Difference between revisions of "Timeline of medical testing"

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| 1969 || || {{w|Colonoscopy}} "After 1968, Dr. William Wolff and Dr. Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope.<ref name=Wolff89>{{cite journal |author=Wolff WI.|title=Colonoscopy: History and development. |journal=Am J Gastroenterol|date=September 1989|volume=84|issue=9|pages=1017–25|pmid=2672788}}</ref> Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was an advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire large intestine. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy." ||
 
| 1969 || || {{w|Colonoscopy}} "After 1968, Dr. William Wolff and Dr. Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope.<ref name=Wolff89>{{cite journal |author=Wolff WI.|title=Colonoscopy: History and development. |journal=Am J Gastroenterol|date=September 1989|volume=84|issue=9|pages=1017–25|pmid=2672788}}</ref> Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was an advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire large intestine. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy." ||
 
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| 1970 || || The lymphocyte proliferation test is introduced as a method to diagnose metal allergy.<ref name="Metal Allergy"/> ||
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| 1970 || [[w:Blood test|Blood testing]] || The lymphocyte proliferation test is introduced as a method to diagnose metal allergy.<ref name="Metal Allergy"/> ||
 
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| 1971 || [[w:Breath test|Breath testing]] || American chemist {{w|Linus Pauling}} demonstrates that human breath is a complex gas, containing more than 200 different {{w|volatile organic compounds}}. This discovery marks the beginning of modern breath testing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pauling|first1=L.|last2=Robinson|first2=A. B.|last3=Teranishi|first3=R.|last4=Cary|first4=P.|date=1971-10-01|title=Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=68|issue=10|pages=2374–2376|doi=10.1073/pnas.68.10.2374|pmid=5289873|issn=0027-8424|pmc=389425|bibcode=1971PNAS...68.2374P}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1971 || [[w:Breath test|Breath testing]] || American chemist {{w|Linus Pauling}} demonstrates that human breath is a complex gas, containing more than 200 different {{w|volatile organic compounds}}. This discovery marks the beginning of modern breath testing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pauling |first1=L. |last2=Robinson |first2=A. B. |last3=Teranishi |first3=R. |last4=Cary |first4=P. |title=Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=1 October 1971 |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=2374–2376 |doi=10.1073/pnas.68.10.2374}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1971 || [[w:Blood test|Blood testing]] || {{w|ELISA}} "first described by Engvall and Perlmann in 1971."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Engvall|first=E|date=1972-11-22|title=Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa|url=http://www.jimmunol.org/content/109/1/129|journal=The Journal of Immunology|volume=109|issue=1|pages=129–135|issn=0022-1767|pmid=4113792|via=}}</ref> ||
 
| 1971 || [[w:Blood test|Blood testing]] || {{w|ELISA}} "first described by Engvall and Perlmann in 1971."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Engvall|first=E|date=1972-11-22|title=Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa|url=http://www.jimmunol.org/content/109/1/129|journal=The Journal of Immunology|volume=109|issue=1|pages=129–135|issn=0022-1767|pmid=4113792|via=}}</ref> ||

Revision as of 12:22, 6 March 2021

This is a timeline of medical testing.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient history As far back as ancient Greece, live dissection has been used as a form of medical exploration.[1]
Up until the 1960's, about 90 percent of pharmaceutical research in the United States is done on prison inmates, as drug companies need large pools of test subjects. Prison inmate testing ends in the 1970s.[1]
21th century Since 2008, the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) has reported 58,788 experimental drug trials involving humans in 173 countries, a 2,000 percent increase since 1990.[1]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
4000 BC Urine testing Records of urinalysis for uroscopy by Babylonian and Sumerian physicians date back to this time.[2]
1796 English doctor Edward Jenner notices that dairymaids seem to be protected against smallpox because of their contact with cowpox, a milder virus affecting cow udders. Jenner would take samples of matter from inside a dairymaid’s hand lesion and inject it into an unknowing 8-year-old boy, causing him to develop a fever, loose his appetite, and feel discomfort in his armpit in the following days. However, the boy soon recovers. Two months later, Jenner injectes the boy with the smallpox virus, which does not have effect on him. From this experiment, Jenner creates the first smallpox vaccine, which stems from the Latin word for cow.[1] United Kingdom
1797 Carl Friedrich Gärtner conceptualises the idea of measuring components of urine, pioneering urine testing at the bedside.[3]
1797 Field development William Cumberland Cruikshank describes for the first time the property of coagulation on heating, exhibited by many urines.
1816 Field development The stethoscope is invented in France by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.[4][5][6][7] France
1840 Urine testing "The arrival of chemical urine diagnostics aimed at the detection of pathological urine constituents"
1850 " Parisian chemist Jules Maumené (1818–1898) develops the first “test strips” when he impregnated a strip of merino wool with “tin protochloride” (stannous chloride). On application of a drop of urine and heating over a candle the strip immediately turned black if the urine contained sugar." France
1883 Urine testing English physiologist George Oliver commercializes his “Urinary Test Papers”. United Kingdom
1883 Gastrointestinal testing German physician Paul Ehrlich performs the first liver aspirate.[8] Germany
1891 Abdominal examination American surgeon Charles McBurney publishes a treatise on appendicitis, in which he describes what today is known as “McBurney’s point”, which is the exact point on the abdomen at which tenderness is maximal in cases of acute appendicitis.[9] United States
c.1900 "Reagent papers become commercially obtainable from the chemical company of Helfenberg AG."
1900 "Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner found another important practical application of the agglutination reaction in 1900. Landsteiner's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups was the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which has made transfusion possible and safer."
1901 Rectal examination "In 1901 William Osier pointed out that in the early stages of acute appendicitis rectal examination rarely provides any valuable information"[10]
1901 Blood testing "The test was named after the American agricultural chemist, Joseph Hoeing Kastle (1864–1916), who in 1901, invented and tested the crude blood test" United States
1903 Blood testing Kastle–Meyer test
1904 "A test for the presence of blood by a wet-chemical method using benzidine became known."
c.1920 Austrian chemist Fritz Feigl publishes his technique of “spot analysis".[11] Austria
1921 German physicians Otto Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner develop the later called Prausnitz–Küstner test, when Prausnitz injects Küstner's serum into his abdominal skin.[12][13] Germany
1926 Abdominal examination Carnett's sign.[14]
1927 Cardiovascular testing Coronary catheterization "The technique of angiography itself was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon for cerebral angiography" Portugal
1930s Urine testing "Urine diagnostics makes major progress as reliability improves and test performance becomes progressively easier."
1931 Pregnancy test Maurice Harold Friedman and Maxwell Edward Lapham at the University of Pennsylvania develop the "rabbit test" (also called "Friedman test"), an early pregnancy test. United States
1941 Cardiovascular testing "An Austrian, Karl Dussik,14 was probably the first to apply ultrasound for medical diagnosis in 1941. He initially attempted to outline the ventricles of the brain. His approach used transmission ultrasound rather than reflected ultrasound"[15]
1945 Blood testing Robin Coombs, A.E. Mourant and R.R. Race publish a description of the antiglobulin test (also known as the Coombs test). United Kingdom
1949 Blood testing Eli Lilly introduces its Test Kit No. 7, providing a quick and easy blood test for diabetes.[16] United States
1950s Urine testing "Urine test strips in the sense used today were first made on industrial scale and offered commercially."
1950 Cardiovascular testing German physician W. D. Keidel is credited to be the first to use ultrasound to examine the heart.[15][17][18] Germany
1953 Cardiovascular testing " Edler in 1953 produced the first echocardiographs using an industrial Firestone-Sperry Ultrasonic Reflectoscope. In developing echocardiography, Edler worked with the physicist Carl Hellmuth Hertz, the son of the Nobel laureate Gustav Hertz and grandnephew of Heinrich Rudolph Hertz."[19][20]
1956 Urine testing American chemist Helen Murray Free and her husband, Alfred Free, pioneer dry reagent urinalysis by developing Clinistix (also known as Clinistrip), the first dip-and-read test for glucose in urine for patients with diabetes.[21] United States
1957 "In the United States, echocardiography was introduced by John J. Wild, H. D. Crawford, and John Reid,29 who examined the excised heart. They were able to identify a myocardial infarction and published their findings in 1957 in the American Heart Journal."[15]
1960 Colonoscopy is introduced in the clinical practice and becomes “golden standard” in the diagnostics and therapy of the diseases of the large intestine.[22]
1960 American medical physicist Rosalyn Sussman Yalow and Solomon Berson publish paper first describing radioimmunoassay.[23] United States
1960 Gastrointestinal testing S.G. Tuttle becomes the first to describe the formal measurement of acid in the esophagus.
1964 Urine testing Boehringer Mannheim (today Roche) launches its first Combur test strips.
1967 "transvenous liver biopsy was introduced in 1967 as an alternative to percutaneous biopsy in patients with coagulopathy in order to decrease the risk of bleeding"[8]
1968 Publication The World Health Organization publishes guidelines on the Principles and practice of screening for disease (also referred to as Wilson and Jungner criteria).[24]
1969 Colonoscopy "After 1968, Dr. William Wolff and Dr. Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope.[25] Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was an advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire large intestine. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy."
1970 Blood testing The lymphocyte proliferation test is introduced as a method to diagnose metal allergy.[26]
1971 Breath testing American chemist Linus Pauling demonstrates that human breath is a complex gas, containing more than 200 different volatile organic compounds. This discovery marks the beginning of modern breath testing.[27] United States
1971 Blood testing ELISA "first described by Engvall and Perlmann in 1971."[28]
1979 Rectal examination "In 1979, Bonello and Abrams performed a limited retrospective analysis of rectal examinations in 495 patients undergoing surgery for possible appendicitis.3 The results of the rectal examinations were positive in only 46% (228/495) of those patients with confirmed appendicitis. Fifty-three percent (262/495) of patients without appendicitis had false-positive results. The authors concluded that the rectal examination does not confirm or rule out the diagnosis of acute appendicitis."[29]
1986 Rectal examination "Before the advent of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in 1986, the digital rectal examination was the sole method of screening men for prostate cancer."[30]
1989 Rectal examination Functional anorectal exams are first conducted.[31]
1991 Rectal examination "The largest study of the use of rectal examinations in patients with possible appendicitis was performed by Dixon and colleagues in 1991.4 Of 1204 patients, ranging in age from 7 to 87 years, with a chief complaint of right lower quadrant pain, 85% (1024/1204) underwent a rectal examination. The treating physicians were asked to render their diagnosis and disposition plan after taking a history and conducting a physical examination, but before they did a rectal examination. The same physicians were asked to give their diagnosis and disposition after the rectal examination. The rectal examination made no difference in the management plan for any of the patients. The data suggested that physical signs, most importantly abdominal rigidity, were better predictors of appendicitis. The finding of right-sided rectal tenderness was ultimately neither sensitive nor specific for the disease. The authors concluded that a rectal examination is not necessary in patients with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and physical signs."[29]
1994 Rectal examination "Computed tomography colonography (CTC) (also known as ‘virtual colonoscopy’) was introduced in 1994 as a noninvasive method of imaging the colon using helical CT"[32]
1994 Blood testing MELISA is first described.[26]
1997 "Nyfeler and Pichler establish the sensitivity and specificity of the lymphocyte transformation test when used for the diagnosis of drug allergies."[26]
1997 Capsule endoscopy. "The technology was originally developed by Gabi Iddan and Paul Swain, with the first pill swallowed in 1997."[33]
1998 Pregnancy test A systematic review shows that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy falls to 75%, as it is noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in the kits.[34]
2003 Blood testing Theranos[35][36] United States
2004 "Optical rhinometry (method introduced for nasal cavity examination in Germany in 2004) [10] as an objective assessment technique, also used in NAPT due to its simplicity, has been a valuable source of diagnostic information in rhino-allergology."[37] Germany
2007 Breath test Secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) "In 2007, the almost simultaneous works of Zenobi[38] and Pablo Sinues[39] applied SESI to breath analysis for the first time, marking the beginning of a fruitful field or research."[40]
2008 Blood testing Scientists announce that the more cost effective saliva testing could eventually replace some blood tests, as saliva contains 20% of the proteins found in blood.[41][42]
2011 Blood testing "In February 2011, Canadian researchers at the University of Calgary's Schulich School of Engineering announced a microchip for blood tests. Dubbed a microemulsion, a droplet of blood captured inside a layer of another substance. It can control the exact size and spacing of the droplets. The new test could improve the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of laboratory tests while also doing it cheaply."[43]
2011 "In March 2011, a team of researchers from UC Berkeley, DCU and University of Valparaíso have developed lab-on-a-chip that can diagnose diseases within 10 minutes without the use of external tubing and extra components. It is called Self-powered Integrated Microfluidic Blood Analysis System (SIMBAS). It uses tiny trenches to separate blood cells from plasma (99 percent of blood cells were captured during experiments). Researchers used plastic components, to reduce manufacturing costs."[44][45]
2014 Stool testing "A multi-target stool DNA test was approved in August 2014 by the FDA as a screening test for non-symptomatic, average-risk adults 50 years or older."[46] United States

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

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What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Pain, Suffering, and the History of Human Experimentation". healthline.com. Retrieved 1 July 2018. 
  2. Connor, Henry (2001-11-01). "Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords – Part 1: uroscopy". Clinical Medicine. 1 (6): 507–509. ISSN 1470-2118. PMC 4953881Freely accessible. PMID 11792095. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.1-6-507. 
  3. Sahnan, Kapil; Blakey, Sarah; Ball, Kathryn; Bagenal, Jessamy; Patel, Biral (January 2013). "I went to the urologist and this is what I brought". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 95 (1): 43–44. doi:10.1308/147363513x13500508918656. 
  4. Wade, Nicholas J.; Deutsch, Diana (July 2008). "Binaural Hearing – Before and After the Stethophone" (PDF). Acoustics Today. 4 (3): 16–27. doi:10.1121/1.2994724. 
  5. Laennec, René (1819). De l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur. Paris: Brosson & Chaudé. 
  6. 'Laennec, R. T. H.; Forbes, John, Sir, A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation (1835). New York : Samuel Wood & Sons; Philadelphia : Desilver, Thomas & Co. .
  7. Fundamentals of Clinical Practice (Mark B. Mengel, Warren Holleman, Scott A. Fields ed.). 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Schiff's Diseases of the Liver (Eugene R. Schiff, Willis C. Maddrey, K. Rajender Reddy ed.). 
  9. Grover, Casey A.; Sternbach, George (May 2012). "Charles McBurney: McBurney's Point". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 42 (5): 578–581. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.06.039. 
  10. Dixon, J. M.; Elton, R. A.; Rainey, J. B.; MacLeod, D. A. D. "Rectal Examination In Patients With Pain In The Right Lower Quadrant Of The Abdomen". British Medical Journal. 
  11. "Measuring Blood Pressure and Proteinuria - Action on Pre-eclampsia". 
  12. Metzger H (2003), "Two Approaches to Peanut Allergy", New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (11): 1046–1048, PMID 12637615, doi:10.1056/nejme030007 
  13. Prausnitz C, Küstner H (1921), "Studien über die Ueberempfindlichkeit", Zentralbl Bakteriol, 86: 160–169 
  14. Yale, Steven H.; Tekiner, Halil; Yale, Eileen S. (2020). "Fothergill and Carnett signs and rectus sheath hematoma". Journal of Rural Medicine. 15 (3): 130–131. doi:10.2185/jrm.2019-019. 
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  20. Singh, Siddharth; Goyal, Abha (2007). "The origin of echocardiography: A Tribute to Inge Edler". Tex Heart Inst J. 34 (4): 431–438. PMC 2170493Freely accessible. PMID 18172524. 
  21. "Helen M. Free". Retrieved 8 November 2020. 
  22. Vazharov, Ivailo P.; Jordanov, D. "RHYTHM DISORDERS DURING COLONOSCOPY" (PDF). doi:10.5272/jimab.2012183.270. 
  23. Yalow, Rosalyn S.; Berson, Solomon A. (1960). "Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 39 (7): 1157–75. PMC 441860Freely accessible. PMID 13846364. doi:10.1172/JCI104130. 
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  27. Pauling, L.; Robinson, A. B.; Teranishi, R.; Cary, P. (1 October 1971). "Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 68 (10): 2374–2376. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.10.2374. 
  28. Engvall, E (1972-11-22). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa". The Journal of Immunology. 109 (1): 129–135. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 4113792. 
  29. 29.0 29.1 "Medical myth". PMID 10986194. 
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  31. "IS THE PHYSICIAN EXPERTISE IN DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION OF VALUE IN DETECTING ANAL TONE IN COMPARISON TO ANORECTAL MANOMETRY?". doi:10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-04. 
  32. Heiken, Jay P; Peterson, Christine M; Menias, Christine O. "Virtual colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: current status". 
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  34. Bastian, L. A. (1 September 1998). "Diagnostic Efficiency of Home Pregnancy Test Kits: A Meta-analysis". Archives of Family Medicine. 7 (5): 465–469. doi:10.1001/archfami.7.5.465. 
  35. Pflanzer, Lydia Ramsey. "The rise and fall of Theranos, the blood-testing startup that went from Silicon Valley darling to facing fraud charges". Business Insider. Retrieved 6 March 2021. 
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  37. Krzych-Fałta, Edyta; Sybilski, Adam; Wojas, Oksana; Samoliński, Bolesław. "Optical rhinometry in nasal provocation testing". PMC 4697026Freely accessible. PMID 26755909. doi:10.5114/pdia.2015.56099. 
  38. "Zenobi Group, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich". 
  39. "Botnar Professorship, University Children's hospital Basel, UKBB". 
  40. "Zurich Exhalomics project, University of Zurich, UZH". 
  41. "Press TV - Saliva test to substitute blood test". 
  42. Denny P, Hagen FK, Hardt M, et al. (May 2008). "The proteomes of human parotid and submandibular/sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions". J. Proteome Res. 7 (5): 1994–2006. PMC 2839126Freely accessible. PMID 18361515. doi:10.1021/pr700764j. 
  43. "Microchip offers faster and cheaper way to test blood". CTV News. Bell Media. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2016. 
  44. Taylor, Kate (2011-03-18). "Blood analysis chip detects diseases in minutes". Retrieved 2011-03-26. 
  45. Dailey, Jessica (2011-03-22). "New SIMBAS Blood Analysis Biochip Can Diagnose Diseases In Minutes". Inhabitat.com. Retrieved 2011-03-26. 
  46. "FDA approves first non-invasive DNA screening test for colorectal cancer [press release]". Food and Drug Administration. August 11, 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2015.