Difference between revisions of "Timeline of organ transplantation"
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| 1867 || Literature (book) || L. Ollier in France publishes ''Traite experimental et clinique de la regeneration des os'', a treatise showing that bone autografts are viable.<ref name="History of Organ and Tissue Transplant"/><ref>{{cite web |title=L. Ollier (1867), Experimental and Clinical Treatise on the Regeneration of Bone: Review. |url=https://archive.org/details/L.Ollier1867ExperimentalAndClinicalTreatiseOnTheRegenerationOf/page/n13 |website=archive.org |accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | | 1867 || Literature (book) || L. Ollier in France publishes ''Traite experimental et clinique de la regeneration des os'', a treatise showing that bone autografts are viable.<ref name="History of Organ and Tissue Transplant"/><ref>{{cite web |title=L. Ollier (1867), Experimental and Clinical Treatise on the Regeneration of Bone: Review. |url=https://archive.org/details/L.Ollier1867ExperimentalAndClinicalTreatiseOnTheRegenerationOf/page/n13 |website=archive.org |accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 1880 || Field development || Scottish | + | | 1880 || Field development || Scottish surgeon {{w|William Macewen}} performs the first clinical bone autograft.<ref name="History of Organ and Tissue Transplant"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| 1868 || Field development || Swiss surgeon {{w|Jacques-Louis Reverdin}} performs the first "fresh skin" allograft (transplant from one individual to another).<ref name="History of Organ and Tissue Transplant"/> || | | 1868 || Field development || Swiss surgeon {{w|Jacques-Louis Reverdin}} performs the first "fresh skin" allograft (transplant from one individual to another).<ref name="History of Organ and Tissue Transplant"/> || | ||
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|} | |} | ||
+ | == Numerical and visual data == | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Scholar === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 19, 2021. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
+ | ! Year | ||
+ | ! "organ transplant" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1950 || 3 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1960 || 12 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1970 || 232 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1980 || 157 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 1990 || 796 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2000 || 2,600 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2010 || 7,140 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 2020 || 14,700 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Organ transplant gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Trends === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Organ transplantation (Medical specialty), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organ transplantation |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F016bb2 |website=Google Trends |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Organ transplantation gt.png|thumb|center|600px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Google Ngram Viewer === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Organ transplantation, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organ transplantation |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Organ+transplantation&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=26 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Organ transplantation ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Wikipedia Views === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Organ transplantation}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organ transplantation |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Organ+transplantation&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Organ transplantation wv.png|thumb|center|400px]] | ||
+ | |||
==Meta information on the timeline== | ==Meta information on the timeline== | ||
Line 206: | Line 254: | ||
===Timeline update strategy=== | ===Timeline update strategy=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Pingbacks === | ||
+ | |||
+ | * [https://www.mednet.gr/archives/2020-sup2/pdf/89.pdf Nephrology's history is alive and well and helps predict the future] | ||
==See also== | ==See also== |
Latest revision as of 19:19, 1 December 2023
This is a timeline of organ transplantation, describing important and historic events in the development of the field.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
< mid-19th century | In the 18th century, researchers already experiment with organ transplantation on animals and humans.[1] However, until well into the 19th century, the body is seen as an individual and functional unit, which interacts with its environment. Diseases are thought to be caused by disruptions in the balance of the body’s fluids and the result of the sick person’s way of life or some other environmental factor. Treatment in those times would focus on rebalancing the body’s fluids through procedures such as vomiting, purging, and bloodletting. Within such a framework replacing an organ wouldn’t have made much sense.[2] |
Mid-19th century | In the second half of the century, surgeons begin to view the body as a composite of organs and tissues with specific functions and realize that surgery could be used to remove diseased tissues or restore function.[2] |
20th century | The 20th century is considered the golden age of transplantation.[3] Liver, heart and pancreas transplants are successfully performed by the late 1960s, while lung and intestinal organ transplant procedures begin in the 1980s. Until the early 1980s, the potential of organ rejection limits the number of transplants performed. Medical advances in the prevention and treatment of rejection would lead to more successful transplants and an increase in demand.[4] |
Full timeline
Year | Event type | Details | |
---|---|---|---|
1668 | Field development | Job van Meeneren documents the first successful bone graft, whereby bone from a dog's skull is used to repair a defect in human cranium.[5] | Netherlands |
1674 | Scientific development | Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek describes the bone structure.[5] | Netherlands |
1822 | Field development | An early successful skin autograft (transplantation of skin from one location on patient's body to another location on their body), is performed by Berger.[5] | |
1823 | Field development | German surgeon Carl Bunger performs an early plastic surgery on woman's nose, grafting skin from her thigh.[6] | |
1867 | Literature (book) | L. Ollier in France publishes Traite experimental et clinique de la regeneration des os, a treatise showing that bone autografts are viable.[5][7] | France |
1880 | Field development | Scottish surgeon William Macewen performs the first clinical bone autograft.[5] | |
1868 | Field development | Swiss surgeon Jacques-Louis Reverdin performs the first "fresh skin" allograft (transplant from one individual to another).[5] | |
1886 | Field development | German ophthalmologist Arthur von Hippel performs the first successful human corneal transplant with retained transparency of the graft, in a lamellar procedure.[8] | |
1893 | Field development | The first pancreatic xenotransplantation is performed in London, in a 15-year-old boy.[9] | United Kingdom |
1905 | Field development | Austrian ophtalmogolist Eduard Zirm performs the first successful human full-thickness corneal transplant.[10][3] | |
1908 | Field development | German surgeon Erich Lexer performs a successful cadaveric knee joint transplant.[5] | |
1911 | Field development | Dr. Yamanouchi makes the first use of homologous vein tissue in arterial reconstruction.[5] | |
1915 | Literature (book) | F.H. Albee in New York publishes The Bone Graft Wedge. Its Use in the Treatment of Relapsing, Acquired, and Congenital Dislocation of the Hip, an influential text on bone graft surgery.[5][11] | United States |
1931 | Field development | Erich Lexer performs the first face lift in Germany.[12] | Germany |
1933 | Field development | Russian surgeon Serge Voronof performs the first human allograft (kidney from mother to son) without the benefit of tissue typing.[13] | |
1949 | Organization | The United States Navy establishes first tissue bank in the country at Bethesda, Maryland.[5][14] | United States |
1954 | Field development | American plastic surgeon Joseph Murray at Peter Brent Brigham Hospital in Boston performs the first successful kidney transplantation from one identical twin to another without using anti-rejection drugs.[4][5][15] Ronald Lee Herrick becomes the first living organ donor in a successful transplant, who donates a kidney to his identical twin brother.[16] | United States |
1955 | Field development | Dr. Gordon Murray conducts the first fresh heart allograft put into descending aorta.[5] | |
1955 | Literature (journal) | ASAIO Journal is established. It features research and development of artificial organs.[17] | |
1956 | Field development | Shaw and Weelock conduct a frozen venous allograft for femoral bypass.[5] | |
1962 | Field development | Sir Brian Barratt-Boyes from New Zealand and South African-born Dr. Donald Ross in Great Britain, conduct first fresh heart valve transplants in cardiac position.[5] | |
1963 | Literature (journal) | Medical journal Transplantation is established.[18] | |
1963 | Field development | American physician Thomas Starzl performs the first liver transplant at the University of Colorado, Denver.[5][19][3] | United States |
1964 | Field development | Dr. James Hardy from University of Mississippi, Jackson, performs the first lung transplant.[5] | United States |
1964 | Field development | Roberto Gilbert Elizalde performs the world's first hand transplant in Guayaquil, Ecuador. However, the graft would fail in three weeks.[20] | Ecuador |
1966 | Field development | The first successful pancreas/kidney transplant is performed by drs. Richard Lillehei and William Kelly a the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.[4][15] | United States |
1966 | Field development | The first attempt to cure type 1 diabetes by pancreas transplantation is done at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, followed by a series of whole pancreas transplantation.[21] | United States |
1967 | Field development | The first reported human intestinal transplant is performed by Lillihei and coworkers. Before 1970, eight clinical cases of small-intestine transplantation would be reportedly performed worldwide; maximum graft survival time being 79 days, and all patients dying of technical complications, sepsis, or rejection.[22] | |
1967 | Field development | Lebanese-American cardiovascular surgeon Michael DeBakey manages to implant an artificial left ventricle device of his design in a patient at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.[23] | United States |
1967 | Field development | The First successful liver transplant is performed by Dr. Thomas Starzl, at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver.[15][4] | United States |
1967 | Field development | South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town.[24][25] | South Africa |
1968 | Field development | The first successful isolated pancreas transplant is performed by Dr. Richard Lillehei, at University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.[15][4] | United States |
1968 | Field development | American surgeon Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital performs the first adult heart transplantation in the United States.[26][4][15] | United States |
1968 | Field development | Edison Teixeira in Brazil performs the first isolated segmental pancreas transplant.[27] | Brazil |
1969 | Field development | Dr. Lillche, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, performs an early pancreas transplant.[5] | United States |
1969 | Literature (journal) | Medical journal Transplantation Proceedings is established.[28] | |
1969 | Field development | The liotta-Cooley Artificial Heart, developed by Argentine surgeon Domingo Liotta, is implanted by American surgeon Denton Cooley. It is the first completely artificial heart in a human.[29][30] | United States |
1970s | Field development | Dr. Mark O’Brien from Australia and Dr. William Angell from the Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, make first use of cryopreserved (frozen) heart valves.[5] | United States |
1972 | Field development | Cryopreserved human skin allografts are introduced.[5][6] | |
1973 | Field development | Dent and Weber make use of cryopreserved venous allograft.[5] | |
1978 | Drug | Cyclosporin is introduced into the clinical arena of transplantation, thus revolutionizing medical management after transplantation and improving early graft survival siignificantly.[31] | |
1981 | The first successful heart-lung transplant is performed by Dr. Bruce Reitz at Stanford University Hospital, Stanford,[4][15] | United States | |
1981 | Field development | Norman Shumway performs the first heart/lung transplant, at Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California.[5] | United States |
1982 | Field development | The first permanent artificial heart, designed by Dr. Robert Jarvik, is implanted.[23] | United States |
1983 | Field development | The first successful single-lung transplant is performed by dr. Joel D. Cooper from Toronto General Hospital.[4][15] | Canada |
1983 | Drug | Cyclosporine is introduced. It is the first of a number of drugs that effectively treat organ rejection by suppressing the human immune system.[4] | |
1984 | Field development | The world's first successful pediatric heart transplant is performed at Columbia on a four-year-old boy.[23] | United States |
1984 | Policy | The U.S. National Organ Transplant Act makes organ sales illegal.[32] | United States |
1985 | Policy | The World Medical Authority's denounces organs for commercial use.[33] | |
1986 | Field development | The first successful double-lung transplant is performed by dr. Joel Cooper from Toronto General Hospital.[4][15] | Canada |
1986 | Literature (journal) | Peer-reviewed medical journal Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation is established.[34] | |
1986 | Literature (journal) | Peer-reviewed medical journal Bone Marrow Transplantation is established.[35] | |
1987 | Extended survival of an intestinal transplant recipient is first accomplished when a 3½-year-old girl lives for 192 days after receiving a multiorgan transplant for short-gut syndrome and TPN-induced liver failure.[36] | ||
1987 | Policy | The World Health Organization first declares organ trade illegal, stating that such a trade violates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[37] | |
1987 | Field development | The first intestine transplant is performed by Dr. Thomas Starzl.[3] | United States |
1988 | Field development | Deltz and coworkers in Kiel, Germany, perform what is considered to be the first successful intestinal transplant.[22] | Germany |
1988 | Field development | A split liver transplantation (SLT), in which a deceased donor liver is divided into two parts for two recipients, is first described by Pichlmayr.[38] | |
1989 | Statistics | 200,000 tissue transplants are performed in the United States in the year.[5] | United States |
1989 | Field development | The first successful living-related liver transplant is performed by dr. Christoph Broelsch, at the University of Chicago Medical Center.[4][15] | United States |
1989 | Policy | The Human Organ Transplant Act of the United Kingdom first makes the organ sales illegal.[32] | United Kingdom |
1990 | Field development | The first successful living-related lung transplant is performed by dr. Vaughn A. Starnes at Stanford University Medical Center.[4][15] | United States |
1993 | Field development | The first adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant (LDLT) is performed in Hong Kong.[39] | Hong Kong |
1994 | Drug | Tacrolimus or FK-506, originally discovered in a fungus sample, is approved for immunosuppression in transplant patients.[23] | |
1998 | Literature (journal) | Medical journal Xenotransplantation is established.[40] | |
1996 | Statistics | 500,000 tissue transplants are performed in the United States in the year.[5] | United States |
1996 | Literature (journal) | Quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal Annals of Transplantation is established.[41] | |
1997 | Literature (journal) | Peer-reviewed medical journal Pediatric Transplantation is established.[42] | |
1998 | Field development | A pioneering hand transplantation is performed in Lyon, France, by an international team of surgeons. Since then, hand transplantation programs would be launched in the United States, China, Italy, Austria and Belgium.[43] | France |
1999 | Literature (journal) | The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation publishes its first issue.[44] | |
2001 | Literature (journal) | The American Journal of Transplantation is established.[45] | United States |
2005 | Field development | The first successful partial face transplant is performed in France.[46] | France |
2005 | Literature | Mark Cherry publishes Kidney for sale by owner, which advocates using markets to increase the supply of organs available for transplantation.[32] | |
2006 | Field development | Eric M. Genden at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, conducts the first jaw transplant to combine donor jaw with bone marrow from the patient.[5] | |
2006 | Policy | Iran becomes the only country to legally allow individuals to sell their kidneys, with a market price of the order of US$2,000 to US$4,000.[32] | Iran |
2006 | Policy | China makes selling of organs illegal.[32] | China |
2008 | Field development | The first successful complete full double arm transplant is performed by Edgar Biemer, Christoph Höhnke and Manfred Stangl at the Technical University of Munich.[5] | Germany |
2008 | Field development | The first baby is born from transplanted ovary.[47][5] | |
2008 | Field development | the world's first tissue-engineered whole organ transplant - using a windpipe made with the patient's own stem cells, is performed by Paolo Macchiarini in Barcelona.[48] | Spain |
2008 | Field development | Polish transplant surgeon Maria Siemionow in Cleveland, Ohio, performs the first successful transplantation of near total area (80%) of face, (including palate, nose, cheeks, and eyelid.[5] | |
2008 | Policy | The Declaration of Istanbul is created at the Istanbul Summit on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism. It clarifies the issues of transplant tourism, trafficking and commercialism and provides ethical guidelines for practice in organ donation and transplantation.[49] | Turkey |
2010 | Field development | The first full facial transplant is performed by Dr Joan Pere Barret and team at the Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona.[5][50] | Spain |
2011 | Field development | The first double leg transplant is performed by Dr. Cavadas and team at Valencia's Hospital La Fe, Spain.[5][51] | Spain |
2014 | Field development | The first child is born after uterus transplantation at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.[52] | Sweden |
2015 | Field development | The world's first successful penis transplant is reported by a surgical team in South Africa.[53] | South Africa |
Numerical and visual data
Google Scholar
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 19, 2021.
Year | "organ transplant" |
---|---|
1950 | 3 |
1960 | 12 |
1970 | 232 |
1980 | 157 |
1990 | 796 |
2000 | 2,600 |
2010 | 7,140 |
2020 | 14,700 |
Google Trends
The image below shows Google Trends data for Organ transplantation (Medical specialty), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[54]
Google Ngram Viewer
The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Organ transplantation, from 1900 to 2019.[55]
Wikipedia Views
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Organ transplantation, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to February 2021.[56]
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
Feedback and comments
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
- FIXME
What the timeline is still missing
Timeline update strategy
Pingbacks
See also
External links
References
- ↑ "organ transplantation". hrsa.gov. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The origins of organ transplantation" (PDF). thelancet.com. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Zuber, Kim; Howard, Tricia; Davis, Jane. "Transplant in the 21st century". doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000455644.58683.e8.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 "History". unos.org. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 "History of Organ and Tissue Transplant". mtfbiologics.org. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Important Dates". odf.org.za. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ "L. Ollier (1867), Experimental and Clinical Treatise on the Regeneration of Bone: Review.". archive.org. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ↑ Copeland, Robert A. Copeland and Afshari's Principles and Practice of Cornea, Volumen1.
- ↑ "Pancreas Transplantation". medscape.com. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ↑ Armitage, W J; Tullo, A B; Larkin D F P (October 2006). "The first successful full‐thickness corneal transplant: a commentary on Eduard Zirm's landmark paper of 1906". Br J Ophthalmol. 10. 90 (10): 1222–1223. PMC 1857444. PMID 16980643. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.101527.
- ↑ "Congenital Dislocation of the Hip in Children between the Ages of One and Three: Open Reduction and Modified Salter Innominate Osteotomy Combined with Fibular Allograft". scirp.org. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ↑ "The Classic: The Use of Free Osteoplasty Together with Trials on Arthrodesis and Joint Transplantation". PMC 2584276. PMID 18536976.
- ↑ Bankier, Alexander A. Imaging in Transplantation.
- ↑ DM, Strong. "The US Navy Tissue Bank: 50 Years on the Cutting Edge.". PMID 15256965. doi:10.1023/A:1010151928461.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 "About Transplantation". hrsa.gov. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ↑ Batty, David (December 29, 2010). "World's first organ donor dies aged 79". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- ↑ "ASAIO". lww.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Transplantation". lww.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Liver Transplantation". ucdenver.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ Lovasik, Darlene. Organ Transplant, An Issue of Critical Care Nursing Clinics - E-Book.
- ↑ Squifflet, JP; Gruessner, RW; Sutherland, DE. "The history of pancreas transplantation: past, present and future.". PMID 18710120.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Intestinal Transplantation". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "A Brief History of Heart Transplantation". columbiasurgery.org. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ↑ Cooper, David. Christiaan Barnard:: The Surgeon Who Dared.
- ↑ O'Donnell, Michael. Medicine's Strangest Cases: Extraordinary but true stories from over five centuries of medical history.
- ↑ "50 years ago, Stanford heart doctors made history". med.stanford.edu. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ↑ "Pancreas transplantation: review". scielo.br. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ↑ "Transplantation Proceedings". scimagojr.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Revealed: The world's first artificial heart that beat for three days in 1969". dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ↑ "Liotta-Cooley Artificial Heart". si.edu. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
- ↑ Himmelfarb, Jonathan; Sayegh, Mohamed H. Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation E-Book: A Companion to Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 Dubey, R C. Advanced Biotechnology.
- ↑ Glaser, Sheri R. "Formula to Stop the Illegal Organ Trade: Presumed Consent Laws and Mandatory Reporting Requirements for Doctors". american.edu. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Haemodialysis Biocompatibility". oup.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Years of Bone Marrow Transplantation". nature.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ Todo, Satoru; Tzakis, Andreas; Abu-Elmagd, Kareem; Reyes, Jorge; Starzl, Thomas E. "Current Status of Intestinal Transplantation". PMC 2954648. PMID 8140977.
- ↑ Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (2011). "A Criminological Perspective: Why Prohibition of Organ Trade Is Not Effective and How the Declaration of Istanbul Can Move Forward". American Journal of Transplantation. 12 (3): 571–75. PMID 22150956. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03864.x.
- ↑ Nadalin, S.; Bockhorn, M.; Malagó, M.; Valentin-Gamazo, C.; Frilling, A.; Broelsch, C.E. "Living donor liver transplantation". PMC 2131378. PMID 18333233.
- ↑ Brown, Robert S. "Live Donors in Liver Transplantation". PMC 2654217. PMID 18471556.
- ↑ "1994 - Volume 1, Xenotransplantation". wiley.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Annals of Transplantation". journals4free.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "Pediatric Transplantation in the United States, 1997–2006". wiley.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ Hand transplantation (Marco Lanzetta, Jean-Michel Dubernard ed.).
- ↑ "The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation". jhltonline.org. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "2001 - Volume 1, American Journal of Transplantation". wiley.com. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ↑ "World's first face transplant recipient, Isabelle Dinoire, dies aged 49 in France". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ "Woman has baby after first ovary transplant". theguardian.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ "Windpipe transplant breakthrough". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ Participants in the International Summit on Transplant Tourism and Organ Trafficking convened by The Transplantation Society and International Society of Nephrology in Istanbul, Turkey, 30 April to 2 May 2008. "The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism." Kidney International 74, no. 7 (2008): 854-59.
- ↑ "Watch the first full face transplant operation". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ "World's first double-leg transplant". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ "World´s first child born after uterus transplantation". gu.se. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
- ↑ "South Africans perform first 'successful' penis transplant". bbc.com. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ↑ "Organ transplantation". Google Trends. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ↑ "Organ transplantation". books.google.com. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ↑ "Organ transplantation". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 26 March 2021.