Timeline of quantified self

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This is a timeline of quantified self.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • Concept introduction
  • Service launch
  • Device launch
  • Literature
  • Background technology
  • Notable case
  • Data politics
  • Data privacy and security
  • Physical representation
  • Data commoditization
  • Algorithmic discrimination

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
Ancient times Early ideas Monitoring, measuring and recording elements of one's body and life as a form of self-improvement or self-reflection is already discussed in ancient times.[1]
Latter half of the 20th century onwards Early technologies The Digital Revolution introduces technologies that facilitate tracking practices, leading to renewed interest in self-tracking.[1] The term database is introdiced in the 1960s. "Technically quantified self has been an idea since the 1970s"[2] In the 1990s, people start experimenting with lifelogging techniques and wearable computing devices.[1] In the same decade, Telehealth and telemedicine technologies are introduced,involving computerized devices located within patients' homes to facilitate remote monitoring of their bodies.[1] "Developments in small-scale computerised technologies in the 1990s inspired many designers to experiment with wearable fashion and other objects that could be worn on the body, such as jewellery. "[1]
21st century Consolidation The term quantified self is invented in 2007 by Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly, both who start the Quantified Self movement in the same year.[3] In the second decade of the century, large companies such as Apple, Samsung and Google launch wearable devices with self tracking functions.

Visual and numerical data

Mentions on Google Scholar

Year quantified self self tracking life logging human enhancement
1980 2,780 3,770 30,300 10,300
1985 3,460 4,660 7.830 15,900
1990 7,340 9,440 50,300 32,600
1995 12,300 18,500 13,400 65,700
2000 23,300 38,500 56,600 138,000
2002 30,500 54,000 28,100 153,000
2004 41,700 68,500 33,200 182,000
2006 56,000 88,000 39,700 212,000
2008 69,900 109,000 48,600 233,000
2010 86,500 131,000 76,500 250,000
2012 99,800 153,000 106,000 287,000
2014 99,500 162,000 99,100 276,000
2016 85,900 151,000 91,000 220,000
2017 80,400 147,000 83,200 184,000
2018 67,300 126,000 73,800 147,000
2019 51,300 97,200 59,300 109,000
2020 36,300 75,400 43,300 78,400
Quantified self.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for self-tracking (Search term), lifelogging (Search term) and quantified self (Search term), from January 2004 to July 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map. [4]

Self-tracking, lifelogging and quantified self gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for self-tracking, lifelogging and quantified self from 1900 to 2019. [5]

Self-tracking, lifelogging and quantified self ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Quantified self, from July 2015 to June 2021.[6]

Quantified self WV.png

Full timeline

Year Month and date (approximately) Event type Domain (when applicable) Details Location/launch base
1945 Notable comment (lifelogging) American presidential science advisor Vannevar Bush publishes an essay asserting his belief that humans' ability to remember could be enhanced by technology. In this essay, Bush introduces his idea of the Memex, a mechanized device in which people could store all their documents, records, books, letters and memos. People could wear small cameras on their foreheads to capture details of their daily lives and add them to the Memex archive.[1] United States
1962 Background technology Chemical substance tracking American biochemist Leland C. Clark and Champ Lyons invent the first biosensor.[7][8] United States
1972–1997 Notable case (lifelogging) "A known lifelogger was Robert Shields, who manually recorded 25 years of his life from 1972 to 1997, at 5-minute intervals. This record resulted in a 37-million word diary, thought to be the longest ever written." United States
1980 The first wireless ECG is invented.
1998 Notable case Using digital technologies, American electrical engineer Gordon Bell starts recording as many aspects of his life as possible, including all his correspondence and documents, books he has read, photos, home movies and videos, computer files, mementos, meetings, conversations and phone calls. In 2000, he would start wearing a camera, and in 2002, BodyMedia, an early health-tracking armband.[1] United States
1999 "eHealth is a relatively recent healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, dating back to at least 1999."[9]
2001 Experiment MyLifeBits launches as a life-logging experiment. It is a Microsoft Research project inspired by Vannevar Bush's hypothetical Memex computer system.[10] United States
2002 Art and design "In 2002 British designer and researcher Lucy Kimbell created a performance art piece entitled ‘LIX Index’ that involved her uploading 50 pieces of her personal data into a database (LIX Index, 2002; see also LIX Index, 2014). These pieces included such elements as her bank balance, hours spent outdoors, the air temperature where she lives, conversations with friends and family, tweets, orgasms, physical activity and intellectual stimulation. She produced a weekly index from these disparate sources of data, the LIX Index"[1] United Kingdom
2004 January 1[11] Service launch Workplace wellness Richard Branson’s Virgin Group launches Virgin Pulse, a platform that offers both productivity-, health- and fitness-tracking programs for workers, including wearable fitness, diet, weight, sleep and work commitment trackers.[12]
2005 MyFitnessPal is launched. It is a health smartphone app that tracks nutrition, exercise, and diet. In 2020, MyFitnessPal would be acquired by Francisco Partners for US$345 million.[13]
2006 April 23andMe
2006 "The concept of assemblage is often used in the sociomateralism literature. An assemblage is configured when humans, nonhumans, practices, ideas and discourses come together in a complex system (Marcus, 2006). With digital technologies it is the case that computer software and hardware developers, manufacturers and retailers, software coders, algorithms, computer servers and archives, the computing cloud, websites, platforms and social media sites are all part of the network of actors that configure and enact a range of assemblages. Several different types of assemblage are configured via the interactions of humans and digital nonhumans. One such assemblage is the human-body–device–sensor–software–data configuration that is generated when people use a digital device to monitor and measure their physical activities. This assemblage may also incorporate other human and nonhuman actors – for example when users share their personal data with one another or attempt to synchronise the data across other devices or platforms, or when many users' data are aggregated and rendered into large data sets, which may in turn be employed for a range of purposes by other human actors."[1]
2006 August 24 Background technology Amazon.com releases its Elastic Compute Cloud product. Cloud computing starts being popularized.[14] United States
2007 January 15 Service launch (reading tracker) Goodreads is founded. It is a mobile and web app that allows its users to find, share, recommend, read, and review the books they like. In 2013, it would be acquired by Amazon.[15] As of 2021, Goodreads is the world’s largest site for readers and book recommendations.[16] United States
2007 January 28 Service launch (task manager) Todoist is founded. It keeps track of tasks, projects, and goals in one simple place, synching across all the users devices and integrating with all their favorite apps.[17]
2007 March 26 Fitbit
2007 April 1 Service launch Productivity monitoring RescueTime is launched. Based in Seattle, Washington, it is a web-based time management tool that keeps track of what the user does and for how long when they are on their computer. Productivity-monitoring devices and software are becoming a feature of many workplaces.[18] United States
2007 Concept development The term quantified self is proposed in San Francisco by Wired magazine editors Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly as "a collaboration of users and tool makers who share an interest in self knowledge through self-tracking."[19][20] United States
2007 September 25 Website launch quantifiedself.com is registered.[21] Set up by Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly, the website provides discussion forums, supports regional meetings of members and two annual international conferences, and publishes a blog covering self-tracking aspects and strategies.[1]
2007 Organiztion "The Quantified Self movement was founded by Gary Wolf and Kevin Kelly in 2007. From the start it has been a movement that aims to explore ‘what new tools of self-tracking are good for’ and ‘to create an environment where this question can be explored on a human level’. The community of curious self-trackers in this early stage was limited to a Bay Area Quantified Self Meetup Group. Since then the movement has gained huge momentum; today there are hundreds of QS meetup groups worldwide."
2007 December 1 Device launch Fitness tracking Nintendo launches the Wii Fit, an exergaming video game that incorporates sensors that are abe to configure body metrics as part of the games it offers.[22] Japan
2008 "At the center of the quantified self movement is, appropriately, the Quantified Self community, which in October 2012 comprised 70 worldwide meetup groups with 5,000 participants having attended 120 events since the community formed in 2008 (event videos are available online at http://quantifiedself.com/)."[23]
2009 Device launch Philips releases Fractals, a prototype consisting in digital jewelry or scarf arrangements that are designed to be a hybrid between clothing and jewelry. Using light-emitting diode (LED) configurations to display data, these objects sense bodily changes of the wearer as well as the proximity of others' bodies.[24] Netherlands
2009 February Literature David Ewing Duncan publishes Experimental Man: What One Man's Body Reveals about His Future, Your Health, and Our Toxic World.[25]
2009 June 22 Literature (article) Gary Wolf publishes on wired.com an article entitled Know thyself: Tracking every facet of life, from sleep to mood and pain, 24/7/365, which seeks to explain the concept of the quantified self.[26]
2009 August 18 Service launch Fitness tracking Strava launches as an internet service for tracking human exercise. It incorporates social network features. The app uses self-tracked data from a number of compatible GPS devices. Once a run or bicycle ride has been completed, users can upload the details of their route so as to quantify and analyze their performance.[1][27] united States
2010 January Concept development "The term Personal Informatics was first coined by Ian Li and his colleagues in 2010 as “a class of applications to help people collect and reflect on personal information”."[28][29] United States
2010 April 28 Literature (article) Gary Wolf writes an article in the topic of quantified self, entitled The Data-Driven Life, which described the growing movement of people seeking a deeper knowledge of themselves through tracking sleep, exercise, sex, food, location, and productivity.[30]
2011 May Conference The first Quantified Self international conference is held in Mountain View, California.[31]
2011 November Conference The first European Quantified Self (QS) conference is conducted in Amsterdam.[31]
2012 January 19 Device launch Fitness tracking Nike introduces the Nike+ FuelBand, an activity tracker worn on the wrist and compatible with iPhone, iPad, or Android devices.[32]
2012 April Literature Bruce W. Perry publishes Fitness for Geeks: Real Science, Great Nutrition, and Good Health.[33]
2012 September 28 Organization The Quantified Self Institute, is officially founded as an academic research institute in the Netherlands by the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, in collaboration with the Quantified Self Labs.[31][1]
2012 September " The group's third conference was held at Stanford University in September 2012 with over 400 attendees."[23]
2012 October "At the center of the quantified self movement is, appropriately, the Quantified Self community, which in October 2012 comprised 70 worldwide meetup groups with 5,000 participants having attended 120 events since the community formed in 2008"[23]
2012 October General As of date, the Quantified Self web site lists over 500 tools), mostly concerning exercise, weight, health, and goal achievement.[23]
2012 Year round Literature News articles represent quantified self practices as growing in popularity and becoming not only an important feature of health promotion but a part of everyday life, as a way of maximizing productivity and happiness as well as health.[1]
2013 January 28 Demographics A Pew Research Center survey reports that women and men are equally likely to engage in self-tracking, and that African Americans are more likely than non-Hispanic whites or Latinos to do so.[34]
2013 April 11 Service launch Fitness tracking, teaching assistant Finnish sports instruments manufacturer Polar Electro launches Polar GoFit, an app with a set of heart-rate sensors expressly designed for physical education teachers as a monitoring tool for students' physical activities during lessons.[35][1] Finland
2013 May Service launch Pregnancy testing Ukrainian-American software engineer Max Levchin introduces Glow, a mobile app that tracks women's fertility cycles. Aimed at couples looking to conceive, the app uses machine learning to identify trends among its female users, prods women to regularly input several data points, such as the time of the menstrual cycle, emotional discomfort, weight, and other details of their physical state.[36]
2013 June Literature (article) General British newspaper The Guardian asserts that 'The "Quantified Self" movement [is] all the rage for people tracking their physical activity, food intake, vital signs and even their personal genome through digital services'.[1]
2013 Research Study by Dennison and colleagues interviewing young English users of self-tracking health and fitness apps shows that they don't want other people to know abou their use, because it represents them as weak or vulnerable, in need of the assistance of such apps to achieve behavior change. Therefore, sharing their self-monitored information with friends or family members would position them as embarrasing and socially undesirable.[37] United Kingdom
2013 Concept development Michael Savage uses the term 'lively data' in an article, to denote the constant generation of large masses of digital data as part of the digital data economy, and the implications of this practice for sociological research methods.[1]
2013 Service launch Fitness tracking PumpUp launches as an app directed at social fitness status updates. It offers users a photo-based social network on which they can share photos of themselves after tough workouts, healthy meals, or other health-related activities, so as to visualize progress.[38]
2014 March Device launch Multifunction Sony launches the SmartBand SWR10, a digital wristband designed to be worn day and night. It measures sleep cycle to wake the user at the ideal time. It also notifies the user with vibrations about incoming calls, texts, and Facebook and Twitter activity.[39]
2014 April Market General "Amazon.com Launches Wearable Technology Web Store"[40]
2014 April 26 Demographics General Study published on the Quantified Self website reports that American middle-class white men with high levels of digital technological know-how are perhaps the more public face of self-tracking. The largest group of self-trackers in this study were monitoring health-related factors such as physical activity, food consumption, weight, and mood. A group comprised of software engineers and students are found to be interested in tracking work productivity and cognitive performance. Others are found to want to have new life experiences through self-tracking, which they considered to be a form of experimenting.[41]
2014 May 21 Wellness & Prevention, a division of Johnson & Johnson, launches self-tracking app Track Your Health, which allows users to track and aggregate data, set goals, and visualize their weight, movement and nutrition progress in the form of charts.[42]
2014 Demographics Fitness tracking Study by Nielsen reports that women are more likely to wear fitness bands than men, and also more likely to use other specialized mobile health devices. He also reports that owners of wearable devices are more likely to have a high household income, particularly fitness-band owners.[43]
2014 Concept development Internet of Things Elwell argues that, instead of Internet of Things, we should be referring to the 'Internet od Life', in relation to the increassing masses of digital data on a greater number of elements of human life.[44]
2014 Art and design Lifelogging " An exhibition of artistic responses to lifelogging held at Chicago's Elmhurst Art Museum in 2014 (Elmhurst Art Museum, 2014) included people who used photographic or painted self-portraits, the market and sentimental value of objects they owned or things they carried while travelling and translated longitude and latitude data of their daily spatial location into kinetic sculptures or weather data into woven sculptures and musical scores."[1] United States
2014 Research Intel Research anthropologists Dawn Nafus and Jamie Sherman conduct in ethnographic fieldwork with members of the Quantified Self movement, seeking to document the beliefs and practices underpinning this organisation. The researchers discover that discourses of mindfulness and awareness of one's body and one's life were dominant at the Quantified Self Global Conference they attended. They also observe that Quantified Self movement members tend to combine technical, community, commercial and personal objectives and often have some kind of technological, academic or medical background. Against arguments that people who relinquish the use of self-tracking devices or practices are disaffected with them or do not find them useful, Nafus and Sherman suggest that people may do so because a new pattern of behaviour has become habituated, so that self-tracking is no longer required.[45] United States
2014 Research Dawn Nafus investigates how people in London and West Coast United States use a digital home energy-monitoring system. Her interviews reveal the complexities involved in making sense of the kind of information that is created by sensor-based technologies. Among the findings, The interviews show that the more the people learnt about their home energy use, the more questions were raised for them about what else they should be monitoring or about how they could compare their data with other people's data in a useful manner.[1] United Kingdom, United States
2014 Research "To date there is little published research carried out by sociologists or anthropologists who have attempted to investigate self-tracking cultures and practices empirically and from a more in-depth perspective. One example is Minna Ruckenstein's (2014) interviews with Finnish people who volunteered to wear self-tracking devices continually for a one-week period, for monitoring their heart rates and their physical activity levels. Many of her study participants found the devices reassuring and regarded them as benevolent supporters of their efforts to increase their physical activity and fitness. These participants had not used an activity- or heart rate-monitoring device before; they were healthy and not dealing with chronic illness. Ruckenstein found that people who were already regular exercisers or had an interest in monitoring technologies were particularly drawn to participating in the research, as they already had a predisposition to monitoring, measurin� Kingg and comparing and wanted to be challenged by their biometric data. Participants in her study were reluctant to relinquish the device when the project had come to an end. They adopted the ethos of personal responsibility for health and wellbeing and found that these devices helped them to conform to this ideal and to manage and achieve their goals: they acted as a catalyst for change. These people expected the data produced by the devices to have an effect on them, and several commented that this indeed was the effect of wearing them. Because they knew that the devices were monitoring their physical activity, they were more likely to be active. The findings also revealed that, at least in the initial stages of wearing a device, people reported feeling more aware of their bodies than usual, although some found wearing such devices annoying. Not all of the participants found the data generated from the devices useful or interesting, but some enjoyed seeing and reflecting upon their data." Finland
2014 July "In July 2014 a smart technology footwear was introduced in Hyderabad, India. The shoe insoles are connected to a smartphone application that uses Google Maps, and vibrate to tell users when and where to turn to reach their destination.[46][47][48][49]
2014 July Device launch Emotion tracking London-based Studio XO partners with Saatchi & Saatchi to create XOX, an emotional technology platform that allows brands and artists to track people's emotional states. XOX enables brands and artists to collect data on the emotional states of individuals in order to measure 'crowd excitement' so as to adjust products and services accordingly.The device is also advertised for people wearing it to be able to identify their own emotions. It consists in a wristband embedded with sensors that collects 'intimate data' on 'levels of excitement'.[50]
2014 July 31 Security General A Forbes magazine report refers to research that finds that there are numerous data security risks associated with a large number of self-tracking apps and devices that were examined, which means that personal data uploaded to these technologies could easily be accessed by others and sold to third parties for commercial gain.[1]
2014 August Device launch Biology, physiology tracking Ralph Lauren announces launch of the 'Polo Tech Shirt', a compression shirt that reads biological and physiological information.[51]
2014 September Survey Fitness tracking TechnologyResearch publishes results of an internet survey of U.S. residents, finding that a quarter of the respondents said that they used either a fitness-tracking device of a smartphone app to track their health, weight or exercise. Lack of interest and concern over cost were the primary reasons given by respondents who did not use those devices, although almost half of this group said that they would use a fitness-tracking device if it were recommended or prescribed by their doctor.[52]
2014 October 28 Service launch Health-tracking Google Fit launches.[53]
2015 January Device launch Fitness and sleep tracking Jewelry company Swarovski,in partnership with Misfit, announces release of a crystal-encrusted fitness and sleep tracker.[54]
2015 April Device launch Apple releases its smartwatch, the Apple Watch, which serves the purpose as a wearable health- abd fitness- tracking device.
2015 Art and design " Data artist Laurie Frick has developed her FRICKbits Data Art app, the purpose of which is to encourage self-trackers to ‘[t]ake back your data and turn it into art’ and to ‘make the ultimate data-selfie’ (Frick, 2015). She has used various materials for portraying the personal information she has collected on herself, including her ‘Floating Data’ project. This project involved Frick's use of laser cut anodised aluminium panels to display the details of her walking data, which she describes as a ‘human data portrait’ (Floating Data, 2015). Audiences can view, touch and walk past these panels."[1] United States
2015 Art and design "One example of using analogue drawing techniques to represent personal data is the ‘Dear Data’ data drawing project conducted by Giorgia Lupi and Stefanie Posavec (Dear Data, 2015). For a one-year period these women, living in cities on different continents (Europe and North America), engaged in tracking information about themselves each week and then drawing and writing about their data on a large postcard, which they would send to each other. Their weekly self-tracking topics were quirky, including such features as ‘a week of clocks’, ‘a week of mirrors’ and ‘a week of complaints’. On the blog they put together to describe and represent the project, they observe that this data collection and visualisation practice ‘became a sort of performance and ritual in our lives, affecting our days and weeks, and inherently changing our behaviour’ (Dear Data, 2015)."[1] United States
2015 July Statistics According to quantifiedself.com, as of date, there are 207 quantified self 'meetup' groups in 37 countries around the world, with a total of over 52,000 members. The largest number of groups is in the United States.[1]
2015 July 13 Demographics A Business Insider report claims that, 'in just a few years, there could be more people using wearable tech devices than there are in the US and Canada'.[55]
2016 February Service launch Baby tracking "Glow Launches Glow Baby - The Definitive Baby Tracking App" "Glow, a data science company focused on women’s reproductive health and education, announced today the launch of Glow Baby - the company’s fourth app, joining Eve by Glow, Glow, and Glow Nurture. Building off of industry-firsts, such as postpartum support and male fertility, the company’s newest app focuses on keeping baby happy and healthy and supporting parents with information on baby’s first year at their fingertips, real-time tracking and developmental milestones"[56]
2016 April 8 Literature (book) Dawn Nafus publishes Quantified: Biosensing Technologies in Everyday Life, which elaborates on social, cultural, political, and economical aspects of quantified self. The book discusses empowering, social control, volunteering, enforcement, data interpretation, and how does all this affect the relationship between medical practice and self care, between scientific and lay knowledge.[57]
2016 May 2 Literature (book) Deborah Lupton publishes The Quantified Self, which "critically analyses the social, cultural and political dimensions of contemporary self-tracking and identifies the concepts of selfhood and human embodiment and the value of the data that underpin them".[1]
2016 June 24 Literature (book) Dawn Nafus and Gina Neff publish Self-Tracking: The Mit Press Essential Knowledge Series, which introduces the essential ideas and key challenges of self-tracking.[58]
2016 September 7 Literature (book) Deborah Lupton publishes The Quantified Self.[59]
2017 September 11 Literature (book) Phoebe V. Moore publishes The Quantified Self in Precarity: Work, Technology and What Counts, which attempts to demonstrate how workplace quantification leads to high turnover rates, workplace rationalization and worker stress and anxiety.[60]
2017 September 28 Literature (book) Burkhardt Funk and Mark Hoogendoorn publish Machine Learning for the Quantified Self: On the Art of Learning from Sensory Data, which explains the complete loop to effectively use self-tracking data for machine learning.[61]
2018 May 8 Health-tracking platform launch "Google, Android P take on phone addiction with Android Dashboard"[62]
2019 Service launch (metabolic health tracker) NutriSense is founded. It is a data-driven metabolic health platform that tracks key metabolic markers in real-time. It uses continuous glucose monitoring, AI-powered meal tracking, and expert coaching. It uses machine learning technology.[63][64]
2020 June 1 "Google updates Pixel devices with a new "bedtime" feature, new safety features"[65]
2020 August 27 Health-tracking platform launch "AMAZON ANNOUNCES HALO, A FITNESS BAND AND APP THAT SCANS YOUR BODY AND VOICE"[66][67]
2021 March 31 "Cisco is adding new "People Insights" to Webex to help you keep your professional screen time on track."[68]
2021 April 15 "Researchers in Japan have built a PV-powered device to measure volumetric variations in blood circulation. The system, which is just a few microns thick, was built with an organic solar module, a polymer light-emitting diode (PLED), and an organic photodetector."[69]
2026 "Outlook on the Quantified Self in Healthcare Global Market to 2026 - Adoption of Remote Patient Monitoring Presents Opportunities"[70]

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See also

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References

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