Timeline of pollution
From Timelines
This is a timeline of pollution.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary |
---|---|
19th – 20th centuries | "caused considerable air pollution, and the conversion of coal to coke for iron smelting beginning in the 17th century exacerbated the problem. "[1] "By the late 18th century and first part of the 19th century, coal came into large-scale use during the Industrial Revolution. The resulting smog and soot had serious health impacts on the residents of growing urban centers." Industrial revolution "Along with amazing technological advances, the Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century introduced new sources of air and water pollution. "[2] |
20th century | "By the middle of the 20th century, the effects of these changes were beginning to be felt in countries around the world. In the 1960s, an environmental movement began to emerge that sought to stem the tide of pollutants flowing into the planet’s ecosystems."[2] |
Full timeline
Year | Event type | Details | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Prehistory | Pollution starts early, when humans create the first fires. Also, there is evidence of human-induced animal and plant extinctions from 50,000 BCE, when only about 200,000 Homo sapiens roamed the Earth.[3] | ||
5000 BC | Ecological awareness appears this early with Vedic sages praising the wild forests in their hymns, Taoists urging that human life should reflect nature’s patterns and the Buddha teaching compassion for all sentient beings.[3] | Indian subcontinent | |
1000 CE | Air pollution | The use of coal for fuel causes considerable air pollution in cities.[1] | |
1272 | Policy | King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London, after its smoke becomes a problem.[2] | United Kingdom |
1377 – 1399 | Richard II of England restricts use of coal.[4] | ||
1525–1569 | Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder paints scenes of raw sewage and other pollution emptying into rivers.[3] | Netherlands | |
1609 | Literature | Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius writes Mare Liberum ("The Freedom of the Seas"), claiming that pollution and war violate natural law.[3] | Netherlands |
1661 | Charles II of England commands writer John Evelyn of the Royal Society to publish Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke dissipated; together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed[4] | ||
1793 | Water pollution | The 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic occurs. After the crisis, Benjamin Franklin petitions to manage waste and to remove tanneries for clean air as a public “right”.[3] | United States |
1798 | Literature | English cleric Thomas Malthus publishes An Essay on the Principle of Population, warning that human overpopulation would lead to ecological destruction.[3] | United Kingdom |
1824 | Modern understanding of how certain atmospheric gases trap heat originates when French mathematician Joseph Fourier describes the greenhouse effect.[5] | France | |
1850s | Air pollution | Acid rain is first discovered. By the time it is another problem resulting from coal-powered plants.[2] | |
1858 | Air pollution | Sewers emptied into the River Thames cause the Great Stink, a powerful stench that terrorizes London for two months.[6] | United Kingdom |
1862 | Air pollution | Irish physicist John Tyndall discovers that certain gases (water and carbon dioxide) help trap heat from escaping the atmosphere.[5] | Ireland |
1892 (May 28) | Organization | Sierra Club is founded in San Francisco, California. It was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world.[7] | |
1895 | Scientific development | Swedish Chemist Svante Arrhenius observes the infrared-absorbing properties of carbon dioxide and water molecules.[5] | |
1940s | Los Angeles becomes one of the first cities to experience severe air pollution problems then called “gas attacks.”[4] | ||
1946 | Ocean disposal of radioactive waste: First dumping operation takes splace at Northeast Pacific Ocean (about 80 km off the coast of California). | United States | |
1948 | Air pollution | The worst single incident of air pollution in the United States occurs in Donora, Pennsylvania, when severe industrial air pollution create a deadly smog. 20 people die and over 7,000 are injured.[8][2] | United States |
1952 | Air pollution | The Great Smog of London occurs. Pollutants from factories and home fireplaces mix with air condensation, killing at least 4,000 people over the course of several days.[2] | United Kingdom |
1957–1958 | The International Geophysical Year is organized as an international scientific project. Scientists from 67 nations collaborate during an 18-month period to study atmospheric gases, the ozone layer, and the ocean floor. Antarctica is declared a neutral zone to be used only for international scientific research.[9] | ||
1960s | "Dangers to the ozone layer from jet planes are investigated."[9] | ||
1962 | Literature | American biologist Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, which focuses attention on environmental damage caused by improper use of pesticides such as DDT and other persistent chemicals that accumulate in the food chain and disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems on a wide scale.[1] | United States |
1963 | Policy | The United States Congress passes the Clean Air Act legislation, in an effort to reduce air pollution. The law would be amended and strengthened in the ensuing decades.[2] | United States |
1967 | Organization | Environmental Defense Fund is formed.[10] | |
1969 | Organization | Greenpeace is formed.[3] | |
1969 | Organization | Pollution Probe is founded.[11][12] | Canada |
~1970 | Air pollution | SO2 emissions peak in North America.[13] | North America |
1971 | Organization | Earthjustice is founded in the United States. It is dedicated to litigating environmental issues.[14] | United States |
1972 | "Representatives of 113 nations, gather on 5th June at a United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm to develop plans for international action to protect the world environment."[4] | ||
1972 (June 5) | Program | United Nations Environment Programme is launched, with the purpose to guide and coordinate environmental activities within the United Nations.[15][16] | |
1973 | MARPOL 73/78 is adopted as an international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively, and updated by amendments through the years.[17] | ||
1974 (September 22) | Organization | Central Pollution Control Board is formed.[18] | |
1979 (November 13) | Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution opens for signature. It would enter into force on March 16, 1983. | ||
1979 | Air pollution | An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a Soviet biological warfare laboratory near Sverdlovsk is believed to cause at least 64 deaths.[19] | Russia |
~1980 | Air pollution | SO2 emissions peak in Europe.[13] | Europe |
1980 | Organization | The Centre for Science and Environment is founded in India | |
1982 | "A hole is discovered in the ozone layer over the Antarctic by a British scientist, Joe Farman."[9] | ||
1982 (December 10) | The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is signed. | ||
1984 | Air pollution | The Bhopal Disaster happens as the world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis.[20] | India |
1986 | "The National Academy of Sciences reports that the burning of coal, gasoline, and other fossil fuels is definitely linked to acid rain and the death of trees, fish, and lake ecosystems in both the U.S. and Canada."[4] | United States, Canada | |
1987 (August 26) | The Montreal Protocol is signed. It would become effective on August 26, 1989 | ||
1988 | "Scientists discover a second hole in the ozone layer, this time over the Arctic."[9] | ||
1989 (March 22) | Basel Convention is signed. It would become effective on May 5, 1992. | Switzerland | |
1990 | Open defecation | More than half the population in 16 countries practice open defecation, and more than ten percent in 62 countries.[21] | |
~1990 | Air pollution | SO2 emissions peak in South America.[13] | South America |
1991 | Water pollution | The United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimates that up to 80% of the pollution is land-based,[22] with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources.[23] | |
1992 (September 22) | The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic opens for signature at the Ministerial Meeting of the Oslo and Paris Commissions in Paris. | ||
1993 (October 30) | Organization | European Environment Agency is formed. Its goal is to help those involved in developing, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and to inform the general public.[24][25] | |
1994 | Water pollution | Study of the seabed using trawl nets in the North-Western Mediterranean around the coasts of Spain, France, and Italy reports mean concentrations of debris of 1,935 items per square kilometer. Plastic debris accounted for 77%, of which 93% was plastic bags.[26] | |
1994 (February 20) | Policy | Total prohibition of ocean disposal of radioactive waste comes into force by international treaties. | |
1995 | Organization | The British Environment Agency is formed.[27] | |
1997 | Kyoto Protocol | Japan | |
1997 | Organization | Basel Action Network is founded. | |
1998 | The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is adopted by most of the European Union, the United States, and Canada. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of heavy metals. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date.[28] | ||
1998 (September 10) | Rotterdam Convention is signed. It would become effective on 24 February 2004. | ||
1999 | Plastic pollution | In samples taken from the North Pacific Gyre by the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, the mass of plastic is found to exceed that of zooplankton by a factor of six.[29][30] | |
2001 (May 22) | Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is signed. It would become effective on 17 May 2004. | Sweden | |
2001 (June) | The British Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is formed. | ||
2004 | Plastic pollution | A study by Richard Thompson from the University of Plymouth finds a great amount of microdebris on the beaches and waters in Europe, the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica.[31] | |
2004 | Plastic pollution | It is estimated that gulls in the North Sea have an average of thirty pieces of plastic in their stomachs.[32] | |
2006 | Visual pollution | São Paulo passed the Cidade Limpa (Clean City Law), outlawing the use of all outdoor advertisements, including on billboards, transit, and in front of stores.[33] | |
2006 | Electronic waste | The United Nations estimates the amount of worldwide electronic waste discarded each year to be 50 million metric tons.[34] | |
2007 | Water pollution | CNN reports that “up to 500 million tons of heavy metals, solvents and toxic sludge slip into the global water supply every year.[2] | |
2007 | Air pollution | China overtakes the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2.[35] | |
2009 | Organization | Plastic Pollution Coalition} is founded. | |
2010 | Air pollution | A Study estimates that 1.2 million people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution.[36] | China |
2010 | Plastic pollution | It is calculated that 275 million tonnes of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in the year, with 4.8 to 12.7 million entering the ocean - a percentage of only up to 5%.[37] | |
2010 | Program | Plastic Disclosure Project. | |
2011 | Air pollution | Large Danish epidemiological study finds an increased risk of lung cancer for patients who live in areas with high nitrogen oxide concentrations. In this study, the association was higher for non-smokers than smokers.[38] An additional study likewise notes evidence of possible associations between air pollution and other forms of cancer, including cervical cancer and brain cancer.[39] | |
2012 | Plastic pollution | Approximately 165 million tons of plastic pollution are estimated in the world's oceans.[40] | |
2013 | Light pollution | Light pollution in Hong Kong is declared the 'worst on the planet'.[41] | Hong Kong |
2013 | Organization | The Ocean Cleanup is founded. | |
2013 | Water pollution | Debris from six beaches in Korea is collected and analyzed: 56% is found to be "ocean-based" and 44% "land-based".[42] | Korea |
2013 | Water pollution | It is calculated that over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in the year, and 1,535 people died, most of them children.[43] | India |
2013 (October 10) | Minamata Convention on Mercury. | Japan | |
2013 (December) | Air pollution | Air pollution is estimated to kill 500,000 people in China each year.[44] | China |
2014 | Open defecation | The World Health Organization finds open defecation to be a leading cause of diarrheal death. An average of 2,000 children under the age of five die every day from diarrhea.[45] | |
2014 | Plastic pollution | In a study using computer models, scientists estimate 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing 269,000 tons are dispersed in oceans in similar amount in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and one-hundredth of them are particles the scale of a sand.[46] | |
2014 | Air pollution | Environmental impact of shipping: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) estimates that carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emissions in the year[47] and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken.[48] | |
2014 (June) | Air pollution | Study discovers that early exposure to air pollution causes the same damaging changes in the brain as autism and schizophrenia. The study also shows that air pollution also affects short-term memory, learning ability, and impulsivity. Air pollution has a more significant negative effect on males than on females.[49][50][51] | |
2014 | Air pollution | The World Health Organization estimates that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide.[52] | |
2015 | Plastic pollution | In a study published by Science, Jambeck et al (2015) estimates that the 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh.[37] | |
2015 (December) | Statistics | Medical scientists report that cancer is overwhelmingly a result of environmental factors, and not largely down to bad luck.[53] | |
2015 | Statistics | Pollution is estimated to have killed 9 million people in the world in the year.[54][55] | |
2016 | Light pollution | It is estimated that one third of the world's population can no longer see the Milky Way, including 80% of Americans and 60% of Europeans. Singapore is found to be the most light-polluted country in the world.[56][57] | |
2017 | Statistics | Study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health finds that global pollution, specifically toxic air, water, soils and workplaces, kill nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence.[58] | |
2017 | Plastic pollution | A study published by Environmental Science & Technology calculates that the Yangtze, Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, Nile, Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, Niger River, and the Mekong River transport 88–95% of the global plastics load into the sea.[59][60] | |
2017 | Plastic pollution | Study finds that 83% of tap water samples taken around the world contain plastic pollutants.[61][62] | |
2018 | Plastic pollution | As of date, about 380 million tons of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tons of plastic was produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated.[63] | |
2018 (July) | Plastic pollution | Albania becomes the first country in Europe to ban lightweight plastic bags.[64][65][66] Albania’s environment minister Blendi Klosi said that businesses importing, producing or trading plastic bags less than 35 microns in thickness risk facing fines between 1 million to 1.5 million lek (€7,900 to €11,800).[65] | |
2050 | Plastic pollution | Some researchers suggest that by the time there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight.[67] |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Pollution". britannica.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Water and Air Pollution". history.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "A Brief History of Environmentalism". greenpeace.org. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "History of Air Pollution". nptel.ac.in. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Why we know about the greenhouse gas effect". blogs.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ "Re-Smelling London's Great Stink Of 1858". allthatsinteresting.com. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ "About the Sierra Club". Sierra Club.
- ↑ Davis, Devra (2002). When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01521-4.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Earth Timeline: How People Have Affected the Environment". factmonster.com. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ "Our story: How EDF got started". edf.org. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ "Pollution Probe Foundation". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ "About Pollution Probe". pollutionprobe.org. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Air Pollution". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ "STAFF ATTORNEY, COMMUNITY-BASED INITIATIVES". jobs.jobvite.com. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ↑ "United Nations Environment Programme". britannica.com. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ↑ "United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) established". environmentandsociety.org. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ↑ "MARPOL 73/78". wartsila.com. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ↑ "Central Pollution Control Board". cpcb.nic.in. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. (November 1994). "The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979" (PDF). Science. 266 (5188): 1202–08. PMID 7973702. doi:10.1126/science.7973702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-21.
- ↑ "20th anniversary of world's worst industrial disaster". abc.net.au. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water : 2015 Update and MDG Assessment.
- ↑ Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions". Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 15 (4): 301–305. doi:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3.
- ↑ Weiss, K.R. (2017). "The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-120717-211902. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017.
- ↑ "European Environment Agency". eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ↑ "European Environment Agency". europa.eu. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
- ↑ "Marine Litter: An analytical overview" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- ↑ "ENVIRONMENT AGENCY". stormlamp.org.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ↑ Selin, N. E.; Selin, H. (2006). "Global Politics of Mercury Pollution: The Need for Multi-Scale Governance". Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 15 (3): 258–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2006.00529.x.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ "Plastics and Marine Debris". Algalita Marine Research Foundation. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
- ↑ Le Guern, Claire (March 2018). "When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide". Coastal Care. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ↑ Hill, Marquita K. Understanding Environmental Pollution.
- ↑ "Five Years After Banning Outdoor Ads, Brazil's Largest City Is More Vibrant Than Ever". The Center for a New American Dream. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Blau, J (November 2006). "UN Summit on e-waste: Nokia, Vodaphone and Others to Attend UN Summit on e-waste". CIO business magazine. Retrieved 6 MAy 2019. Check date values in:
|access-date=
(help) - ↑ "China overtakes US as world's biggest CO2 emitter". theguardian.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ Wong, Edward (26 April 2019). "Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Deaths in China". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris; Siegler, Theodore R.; Perryman, Miriam; Andrady, Anthony; Narayan, Ramani; Law, Kara Lavender (2015). "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" (PDF). Science. 347 (6223): 768–71. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..768J. PMID 25678662. doi:10.1126/science.1260352. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
- ↑ Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Andersen, Z. J.; Hvidberg, M.; Jensen, S. S.; Ketzel, M.; Sorensen, M.; Tjonneland, A. (2011). "Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't].". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (6): 860–65. PMC 3114823. PMID 21227886. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002353.
- ↑ Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Andersen, Z. J.; Hvidberg, M.; Jensen, S. S.; Ketzel, M.; Sorensen, M.; Tjonneland, A. (2011). "Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study". Environmental Health. 10: 67. PMC 3157417. PMID 21771295. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-67.
- ↑ Knight 2012, p. 12.
- ↑ "Light pollution in Hong Kong 'worst on the planet'". scmp.com. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Yong, C (2013). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land". Ocean Science Journal. 49 (2): 151–162. doi:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8.
- ↑ Isalkar, Umesh (29 July 2014). "Over 1,500 lives lost to diarrhoea in 2013, delay in treatment blamed". The Times of India. Indiatimes. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Mr Chen's claim was made in The Lancet (December 2013 issue) and reported in The Daily Telegraph 8th January 2014 p. 15 'Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year, admits former health minister.
- ↑ "WHO | Diarrhoeal disease". World Health Organization. 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ↑ "5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean Trash Found, But Fewer Particles Than Expected". 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
- ↑ Third IMO GHG Study 2014 (PDF), International Maritime Organization
- ↑ Second IMO GHG Study 2014 (PDF), International Maritime Organization, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-19
- ↑ Allen, Joshua L.; Liu, Xiufang; Pelkowski, Sean; Palmer, Brian; Conrad, Katherine; Oberdörster, Günter; Weston, Douglas; Mayer-Pröschel, Margot; Cory-Slechta, Deborah A. (2014-06-05). "Early Postnatal Exposure to Ultrafine Particulate Matter Air Pollution: Persistent Ventriculomegaly, Neurochemical Disruption, and Glial Activation Preferentially in Male Mice". Environmental Health Perspectives. 122 (9): 939–945. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 4154219. PMID 24901756. doi:10.1289/ehp.1307984.
- ↑ McEnaney, Michael (7 June 2014). "Air pollution link discovered to autism, schizophrenia risks". Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ "New Evidence Links Air Pollution to Autism, Schizophrenia". University of Rochester Medical Center. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ↑ "7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution". WHO. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Gallagher, James (17 December 2015). "Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Beil, Laura (15 November 2017). "Pollution killed 9 million people in 2015". Sciencenews.org. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Carrington, Damian (October 20, 2017). "Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Dennis, Brady (June 11, 2016). "Light pollution limiting night-sky views". Portland Press Herald, via Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ↑ Falchi, Fabio; Cinzano, Pierantonio; Duriscoe, Dan; Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A.; Rybnikova, Nataliya A.; Furgoni, Riccardo (2016-06-01). "The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness". Science Advances. 2 (6): e1600377. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0377F. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 4928945. PMID 27386582. arXiv:1609.01041. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600377.
- ↑ Stanglin, Doug (October 20, 2017). "Global pollution is the world's biggest killer and a threat to survival of mankind, study finds". USA Today. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
- ↑ Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017). "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (21): 12246–12253. Bibcode:2017EnST...5112246S. PMID 29019247. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368.
The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea
- ↑ Harald Franzen (30 November 2017). "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).
- ↑ "Invisibles". orbmedia.org. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ "Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Global Drinking Water". orbmedia.org. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ↑ "The known unknowns of plastic pollution". The Economist. 3 March 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
- ↑ "Rama: Albania the first country in Europe to ban plastic bags lawfully | Radio Tirana International". rti.rtsh.al. 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Albania bans non-biodegradable plastic bags". Tirana Times. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ↑ "Balkans bans the bag". makeresourcescount.eu. 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
- ↑ Sutter, John D. (12 December 2016). "How to stop the sixth mass extinction". CNN. Retrieved 29 April 2019.