Difference between revisions of "Timeline of rail transport"

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This is a '''timeline of rail transport'''.
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This is a '''timeline of {{w|rail transport}}''', attempting to describe milestones in the development of the transports. Speed records are described in the [[timeline of high-speed rail]].
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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| <18th century || People have to use their own strength, and the power of animals, wind and water when they want to build, move anything, or transport themselves and their goods.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline">{{cite web|title=Rail transportation: a timeline|url=http://www.kidcyber.com.au/rail-transportation-timeline/|website=kidcyber.com.au|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref>
 
| <18th century || People have to use their own strength, and the power of animals, wind and water when they want to build, move anything, or transport themselves and their goods.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline">{{cite web|title=Rail transportation: a timeline|url=http://www.kidcyber.com.au/rail-transportation-timeline/|website=kidcyber.com.au|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref>
 
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| 18th century || The steam engine -burning fuel to produce heat energy, is invented.2 By the end of the century, every mine in Great Britain already has its own simple railway network, with horses pulling carts from mines to factories.<ref name="History of Rail Transport">{{cite web|title=History of Rail Transport|url=http://www.trainhistory.net/railway-history/railroad-history/|website=trainhistory.net|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref>
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| 18th century || The steam engine-burning fuel to produce heat energy is invented.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> By the end of the century, every mine in {{w|Great Britain}} already has its own simple railway network, with horses pulling carts from mines to factories.<ref name="History of Rail Transport">{{cite web|title=History of Rail Transport|url=http://www.trainhistory.net/railway-history/railroad-history/|website=trainhistory.net|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref>
 
|-
 
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| 19th century || In the second half of the century, local public transport is still primarily reliant on horses.<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source"/>
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| 19th century || Railroad Era. The railway transport takes off during the century, with the first lines built across Europe in the 1830s-1850s. However the second half of the century, local public transport is still primarily reliant on horses.<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source"/>
 
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| 20th century || In the 1960s and early 1970s, a considerable interest is put on the possibility of building tracked passenger vehicles that could travel much faster than conventional trains. From the 1970s, interest in an alternative high-speed technology centers on magnetic levitation, or maglev, which rides on an air cushion created by the electromagnetic reaction between an onboard device and another embedded in its guideway.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/>
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| 20th century || Diesel trains are introduced in the 1930s. These trains are faster, quieter and cleaner than steam trains, offering more comfortable rides.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> In the 1960s and early 1970s, a considerable interest is put on the possibility of building tracked passenger vehicles that could travel much faster than conventional trains. From the 1970s, interest in an alternative high-speed technology centers on magnetic levitation, or maglev, which rides on an air cushion created by the electromagnetic reaction between an onboard device and another embedded in its guideway.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/>
 
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| 600 B.C || || The earliest form of "railroads" is developed by the Greeks, who make grooves in paved limestone roads so that they could use wheeled vehicles to ease transport of boats across the Isthmus of Corinth. However, with the fall of Greece to Rome in 146 B.C., these early railways would fall into ruin and disappear for over 1,400 years.<ref name="The History of the Railroad">{{cite web|title=The History of the Railroad|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-railroad-4059935|website=thoughtco.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref> ||
 
| 600 B.C || || The earliest form of "railroads" is developed by the Greeks, who make grooves in paved limestone roads so that they could use wheeled vehicles to ease transport of boats across the Isthmus of Corinth. However, with the fall of Greece to Rome in 146 B.C., these early railways would fall into ruin and disappear for over 1,400 years.<ref name="The History of the Railroad">{{cite web|title=The History of the Railroad|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-railroad-4059935|website=thoughtco.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref> ||
 
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|-
| 1515 || || Cardinal Matthäus Lang writes a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria. || Austria
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| 1515 || Technology || Cardinal Matthäus Lang writes a description of the {{w|Reisszug}}, a {{w|funicular}} railway at the {{w|Hohensalzburg Castle}} in Austria.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tzanakakis|first1=Konstantinos|title=The Railway Track and Its Long Term Behaviour: A Handbook for a Railway Track of High Quality|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nVtEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1515%22+Cardinal+Matth%C3%A4us+Lang+%22railway%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq3NLo2djZAhVnxFkKHSeoDe8Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201515%22%20Cardinal%20Matth%C3%A4us%20Lang%20%22railway%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 
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| 1550s || || Germany begins installing roads of rails called wagonways to make it easier for horse-drawn wagons or carts to cross the countryside. These primitive railed roads consist of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts move with greater ease than over dirt roads.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
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| 1550s || Introduction || Germany begins installing roads of rails called wagonways to make it easier for horse-drawn wagons or carts to cross the countryside. These primitive railed roads consist of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts move with greater ease than over dirt roads.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
 
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| 1764 || || The first railway in the United States is built in Lewiston, New York. || United States
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| 1725 || Line || The Tanfield wagonway opens to connect the [[w:Durham, England|Durham]] coalfields to the {{w|River Tyne}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greene|first1=Kevin|title=The Archaeology of the Roman Economy|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=k7SUh_3lcP4C&pg=PA42&dq=%22in+1725%22+Tanfield+Waggonway&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibysC3nNjZAhUOm1kKHUmJD4sQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=%22in%201725%22%20Tanfield%20Waggonway&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1769-1774 || || James Watt discovers the stationary steam engine.<ref name="History of Rail Transport"/><ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1764 || Introduction || The first railway in the United States is built in {{w|Lewiston, New York}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Railways in the United States of America|url=http://sinfin.net/railways/world/usa/history.html|website=sinfin.net|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || United States
 
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| 1770s || || Iron replaces the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts used on wagonways, which would then evolve into tramways that spread across Europe.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
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| 1769-1774 || Technology || Scottish inventor {{w|James Watt}} develops the stationary steam engine.<ref name="History of Rail Transport"/><ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/>|| {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1784 || || English {{w|ironmaster}} {{w|Henry Cort}} patents the puddling process, making iron cheaper to produce. || United Kingdom
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| 1770s || Technology || Iron replaces the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts used on wagonways, which would then evolve into tramways that spread across Europe.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
 
|-
 
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| 1787 || || John Curr, a Sheffield colliery manager, invents the flanged rail. || United Kingdom
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| 1784 || Technology || English {{w|ironmaster}} {{w|Henry Cort}} patents the puddling process, making iron cheaper to produce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henry Cort|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Cort|website=britannica.com|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1789 || || Englishman William Jessup designs the first wagons with flanged wheels, which have grooves that allow the wheels to better grip the rail and is an important design that carry over to later locomotives. || United Kingdom
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| 1787 || Technology || {{w|John Curr}}, a {{w|Sheffield}} {{w|colliery}} manager, invents the L-section plate rail.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chrimes|first1=Michael M.|title=The Civil Engineering of Canals and Railways before 1850|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TK40DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT419&dq=%22in+1787%22+%22John+Curr%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie57X9idfZAhVHkpAKHf--B7QQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201787%22%20%22John%20Curr%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1789 || Technology || Englishman William Jessup designs the first wagons with flanged wheels, which have grooves that allow the wheels to better grip the rail and is an important design that carry over to later locomotives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clarke Jr|first1=Marcus A|title=Mans Creation|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9HG9BgAAQBAJ&pg=SL16-PA63&lpg=SL16-PA63&dq=%22in+1789%22+%22William+Jessup%22&source=bl&ots=uzMXF61UuN&sig=wxWQ-lVE9IijFynlDHE8OwGgR7c&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3n_PJ1djZAhVkuVkKHawnASkQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201789%22%20%22William%20Jessup%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1803 || || Samuel Homfray decides to fund the development of a steam-powered vehicle to replace the horse-drawn carts on the tramways.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
 
| 1803 || || Samuel Homfray decides to fund the development of a steam-powered vehicle to replace the horse-drawn carts on the tramways.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
 
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|-
| 1803 || || William Jessop opens the Surrey Iron Railway, a double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London. || United Kingdom
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| 1803 || Introduction || English civil engineer {{w|William Jessop}} opens the world's first public goods railway line, from {{w|Croydon}} to the River Thames at {{w|Wandsworth}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Nigel|title=Events and Outcomes Industrial Revolution|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=oXzT8Jnp-W0C&pg=PA32&dq=%22in+1803%22+%22William+Jessop%22++%22railway%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjwpdHzz9bZAhWBUZAKHSapALUQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201803%22%20%22William%20Jessop%22%20%20%22railway%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1804 || || British engineer Richard Trevithick successfully tests the first steam-powered locomotive to ride on rails. At seven tons, however, the locomotive is so heavy it would break its own rails.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Richard Trevithick: Locomotive Pioneer|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/richard-trevithick-locomotive-pioneer-1991694|website=thoughtco.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Rail Transport"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1804 || Technology || British engineer Richard Trevithick successfully tests the first steam-powered locomotive to ride on rails. At seven tons, however, the locomotive is so heavy it would break its own rails.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Richard Trevithick: Locomotive Pioneer|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/richard-trevithick-locomotive-pioneer-1991694|website=thoughtco.com|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of Rail Transport"/><ref name="George Stephenson's First Steam Locomotive"/><ref name="Design and Simulation of Rail Vehicles">{{cite book|last1=Maksym Spiryagin|last2=Colin Cole|last3=Yan Quan Sun|last4=Mitchell McClanachan|last5=Valentyn Spiryagin|last6=Tim McSweeney|title=Design and Simulation of Rail Vehicles|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1mXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27&dq=%22in+1814%22+British+engineer+George+Stephenson+builds+the+very+first+steam+engine+for+the+locomotive&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-_M2y-9XZAhVsxFkKHQaIBKUQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201814%22%20British%20engineer%20George%20Stephenson%20builds%20the%20very%20first%20steam%20engine%20for%20the%20locomotive&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1811 || || John Blenkinsop invents a steam engine which has cogs on one of its wheels.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900">{{cite web|title=Trains 1830 to 1900|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/transport-1750-to-1900/trains-1830-to-1900/|website=historylearningsite.co.uk|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref> ||
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| 1809 || Introduction || The first railroad track in the {{w|United States}} is built in {{w|Chester County}}, {{w|Pennsylvania}}. The track is an experimental project, only 60 yards long.<ref name="The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut: The Irish Who Died Building America's Most Dangerous Stretch of Railroad">{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=William E.|last2=Watson|first2=J. Francis|last3=Ahtes III|first3=John H.|last4=Schandelmeier|first4=Earl H.|title=The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut: The Irish Who Died Building America's Most Dangerous Stretch of Railroad|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=X55na6zYLHYC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1814%22+British+engineer+George+Stephenson+builds+the+very+first+steam+engine+for+the+locomotive&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-_M2y-9XZAhVsxFkKHQaIBKUQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201814%22%20British%20engineer%20George%20Stephenson%20builds%20the%20very%20first%20steam%20engine%20for%20the%20locomotive&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1811 || Technology || John Blenkinsop invents a steam engine which has cogs on one of its wheels.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900">{{cite web|title=Trains 1830 to 1900|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/transport-1750-to-1900/trains-1830-to-1900/|website=historylearningsite.co.uk|accessdate=7 February 2018}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1813 || || William Hedley builds his "Puffing Billy" to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery in Northumberland. The transport is so reliable that it is used for fifty years.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/> ||
 
| 1813 || || William Hedley builds his "Puffing Billy" to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery in Northumberland. The transport is so reliable that it is used for fifty years.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/> ||
 
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| 1814 || || British engineer George Stephenson builds the very first steam engine for the locomotive.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"> 4 || United Kingdom
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| 1814 || Technology || British engineer George Stephenson builds the very first steam engine for the locomotive.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/><ref name="George Stephenson's First Steam Locomotive">{{cite web|title=George Stephenson's First Steam Locomotive|url=https://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/george-stephensons-first-steam-locomotive|website=historytoday.com|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Design and Simulation of Rail Vehicles"/> || United Kingdom
 
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| 1820 || || John Birkinshaw invents wrought iron, a more durable material than cast iron. Wrought iron would then be used for rail systems until the advent of the Bessemer process.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
 
| 1820 || || John Birkinshaw invents wrought iron, a more durable material than cast iron. Wrought iron would then be used for rail systems until the advent of the Bessemer process.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> ||
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| 1826 || || Colonel John Stevens -who is considered to be the father of railroads in the United States, demonstrates the feasibility of steam locomotion on a circular experimental track constructed on his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey. This happens three years before Stephenson perfected a practical steam locomotive in England.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> || United States
 
| 1826 || || Colonel John Stevens -who is considered to be the father of railroads in the United States, demonstrates the feasibility of steam locomotion on a circular experimental track constructed on his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey. This happens three years before Stephenson perfected a practical steam locomotive in England.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> || United States
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| 1828 || Introduction || The first railway appears in {{w|France}}.<ref name="Railroads in 19th Century Europe : Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia">{{cite web|title=Railroads in 19th Century Europe : Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia|url=https://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0910/csj/csj1.html|website=zum.de|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || |{{w|France}}
 
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| 1829 || || The Rainhill trials take place. The "Rocket" built by George Stephenson becomes the winner of a £500 prize, after attaining about 30mph.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1829 || || The Rainhill trials take place. The "Rocket" built by George Stephenson becomes the winner of a £500 prize, after attaining about 30mph.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1830 || || The Liverpool to Manchester railway opens.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/> ||
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| 1830 || Introduction || The Liverpool to Manchester railway opens.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/> ||
 
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| 1833 || || Steam trains start operating on the line for passengers.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/>  ||
 
| 1833 || || Steam trains start operating on the line for passengers.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/>  ||
 
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| 1838 || || Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson, completes the London to Birmingham rail line.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/>  ||
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| 1835 || Introduction || The first steam hauled railway in Germany, the Ludwigs-Eisenbahn, opens between {{w|Nürnberg}} and {{w|Fürth}}, with a lenght of 6km.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Railways in Germany|url=http://sinfin.net/railways/world/germany/history.html|website=sinfin.net|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1835 || Introduction || The first railway line openes in {{w|Belgium}} between {{w|Brussels}} and {{w|Mechelen}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=De Cet|first1=Mirco|last2=Kent|first2=Alan|title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Locomotives|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PxpFSP62SBIC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=1835+Introduction+The+first+railway+line+openes+in+Belgium+between+Brussels+and+Mechelen.&source=bl&ots=hAdYGAdDLa&sig=zvSn_uwrt0EPTWwUrmqwReAr3tA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip6YTKi9jZAhUCWpAKHXUrArQQ6AEITTAG#v=onepage&q=1835%20Introduction%20The%20first%20railway%20line%20openes%20in%20Belgium%20between%20Brussels%20and%20Mechelen.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
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| 1837 || Introduction || The first Cuban railway line opens, prior to {{w|Spain}}. The first line connects {{w|Havana}} with {{w|Bejucal}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Twigg|first1=Alan|title=101 Top Historical Sites of Cuba|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lb0GG8uqbDAC&pg=PA86&dq=%22in+1837%22+railway+%22cuba%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijiO6njdbZAhWCm1kKHWfHB6gQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201837%22%20railway%20%22cuba%22&f=false}}</ref>  || {{w|Cuba}}
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| 1837 || Introduction || The first train in {{w|India}} runs from {{w|Red Hills, Chennai}} to {{w|Chintadripet}} bridge in {{w|Madras}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras miscellany: India’s first railway line|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madras-miscellany-indias-first-railway-line/article6668150.ece|website=thehindu.com|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
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| 1838 || Line || Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson, completes the London to Birmingham rail line.<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/>  ||
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| 1839 || Introduction || The first railway line in {{w|Italy}} opens.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schram|first1=Albert|title=Railways and the Formation of the Italian State in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Y5qmDxFzj08C&pg=PA38&dq=1839+Line+First+railway+line+in+Italy.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnu8uzydbZAhUBl5AKHRoQBbQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=1839%20Line%20First%20railway%20line%20in%20Italy.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 
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| 1841 || || Isambard Kingdom Brunel completes hos London to Bristol line - the Great Western Railway. This is considered such a stunning achievement that people use the rail line's initials (GWT) to call it "God's Womderful Railway".<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/>  || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1841 || || Isambard Kingdom Brunel completes hos London to Bristol line - the Great Western Railway. This is considered such a stunning achievement that people use the rail line's initials (GWT) to call it "God's Womderful Railway".<ref name="Trains 1830 to 1900"/>  || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 1842 || Introduction || The first railway system in {{w|France}} opens.<ref name="Railroads in 19th Century Europe : Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia"/> || {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 1851 || Introduction || The first long distance railway line in Russia opens connecting {{w|Moscow}} with {{w|Saint Petersburg}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jacolin|first1=Henry|title=Eastern European Railways in Transition: Nineteenth to Twenty-first Centuries|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=J6gWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=1851+++First+railway+line+in+Russia&source=bl&ots=4z9bQUebG5&sig=-ARtavUj8aKOya7LV5WdW6UN8Zs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC3vWdzNbZAhWFTZAKHaawAKkQ6AEIgwEwCQ#v=onepage&q=1851%20%20%20First%20railway%20line%20in%20Russia&f=false}}</ref>  || {{w|Russia}}
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| 1852 || Introduction || The first railway in Africa opens, in {{w|Alexandria}}, Egypt.<ref>{{cite book|last1=K̲h̲ān̲|first1=Sayyid Aḥmad|title=A Voyage to Modernism|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Yc5tE3G98s0C&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=%22in+1852%22+The+first+railway+in+Africa+opens,+in+Alexandria,+Egypt.&source=bl&ots=JBbftQEFCr&sig=HuZRKSMipX9uTIyOROwz0IDEmzQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3_ITakNfZAhVKPJAKHUSYCbYQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201852%22%20The%20first%20railway%20in%20Africa%20opens%2C%20in%20Alexandria%2C%20Egypt.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
 
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| 1856 || ||  Englishman Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the later called Bessemer process, which would further enable cheaper production of steel in the late 1860s, sparking the rapid expansion of railways across America and other countries around the world.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> || United Kingdom
 
| 1856 || ||  Englishman Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the later called Bessemer process, which would further enable cheaper production of steel in the late 1860s, sparking the rapid expansion of railways across America and other countries around the world.<ref name="The History of the Railroad"/> || United Kingdom
 
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| 1863 || || The first section of the "London Underground" begins its work.<ref name="History of Rail Transport"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1863 || Line || The first section of the "London Underground" begins its work.<ref name="History of Rail Transport"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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| 1863 || || The construction of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States begins.4 || {{w|United States}}
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| 1863 || Introduction || The construction of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States begins.<ref name="The History of Train Travel">{{cite web|title=The History of Train Travel|url=https://www.thecandidadiet.com/history-of-train-travel/|website=thecandidadiet.com|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1866 || Scientific development || German {{w|industrialist}} {{w|Werner von Siemens}} discovers the dynamo-electric principle.<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source">{{cite web|title=1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/electric_railway.htm|website=siemens.com|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
| 1866 || Scientific development || German {{w|industrialist}} {{w|Werner von Siemens}} discovers the dynamo-electric principle.<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source">{{cite web|title=1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/electric_railway.htm|website=siemens.com|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
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| 1872 || Introduction || The first railway line in {{w|Japan}} opens between {{w|Yokohama}} and {{w|Tokyo}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tvedt|first1=Terje|last2=Jakobsson|first2=Eva|last3=Coopey|first3=Richard|title=A History of Water: Volume I: Water Control and River Biographies|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3KzP9l6-p6QC&pg=PA221&dq=%221872%22+%22japan%22+%22railway%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjahpO85NbZAhVFFJAKHfZ-AbMQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1879 || Technology || {{w|Werner von Siemens}} demonstrates an electric railway with external power source at the Berlin Commercial Exposition.<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source"/><ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/><ref name="1816 – Werner von Siemens is born in Lenthe, near Hanover">{{cite web|title=1816 – Werner von Siemens is born in Lenthe, near Hanover|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/1051_werner_von_siemens.htm|website=siemens.com|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> || Germany
 
| 1879 || Technology || {{w|Werner von Siemens}} demonstrates an electric railway with external power source at the Berlin Commercial Exposition.<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source"/><ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/><ref name="1816 – Werner von Siemens is born in Lenthe, near Hanover">{{cite web|title=1816 – Werner von Siemens is born in Lenthe, near Hanover|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/1051_werner_von_siemens.htm|website=siemens.com|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> || Germany
 
|-
 
|-
| 1881 || || The world's first electric tram line, {{w|Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway}}, openes in [[w:Lichterfelde (Berlin)|Lichterfelde]] near Berlin, Germany. It is built by [[w:Werner von Siemens|Siemens]].<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+
| 1881 || Technology || The world's first electric tram line, {{w|Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway}}, openes in [[w:Lichterfelde (Berlin)|Lichterfelde]] near Berlin, Germany. It is built by [[w:Werner von Siemens|Siemens]].<ref name="1879 – Siemens presents the world’s first electric railway with an external power source"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
| 1883 || || The {{w|Volk's Electric Railway}} opens in Brighton, England. || United Kingdom
+
| 1883 || Line || British electrical engineer {{w|Magnus Volk}} opens the {{w|Volk's Electric Railway}} in {{w|Brighton}}, England.<ref>{{cite web|title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF VOLK’S ELECTRIC RAILWAY|url=http://volkselectricrailway.co.uk/history/the-volks-electric-railway/1883-1900/|website=volkselectricrailway.co.uk|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1890 || Technology || The entire London train fleet starts using electrical engines. This marks the beginning of the new era of urban rapid transit systems.<ref name="History of Rail Transport"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1890 || Technology || The entire London train fleet starts using electrical engines. This marks the beginning of the new era of urban rapid transit systems.<ref name="History of Rail Transport"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1890s || || Steam powered passenger trains in England carry people living in the country to cities for work and for pleasure. City people travel by train to the countryside or the seaside. On some trains there are carriages with bedrooms, called sleeping cars, and restaurants and bathrooms have been added.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || United Kingdom
+
| 1890s || || Steam powered passenger trains in England carry people living in the country to cities for work and for pleasure. City people travel by train to the countryside or the seaside. On some trains there are carriages with bedrooms, called sleeping cars, and restaurants and bathrooms have been added.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1892 || || The diesel engine is invented by German engineer, Rudolf Diesel.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || Germany
+
| 1891 || Line || Construction of the {{w|Trans-Siberian railway}} begins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trans-Siberian Railroad|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trans-Siberian-Railroad|website=britannica.com|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1901 || || The first electric monorail is built in Germany and is still running. It hangs from an overhead track.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || Germany
+
| 1892 || Technology || The diesel engine is invented by German engineer, {{w|Rudolf Diesel}}.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || Germany  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1930s || || Diesel trains were introduced in the 1930s. These trains were faster, quieter and cleaner than steam trains, and meant passengers had a more comfortable ride and can carry much heavier loads than steam engines. ||
+
| 1893 || || {{w|General Electric}} produces the first {{w|electric locomotive}}.<ref name="The Evolution of the Diesel Locomotive in the United States">{{cite web|title=The Evolution of the Diesel Locomotive in the United States|url=http://yardlimit.railfan.net/guide/locopaper.html|website=yardlimit.railfan.net|accessdate=7 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1964 || || Japan's Shinkansen high-speed train, often called 'bullet train', becomes the first high speed train in service.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || Japan
+
| 1895 || Technology || Japan's first electrified railway starts operation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Railways, Volume 44|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vDRUAAAAMAAJ&q=%221895%22+%22electrified+railway%22+%22japan%22&dq=%221895%22+%22electrified+railway%22+%22japan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6yuGV-tbZAhVKk5AKHXOSDbYQ6AEIJzAA}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1901 || Introduction || The first electric monorail is built in Germany and is still running. It hangs from an overhead track.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || Germany
 +
|-
 +
| 1917 || Technology || {{w|General Electric}} produces an experimental Diesel-electric locomotive using Lemp's control design, the first in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diesel locomotive first uses|url=http://www.locomotives-and-trains.com/diesel-locomotive-2.html|website=locomotives-and-trains.com|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1924 || Introduction || The first mainline diesel-electric locomotive is built in the {{w|Soviet Union}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia train museum is window to history|url=http://peninsulaclarion.com/stories/031002/peo_031002peo3040001.shtml#.Wp44C2rOWUk|website=peninsulaclarion.com|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Soviet Union}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1964 || Technology || Japan's Shinkansen high-speed train, often called 'bullet train', becomes the first high speed train in service.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || Japan
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1970-1975 || || Light rail vehicles come into use. These would replace trains in some places.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> ||
 
| 1970-1975 || || Light rail vehicles come into use. These would replace trains in some places.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || || The Shanghai Transrapid Line in China becomes the first commercial high-speed maglev train line to run.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || China
+
| 1981 || Line || The French government puts one of the fastest trains in the world into service: the TGV (Train a grande vitesse) between Paris and Lyon.<ref>{{cite book|title=When in France, Do as the French Do|edition=McGraw Hill Professional|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TLMMNttIHX8C&q=%22in+1979..1982%22+%22TGV%22+%22france%22&dq=%22in+1979..1982%22+%22TGV%22+%22france%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie35eHmdnZAhWnuFkKHVGcAycQ6AEITTAH}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1997 || Technology || The first {{w|Maglev}} train prototypes are tested in Japan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Osamura|first1=Kozo|last2=Hirabayashi|first2=Izumi|title=Advances in Superconductivity X: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS ’97), October 27–30, 1997, Gifu Volume 1–3|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1HnmCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1313&dq=1997++%22Maglev%22+%22Japan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZis3OkNnZAhVsoFkKHZNyAPsQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=1997%20%20%22Maglev%22%20%22Japan%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || Line || The Shanghai Transrapid Line in China becomes the first commercial high-speed maglev train line to run.<ref name="Rail transportation, a timeline"/> || China
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || || The Shanghai's subway system becomes the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Giap|first1=Tan Khee|last2=Randong|first2=Yuan|last3=Mu|first3=Yang|title=Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 34 Greater China Economies: 2000-2010|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HgC3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA868&dq=%22in+2010%22+Shanghai+Metro+world%27s+largest+urban+transit+system&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXnLXbmdnZAhUIfpAKHS2tDGcQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%202010%22%20Shanghai%20Metro%20world's%20largest%20urban%20transit%20system&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Line 114: Line 152:
  
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
{{w|History of rail transport}}, [http://www.trainhistory.net/railway-history/railroad-history/], [http://www.kidcyber.com.au/rail-transportation-timeline/], [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/transport-1750-to-1900/trains-1830-to-1900/], [https://www.thecandidadiet.com/history-of-train-travel/], [https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-railroad-4059935]
 
  
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===

Revision as of 13:26, 11 March 2018

This is a timeline of rail transport, attempting to describe milestones in the development of the transports. Speed records are described in the timeline of high-speed rail.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
<18th century People have to use their own strength, and the power of animals, wind and water when they want to build, move anything, or transport themselves and their goods.[1]
18th century The steam engine-burning fuel to produce heat energy is invented.[1] By the end of the century, every mine in Great Britain already has its own simple railway network, with horses pulling carts from mines to factories.[2]
19th century Railroad Era. The railway transport takes off during the century, with the first lines built across Europe in the 1830s-1850s. However the second half of the century, local public transport is still primarily reliant on horses.[3]
20th century Diesel trains are introduced in the 1930s. These trains are faster, quieter and cleaner than steam trains, offering more comfortable rides.[1] In the 1960s and early 1970s, a considerable interest is put on the possibility of building tracked passenger vehicles that could travel much faster than conventional trains. From the 1970s, interest in an alternative high-speed technology centers on magnetic levitation, or maglev, which rides on an air cushion created by the electromagnetic reaction between an onboard device and another embedded in its guideway.[4]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Geographical location
600 B.C The earliest form of "railroads" is developed by the Greeks, who make grooves in paved limestone roads so that they could use wheeled vehicles to ease transport of boats across the Isthmus of Corinth. However, with the fall of Greece to Rome in 146 B.C., these early railways would fall into ruin and disappear for over 1,400 years.[4]
1515 Technology Cardinal Matthäus Lang writes a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria.[5] Austria
1550s Introduction Germany begins installing roads of rails called wagonways to make it easier for horse-drawn wagons or carts to cross the countryside. These primitive railed roads consist of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts move with greater ease than over dirt roads.[4]
1725 Line The Tanfield wagonway opens to connect the Durham coalfields to the River Tyne.[6] United Kingdom
1764 Introduction The first railway in the United States is built in Lewiston, New York.[7] United States
1769-1774 Technology Scottish inventor James Watt develops the stationary steam engine.[2][1] United Kingdom
1770s Technology Iron replaces the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts used on wagonways, which would then evolve into tramways that spread across Europe.[4]
1784 Technology English ironmaster Henry Cort patents the puddling process, making iron cheaper to produce.[8] United Kingdom
1787 Technology John Curr, a Sheffield colliery manager, invents the L-section plate rail.[9] United Kingdom
1789 Technology Englishman William Jessup designs the first wagons with flanged wheels, which have grooves that allow the wheels to better grip the rail and is an important design that carry over to later locomotives.[10] United Kingdom
1803 Samuel Homfray decides to fund the development of a steam-powered vehicle to replace the horse-drawn carts on the tramways.[4]
1803 Introduction English civil engineer William Jessop opens the world's first public goods railway line, from Croydon to the River Thames at Wandsworth.[11] United Kingdom
1804 Technology British engineer Richard Trevithick successfully tests the first steam-powered locomotive to ride on rails. At seven tons, however, the locomotive is so heavy it would break its own rails.[12][2][13][14] United Kingdom
1809 Introduction The first railroad track in the United States is built in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The track is an experimental project, only 60 yards long.[15] United States
1811 Technology John Blenkinsop invents a steam engine which has cogs on one of its wheels.[16]
1813 William Hedley builds his "Puffing Billy" to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery in Northumberland. The transport is so reliable that it is used for fifty years.[16]
1814 Technology British engineer George Stephenson builds the very first steam engine for the locomotive.[4][13][14] United Kingdom
1820 John Birkinshaw invents wrought iron, a more durable material than cast iron. Wrought iron would then be used for rail systems until the advent of the Bessemer process.[4]
1821 Englishman Julius Griffiths was the first person to patent a passenger road locomotive.[4]
1825 The Stockton to Darlington rail line opens. Two locomotives are used (the "Experiment" and "No 1"), being able to pull 21 coal wagon 25 miles at 8 miles per hour. In many senses, 1825 is seen as the start of the age of the railways.[16][4] United Kingdom
1825-1830 Commercial appearance of train networks come late in the decade, with English inventor George Stephenson as pioneer in the field.[2]
1825-1835 The British Parliament agrees to the building of 54 new rail lines.[16] United Kingdom
1826 Colonel John Stevens -who is considered to be the father of railroads in the United States, demonstrates the feasibility of steam locomotion on a circular experimental track constructed on his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey. This happens three years before Stephenson perfected a practical steam locomotive in England.[4] United States
1828 Introduction The first railway appears in France.[17] France
1829 The Rainhill trials take place. The "Rocket" built by George Stephenson becomes the winner of a £500 prize, after attaining about 30mph.[16] United Kingdom
1830 Introduction The Liverpool to Manchester railway opens.[16]
1833 Steam trains start operating on the line for passengers.[16]
1835 Introduction The first steam hauled railway in Germany, the Ludwigs-Eisenbahn, opens between Nürnberg and Fürth, with a lenght of 6km.[18] Germany
1835 Introduction The first railway line openes in Belgium between Brussels and Mechelen.[19] Belgium
1837 Introduction The first Cuban railway line opens, prior to Spain. The first line connects Havana with Bejucal.[20] Cuba
1837 Introduction The first train in India runs from Red Hills, Chennai to Chintadripet bridge in Madras.[21] India
1838 Line Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson, completes the London to Birmingham rail line.[16]
1839 Introduction The first railway line in Italy opens.[22] Italy
1841 Isambard Kingdom Brunel completes hos London to Bristol line - the Great Western Railway. This is considered such a stunning achievement that people use the rail line's initials (GWT) to call it "God's Womderful Railway".[16] United Kingdom
1842 Introduction The first railway system in France opens.[17] France
1851 Introduction The first long distance railway line in Russia opens connecting Moscow with Saint Petersburg.[23] Russia
1852 Introduction The first railway in Africa opens, in Alexandria, Egypt.[24] Egypt
1856 Englishman Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the later called Bessemer process, which would further enable cheaper production of steel in the late 1860s, sparking the rapid expansion of railways across America and other countries around the world.[4] United Kingdom
1863 Line The first section of the "London Underground" begins its work.[2] United Kingdom
1863 Introduction The construction of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States begins.[25] United States
1866 Scientific development German industrialist Werner von Siemens discovers the dynamo-electric principle.[3] Germany
1872 Introduction The first railway line in Japan opens between Yokohama and Tokyo.[26] Japan
1879 Technology Werner von Siemens demonstrates an electric railway with external power source at the Berlin Commercial Exposition.[3][1][27] Germany
1881 Technology The world's first electric tram line, Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, openes in Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany. It is built by Siemens.[3] Germany
1883 Line British electrical engineer Magnus Volk opens the Volk's Electric Railway in Brighton, England.[28] United Kingdom
1890 Technology The entire London train fleet starts using electrical engines. This marks the beginning of the new era of urban rapid transit systems.[2] United Kingdom
1890s Steam powered passenger trains in England carry people living in the country to cities for work and for pleasure. City people travel by train to the countryside or the seaside. On some trains there are carriages with bedrooms, called sleeping cars, and restaurants and bathrooms have been added.[1] United Kingdom
1891 Line Construction of the Trans-Siberian railway begins.[29] Russia
1892 Technology The diesel engine is invented by German engineer, Rudolf Diesel.[1] Germany
1893 General Electric produces the first electric locomotive.[30] United States
1895 Technology Japan's first electrified railway starts operation.[31] Japan
1901 Introduction The first electric monorail is built in Germany and is still running. It hangs from an overhead track.[1] Germany
1917 Technology General Electric produces an experimental Diesel-electric locomotive using Lemp's control design, the first in the United States.[32] United States
1924 Introduction The first mainline diesel-electric locomotive is built in the Soviet Union.[33] Soviet Union
1964 Technology Japan's Shinkansen high-speed train, often called 'bullet train', becomes the first high speed train in service.[1] Japan
1970-1975 Light rail vehicles come into use. These would replace trains in some places.[1]
1981 Line The French government puts one of the fastest trains in the world into service: the TGV (Train a grande vitesse) between Paris and Lyon.[34] France
1997 Technology The first Maglev train prototypes are tested in Japan.[35] Japan
2004 Line The Shanghai Transrapid Line in China becomes the first commercial high-speed maglev train line to run.[1] China
2010 The Shanghai's subway system becomes the largest in the world.[36] China

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 "Rail transportation: a timeline". kidcyber.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "History of Rail Transport". trainhistory.net. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "1879 – Siemens presents the world's first electric railway with an external power source". siemens.com. Retrieved 5 March 2018. 
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 "The History of the Railroad". thoughtco.com. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  5. Tzanakakis, Konstantinos. The Railway Track and Its Long Term Behaviour: A Handbook for a Railway Track of High Quality. 
  6. Greene, Kevin. The Archaeology of the Roman Economy. 
  7. "History of Railways in the United States of America". sinfin.net. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  8. "Henry Cort". britannica.com. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  9. Chrimes, Michael M. The Civil Engineering of Canals and Railways before 1850. 
  10. Clarke Jr, Marcus A. Mans Creation. 
  11. Smith, Nigel. Events and Outcomes Industrial Revolution. 
  12. "Biography of Richard Trevithick: Locomotive Pioneer". thoughtco.com. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  13. 13.0 13.1 "George Stephenson's First Steam Locomotive". historytoday.com. Retrieved 5 March 2018. 
  14. 14.0 14.1 Maksym Spiryagin; Colin Cole; Yan Quan Sun; Mitchell McClanachan; Valentyn Spiryagin; Tim McSweeney. Design and Simulation of Rail Vehicles. 
  15. Watson, William E.; Watson, J. Francis; Ahtes III, John H.; Schandelmeier, Earl H. The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut: The Irish Who Died Building America's Most Dangerous Stretch of Railroad. 
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 "Trains 1830 to 1900". historylearningsite.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  17. 17.0 17.1 "Railroads in 19th Century Europe : Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia". zum.de. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  18. "History of Railways in Germany". sinfin.net. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  19. De Cet, Mirco; Kent, Alan. The Complete Encyclopedia of Locomotives. 
  20. Twigg, Alan. 101 Top Historical Sites of Cuba. 
  21. "Madras miscellany: India's first railway line". thehindu.com. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  22. Schram, Albert. Railways and the Formation of the Italian State in the Nineteenth Century. 
  23. Jacolin, Henry. Eastern European Railways in Transition: Nineteenth to Twenty-first Centuries. 
  24. K̲h̲ān̲, Sayyid Aḥmad. A Voyage to Modernism. 
  25. "The History of Train Travel". thecandidadiet.com. Retrieved 5 March 2018. 
  26. Tvedt, Terje; Jakobsson, Eva; Coopey, Richard. A History of Water: Volume I: Water Control and River Biographies. 
  27. "1816 – Werner von Siemens is born in Lenthe, near Hanover". siemens.com. Retrieved 5 March 2018. 
  28. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF VOLK'S ELECTRIC RAILWAY". volkselectricrailway.co.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  29. "Trans-Siberian Railroad". britannica.com. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  30. "The Evolution of the Diesel Locomotive in the United States". yardlimit.railfan.net. Retrieved 7 March 2018. 
  31. Indian Railways, Volume 44. 
  32. "Diesel locomotive first uses". locomotives-and-trains.com. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  33. "Russia train museum is window to history". peninsulaclarion.com. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 
  34. When in France, Do as the French Do (McGraw Hill Professional ed.). 
  35. Osamura, Kozo; Hirabayashi, Izumi. Advances in Superconductivity X: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Superconductivity (ISS ’97), October 27–30, 1997, Gifu Volume 1–3. 
  36. Giap, Tan Khee; Randong, Yuan; Mu, Yang. Annual Analysis Of Competitiveness, Simulation Studies And Development Perspective For 34 Greater China Economies: 2000-2010.