Difference between revisions of "Timeline of senescence research"
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| 2019 || Scientific development || {{w|Telomerase}} || Scientists manage to extend the average lifespan of mice by breeding them using embryonic stem cells with extra-long telomeres. The finding is significant as no genetic modification is conducted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists extend mice lifespan 12% by tweaking telomeres |url=https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/telomere-aging?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1 |website=Big Think |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |date=2019-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists extend mice lifespan 12% by tweaking telomeres |url=https://amazingstories.com/2019/10/scientists-extend-mice-lifespan-12-by-tweaking-telomeres/ |website=Amazing Stories |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en-us |date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nield |first1=David |title=Scientists Dramatically Extend The Lifespans of Mice in a Genius New Telomere Study |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/researchers-have-made-long-lived-mice-with-extended-chromosomes-inside-all-of-their-cells |website=ScienceAlert |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> || | | 2019 || Scientific development || {{w|Telomerase}} || Scientists manage to extend the average lifespan of mice by breeding them using embryonic stem cells with extra-long telomeres. The finding is significant as no genetic modification is conducted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists extend mice lifespan 12% by tweaking telomeres |url=https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/telomere-aging?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1 |website=Big Think |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |date=2019-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientists extend mice lifespan 12% by tweaking telomeres |url=https://amazingstories.com/2019/10/scientists-extend-mice-lifespan-12-by-tweaking-telomeres/ |website=Amazing Stories |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en-us |date=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nield |first1=David |title=Scientists Dramatically Extend The Lifespans of Mice in a Genius New Telomere Study |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/researchers-have-made-long-lived-mice-with-extended-chromosomes-inside-all-of-their-cells |website=ScienceAlert |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 2019 (December 9) || Scientific development || || Researchers at the {{w|Pasteur Institute}} identify the CSB protein, whose absence or dysfunction causes early ageing, among other afflictions, in patients with Cockayne syndrome.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identification of a key protein linked to aging |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209112138.htm |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=27 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|France}} | + | | 2019 (December 9) || Scientific development || Premature ageing || Researchers at the {{w|Pasteur Institute}} identify the CSB protein, whose absence or dysfunction causes early ageing, among other afflictions, in patients with Cockayne syndrome.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identification of a key protein linked to aging |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209112138.htm |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=27 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|France}} |
|- | |- | ||
| 2020 (July) || Scientific development || || Scientists, using public [[w:List of biological databases|biological data]] on 1.75 million people with known lifespans overall, identify 10 [[w:Locus (genetics)|genomic loci]] which appear to intrinsically influence {{w|healthspan}}, lifespan, and {{w|longevity}} – of which half have not been reported previously at [[w:Genome-wide association study|genome-wide significance]] and most being associated with {{w|cardiovascular disease}} – and identify [[w:Human iron metabolism|haem metabolism]] as a promising candidate for further research within the field. Their study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timmers |first1=Paul R. H. J. |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Joshi |first3=Peter K. |last4=Deelen |first4=Joris |title=Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing |journal=Nature Communications |date=December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3570 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} || | | 2020 (July) || Scientific development || || Scientists, using public [[w:List of biological databases|biological data]] on 1.75 million people with known lifespans overall, identify 10 [[w:Locus (genetics)|genomic loci]] which appear to intrinsically influence {{w|healthspan}}, lifespan, and {{w|longevity}} – of which half have not been reported previously at [[w:Genome-wide association study|genome-wide significance]] and most being associated with {{w|cardiovascular disease}} – and identify [[w:Human iron metabolism|haem metabolism]] as a promising candidate for further research within the field. Their study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timmers |first1=Paul R. H. J. |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Joshi |first3=Peter K. |last4=Deelen |first4=Joris |title=Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing |journal=Nature Communications |date=December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3570 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17312-3}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}} || |
Revision as of 12:26, 17 June 2021
This page is a timeline of senescence research, including major theories, breakthroughs and organizations. "Senescence" here refers to "Ageing" rather than the phenomena of cellular senescence, which is a change in cell state associated with ageing, cancer prevention, wound healing, regeneration and embryonic/placenta development.
Contents
Big picture
Year/period | Event |
---|---|
Ancient Greece | Early speculations on aging are focussed on the bodily humoral imbalance and on the gradual loss of inner heat.[1] |
Middle Age/Renaissance | Rejuvenating or stopping the aging process is a major concern in this period.[1] |
Renaissance–18th century | Some themes around which aging and senescence research revolve are the idea that senescence is itself an illness, the image of the aged body as a lamp in which life-fuel has run out, the character alterations of elders, and the attempt to prolong life through specific diet or by substituting damaged body parts.[1] |
Late 19th–20th century | Starting from the so-called "fin-de-siècle" period, scientific optimism flourishes, and life-extensionism represents the most radical form of the trend.[2] Life expectancy starts to rise in the Western world.[3] |
20th century | Senescence research focuses on four major directions: cellular theories, immune-metabolic models, evolutionary explanations and molecular biology-based approaches.[1]
Modern anti-aging organizations merge and their proliferation multiplies toward the 2000s.[2] " The 1950s saw the first attempts to distinguish, measure and compare the functional and chronological ages of individuals, of which biological considerations were an important component"[4] The beginning of the term “senescence” in the context of mammalian cell cultures begins in the 1960s with the work of Hayflick and Moorhead.[5] In the 1980s, the field of life-span psychology is born.[6] |
Visual and numerical data
Mentions on Google Scholar
The table below summarizes per-year mentions of senescence–related topics (entries without quotation marks) on Google Scholar as of month day, 2021.
Year | Senescence | Aging | Longevity | Life extension |
---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 2,840 | 24,300 | 7,200 | 48,900 |
1985 | 3,760 | 36,300 | 9,210 | 43,400 |
1990 | 5,840 | 69,200 | 13,400 | 101,000 |
1995 | 8,150 | 114,000 | 18,300 | 131,000 |
2000 | 12,200 | 237,000 | 33,600 | 269,000 |
2002 | 13,400 | 302,000 | 41,600 | 299,000 |
2004 | 16,600 | 403,000 | 51,300 | 296,000 |
2006 | 21,500 | 470,000 | 62,900 | 341,000 |
2008 | 26,800 | 481,000 | 74,500 | 364,000 |
2010 | 33,500 | 587,000 | 85,400 | 397,000 |
2012 | 43,500 | 712,000 | 109,000 | 409,000 |
2014 | 47,900 | 653,000 | 103,000 | 366,000 |
2016 | 47,200 | 466,000 | 88,800 | 298,000 |
2017 | 45,300 | 441,000 | 81,500 | 254,000 |
2018 | 43,800 | 297,000 | 74,600 | 194,000 |
2019 | 39,500 | 201,000 | 59,400 | 148,000 |
2020 | 34,800 | 130,000 | 44,200 | 103,000 |
Google Trends
The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Senescence (Topic), Cellular senescence (Topic) and Negligible senescence (Topic), from January 2004 to April 021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[7]
Google Ngram Viewer
The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Senescence research, from 1950 to 2019.[8]
Wikipedia Views
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Senescence, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.[9]
Full timeline
Year/period | Type of Event | Key topic | Event | Location | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
c. 99 BC – c. 55 BC | Scientific development (theory) | Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius argues that aging and death are beneficial because they make room for the next generation. This view will persist among biologists well into the 20th century.[10] | |||
5th century | Scientific development (theory) | Early formulations, described by Hippocrates' system of four humours, theorize old age as a consequence of the gradual consumption of the innate heat with the inevitable loss of body moisture.[1] | Greece | ||
1825 | Scientific development | British mathematician Benjamin Gompertz proposes an exponential increase in death rates with age, giving birth to what later will be called The Gompertz-Makeham law.[11][12] | United Kingdom | ||
1891 | Scientific development (theory) | German evolutionary biologist August Weismann proposes the first formal programmed aging theory as an evolutionary explanation of aging driven by group selection. His argument is that aging evolved to the advantage of the species (e.g., by replacing worn out individuals with younger ones), not the individual.[13][14] | Germany | ||
1908 | Scientific development (theory) | Rate-of-living theory | German physiologist Max Rubner describes his rate-of-living theory, which proposes that a slow metabolism increases an animal's longevity. It states that fast basal metabolic rate corresponds to short maximum life span.[15][16] | Germany | |
1913 | Organization | Life extension (hrough hygiene and disease prevention) | The Life Extension Institute is inaugurated as a longevity research center, with US president William Howard Taft as chairman.[17][2] It describes its philanthropic goal of prolonging human life through hygiene and disease prevention.[18] | United States | |
1928 | Scientific development (theory) | Rate Of Living Hypothesis | American biologist Raymond Pearl describes the Rate Of Living Hypothesis as an expansion of the earlier theory by Max Rubner. It states that organisms with a high metabolic rate have shorter lives.[19] | United States | |
1934 | Scientific development | Calorie restriction | Mary Crowell and Clive McCay at Cornell University discover that calorie restriction can extend lifespan twofold in rats.[20] | United States | |
1939 | Organization (non-profit) | Ageing | The British Society for Research on Ageing is founded by Russian-British gerontologist Vladimir Korenchevsky.[21] It promotes research to understand the causes and effects of the ageing process.[22] | United Kingdom | |
1945–1949 | Scientific development | The advent of molecular biology changes the theoretical perception of aging dramatically, as the precise molecular structure of proteins and genetic material becomes known.[2] | United States | ||
1952 | Scientific development (theory) | Mutation accumulation | British biologist Peter Medawar formulates the first modern theory of mammal aging, known as mutation accumulation, whereby the mechanism of action involves random, detrimental germline mutations of a kind that happen to show their effect only late in life.[10] | ||
1956 | Scientific development (theory) | Free radical theory of aging | American chemist Denham Harman presents his free radical theory of aging, which states that organisms age over time due to the accumulation of damage from free radicals in the body.[19] Harman is known as the "father of the free radical theory of aging".[23][24] | United States | |
1957 | Scientific development (theory) | Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis | American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams proposes the today called Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis (AP) for the evolution of aging. It occurs when one gene controls for more than one phenotypic trait where at least one of these is beneficial to the organism's fitness and at least one is detrimental, thus accumulating damage.[10][25] | United States | |
1958 | Scientific development (theory) | Somatic mutation theory | American physicists Gioacchino Failla and Leo Szilard propose the somatic mutation theory, which suggests that aging is caused by random DNA damage in somatic cells and that the extent of damage is enhanced by radiation.[2] | United States | |
1958 | Scientific development (clinical research program) | Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging | The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging begins in the United States as a clinical research program on human aging. As of 2020, it is the longest-running study of aging in that country. "Volunteers of different ages join the study when they are healthy, and have follow-up visits for life. Visits last for multiple days. Participants are evaluated for many physical elements as well as for brain function. Physical tests are given. Information on mood, personality, and social aspects of life is also collected. This program has contributed more than any other research project to our understanding of aging."[26] | United States | |
1961 | Scientific development | Senescence | The beginning of the term “senescence” in the context of mammalian cell cultures is considered to be born out of the discovery by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick and his colleague Paul Moorhead, who describe that primary cells have a finite lifespan when cultured in vitro, contrasting cancer cells that divide without limits.[5] Hayflick demonstrates that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 and 60 times before entering a senescence phase. This process will be known later as the Hayflick limit.[27][28][29] | United States | |
1963 | Scientific development | Caenorhabditis elegans | South African biologist Sydney Brenner suggests the ability to easily and cheaply grow large quantities of worms in the lab as being very helpful for aging research, especially when identifying long-lived mutants caenorhabditis elegans, which have a relatively short lifespan (average approximately 17 days at 20 °C), and the lifespan is largely invariant.[30] | ||
1965–1969 | Scientific development | DNA methylation | The strong effect of age on DNA methylation levels is discovered,[31] thus rendering it an accurate biological clock in humans and chimpanzees.[32] | ||
1967 | Scientific development (theory) | DNA damage theory ofeleg aging | C. Alexander sets the grounds of the DNA damage theory of aging by suggesting that DNA damage, as distinct from mutation, is the primary cause of aging.[33] This theory becomes stronger through further experimental support during the following decades.[34][35] | ||
1969 | Publication | Immunologic Theory of Aging | American physician Roy Walford publishes the Immunologic Theory of Aging, contributing to the basis for many current ideas about immunological aging.[36] | ||
1970 | Organization | American Aging Association | The American Aging Association is founded by Denham Harman.[37] | United States | |
1974 | Organization | National Institute on Aging | The National Institute on Aging (NIA) is formed as a division of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH), with the purpose of conducting research on aging process and age-related diseases and disseminating information on health and research advances, among other aims.[38][39] | United States (National Institute on Aging) | |
1975 | Scientific development | Telomerase | Australian-American molecular biologist Elizabeth Blackburn discovers the unusual nature of telomeres, with their simple repeated DNA sequences composing chromosome ends.[40][41] Some years later, Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak discover how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, for which they receive the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[42] Further experiments establish the role of telomere shortening in cellular aging and telomerase reactivation in cell immortalization.[43] | United States | |
1977 | Scientific development (theory) | Disposable soma | English biologist Thomas Kirkwood proposes the third mainstream theory of ageing, the disposable soma, which states that organisms only have a limited amount of energy that has to be divided between reproductive activities and the maintenance of the non-reproductive aspects of the organism.[44] | ||
1977 | Scientific development | Caenorhabditis elegans | Klass publishes that C. elegans is a good system for aging studies as he establishes a method to consistently measure lifespan, concluding that this could lead to future detailed analysis combining genetics and biochemistry. Klass also finds that altering either temperature or the amount of food results in a change in lifespan. In addition, only small effects on lifespan are observed based on parental age or parental lifespan.[30] | ||
1978 | Scientific development (theory) | Mitochondrial theory of aging | Soviet scientist A. N. Lobachev proposes the mitochondrial non free radical theory of aging, which suggests that the main reason of accumulation of damages in mt DNA is the fact that at certain moment of cell life, the development of mitochondria begin to conflict with the development of nucleus. This theory concludes that mitochondria appears to be the «biologic clock» of the cell and programm the duration of its life.[45][46] | Russia | |
1978 | Scientific development | Caenorhabditis elegans | "For research on aging, early studies in C. elegans focused on the feasibility of measuring lifespan and the use of 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) to maintain synchronous cultures of aged animals (Hosono 1978a, 1978b)."[30] | ||
1980 | Organization | Life Extension Foundation | The Life Extension Foundation is founded by Saul Kent and William Faloon.[47][48] | ||
1981 | Organization | American Federation for Aging Research | The American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR) is founded "to encourage scientists to pursue careers in aging research".[4] | United States | |
1986 | Organization (non-profit) | Alliance for Aging Research | The Alliance for Aging Research is founded a non-profit organization, with the purpose to promote medical and behavioral research into the aging process.[49] | United States | |
1987 | Scientific development | Cell death | B M Stanulis-Praeger determines cell death to be a primary consequence of senescence.[50] | ||
1988 | Scientific development | Caenorhabditis elegans | Genetic work by Tom Johnson et al. on mutant C. elegans mapps all of them to a single genetic locus, named age-1. This is the first breakthrough in aging research for studies based on C. elegans as this study reveals that it is possible to identify mutants that altered lifespan and more importantly, individual genes can modulate lifespan.[30] | ||
1990 | Organization | Gerontology Research Group | The Gerontology Research Group (GRG) is founded as a global group of researchers in various fields that verifies and tracks supercentenarians. It also aims to further gerontology research with a goal of reversing or slowing aging.[51][52] | United States (UCLA) | |
1990-1995 | Scientific development | Negligible senescence | The term negligible senescence is first used by professor Caleb Finch to describe organisms such as lobsters and hydras, which do not show symptoms of aging.[53] | ||
1991 | Scientific development (theory) | Reliabity theory of aging | Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova apply the principles of reliability theory to human biology, proposing a reliabity theory of aging which is based on the premise that humans are born in a highly defective state. According to the model, this is then made worse by environmental and mutational damage, and survival of the organism depends on redundancy.[54][55] | ||
1991 | Scientific development | Cell death | Leonard Hayflick describes an increase in cell degeneration and debris, resembling cell death.[5] | United States | |
1992 | Organization | American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine | The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) is founded "to promote the anti-aging technoscience agenda". As of 2020, A4M has 26,000 members. It convenes two annual world congresses with several thousand attendees, offers research fellowships and two masters programs.[4][56] | United States | |
1993 | Scientific development | Caenorhabditis elegans | American molecular biologist Cynthia Kenyon discovers that a single-gene mutation (Daf-2) can double the lifespan of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and that this can be reversed by a second mutation in daf-16m.[57][58] | United States | |
1994 | Literature | Biological age | Leonard Hayflick publishes How and Why we Age, which elaborates on the difference between biological and chronological age and then explores on how understanding of aging has changed through history.[59] | ||
1995 | Scientific development | senescent cell | Detection of senescent cells using a cytochemical assay is first described.[60] Researchers discover that senescent cells express a β-galactosidase activity; and describe the “senescence-associated β galactosidase” (SA-βgal) biomarker, which conveniently identifies individual senescent cells in vitro and in vivo.[61] | ||
1995 | Scientific development | Cell death | Scientific development by E. Wang shows that cellular senescence is associated with a reduced sensitivity to cell death.[5][62] | ||
1997 (August 7) | Supercentenarian | French supercentenarian Jeanne Calment dies at the age of 122 years and 164 days, being the oldest human whose age is well-documented. | France | ||
1998 | Literature (journal) | Rejuvenation Research | Bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal Rejuvenation Research is launched.[63] | ||
1999 | Organization (research institute) | Buck Institute for Research on Aging | The Buck Institute for Research on Aging is established as an independent biomedical research institute devoted solely to research on aging and age-related diseases.[64][65] | United States | |
1999 | Literature | Engineered negligible senescence | Aubrey de Grey publishes The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging, which introduces the term "engineered negligible senescence".[66] | ||
1999 | Organization (privately held company) | Anti-aging | Sierra Sciences is founded by American molecular biologist William H. Andrews in Reno, Nevada as a biotechnology company with the goal of preventing and/or reversing cellular senescence.[67] | United States | |
2003 | Organization (non-profit) | Anti-aging | English researcher Aubrey de Grey and David Gobel form the Methuselah Foundation, which gives financial grants to anti-aging research projects.[68] | United States (Springfield, Virginia) | |
2003 | Concept development | Prolongevity | Gerald Gruman introduces the term “prolongevity”, which refers to a significant extension of average human life expectancy and/or maximum life span without extending suffering and infirmity.[63] | ||
2003 | Scientific development | Resveratrol | Australian biologist David Andrew Sinclair at the University of New South Wales discovers the anti-ageing properties of a red-wine compound called resveratrol.[69] | Australia | |
2005 | Scientific development | Young blood transfusion | Research led by Steve Horvath utilizes young blood plasma transfusions to significantly reduce the epigenetic age of rats.[70] | ||
2006 | Organization (research network) | Network Aging Research | Network Aging Research (Netzwerk Alternsforschung) is founded at Heidelberg University.[71] | Germany | |
2006 (September) | Scientific development funding | Anti-aging | German-American entrepreneur Peter Thiel announces that he would donate $3.5 million to foster anti-aging research through the nonprofit Methuselah Mouse Prize foundation.[72][73] | United States | |
2007 (September) | Literature | Regenerative medicine (strategies for engineered negligible senescence | Aubrey De Grey publishes Ending Aging.[74] | United States | |
2009 | Organization (non-profit) | Regenerative medicine (strategies for engineered negligible senescence | Aubrey de Grey and several others found the SENS Research Foundation with aims at conducting research into aging and funding other anti-aging research projects at various universities.[75][76][77] It offers research grants, internships and post-baccalaureate programmes, and organizes numerous conferences | United States (Mountain View, California) | |
2009 | Scientific development | Rapamycin | Ahe group of three laboratories initiate a study of the effects of rapamycin on the life span of mice. After administering the agent at late ages, the team discovers a significant increase in maximum life span.[24] | ||
2009 | Anti-aging | Anti-aging is identified as one of the specific topics to be considered at the 19th World Congress of Gerontology and Geriatrics in Paris.[63] | France | ||
2009 | Telomerase | Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase."[78] These researchers are aware of the implications of their research on telomerase for the biology of aging, in particular Carol Greider who would become quite active in that field.[24] | |||
2010 | Scientific development | Telomerase | Harvard scientists reverse aging process in mice through reactivation of telomerase.[79] | United States | |
2010 | Organization (research network) | European Network in Aging Studies | The European Network in Aging Studies is established.[80][81] | Europe | |
2011 (February) | Organization | 2045 Initiative | 2045 Initiative is founded by Russian entrepreneur Dmitry Itskov, with the purpose "to create technologies enabling the transfer of an individual’s personality to a more advanced non-biological carrier, and extending life, including to the point of immortality. We devote particular attention to enabling the fullest possible dialogue between the world’s major spiritual traditions, science and society".[82] | Russia | |
2011 | Organization (public company) | Unity Biotechnology | Unity Biotechnology is founded.[83][84] It develops drugs which target senescent cells.[85][86][87] | United States | |
2012 | Scientific development | Researchers from the Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM) in Milan and Molecular Genetics of the National Research Council (IGM-CNR) in Pavia identify for the first time a class of non-coding RNAs, called “DNA Damage Response RNAs (DDRNAs)”, laying the foundation for the future advances in cellular aging.[88] | Italy | ||
2012 | Scientific development | Scientific development by Nelson et al. shows that the bystander effect of senescent cells negatively affects non‐senescent cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS). The researchers also show that a paracrine effect of senescent cells can damage DNA.[5][89] | |||
2013 (January) | Organization | Senior welfare | The North American Network in Aging Studies (NANAS) is established with the ultimate purpose to improve the health, care, and quality of life for people aging into old age.[80] | United States | |
2013 (January) | Organization (non-profit) | Life extension | The International Longevity Alliance is founded. It is an international nonprofit organization that serves as an interaction between regional organizations that support anti-aging technologies.[90] | ||
2013 | Organization (Private company | Aging-associated diseases | Human Longevity is launched by Craig Venter and Peter Diamandis as a venture with the goal to build the world's most comprehensive database on human genotypes and phenotypes, and then subject it to machine learning so that it can help develop new ways to fight diseases associated with aging.[91] | United States | |
2013 | Organization (subsidiary) | Google announces launch of research and development biotech subsidiary Calico, with the purpose of harnessing new technologies to increase scientific understanding of the biology of aging.[92] | United States (San Francisco) | ||
2014 | Organization (non-profit) | The Life Extension Advocacy Foundation is founded as a non-profit organization with mission to support fundamental research on the main mechanisms of aging and age-related diseases and educate the public on the possibility of bringing aging under medical control in order to prevent, postpone and cure age-related diseases. | United States | ||
2015 | Organization (private company) | BioViva is founded as a biotechnology company with the purpose to treat aging cells and reverse aging.[93] | United States | ||
2016 | Scientific development | Mitochondrial theory of ageing | Scientists at Newcastle University demonstrate for the first time that mitochondria are major triggers of cell aging, after having found that when mitochondria are eliminated from aging cells, the latter become much more similar to younger cells. This discovery advances a step closer to developing therapies to counteract the aging of cells, by targeting mitochondria.[94][95][96] | United Kingdom (Newcastle University) | |
2017 | Organization (public company) | AgeX Therapeutics is established by American biogerontologist Michael D. West, with the mission "to develop and commercialize novel therapeutics targeting biological aging based on an emerging understanding of the ‘clockwork mechanisms’ of human aging."[97] | United States | ||
2017 | Young blood transfusion | Californian start-up Ambrosia begins selling plasma from young human donors as an anti-aging therapy, based on parabiosis mouse-models. This business would cease shortly after a 2019 FDA warning against anti-aging blood transfusion.[4] | United States | ||
2017 (December) | Scientific development | Protein expression | Study shows that preventing wrinkles could be as easy as expressing a protein called FKBP1b.[98] | ||
2018 (January) | Scientific development | Researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) in Houston report a connection between accelerated epigenetic aging and bipolar disorder. The results could explain why people suffering from bipolar disorder are more likely to die from age-related diseases.[99] | United States | ||
2018 | New Zealander venture capitalist Laura Deming launches Age1, a four-month startup accelerator program focused on founders creating longevity companies.[100] | United States | |||
2018 | Scientific development | Researchers identify naked mole-rats as the first mammal to defy the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality, and achieve negligible senescence. It would be speculated however that this may be simply a "time-stretching" effect primarily due to their very slow (and cold-blooded and hypoxic) metabolism.[101][102] | |||
2019 | Scientific development | Researchers show that many major features of cellular senescence, such as the pro‐inflammatory phenotype, are dependent on the stable cell cycle arrest.[103][5] | |||
2019 | Scientific development | Telomerase | Scientists manage to extend the average lifespan of mice by breeding them using embryonic stem cells with extra-long telomeres. The finding is significant as no genetic modification is conducted.[104][105][106] | ||
2019 (December 9) | Scientific development | Premature ageing | Researchers at the Pasteur Institute identify the CSB protein, whose absence or dysfunction causes early ageing, among other afflictions, in patients with Cockayne syndrome.[107] | France | |
2020 (July) | Scientific development | Scientists, using public biological data on 1.75 million people with known lifespans overall, identify 10 genomic loci which appear to intrinsically influence healthspan, lifespan, and longevity – of which half have not been reported previously at genome-wide significance and most being associated with cardiovascular disease – and identify haem metabolism as a promising candidate for further research within the field. Their study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans.[108] | United Kingdom |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
What the timeline is still missing
- [1] for geriatrics
- Life extension
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Andrea Grignolio; Claudio Franceschi. "History of Research into Ageing/Senescence". eLS. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0023955.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 A History of Life-Extensionism In The Twentieth Century. Rison Lezion, Israel: Longevity History. 2014. ISBN 1500818577.
- ↑ "Life Expectancy".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Fletcher, James Rupert (December 2020). "Anti-aging technoscience & the biologization of cumulative inequality: Affinities in the biopolitics of successful aging". Journal of Aging Studies. 55: 100899. ISSN 0890-4065. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100899.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Ogrodnik, Mikolaj. "Cellular aging beyond cellular senescence: Markers of senescence prior to cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo". Aging Cell. 20 (4). doi:10.1111/acel.13338.
- ↑ Fried, Linda P.; Rowe, John W. (2020-10-01). "Health in Aging — Past, Present, and Future". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (14): 1293–1296. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2016814.
- ↑ "Senescence research". Google Trends. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ "Senescence research". books.google.com. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ "Senescence". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Daniel Fabian; Thomas Flatt. "The Evolution of Aging". Nature.
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