Difference between revisions of "Timeline of pollution"

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| 1997 || Organization || {{w|Basel Action Network}} is founded. ||
 
| 1997 || Organization || {{w|Basel Action Network}} is founded. ||
 
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| 1998 || Treaty || The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is adopted by most of the {{w|European Union}}, the United States, and {{w|Canada}}. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of [[heavy metals]]. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date.<ref name="Selin">{{cite journal|last=Selin|first=N. E.|author2=Selin, H.|title=Global Politics of Mercury Pollution: The Need for Multi-Scale Governance|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=258–269|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9388.2006.00529.x}}</ref> ||
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| 1998 || Treaty || The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is adopted by most of the {{w|European Union}}, the United States, and {{w|Canada}}. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of {{w|heavy metals}}. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date.<ref name="Selin">{{cite journal|last=Selin|first=N. E.|author2=Selin, H.|title=Global Politics of Mercury Pollution: The Need for Multi-Scale Governance|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|date=2006|volume=15|issue=3|pages=258–269|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9388.2006.00529.x}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1998 (September 10) || || {{w|Rotterdam Convention}} is signed. It would become effective on 24 February 2004. ||
 
| 1998 (September 10) || || {{w|Rotterdam Convention}} is signed. It would become effective on 24 February 2004. ||

Revision as of 07:15, 15 May 2019

This is a timeline of pollution.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
19th – 20th centuries "caused considerable air pollution, and the conversion of coal to coke for iron smelting beginning in the 17th century exacerbated the problem. "[1] "By the late 18th century and first part of the 19th century, coal came into large-scale use during the Industrial Revolution. The resulting smog and soot had serious health impacts on the residents of growing urban centers." Industrial revolution "Along with amazing technological advances, the Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century introduced new sources of air and water pollution. "[2]
20th century "By the middle of the 20th century, the effects of these changes were beginning to be felt in countries around the world. In the 1960s, an environmental movement began to emerge that sought to stem the tide of pollutants flowing into the planet’s ecosystems."[2]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
Prehistory Pollution starts early, when humans create the first fires. Also, there is evidence of human-induced animal and plant extinctions from 50,000 BCE, when only about 200,000 Homo sapiens roamed the Earth.[3]
5000 BC Ecological awareness appears this early with Vedic sages praising the wild forests in their hymns, Taoists urging that human life should reflect nature’s patterns and the Buddha teaching compassion for all sentient beings.[3] Indian subcontinent
1000 CE Air pollution The use of coal for fuel causes considerable air pollution in cities.[1]
1272 Policy King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London, after its smoke becomes a problem.[2] United Kingdom
1377 – 1399 Richard II of England restricts use of coal.[4]
1525–1569 Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder paints scenes of raw sewage and other pollution emptying into rivers.[3] Netherlands
1609 Literature Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius writes Mare Liberum ("The Freedom of the Seas"), claiming that pollution and war violate natural law.[3] Netherlands
1661 Charles II of England commands writer John Evelyn of the Royal Society to publish Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed[4]
1793 Water pollution The 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic occurs. After the crisis, Benjamin Franklin petitions to manage waste and to remove tanneries for clean air as a public “right”.[3] United States
1798 Literature English cleric Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population, warning that human overpopulation would lead to ecological destruction.[3] United Kingdom
1824 Modern understanding of how certain atmospheric gases trap heat originates when French mathematician Joseph Fourier describes the greenhouse effect.[5] France
1850s Air pollution Acid rain is first discovered. By the time it is another problem resulting from coal-powered plants.[2]
1858 Air pollution Sewers emptied into the River Thames cause the Great Stink, a powerful stench that terrorizes London for two months.[6] United Kingdom
1862 Air pollution Irish physicist John Tyndall discovers that certain gases (water and carbon dioxide) help trap heat from escaping the atmosphere.[5] Ireland
1892 (May 28) Organization Sierra Club is founded in San Francisco, California. It was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world.[7]
1895 Scientific development Swedish Chemist Svante Arrhenius observes the infrared-absorbing properties of carbon dioxide and water molecules.[5]
1940s Los Angeles becomes one of the first cities to experience severe air pollution problems then called “gas attacks.”[4]
1946 Ocean disposal of radioactive waste: First dumping operation takes splace at Northeast Pacific Ocean (about 80 km off the coast of California). United States
1948 Air pollution The worst single incident of air pollution in the United States occurs in Donora, Pennsylvania, when severe industrial air pollution create a deadly smog. 20 people die and over 7,000 are injured.[8][2] United States
1952 Air pollution The Great Smog of London occurs. Pollutants from factories and home fireplaces mix with air condensation, killing at least 4,000 people over the course of several days.[2] United Kingdom
1957–1958 The International Geophysical Year is organized as an international scientific project. Scientists from 67 nations collaborate during an 18-month period to study atmospheric gases, the ozone layer, and the ocean floor. Antarctica is declared a neutral zone to be used only for international scientific research.[9]
1960s "Dangers to the ozone layer from jet planes are investigated."[9]
1962 Literature American biologist Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, which focuses attention on environmental damage caused by improper use of pesticides such as DDT and other persistent chemicals that accumulate in the food chain and disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems on a wide scale.[1] United States
1963 Policy The United States Congress passes the Clean Air Act legislation, in an effort to reduce air pollution. The law would be amended and strengthened in the ensuing decades.[2] United States
1967 Organization The Environmental Defense Fund is formed as an environmental advocacy group.[10] United States
1969 Organization Greenpeace is formed.[3]
1969 Organization Pollution Probe is founded.[11][12] Canada
~1970 Air pollution SO2 emissions peak in North America.[13] North America
1971 Organization Earthjustice is founded in the United States. It is dedicated to litigating environmental issues.[14] United States
1972 The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm is held, gathering representatives of 113 nations to develop plans for international action to protect the world environment.[4] Sweden
1972 (June 5) Program United Nations Environment Programme is launched, with the purpose to guide and coordinate environmental activities within the United Nations.[15][16]
1973 MARPOL 73/78 is adopted as an international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively, and updated by amendments through the years.[17]
1974 (September 22) Organization Central Pollution Control Board is formed.[18]
1979 (November 13) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution opens for signature. It would enter into force on March 16, 1983.
1979 Air pollution An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a Soviet biological warfare laboratory near Sverdlovsk is believed to cause at least 64 deaths.[19] Russia
~1980 Air pollution SO2 emissions peak in Europe.[13] Europe
1980 Organization The Centre for Science and Environment is founded in India
1982 "A hole is discovered in the ozone layer over the Antarctic by a British scientist, Joe Farman."[9]
1982 (December 10) The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is signed with the purpose to lay down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world's oceans and seas establishing rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources.[20]
1984 Air pollution The Bhopal Disaster happens as the world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis.[21] India
1986 "The National Academy of Sciences reports that the burning of coal, gasoline, and other fossil fuels is definitely linked to acid rain and the death of trees, fish, and lake ecosystems in both the U.S. and Canada."[4] United States, Canada
1987 (August 26) The Montreal Protocol is signed as a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It would become effective on August 26, 1989.[22]
1988 "Scientists discover a second hole in the ozone layer, this time over the Arctic."[9]
1989 (March 22) Basel Convention is signed. It would become effective on May 5, 1992. Switzerland
1990 Open defecation More than half the population in 16 countries practice open defecation, and more than ten percent in 62 countries.[23]
~1990 Air pollution SO2 emissions peak in South America.[13] South America
1991 Water pollution The United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimates that up to 80% of the pollution is land-based,[24] with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources.[25]
1992 (June 4) Treaty The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is signed.
1992 (September 22) Treaty The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic opens for signature at the Ministerial Meeting of the Oslo and Paris Commissions in Paris.
1993 (October 30) Organization European Environment Agency is formed. Its goal is to help those involved in developing, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and to inform the general public.[26][27]
1994 Water pollution Study of the seabed using trawl nets in the North-Western Mediterranean around the coasts of Spain, France, and Italy reports mean concentrations of debris of 1,935 items per square kilometer. Plastic debris accounted for 77%, of which 93% was plastic bags.[28]
1994 (February 20) Policy Total prohibition of ocean disposal of radioactive waste comes into force by international treaties.
1995 Organization The British Environment Agency is formed.[29]
1997 Treaty Kyoto Protocol is signed as an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.[30] Japan
1997 Organization Basel Action Network is founded.
1998 Treaty The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is adopted by most of the European Union, the United States, and Canada. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of heavy metals. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date.[31]
1998 (September 10) Rotterdam Convention is signed. It would become effective on 24 February 2004.
1999 Plastic pollution In samples taken from the North Pacific Gyre by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass of plastic is found to exceed that of zooplankton by a factor of six.[32][33]
2001 (May 22) Treaty The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is signed. It would become effective on 17 May 2004. Sweden
2001 (June) Organization The British Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is formed.
2004 Plastic pollution A study by Richard Thompson from the University of Plymouth finds a great amount of microdebris on the beaches and waters in Europe, the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica.[34]
2004 Plastic pollution It is estimated that gulls in the North Sea have an average of thirty pieces of plastic in their stomachs.[35]
2005 Treaty The Kyoto Protocol enters into force.[30]
2006 Visual pollution São Paulo passed the Cidade Limpa (Clean City Law), outlawing the use of all outdoor advertisements, including on billboards, transit, and in front of stores.[36]
2006 Electronic waste The United Nations estimates the amount of worldwide electronic waste discarded each year to be 50 million metric tons.[37]
2007 Water pollution CNN reports that “up to 500 million tons of heavy metals, solvents and toxic sludge slip into the global water supply every year.[2]
2007 Air pollution China overtakes the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2.[38]
2009 Organization Plastic Pollution Coalition} is founded.
2010 Air pollution A Study estimates that 1.2 million people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution.[39] China
2010 Plastic pollution It is calculated that 275 million tonnes of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in the year, with 4.8 to 12.7 million entering the ocean - a percentage of only up to 5%.[40]
2010 Program Plastic Disclosure Project.
2011 Air pollution Large Danish epidemiological study finds an increased risk of lung cancer for patients who live in areas with high nitrogen oxide concentrations. In this study, the association was higher for non-smokers than smokers.[41] An additional study likewise notes evidence of possible associations between air pollution and other forms of cancer, including cervical cancer and brain cancer.[42]
2012 Plastic pollution Approximately 165 million tons of plastic pollution are estimated in the world's oceans.[43]
2013 Light pollution Light pollution in Hong Kong is declared the 'worst on the planet'.[44] Hong Kong
2013 Organization The Ocean Cleanup is founded.
2013 Water pollution Debris from six beaches in Korea is collected and analyzed: 56% is found to be "ocean-based" and 44% "land-based".[45] Korea
2013 Water pollution It is calculated that over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in the year, and 1,535 people died, most of them children.[46] India
2013 (October 10) Minamata Convention on Mercury. Japan
2013 (December) Air pollution Air pollution is estimated to kill 500,000 people in China each year.[47] China
2014 Open defecation The World Health Organization finds open defecation to be a leading cause of diarrheal death. An average of 2,000 children under the age of five die every day from diarrhea.[48]
2014 Plastic pollution In a study using computer models, scientists estimate 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing 269,000 tons are dispersed in oceans in similar amount in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and one-hundredth of them are particles the scale of a sand.[49]
2014 Air pollution Environmental impact of shipping: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) estimates that carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emissions in the year[50] and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken.[51]
2014 (June) Air pollution Study discovers that early exposure to air pollution causes the same damaging changes in the brain as autism and schizophrenia. The study also shows that air pollution also affects short-term memory, learning ability, and impulsivity. Air pollution has a more significant negative effect on males than on females.[52][53][54]
2014 Air pollution The World Health Organization estimates that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide.[55]
2015 Plastic pollution In a study published by Science, Jambeck et al (2015) estimates that the 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh.[40]
2015 (December) Statistics Medical scientists report that cancer is overwhelmingly a result of environmental factors, and not largely down to bad luck.[56]
2015 Statistics Pollution is estimated to have killed 9 million people in the world in the year.[57][58]
2016 Light pollution It is estimated that one third of the world's population can no longer see the Milky Way, including 80% of Americans and 60% of Europeans. Singapore is found to be the most light-polluted country in the world.[59][60]
2017 Statistics Study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health finds that global pollution, specifically toxic air, water, soils and workplaces, kill nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence.[61]
2017 Plastic pollution A study published by Environmental Science & Technology calculates that the Yangtze, Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, Nile, Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, Niger River, and the Mekong River transport 88–95% of the global plastics load into the sea.[62][63]
2017 Plastic pollution Study finds that 83% of tap water samples taken around the world contain plastic pollutants.[64][65]
2018 Plastic pollution As of date, about 380 million tons of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tons of plastic was produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated.[66]
2018 (July) Plastic pollution Albania becomes the first country in Europe to ban lightweight plastic bags.[67][68][69] Albania’s environment minister Blendi Klosi said that businesses importing, producing or trading plastic bags less than 35 microns in thickness risk facing fines between 1 million to 1.5 million lek (€7,900 to €11,800).[68]
2050 Plastic pollution Some researchers suggest that by the time there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight.[70]

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See also

External links

References

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