=L. A. |title=Diagnostic Efficiency of Home Pregnancy Test Kits: A Meta-analysis |journal=Archives of Family Medicine |date=1 September 1998 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=465–469 |doi=10.1001/archfami.7.5.465}}</ref> ||

Revision as of 12:21, 17 October 2021

This is a timeline of medical testing.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient history As far back as ancient Greece, live dissection has been used as a form of medical exploration.[1]
Up until the 1960's, about 90 percent of pharmaceutical research in the United States is done on prison inmates, as drug companies need large pools of test subjects. Prison inmate testing ends in the 1970s.[1]
21th century Since 2008, the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) has reported 58,788 experimental drug trials involving humans in 173 countries, a 2,000 percent increase since 1990.[1]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of August 10, 2021.

Year "medical test"
1900 8
1910 3
1920
1930 4
1940 3
1950 2
1960 6
1970 18
1980 40
1990 103
2000 291
2010 871
2020 1,530
Medical test google schoolar.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Medical testing (Search term), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[2]

Medical testing gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Medical testing, from 1900 to 2019.[3]

Medical testing ngram.png

Full timeline

Year Test type Event type Details Country/region
4000 BC Laboratory Urine testing Records of urinalysis for uroscopy by Babylonian and Sumerian physicians date back to this time.[4]
1796 English doctor Edward Jenner notices that dairymaids seem to be protected against smallpox because of their contact with cowpox, a milder virus affecting cow udders. Jenner would take samples of matter from inside a dairymaid’s hand lesion and inject it into an unknowing 8-year-old boy, causing him to develop a fever, loose his appetite, and feel discomfort in his armpit in the following days. However, the boy soon recovers. Two months later, Jenner injectes the boy with the smallpox virus, which does not have effect on him. From this experiment, Jenner creates the first smallpox vaccine, which stems from the Latin word for cow.[1] United Kingdom
Edward Jenner
1797 Laboratory Carl Friedrich Gärtner conceptualises the idea of measuring components of urine, pioneering urine testing at the bedside.[5]
1797 Field development William Cumberland Cruikshank describes for the first time the property of coagulation on heating, exhibited by many urines.
William Cumberland Cruikshank 2.jpg
1816 Field development The stethoscope is invented in France by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.[6][7][8][9] France
René Laennec
1840 Laboratory Urine testing "The arrival of chemical urine diagnostics aimed at the detection of pathological urine constituents"
1850 Laboratory " Parisian chemist Jules Maumené (1818–1898) develops the first “test strips” when he impregnated a strip of merino wool with “tin protochloride” (stannous chloride). On application of a drop of urine and heating over a candle the strip immediately turned black if the urine contained sugar." France
1865 Dermatology Test introduction skin allergy test "Skin testing for allergies goes back many years. Perhaps the first person to perform it scientifically was a Lancashire doctor called Charles H. Blackley in 1865. He abraded a small area of his own skin with a lancet, applied grass pollen on a piece of wet lint and covered the scarified area with a bandage. The result was intense itching and inflammation."[10]
1880 Radiology (ultrasonography) Scientific development French physicist Pierre Curie discovers piezoelectricity. This allows for ultrasonic waves to be deliberately generated for industry. France
1883 Laboratory Urine testing English physiologist George Oliver commercializes his “Urinary Test Papers”. United Kingdom
1883 Gastrointestinal testing German physician Paul Ehrlich performs the first liver aspirate.[11] Germany
1891 Abdominal examination American surgeon Charles McBurney publishes a treatise on appendicitis, in which he describes what today is known as “McBurney’s point”, which is the exact point on the abdomen at which tenderness is maximal in cases of acute appendicitis.[12] United States
1895 Cardiovascular test Electrocardiography. Willem Einthoven assigns the letters P, Q, R, S, and T.[13]
c.1900 "Reagent papers become commercially obtainable from the chemical company of Helfenberg AG."
1900 "Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner found another important practical application of the agglutination reaction in 1900. Landsteiner's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups was the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which has made transfusion possible and safer."
1901 Consulting Room Test "In 1901 William Osier pointed out that in the early stages of acute appendicitis rectal examination rarely provides any valuable information"[14]
1901 Blood testing "The test was named after the American agricultural chemist, Joseph Hoeing Kastle (1864–1916), who in 1901, invented and tested the crude blood test" United States
1903 Blood testing The Kastle–Meyer test is first described.[15][16]
1904 "A test for the presence of blood by a wet-chemical method using benzidine became known."
1912 Skin testing Italian physician Tomaso Casoni first describes what would later be called Casoni test, a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease.[17] Italy
Tomaso Casoni
1919 Rheumatologic test Professor Kenji Takagi in Tokyo arguably performs the first arthroscopic examination of a knee joint. Japan
c.1920 Austrian chemist Fritz Feigl publishes his technique of “spot analysis".[18] Austria
1920 Immunologic test "Fluorescence polarization was first observed by F. Weigert in 1920" Fluorescence polarization immunoassay
1921 Immunologic test German physicians Otto Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner develop the later called Prausnitz–Küstner test, when Prausnitz injects Küstner's serum into his abdominal skin.[19][20] Germany
1923 Cervical screening Greek physician Georgios Papanikolaou starts his research leading to the later called pap test.[21][22][23] United States
1926 Abdominal examination Carnett's sign is first described.[24]
1927 Cardiovascular test Coronary catheterization "The technique of angiography itself was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon for cerebral angiography"[25][26][27] Portugal
1927 Breath test Emil Bogen publishes a paper, describing how he collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1cc of urine.[28]
1929 Heart catheterization is first performed when the German physician Werner Forssmann inserts a plastic tube in his cubital vein and guides it to the right chamber of the heart. Germany
1930 Immunologic test Tillett and Francis discover the c-reactive protein.[29]
1930s Laboratory Urine testing "Urine diagnostics makes major progress as reliability improves and test performance becomes progressively easier."
1931 Pregnancy test Maurice Harold Friedman and Maxwell Edward Lapham at the University of Pennsylvania develop the "rabbit test" (also called "Friedman test"), an early pregnancy test. United States
1941 Cardiovascular test "An Austrian, Karl Dussik,14 was probably the first to apply ultrasound for medical diagnosis in 1941. He initially attempted to outline the ventricles of the brain. His approach used transmission ultrasound rather than reflected ultrasound"[30]
1945 Blood testing Robin Coombs, A.E. Mourant and R.R. Race publish a description of the antiglobulin test (also known as the Coombs test). United Kingdom
1948 Immunologic test Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion "The technique is named after Örjan Ouchterlony, the Swedish physician who invented the test in 1948."
1949 Blood testing Eli Lilly introduces its Test Kit No. 7, providing a quick and easy blood test for diabetes.[31] United States
1950s Laboratory Urine testing "Urine test strips in the sense used today were first made on industrial scale and offered commercially."
1950 Cardiovascular test German physician W. D. Keidel is credited to be the first to use ultrasound to examine the heart.[30][32][33] Germany
1953 Cardiovascular test Swedish cardiologist Inge Edler produces the first echocardiographs using an industrial Firestone-Sperry Ultrasonic Reflectoscope.[34][35]
Inge Gudmar Edler
1956 Laboratory Urine testing American chemist Helen Murray Free and her husband, Alfred Free, pioneer dry reagent urinalysis by developing Clinistix (also known as Clinistrip), the first dip-and-read test for glucose in urine for patients with diabetes.[36] United States
1957 "In the United States, echocardiography was introduced by John J. Wild, H. D. Crawford, and John Reid,29 who examined the excised heart. They were able to identify a myocardial infarction and published their findings in 1957 in the American Heart Journal."[30]
1960 Colonoscopy is introduced in the clinical practice and becomes “golden standard” in the diagnostics and therapy of the diseases of the large intestine.[37]
Colonoscopy being performed
1960 Immunologic testing American medical physicist Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson publish paper first describing radioimmunoassay.[38] United States
Rosalyn Yalow
1960 Gastrointestinal testing S.G. Tuttle becomes the first to describe the formal measurement of acid in the esophagus.
1964 Laboratory Urine testing Boehringer Mannheim (today Roche) launches its first Combur test strips.[39]
1960s "In the 1960s, Dr. Niwa and Dr. Yamagata at Tokyo University developed the colonoscopy device. " Two physicians based in America, Dr William Wolff and Dr Hiromi Shinya, then pioneered its use, performing the first modern colonoscopies in June 1969."[40][41]
1967 Biopsy "transvenous liver biopsy was introduced in 1967 as an alternative to percutaneous biopsy in patients with coagulopathy in order to decrease the risk of bleeding"[11]
1968 Publication The World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the Principles and practice of screening for disease (also referred to as Wilson and Jungner criteria).[42]
1968 Radiology (ultrasonography) Dr Raymond Gramiak discovers a contrast medium for medical ultrasonography, consisting in a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles[43] to increase echogenicity of blood.[44] which Gramiak names contrast-enhanced ultrasound. This contrast medical imaging modality is used throughout the world for echocardiography in particular in the United States and for ultrasound radiology in Europe and Asia.[45]
1969 Gastrointestinal testing Colonoscopy "After 1968, Dr. William Wolff and Dr. Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope. " Two physicians based in America, Dr William Wolff and Dr Hiromi Shinya, then pioneered its use, performing the first modern colonoscopies in June 1969. They described ‘over 1000 successful and totally uncomplicated endoscopic examinations’. "[41] Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was an advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire large intestine. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy."
1970 Blood testing The lymphocyte proliferation test is introduced as a method to diagnose metal allergy.[46]
1971 Breath testing American chemist Linus Pauling demonstrates that human breath is a complex gas, containing more than 200 different volatile organic compounds. This discovery marks the beginning of modern breath testing.[47] United States
Linus Pauling
1971 Blood testing The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA is first described by Engvall and Perlmann.[48]
An ELISA being developed with TMB
1979 Rectal examination "In 1979, Bonello and Abrams performed a limited retrospective analysis of rectal examinations in 495 patients undergoing surgery for possible appendicitis.3 The results of the rectal examinations were positive in only 46% (228/495) of those patients with confirmed appendicitis. Fifty-three percent (262/495) of patients without appendicitis had false-positive results. The authors concluded that the rectal examination does not confirm or rule out the diagnosis of acute appendicitis."[49]
1979 Skin test "The name corneometry is derived from the German trademark Corneometer.[50] In 1979 the first commercial instrument for measuring skin hydration was sold under this name."
1986 Rectal examination "Before the advent of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in 1986, the digital rectal examination was the sole method of screening men for prostate cancer."[51]
1989 Rectal examination Functional anorectal exams are first conducted.[52]
1991 Rectal examination "The largest study of the use of rectal examinations in patients with possible appendicitis was performed by Dixon and colleagues in 1991.4 Of 1204 patients, ranging in age from 7 to 87 years, with a chief complaint of right lower quadrant pain, 85% (1024/1204) underwent a rectal examination. The treating physicians were asked to render their diagnosis and disposition plan after taking a history and conducting a physical examination, but before they did a rectal examination. The same physicians were asked to give their diagnosis and disposition after the rectal examination. The rectal examination made no difference in the management plan for any of the patients. The data suggested that physical signs, most importantly abdominal rigidity, were better predictors of appendicitis. The finding of right-sided rectal tenderness was ultimately neither sensitive nor specific for the disease. The authors concluded that a rectal examination is not necessary in patients with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and physical signs."[49]
1994 Rectal examination "Computed tomography colonography (CTC) (also known as ‘virtual colonoscopy’) was introduced in 1994 as a noninvasive method of imaging the colon using helical CT"[53]
1994 Blood test MELISA is first described.[46]
1997 "Nyfeler and Pichler establish the sensitivity and specificity of the lymphocyte transformation test when used for the diagnosis of drug allergies."[46]
1997 Capsule endoscopy. "The technology was originally developed by Gabi Iddan and Paul Swain, with the first pill swallowed in 1997."[54]
CapsuleEndoscope.jpg
1997 Radiology (ultrasonography) Scientific development Russian biologist Alexander Klibanov designs targeted microbubbles, which are used in molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging).[55][56]
1998 Pregnancy test A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.[57]
2003 Blood test Theranos[58][59] United States
2004 "Optical rhinometry (method introduced for nasal cavity examination in Germany in 2004) [10] as an objective assessment technique, also used in NAPT due to its simplicity, has been a valuable source of diagnostic information in rhino-allergology."[60] Germany
2006 HelicoCARE direct "helicoCARE direct is a trademark for a Helicobacter pylori whole-blood antibody test that was introduced worldwide in 2006. It is manufactured by CARE diagnostica. It is an immunochromatographic test which detects the presence of antibodies against H. Pylori in whole-blood samples. This test is suitable for screening large populations for peptic ulcer disease."[61]
2006 The NS1 antigen test (nonstructural protein 1), is introduced as a test for dengue. It allows rapid detection on the first day of fever, before antibodies appear some 5 or more days later.[62]
2006 Immunologic test The mass spectrometric immunoassay is patented by Randall Nelson, Peter Williams and Jennifer Reeve Krone. It consists in a rapid method used to detect and/ or quantify antigens and or antibody analytes.[63][64]
2007 Breath test Swiss chemist Renato Zenobi and Spanish chemist Pablo Sinues apply secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) to breath analysis for the first time.[65][66][67]
2008 Blood testing Scientists announce that the more cost effective saliva testing could eventually replace some blood tests, as saliva contains 20% of the proteins found in blood.[68][69]
2011 Blood testing "In February 2011, Canadian researchers at the University of Calgary's Schulich School of Engineering announced a microchip for blood tests. Dubbed a microemulsion, a droplet of blood captured inside a layer of another substance. It can control the exact size and spacing of the droplets. The new test could improve the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of laboratory tests while also doing it cheaply."[70]
2011 Blood testing "In March 2011, a team of researchers from UC Berkeley, DCU and University of Valparaíso have developed lab-on-a-chip that can diagnose diseases within 10 minutes without the use of external tubing and extra components. It is called Self-powered Integrated Microfluidic Blood Analysis System (SIMBAS). It uses tiny trenches to separate blood cells from plasma (99 percent of blood cells were captured during experiments). Researchers used plastic components, to reduce manufacturing costs."[71][72]
2014 Stool testing The United States FDA approves a multi-target stool DNA test as a screening test for non-symptomatic, average-risk adults 50 years or older.[73] United States
2014 Consulting Room Test (abdominal examination) Research A prospective study where 41 physicians listen to the bowel sounds of 177 volunteers (19 of which had bowel obstructions and 15 with an ileus) finds that "Auscultation of bowel sounds is not a useful clinical practice when differentiating patients with normal versus pathologic bowel sounds. The listener frequently arrives at an incorrect diagnosis. Agreement between raters was also low (54%).".[74]
2020 (January 10) Public Health England announced a COVID-19 test,[75] using a real-time RT-PCR (RdRp gene) assay based on oral swabs.[76]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

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See also

External links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Pain, Suffering, and the History of Human Experimentation". healthline.com. Retrieved 1 July 2018. 
  2. "Medical testing". Google Trends. Retrieved 17 March 2021. 
  3. "Medical testing". books.google.com. Retrieved 17 March 2021. 
  4. Connor, Henry (2001-11-01). "Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords – Part 1: uroscopy". Clinical Medicine. 1 (6): 507–509. ISSN 1470-2118. PMC 4953881Freely accessible. PMID 11792095. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.1-6-507. 
  5. Sahnan, Kapil; Blakey, Sarah; Ball, Kathryn; Bagenal, Jessamy; Patel, Biral (January 2013). "I went to the urologist and this is what I brought". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 95 (1): 43–44. doi:10.1308/147363513x13500508918656. 
  6. Wade, Nicholas J.; Deutsch, Diana (July 2008). "Binaural Hearing – Before and After the Stethophone" (PDF). Acoustics Today. 4 (3): 16–27. doi:10.1121/1.2994724. 
  7. Laennec, René (1819). De l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur. Paris: Brosson & Chaudé. 
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