Difference between revisions of "Timeline of mosquito net distribution"

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This is a timeline of bed net distribution, a strategy deployed widely to reduce the incidence of malaria in tropical countries.
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== Big picture ==
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{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Period !! Key developments !! 
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! Period !! Key developments
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|-
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| Ancient times < || Use of mosquito nets is documented in the Mediterranean world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Riddle|first1=J.|title=Goddesses, Elixirs, and Witches: Plants and Sexuality throughout Human History|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=o3_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=%22mosquito+nets%22+%22ancient%22&source=bl&ots=n43C77r1p6&sig=yfxwo5isXDCORvbewIVMlDENmJs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1e7K8KbTAhXMhZAKHcZpDm0Q6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=%22mosquito%20nets%22%20%22ancient%22&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2017}}</ref> Evidence also indicates their use in Japan.<ref name="Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan">{{cite book|last1=Deal|first1=William E.|title=Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OKr3XPabVQIC&pg=PA344&lpg=PA344&dq=%22mosquito+nets%22+%22medieval%22&source=bl&ots=n784mmJjr5&sig=KWyxe2DZN20CYqKggsAQJx_mGp4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDj6ni9abTAhWGE5AKHQszACMQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=%22mosquito%20nets%22%20%22medieval%22&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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| 1980s || Mosquito nets start to be used to prevent malaria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosquito netting for beds|url=http://www.pestnet.com/mosquito/mosquito-net/mosquito-netting-for-beds/|website=pestnet.com|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>
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| 19th century || British colonists in India adopt sleeping under nets (likely inspired by the example of [[wikipedia:Punjabis|Punjabi]] fishermen).<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.">{{cite journal|title=Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance.|journal=Institute of Medicine (US)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215620/|accessdate=15 April 2017}}</ref>
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|-
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| 1940s || Textiles and insecticides start to be combined, during [[wikipedia:World War II|World War II]].<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance."/>
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|-
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| 1970s–1980s || Contemporary with the decline of [[wikipedia:DDT|DDT]]-based indoor residual spraying,  interest in insecticide-impregnated nets as a malaria control tool reemerges.<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance."/><ref>{{cite web|title=Mosquito netting for beds|url=http://www.pestnet.com/mosquito/mosquito-net/mosquito-netting-for-beds/|website=pestnet.com|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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| 1990s || Insecticide treated nets (ITN) start to be used early in the decade.<ref name="Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria">{{cite journal|title=Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3786/|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> By the mid-1990s, ITNs already become an important component of global and national malaria control policies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=J|last2=Rowland|first2=M.|last3=Lines|first3=J|title=Insecticide-treated nets.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16735163|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1990s || Insecticide treated nets (ITN) start to be used early in the decade.<ref name="Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria">{{cite journal|title=Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3786/|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> By the mid-1990s, ITNs already become an important component of global and national malaria control policies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=J|last2=Rowland|first2=M.|last3=Lines|first3=J|title=Insecticide-treated nets.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16735163|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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| 2000s || Mosquito net distribution develops at a large scale. The number of ITNs delivered by manufacturers to malaria endemic countries in ub-Saharan Africa increases from 6 million to 145 million between 2004 and 2010.<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Barrera|editor1-first=Roberto|title=Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003228|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191944/|accessdate=6 April 2017|pmc=4191944}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2011, the share of households owning at least one treated net in SSA is estimated to have risen from 3% to 50%.<ref name="Sierra Leone Fights Malaria with Mass Distribution of Treated Mosquito Nets">{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone Fights Malaria with Mass Distribution of Treated Mosquito Nets|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/04/25/sierra-leone-fights-malaria-with-mass-distribution-of-treated-mosquito-nets|website=worldbank.org|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>
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| 2000s || Mosquito net distribution develops at a large scale. The number of ITNs delivered by manufacturers to malaria endemic countries in [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] increases from 6 million to 145 million between 2004 and 2010.<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Barrera|editor1-first=Roberto|title=Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003228|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191944/|accessdate=6 April 2017|pmc=4191944}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2011, the share of households owning at least one treated net in SSA is estimated to have risen from 3% to 50%.<ref name="Sierra Leone Fights Malaria with Mass Distribution of Treated Mosquito Nets">{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone Fights Malaria with Mass Distribution of Treated Mosquito Nets|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/04/25/sierra-leone-fights-malaria-with-mass-distribution-of-treated-mosquito-nets|website=worldbank.org|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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|}
 
|}
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== Visual Data ==
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013-2015..png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013–2015.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016">{{cite web|title=WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2016/WMR-2016-annexes.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|website=who.int|accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013-2015. Table 2..png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Table 2.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013-2015. Table 3.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Table 3.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Americas, European and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions. Period 2013-2015.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Americas, European and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions. Period 2013–2015.]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries from South East Asia WHO region. Period 2013-2015.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries from South East Asia WHO region. Period 2013–2015.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries from Western Pacific WHO region. Period 2013-2015.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries from Western Pacific WHO region. Period 2013–2015.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to African WHO region. Period 2013-2015. Cumulative.png|thumb|center|900px|Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to African WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Cumulative.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Americas, European and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions. Period 2013-2015. Cumulative.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Americas, European and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions. Period 2013–2015. Cumulative.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to South East Asia WHO region. Period 2013-2015. Cumulative.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to South East Asia WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Cumulative.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
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[[File:Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Western Pacific WHO region. Period 2013-2015. Cumulative.png|thumb|center|600px|Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Western Pacific WHO region. Period 2013–2015.<ref name="WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2016"/>]]
  
 
== Full timeline ==
 
== Full timeline ==
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! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Location
 
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !! Location
 
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| 1980 || Development || Proven to be an extremely effective option for people living in insects borne diseases prone areas, the concept of insecticide-treated net is developed to prevent the malaria outbreak in tropical weather countries. <ref>{{cite web|title=Mosquito Nets – Protection Against Those Pesky Mosquitos|url=https://mosquitonetind.in/|website=mosquitonetind.in|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||  
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| 484–?425 BC || Antecedent || Greek historian [[wikipedia:Heredotus|Herodotus]] describes how Egyptians living in marshy lowlands protect themselves with fishing nets.<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance."/> || [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]]
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|-
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| 1603–1868 || Antecedent || By the early [[wikipedia:Edo period|Edo period]], mosquito nets are a standard summer item found in houses at all social levels in Japan.<ref name="Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan"/> || [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]
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|-
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| 1939–1945 || Antecedent || The Soviet army applies juniper oil to bednets to repel mosquitoes and sand flies bearing [[wikipedia:malaria|malaria]] and [[wikipedia:leishmaniasis|leishmaniasis]] during campaigns in Central Asia. Meanwhile, the American military impregnates bednets and jungle hammocks with 5 percent DDT to prevent malaria and [[wikipedia:filariasis|filariasis]] during campaigns in the Pacific.<ref name="Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance."/> || Asia, Western Pacific
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|-
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| 1980 || Development || Proven to be an extremely effective option for people living in insects borne diseases prone areas, the concept of insecticide-treated net is developed to prevent the [[wikipedia:malaria|malaria]] outbreak in tropical weather countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosquito Nets – Protection Against Those Pesky Mosquitos|url=https://mosquitonetind.in/|website=mosquitonetind.in|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1983 || Development || A group of experts recommend the use of protective bed nets for preventing malaria, and that the efficacy of bednets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides should be investigated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bed nets that kill mosquitoes|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/50178/1/WHF_1985_6(4)_p342-344.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 
| 1983 || Development || A group of experts recommend the use of protective bed nets for preventing malaria, and that the efficacy of bednets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides should be investigated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bed nets that kill mosquitoes|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/50178/1/WHF_1985_6(4)_p342-344.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1986 || Development || Drug treated mosquito nets are first tested in Bangla Desh in a number of areas in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions. The test becomes successful.<ref>{{cite web|title=Insecticide needed for medicated mosquito nets not available|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/insecticide-needed-for-medicated-mosquito-nets-not-available|website=thedailystar.net|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || Bangla Desh
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| 1986 || Development || Drug treated mosquito nets are first tested in Bangladesh in a number of areas in [[wikipedia:Sylhet|Sylhet]] and [[wikipedia:Chittagong|Chittagong]] divisions. The test becomes successful.<ref>{{cite web|title=Insecticide needed for medicated mosquito nets not available|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/insecticide-needed-for-medicated-mosquito-nets-not-available|website=thedailystar.net|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
 
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|-
| 1997 || Program launch || Kenya introduces the KEMRI/CDC Bed-net project, (executed in the Bondo District), aimed at the trial of insecticide treated bed nets (ITBNs) in the prevention of malaria. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is started in Rarieda Division with a baseline work in 1996 followed by the issuing of insecticide treated bed-nets in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Village bednet committees: evaluation of performance, use and maintenance of insectcide-treated bednets in rarieda, western Kenya|url=http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/2676|website=ku.ac.ke|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 1997 || Program launch || Kenya introduces the KEMRI/CDC Bed-net project, (executed in the Bondo District), aimed at the trial of insecticide treated bed nets (ITBNs) in the prevention of malaria. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is started in Rarieda Division with a baseline work in 1996 followed by the issuing of insecticide treated bed-nets in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Village bednet committees: evaluation of performance, use and maintenance of insectcide-treated bednets in rarieda, western Kenya|url=http://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/2676|website=ku.ac.ke|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Kenya|Kenya]]
 
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|-
 
| 1999 || Coverage || Bed net ownership covers 2.2% of the African at-risk population.<ref name="African countries rapidly distribute bed nets to fight malaria"/> ||
 
| 1999 || Coverage || Bed net ownership covers 2.2% of the African at-risk population.<ref name="African countries rapidly distribute bed nets to fight malaria"/> ||
 
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| 1999 || Coverage || Bed net coverage reaches the 51% of the population in Solomon Islands.<ref name="Social Implications of Malaria and Their Relationships with Poverty">{{cite journal|last1=Ricci|first1=Francesco|title=Social Implications of Malaria and Their Relationships with Poverty|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.048|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435125/|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref>|| Solomon Islands
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| 1999 || Coverage || Bed net coverage reaches the 51% of the population in Solomon Islands.<ref name="Social Implications of Malaria and Their Relationships with Poverty">{{cite journal|last1=Ricci|first1=Francesco|title=Social Implications of Malaria and Their Relationships with Poverty|doi=10.4084/MJHID.2012.048|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435125/|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]
 
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| 2000 || Coverage || The 24% of the population in Laos is estimated to sleep under a bed net.<ref name="Social Implications of Malaria and Their Relationships with Poverty"/> ||
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| 2000 || Coverage || 24% of the population in Laos is estimated to sleep under a bed net.<ref name="Social Implications of Malaria and Their Relationships with Poverty"/> || [[wikipedia:Laos|Laos]]
 
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| 2000 || Coverage || The percentage of households owning at least one ITN in Sub Saharan Africa is estimated at 3%.<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> ||
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| 2000 || Coverage || The percentage of households owning at least one ITN in Sub Saharan Africa is estimated at 3%.<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> || [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]]
 
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|-
| 2001 || Program launch || New national strategy for malaria control is developed by the Ministry of Health of Kenya,  targeting increased coverage of insecticide treated mosquito nets.<ref name="WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets"/> ||
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| 2001 || Program launch || New national strategy for malaria control is developed by the Ministry of Health of Kenya,  targeting increased coverage of insecticide treated mosquito nets.<ref name="WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets"/> || [[wikipedia:Kenya|Kenya]]
 
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| 2001-2006 || || The World Health Organisation approves mosquito net "Olyset", classified as Long Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN). Its chemical coating remains active for a minimum of five years. Olyset was first conceived in 1978. By 2006, the net is mass produced as part of a WHO international anti-malaria campaign, focussing particularly in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title='Olyset' mosquito net in original packaging, Japan, 2005"|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=6063|website=sciencemuseum.org.uk|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||  
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| 2001–2006 || Policy || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] approves mosquito net "Olyset", classified as Long Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN). Its chemical coating remains active for a minimum of five years. Olyset was first conceived in 1978. By 2006, the net is mass produced as part of a WHO international anti-malaria campaign, focussing particularly in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title='Olyset' mosquito net in original packaging, Japan, 2005"|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=6063|website=sciencemuseum.org.uk|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 
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| 2003 || Distribution || Insecticide treated nets start to be distributed free-of-charge in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assessing the effective use of mosquito nets in the prevention of malaria in some parts of Mezam division, Northwest Region Cameroon|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-016-1419-y|publisher=Malaria Journal|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||
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| 2003 || Distribution || Insecticide treated nets start to be distributed free-of-charge in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assessing the effective use of mosquito nets in the prevention of malaria in some parts of Mezam division, Northwest Region Cameroon|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-016-1419-y|publisher=Malaria Journal|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Cameroon|Cameroon]]
 
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| 2004 || Organization || [[Against Malaria Foundation]] (AMF), a United Kingdom-based charity that provides long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to populations at high risk of malaria, is founded. The organization operates primarily in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Against Malaria  Foundation|url=http://www.againstmalaria.com/Downloads/Against_Malaria_Foundation_Intl_Innovation_129_Research_Media.pdf|website=againstmalaria.com|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> || United Kingdom (London)
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| 2004 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Against Malaria Foundation|Against Malaria Foundation]] (AMF), a United Kingdom-based charity that provides long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to populations at high risk of malaria, is founded. The organization operates primarily in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Against Malaria  Foundation|url=http://www.againstmalaria.com/Downloads/Against_Malaria_Foundation_Intl_Innovation_129_Research_Media.pdf|website=againstmalaria.com|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ([[wikipedia:London|London]])
 
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| 2004-2006 || Coverage || A near ten-fold increase in the number of young children sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets was observed in targeted districts in Kenya, resulting in 44% fewer deaths than among children not protected by nets, according to preliminary data from the Government.<ref name="WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets">{{cite web|title=WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr43/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> ||  
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| 2004–2006 || Coverage || A near ten-fold increase in the number of young children sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets was observed in targeted districts in Kenya, resulting in 44% fewer deaths than among children not protected by nets, according to preliminary data from the Government.<ref name="WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets">{{cite web|title=WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr43/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Kenya|Kenya]]
 
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| 2005 || || THE AFRICAN Summit on Roll Back Malaria is held in [[Abuja]]. The summit sets a target for expanding ITN use in Africa—at least 60% coverage of high-risk groups by the year 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scaling-up insecticide-treated netting programmes in Africa|url=https://www.unicef.org/programme/cimci/assets/ITN%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf|website=unicef.org|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[Nigeria]]
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| 2004–2007 || Production || An increase from 30 million ITNs in 2004 to 95 million ITNs in 2007 is shown by {{w|UNICEF}} data during the period.<ref name="THE GLOBAL MALARIA ACTION PLAN"/>  
 
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|-
| 2005-2006 || Distribution || Over 2 million mosquito nets are distributed in Niger to combat malaria Distribution begins in 2005 in a campaign supported by an $11 million grant from the UN-backed Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, as well as by $2 million from the Canadian International Development Agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=More than 2 million mosquito nets distributed as Niger battles malaria: UN|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18039&Cr=malaria&Cr1=#.WOqSdGekqUk|website=un.org|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || Niger
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| 2005 || Organization || The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria is held in [[wikipedia:Abuja|Abuja]]. The summit sets a target for expanding ITN use in Africa—at least 60% coverage of high-risk groups by the year 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scaling-up insecticide-treated netting programmes in Africa|url=https://www.unicef.org/programme/cimci/assets/ITN%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf|website=unicef.org|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2006 || Distribution || Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki launches a two campaigns effort, funded by a US$ 17 million grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to distribute 3.4 million long-lasting insecticidal nets free of charge to children in 45 of Kenya's 70 districts through.<ref name="WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets"/> || Kenya
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| 2005–2006 || Distribution || Over 2 million mosquito nets are distributed in Niger to combat malaria Distribution begins in 2005 in a campaign supported by an $11 million grant from the UN-backed Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, as well as by $2 million from the Canadian International Development Agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=More than 2 million mosquito nets distributed as Niger battles malaria: UN|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18039&Cr=malaria&Cr1=#.WOqSdGekqUk|website=un.org|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Niger|Niger]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2006 || Program launch || Nothing But Nets is launched as a campaign to raise awareness and funding to fight malaria. It allows any individual to volunteer by giving $10 to send a net. Nothing But Nets works with partners like UNICEF, the UN Refugee Agency, and the World Health Organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nothing But Nets|url=http://www.nothingbutnets.net/new/about-us.html|website=nothingbutnets.net|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> ||  
+
| 2006 || Distribution || Kenyan President [[wikipedia:Mwai Kibaki|Mwai Kibaki]] launches a two campaigns effort, funded by a US$ 17 million grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to distribute 3.4 million long-lasting insecticidal nets free of charge to children in 45 of Kenya's 70 districts through.<ref name="WHO releases new guidance on insecticide-treated mosquito nets"/> || [[wikipedia:Kenya|Kenya]]
 
|-
 
|-
 +
| 2006 || Program launch || [[wikipedia:Nothing But Nets|Nothing But Nets]] is launched as a campaign to raise awareness and funding to fight malaria. It allows any individual to volunteer by giving $10 to send a net. Nothing But Nets works with partners like UNICEF, the UN Refugee Agency, and the World Health Organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nothing But Nets|url=http://www.nothingbutnets.net/new/about-us.html|website=nothingbutnets.net|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
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| 2006–2007 || Coverage || It is reported that across 18 African countries, 34% of households own an insecticide-treated net and 23% of children
 +
under five sleep under an ITN.<ref name="THE GLOBAL MALARIA ACTION PLAN">{{cite web |title=THE GLOBAL MALARIA ACTION PLAN |url=https://www.unhcr.org/4afac5629.pdf |website=unhcr.org |accessdate=26 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 
| 2007 || Policy || The World Health Organization starts recommending only use of long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and not conventional insecticide treated nets (ITNs).<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> ||
 
| 2007 || Policy || The World Health Organization starts recommending only use of long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and not conventional insecticide treated nets (ITNs).<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> ||
 
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| 2007 || Distribution || Over 1.8 million nets are distributed to thousands of children in Mali.<ref>{{cite web|title=Long-Lasting Insecticide Bed Net|url=http://www.redcross.ca/history/artifacts/long-lasting-insecticide-bed-net|website=redcross.ca|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || Mali
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| 2007 || Distribution || Over 1.8 million nets are distributed to thousands of children in Mali.<ref>{{cite web|title=Long-Lasting Insecticide Bed Net|url=http://www.redcross.ca/history/artifacts/long-lasting-insecticide-bed-net|website=redcross.ca|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Mali|Mali]]
 
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| 2007-2008 || Distribution || Mass campaigns to distribute treated mosquito nets begin in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in which 97% of the people are calculated to live in areas where malaria is endemic. Distribution is carried out mainly in the rural provinces of Bas-Congo and Sud-Kivu, followed by Equateur and urban Kinshasa. Before the first net distribution campaign, net coverage was reported at 19% in children and 20% in women. By 2010, a new survey showed corresponding figures of 38% and 43%, respectively.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets">{{cite web|title=Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2011/04/24/malaria-campaign-millions-receive-treated-mosquito-nets|website=worldbank.org|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2007–2008 || Distribution || Mass campaigns to distribute treated mosquito nets begin in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in which 97% of the people are calculated to live in areas where malaria is endemic. Distribution is carried out mainly in the rural provinces of Bas-Congo and Sud-Kivu, followed by Equateur and urban [[wikipedia:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]. Before the first net distribution campaign, net coverage was reported at 19% in children and 20% in women. By 2010, a new survey showed corresponding figures of 38% and 43%, respectively.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets">{{cite web|title=Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2011/04/24/malaria-campaign-millions-receive-treated-mosquito-nets|website=worldbank.org|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Democratic Republic of Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2007-2010 || Distribution || 14.1 million treated bed nets are distributed in Nigeria, supported by the World Bank.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || Nigeria
+
| 2007–2010 || Distribution || 14.1 million treated bed nets are distributed in Nigeria, supported by the [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]].<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || [[wikipedia:Nigeria|Nigeria]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || Coverage || Bed net ownership in Africa covers 32.8% of the at-risk population.<ref name="African countries rapidly distribute bed nets to fight malaria">{{cite web|title=African countries rapidly distribute bed nets to fight malaria|url=http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/african-countries-rapidly-distribute-bed-nets-fight-malaria|website=healthdata.org|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2008 || Coverage || Bed net ownership in Africa covers 32.8% of the at-risk population.<ref name="African countries rapidly distribute bed nets to fight malaria">{{cite web|title=African countries rapidly distribute bed nets to fight malaria|url=http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/african-countries-rapidly-distribute-bed-nets-fight-malaria|website=healthdata.org|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || Distribution || Over 8.7 million nets are distributed in Tanzania under a $63 million program funded by a group of donors, including the Global Fund, DFID, Swiss Development Cooperation, and the World Bank. <ref name="The Impact of Mass Bed Net Distribution Programs on Politics: Evidence from Tanzania">{{cite web|title=The Impact of Mass Bed Net Distribution Programs on Politics: Evidence from Tanzania|url=http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_files/Croke_WGAPE_2015.pdf|website=berkeley.edu|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref>|| Tanzania
+
| 2008 || Distribution || Over 8.7 million nets are distributed in Tanzania under a $63 million program funded by a group of donors, including the Global Fund, DFID, Swiss Development Cooperation, and the World Bank.<ref name="The Impact of Mass Bed Net Distribution Programs on Politics: Evidence from Tanzania">{{cite web|title=The Impact of Mass Bed Net Distribution Programs on Politics: Evidence from Tanzania|url=http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/miscellaneous_files/Croke_WGAPE_2015.pdf|website=berkeley.edu|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref>|| [[wikipedia:Tanzania|Tanzania]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008-2010 || Coverage || 254 million insecticide treated nets (ITNs), most of them  long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs), are distributed in sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cost and cost effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets - a model-based analysis|doi=10.1186/1478-7547-10-5|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348006/|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || Africa  
+
| 2008–2010 || Coverage || 254 million insecticide treated nets (ITNs), most of them  long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs), are distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cost and cost effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets - a model-based analysis|doi=10.1186/1478-7547-10-5|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348006/|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009 || Program launch || Mozambique develops a novel bed net distribution model to increase coverage, based on assumptions about sleeping patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evaluation of a universal coverage bed net distribution campaign in four districts in Sofala Province, Mozambique|journal=Malaria Journal|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-13-427|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-427|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2009 || Program launch || Mozambique develops a novel bed net distribution model to increase coverage, based on assumptions about sleeping patterns.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evaluation of a universal coverage bed net distribution campaign in four districts in Sofala Province, Mozambique|journal=Malaria Journal|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-13-427|url=https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-13-427|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Mozambique|Mozambique]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009 || Distribution || 1.3 million treated nets are distributed in India under World Bank-supported project.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || India
+
| 2009 || Distribution || 1.3 million treated nets are distributed in India under World Bank-supported project.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || [[wikipedia:India|India]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009-2012 || Distribution || 60 million ITNs are distributed outside Africa, with 10 countries accounting for 75% of the total (India 9.2 million, Indonesia 6.1 million, Myanmar 5.4 million, Bangladesh 4.7 million, Afghanistan 4.3 million, Cambodia 3.6 million, Papua New Guinea 3.2 million, Haiti 3.0 million and Philippines 3.0 million)"<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> ||  
+
| 2009–2012 || Distribution || 60 million ITNs are distributed outside Africa, with 10 countries accounting for 75% of the total (India 9.2 million, Indonesia 6.1 million, Myanmar 5.4 million, Bangladesh 4.7 million, Afghanistan 4.3 million, Cambodia 3.6 million, Papua New Guinea 3.2 million, Haiti 3.0 million and Philippines 3.0 million)"<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> || [[wikipedia:India|India]], [[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[wikipedia:Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[wikipedia:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[wikipedia:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[wikipedia:Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[wikipedia:Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]], [[wikipedia:Haiti|Haiti]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010 || Distribution || The World Bank finances of $30 million for malaria in Zambia, enabling 800,000 nets to be delivered in the country.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || Zambia
+
| 2010 || Distribution || The [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]] finances of $30 million for malaria in Zambia, enabling 800,000 nets to be delivered in the country.<ref name="Malaria Campaign: Millions Receive Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || [[wikipedia:Zambia|Zambia]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010-2011 || Distribution || Over 17 million nets are distributed in Tanzania. The total cost of the campaign is $96.4 million, financed primarily by the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and
+
| 2010 || Program launch || The Nigerian government launches a campaign to provide bed nets to every household in the nation. A bed-net coupon entitles a household to two free nets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Looking to the Future |url=https://www.amnh.org/explore/science-topics/disease-eradication/countdown-to-zero/malaria |website=amnh.org |accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Nigeria}}
Malaria. Distribution and logistics are handled by the manufacturer and NGOs. By 2011, Tanzania would reach over 80 percent ITN ownership.<ref name="The Impact of Mass Bed Net Distribution Programs on Politics: Evidence from Tanzania"/> || Tanzania
 
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010-2011 || Distribution || Sierra Leone adopts the goal of universal coverage with long-lasting treated mosquito nets, starting a mass net distribution campaign by the National Malaria Control Programme. Approximately 3.2 million mosquito nets treated with insecticide are distributed to families across the country, meeting the target of one net for every two people in the country, as set by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. By June 2011, according to survey, 87 percent of all households in Sierra Leone own at least one ITN. <ref name="Sierra Leone Fights Malaria with Mass Distribution of Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || Sierra Leone
+
| 2010–2011 || Distribution || Over 17 million nets are distributed in Tanzania. The total cost of the campaign is $96.4 million, financed primarily by the [[wikipedia:Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria|Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]. Distribution and logistics are handled by the manufacturer and NGOs. By 2011, Tanzania would reach over 80 percent ITN ownership.<ref name="The Impact of Mass Bed Net Distribution Programs on Politics: Evidence from Tanzania"/> || [[wikipedia:Tanzania|Tanzania]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011 || Coverage || The percentage of households with any mosquito net in Mozambique reaches 57.0%, with the percentage of households with any insecticide-treated net at 51.4%, and percentage of insecticide-treated nets 50.2%. <ref name="Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique">{{cite journal|title=Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique|doi=10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006335|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5152810/|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> || Mozambique
+
| 2010–2011 || Distribution || Sierra Leone adopts the goal of universal coverage with long-lasting treated mosquito nets, starting a mass net distribution campaign by the National Malaria Control Programme. Approximately 3.2 million mosquito nets treated with insecticide are distributed to families across the country, meeting the target of one net for every two people in the country, as set by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. By June 2011, according to survey, 87 percent of all households in Sierra Leone own at least one ITN.<ref name="Sierra Leone Fights Malaria with Mass Distribution of Treated Mosquito Nets"/> || [[wikipedia:Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011 || Distribution || In an effort to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality burden of malaria, Cameroon and its health partners distribute over eight million free long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in the country. <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bowen|first1=Hannah L|title=Impact of a mass media campaign on bed net use in Cameroon|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-36|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599525/|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || Cameroon
+
| 2011 || Coverage || The percentage of households with any mosquito net in Mozambique reaches 57.0%, with the percentage of households with any insecticide-treated net at 51.4%, and percentage of insecticide-treated nets 50.2%.<ref name="Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique">{{cite journal|title=Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique|doi=10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006335|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5152810/|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Mozambique |Mozambique ]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || Program launch || Malawi implements a universal bed net campaign, during the course of ongoing clinical studies of malaria among pregnant women in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The prevalence of malaria at first antenatal visit in Blantyre, Malawi declined following a universal bed net campaign|doi=10.1186/s12936-015-0945-3|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625940/|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || Malawi
+
| 2011 || Distribution || In an effort to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality burden of malaria, Cameroon and its health partners distribute over eight million free long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bowen|first1=Hannah L|title=Impact of a mass media campaign on bed net use in Cameroon|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-36|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599525/|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Cameroon|Cameroon]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || Coverage || The percentage of households owning at least one insecticide treated net in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated at 56%, up from a 3% in 2000.<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> ||  
+
| 2012 || Program launch || Malawi implements a universal bed net campaign, during the course of ongoing clinical studies of malaria among pregnant women in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The prevalence of malaria at first antenatal visit in Blantyre, Malawi declined following a universal bed net campaign|doi=10.1186/s12936-015-0945-3|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625940/|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Malawi|Malawi]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || Distribution || A national bed net distribution is implemented in response to reports of high rates of malaria transmission after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The Global Fund (GF) sponsors a national distribution of LLINs outside of Port-au-Prince with the goal of two Olyset LLINs per household.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Malaria vector research and control in Haiti: a systematic review|doi=10.1186/s12936-016-1436-x|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4957415/|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || Haiti
+
| 2012 || Coverage || The percentage of households owning at least one insecticide treated net in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated at 56%, up from a 3% in 2000.<ref name="Benefit of Insecticide-Treated Nets, Curtains and Screening on Vector Borne Diseases, Excluding Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"/> || [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012-2014 || Distribution || 2,560,216 insecticide-treated nets (935,997 in antenatal visits and 1,624,419 in universal coverage campaigns) are distributed in 2012 throughout Mozambique by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP). In 2013, 3,098,675 insecticide-treated nets are distributed (885,023 in antenatal visits and 2,213,652 in campaign). In 2014, 5,672,392 insecticide-treated nets are distributed (1,258,998 in antenatal visits and 4,413,404 in campaign)"<ref name="Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique"/> || Mozambique
+
| 2012 || Distribution || A national bed net distribution is implemented in response to reports of high rates of malaria transmission after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The Global Fund (GF) sponsors a national distribution of LLINs outside of Port-au-Prince with the goal of two Olyset LLINs per household.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Malaria vector research and control in Haiti: a systematic review|doi=10.1186/s12936-016-1436-x|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4957415/|accessdate=6 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Haiti|Haiti]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || Coverage || In sub-saharan Africa, 44%of the population at risk is covered by insecticide treated nets, indicating  that 90% of people use the nets available to them. At the same time, 278 million of the 840 million people at risk of malaria in the region live in households without even a single Itn.<ref name="World malaria report  2014"/> ||
+
| 2012–2014 || Distribution || 2,560,216 insecticide-treated nets (935,997 in antenatal visits and 1,624,419 in universal coverage campaigns) are distributed in 2012 throughout Mozambique by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP). In 2013, 3,098,675 insecticide-treated nets are distributed (885,023 in antenatal visits and 2,213,652 in campaign). In 2014, 5,672,392 insecticide-treated nets are distributed (1,258,998 in antenatal visits and 4,413,404 in campaign)"<ref name="Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique"/> || [[wikipedia:Mozambique|Mozambique]]
 
|-
 
|-
| 2014 || Distribution || An estimated 214 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) (a record number<ref name="World malaria report  2014">{{cite web|title=World malaria report  2014|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/wmr-2014-no-profiles.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>) are delivered in Africa, bringing the total number of LLINs delivered to that region since 2012 to 427 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet on the World Malaria Report 2014|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/media/world_malaria_report_2014/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref> ||
+
| 2013 || Coverage || In Sub-Saharan Africa, 44%of the population at risk is covered by insecticide treated nets, indicating  that 90% of people use the nets available to them. At the same time, 278 million of the 840 million people at risk of malaria in the region live in households without even a single Itn.<ref name="World malaria report  2014"/> || [[wikipedia:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || Distribution || An estimated 214 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) (a record number<ref name="World malaria report  2014">{{cite web|title=World malaria report  2014|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/wmr-2014-no-profiles.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref>) are delivered in Africa, bringing the total number of LLINs delivered to that region since 2012 to 427 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact sheet on the World Malaria Report 2014|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/media/world_malaria_report_2014/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2015 || Distribution || UNICEF, one of the largest buyers of mosquito nets in the world, delivers 22.3 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in 30 different countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosquito nets|url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/index_39977.html|website=unicef.org|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 
| 2015 || Distribution || UNICEF, one of the largest buyers of mosquito nets in the world, delivers 22.3 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in 30 different countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosquito nets|url=https://www.unicef.org/supply/index_39977.html|website=unicef.org|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2016 || Distribution || Against Malaria Foundation funds 10.7 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for distribution in Uganda’s upcoming universal coverage campaign (UCC), in an agreement with the Ministry of Health.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMF funds 10.7 million nets for distribution in Uganda|url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/NewsItem.aspx?newsitem=AMF-funds-10.7-million-nets-for-distribution-in-Uganda|website=againstmalaria.com|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> || Uganda
+
| 2016 || Distribution || [[wikipedia:Against Malaria Foundation|Against Malaria Foundation]] funds 10.7 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for distribution in Uganda’s upcoming universal coverage campaign (UCC), in an agreement with the Ministry of Health.<ref>{{cite web|title=AMF funds 10.7 million nets for distribution in Uganda|url=https://www.againstmalaria.com/NewsItem.aspx?newsitem=AMF-funds-10.7-million-nets-for-distribution-in-Uganda|website=againstmalaria.com|accessdate=7 April 2017}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Uganda|Uganda]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==See also==
 +
 +
* [[Timeline of malaria]]
 +
* [[Timeline of global health]]
 +
* [[Combined timeline of malaria organizations]] (includes a column on mosquito net distribution that gives salient facts by year from this timeline)
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 +
{{reflist|30em}}

Revision as of 20:30, 9 November 2019

This is a timeline of bed net distribution, a strategy deployed widely to reduce the incidence of malaria in tropical countries.

Big picture

Period Key developments
Ancient times < Use of mosquito nets is documented in the Mediterranean world.[1] Evidence also indicates their use in Japan.[2]
19th century British colonists in India adopt sleeping under nets (likely inspired by the example of Punjabi fishermen).[3]
1940s Textiles and insecticides start to be combined, during World War II.[3]
1970s–1980s Contemporary with the decline of DDT-based indoor residual spraying, interest in insecticide-impregnated nets as a malaria control tool reemerges.[3][4]
1990s Insecticide treated nets (ITN) start to be used early in the decade.[5] By the mid-1990s, ITNs already become an important component of global and national malaria control policies.[6]
2000s Mosquito net distribution develops at a large scale. The number of ITNs delivered by manufacturers to malaria endemic countries in Sub-Saharan Africa increases from 6 million to 145 million between 2004 and 2010.[7] Between 2000 and 2011, the share of households owning at least one treated net in SSA is estimated to have risen from 3% to 50%.[8]

Visual Data

Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013–2015.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Table 2.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries from African WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Table 3.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Americas, European and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions. Period 2013–2015.
Mosquito net distribution in countries from South East Asia WHO region. Period 2013–2015.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries from Western Pacific WHO region. Period 2013–2015.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to African WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Cumulative.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Americas, European and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions. Period 2013–2015. Cumulative.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to South East Asia WHO region. Period 2013–2015. Cumulative.[9]
Mosquito net distribution in countries belonging to Western Pacific WHO region. Period 2013–2015.[9]

Full timeline

Year/period Type of event Event Location
484–?425 BC Antecedent Greek historian Herodotus describes how Egyptians living in marshy lowlands protect themselves with fishing nets.[3] Egypt
1603–1868 Antecedent By the early Edo period, mosquito nets are a standard summer item found in houses at all social levels in Japan.[2] Japan
1939–1945 Antecedent The Soviet army applies juniper oil to bednets to repel mosquitoes and sand flies bearing malaria and leishmaniasis during campaigns in Central Asia. Meanwhile, the American military impregnates bednets and jungle hammocks with 5 percent DDT to prevent malaria and filariasis during campaigns in the Pacific.[3] Asia, Western Pacific
1980 Development Proven to be an extremely effective option for people living in insects borne diseases prone areas, the concept of insecticide-treated net is developed to prevent the malaria outbreak in tropical weather countries.[10]
1983 Development A group of experts recommend the use of protective bed nets for preventing malaria, and that the efficacy of bednets impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides should be investigated.[11]
1986 Development Drug treated mosquito nets are first tested in Bangladesh in a number of areas in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions. The test becomes successful.[12] Bangladesh
1997 Program launch Kenya introduces the KEMRI/CDC Bed-net project, (executed in the Bondo District), aimed at the trial of insecticide treated bed nets (ITBNs) in the prevention of malaria. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is started in Rarieda Division with a baseline work in 1996 followed by the issuing of insecticide treated bed-nets in 1997.[13] Kenya
1999 Coverage Bed net ownership covers 2.2% of the African at-risk population.[14]
1999 Coverage Bed net coverage reaches the 51% of the population in Solomon Islands.[15] Solomon Islands
2000 Coverage 24% of the population in Laos is estimated to sleep under a bed net.[15] Laos
2000 Coverage The percentage of households owning at least one ITN in Sub Saharan Africa is estimated at 3%.[7] Sub-Saharan Africa
2001 Program launch New national strategy for malaria control is developed by the Ministry of Health of Kenya, targeting increased coverage of insecticide treated mosquito nets.[16] Kenya
2001–2006 Policy The World Health Organization approves mosquito net "Olyset", classified as Long Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN). Its chemical coating remains active for a minimum of five years. Olyset was first conceived in 1978. By 2006, the net is mass produced as part of a WHO international anti-malaria campaign, focussing particularly in Africa.[17]
2003 Distribution Insecticide treated nets start to be distributed free-of-charge in Cameroon.[18] Cameroon
2004 Organization Against Malaria Foundation (AMF), a United Kingdom-based charity that provides long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to populations at high risk of malaria, is founded. The organization operates primarily in Africa.[19] United Kingdom (London)
2004–2006 Coverage A near ten-fold increase in the number of young children sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets was observed in targeted districts in Kenya, resulting in 44% fewer deaths than among children not protected by nets, according to preliminary data from the Government.[16] Kenya
2004–2007 Production An increase from 30 million ITNs in 2004 to 95 million ITNs in 2007 is shown by UNICEF data during the period.[20]
2005 Organization The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria is held in Abuja. The summit sets a target for expanding ITN use in Africa—at least 60% coverage of high-risk groups by the year 2005.[21] Nigeria
2005–2006 Distribution Over 2 million mosquito nets are distributed in Niger to combat malaria Distribution begins in 2005 in a campaign supported by an $11 million grant from the UN-backed Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, as well as by $2 million from the Canadian International Development Agency.[22] Niger
2006 Distribution Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki launches a two campaigns effort, funded by a US$ 17 million grant from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, to distribute 3.4 million long-lasting insecticidal nets free of charge to children in 45 of Kenya's 70 districts through.[16] Kenya
2006 Program launch Nothing But Nets is launched as a campaign to raise awareness and funding to fight malaria. It allows any individual to volunteer by giving $10 to send a net. Nothing But Nets works with partners like UNICEF, the UN Refugee Agency, and the World Health Organization.[23]
2006–2007 Coverage It is reported that across 18 African countries, 34% of households own an insecticide-treated net and 23% of children

under five sleep under an ITN.[20] ||

2007 Policy The World Health Organization starts recommending only use of long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and not conventional insecticide treated nets (ITNs).[7]
2007 Distribution Over 1.8 million nets are distributed to thousands of children in Mali.[24] Mali
2007–2008 Distribution Mass campaigns to distribute treated mosquito nets begin in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in which 97% of the people are calculated to live in areas where malaria is endemic. Distribution is carried out mainly in the rural provinces of Bas-Congo and Sud-Kivu, followed by Equateur and urban Kinshasa. Before the first net distribution campaign, net coverage was reported at 19% in children and 20% in women. By 2010, a new survey showed corresponding figures of 38% and 43%, respectively.[25] Democratic Republic of Congo
2007–2010 Distribution 14.1 million treated bed nets are distributed in Nigeria, supported by the World Bank.[25] Nigeria
2008 Coverage Bed net ownership in Africa covers 32.8% of the at-risk population.[14] Africa
2008 Distribution Over 8.7 million nets are distributed in Tanzania under a $63 million program funded by a group of donors, including the Global Fund, DFID, Swiss Development Cooperation, and the World Bank.[26] Tanzania
2008–2010 Coverage 254 million insecticide treated nets (ITNs), most of them long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs), are distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa.[27] Sub-Saharan Africa
2009 Program launch Mozambique develops a novel bed net distribution model to increase coverage, based on assumptions about sleeping patterns.[28] Mozambique
2009 Distribution 1.3 million treated nets are distributed in India under World Bank-supported project.[25] India
2009–2012 Distribution 60 million ITNs are distributed outside Africa, with 10 countries accounting for 75% of the total (India 9.2 million, Indonesia 6.1 million, Myanmar 5.4 million, Bangladesh 4.7 million, Afghanistan 4.3 million, Cambodia 3.6 million, Papua New Guinea 3.2 million, Haiti 3.0 million and Philippines 3.0 million)"[7] India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, Haiti
2010 Distribution The World Bank finances of $30 million for malaria in Zambia, enabling 800,000 nets to be delivered in the country.[25] Zambia
2010 Program launch The Nigerian government launches a campaign to provide bed nets to every household in the nation. A bed-net coupon entitles a household to two free nets.[29] Nigeria
2010–2011 Distribution Over 17 million nets are distributed in Tanzania. The total cost of the campaign is $96.4 million, financed primarily by the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Distribution and logistics are handled by the manufacturer and NGOs. By 2011, Tanzania would reach over 80 percent ITN ownership.[26] Tanzania
2010–2011 Distribution Sierra Leone adopts the goal of universal coverage with long-lasting treated mosquito nets, starting a mass net distribution campaign by the National Malaria Control Programme. Approximately 3.2 million mosquito nets treated with insecticide are distributed to families across the country, meeting the target of one net for every two people in the country, as set by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. By June 2011, according to survey, 87 percent of all households in Sierra Leone own at least one ITN.[8] Sierra Leone
2011 Coverage The percentage of households with any mosquito net in Mozambique reaches 57.0%, with the percentage of households with any insecticide-treated net at 51.4%, and percentage of insecticide-treated nets 50.2%.[30] Mozambique
2011 Distribution In an effort to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality burden of malaria, Cameroon and its health partners distribute over eight million free long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) in the country.[31] Cameroon
2012 Program launch Malawi implements a universal bed net campaign, during the course of ongoing clinical studies of malaria among pregnant women in the country.[32] Malawi
2012 Coverage The percentage of households owning at least one insecticide treated net in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated at 56%, up from a 3% in 2000.[7] Sub-Saharan Africa
2012 Distribution A national bed net distribution is implemented in response to reports of high rates of malaria transmission after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The Global Fund (GF) sponsors a national distribution of LLINs outside of Port-au-Prince with the goal of two Olyset LLINs per household.[33] Haiti
2012–2014 Distribution 2,560,216 insecticide-treated nets (935,997 in antenatal visits and 1,624,419 in universal coverage campaigns) are distributed in 2012 throughout Mozambique by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP). In 2013, 3,098,675 insecticide-treated nets are distributed (885,023 in antenatal visits and 2,213,652 in campaign). In 2014, 5,672,392 insecticide-treated nets are distributed (1,258,998 in antenatal visits and 4,413,404 in campaign)"[30] Mozambique
2013 Coverage In Sub-Saharan Africa, 44%of the population at risk is covered by insecticide treated nets, indicating that 90% of people use the nets available to them. At the same time, 278 million of the 840 million people at risk of malaria in the region live in households without even a single Itn.[34] Sub-Saharan Africa
2014 Distribution An estimated 214 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) (a record number[34]) are delivered in Africa, bringing the total number of LLINs delivered to that region since 2012 to 427 million.[35] Africa
2015 Distribution UNICEF, one of the largest buyers of mosquito nets in the world, delivers 22.3 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in 30 different countries.[36]
2016 Distribution Against Malaria Foundation funds 10.7 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for distribution in Uganda’s upcoming universal coverage campaign (UCC), in an agreement with the Ministry of Health.[37] Uganda

See also

References

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