Difference between revisions of "Timeline of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"

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| 1995 || || [[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] partners with the American College of Sports Medicine to develop the first recommendations for physical activity in adults.<ref name="The Response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Obesity Epidemic">{{cite web |title=The Response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415 |website=annualreviews.org |accessdate=8 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1995 || || [[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] partners with the American College of Sports Medicine to develop the first recommendations for physical activity in adults.<ref name="The Response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Obesity Epidemic">{{cite web |title=The Response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415 |website=annualreviews.org |accessdate=8 February 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1996 || || "CDC establishes the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA)"<ref name="CDC Timeline 1990s"/> ||
 
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| 1997 || || [[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]], the {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} and the {{w|United States Department of Agriculture}} initiate the National Food Safety Initiative (NFSI) as an effort to decrease the incidence and risks of foodborne illness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Position Statement |url=https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/03-ID-02revised.pdf |website=c.ymcdn.com |accessdate=8 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1997 || || [[w:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]], the {{w|Food and Drug Administration}} and the {{w|United States Department of Agriculture}} initiate the National Food Safety Initiative (NFSI) as an effort to decrease the incidence and risks of foodborne illness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Position Statement |url=https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/03-ID-02revised.pdf |website=c.ymcdn.com |accessdate=8 February 2019}}</ref> ||

Revision as of 05:28, 9 February 2019

This is a timeline of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Big picture

Year/period Key developments

Timeline

Year Type of event Event Present time geographical location
1942 "in early 1942, citing a need for better malaria control in military areas, the Public Health Service obtained money to create Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), which they headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia" "The Communicable Disease Center was organized in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 1, 1946; its founder, Dr. Joseph W. Mountin"
1946 CDC opens as the "Communicable Disease Center" in the old Office of Malaria Council in War Areas of downtown Atlanta.[1]
1947 CDC’s headquarters become permanently attached to Atlanta after Emory University provides 15 acres of land.[2]
1948 "Malaria Control in War AreasExternal, a program within the U.S. Public Health Service, transitions into the Communicable Disease Center (CDC) on July 1"[3]
1948 "CDC stations the Laboratory Division at the Lawson Veterans Administration Hospital in Chamblee, Georgia"[3]
1948 "CDC established for communicable diseases"[3]
1949 CDC begins tackling salmonella.[4]
1949 "CDC’s Reference Diagnostic Service Center becomes available to all public health laboratories. Practicing physicians who have hard-to-identify specimens submit through their health departments"[3]
1950 "A team of CDC physicians, engineers, and entomologists is sent to Southeast Asia to assist in developing malaria control programs and public health programs as part of an overall technical and economic assistance program"[3]
1951 CDC's Epidemic Intelligence Service program is established. It would last two years, giving fellows on-the-job training in surveillance and response units that deal with all sorts of epidemics including chronic disease, injuries and, now, bioterrorism.[5][6]
1953 CDC National Tuberculosis Surveillance System is established.[7]
1953 "CDC reports first case of rabies in a bat"[3]
1953 "The Communicable Disease Center National Surveillance Program is developed to maintain constant vigilance over communicable diseases to respond immediately when an outbreak occurs"[3]
1954 CDC establishes a National Rabies Control Activities Unit, with aims at providing a coordinated program for all aspects of the disease.[3]
1954 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is expanded to include other professional disciplines besides medicine.
1955 CDC establishes the Polio Surveillance Unit.[1]
1955 "CDC gains worldwide recognition for the quality and quantity of its contributions to the taxonomy of the Enterobacteriaceae, a family of germs that are difficult to treat because of their resistance to antibiotics"[3]
1956 CDC develops a fluorescent antibody test for rapidly identifying bacterial and viral pathogens.[1]
1956 "The first practical use for the fluorescent antibody technique is utilized in CDC laboratories to research communicable diseases of bacterial origin"[3]
1957 "The Venereal Disease Division is transferred from the U.S. Public Health Service to CDC, bringing two important innovations to CDC’s activities: a grant program and a new kind of employee, public health advisors."[3]
1958 CDC establishes the Influenza Surveillance Unit (1958).[1]
Late 1950s CDC acquires exclusive federal authority over communicable diseases.[8]
1959 "Standard New Jersey light trap is modified to create the CDC light trap, a light-weight and portable mosquito trap to collect samples in swamps and remote areas where electricity is not available"[3]
1960 CDC sets national blood lead levels of concern at sixty micrograms per deciliter of blood.[9]
1961 CDC starts publishing weekly magazine Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), a weekly compilation of deaths and disease causes from all over the United States..[10][11]
1960 "Tuberculosis Program transfers from the U. S. Public Health Service to CDC. The Tuberculosis laboratory is already in Atlanta at Lawson General Hospital, having moved there several years earlier"[3]
1960 "First National Health Examination Survey is conducted to collect data on the total prevalence of certain chronic diseases as well as the distribution of various physical and physiological measures"[3]
1961 CDC starts to explore birth defects and its association with cancer.[12]
1961 "CDC takes over publication of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) from the National Office of Vital Statistics. MMWR is a weekly publication, containing a few short narrative reports and the weekly morbidity and mortality tables. It also publishes the annual “Summary of Notifiable Diseases”"[3]
1962 CDC lipid reference laboratory is designated as the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research in Blood Lipids.[13]
1962 CDC schedule recommends 3 childhood vaccines by age 5.[14]
1964 "CDC holds first meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), to provide advice and guidance on the appropriate use of biologics and other preventive medical agents for effective disease control in the civilian population"[3]
1965 CDC teams with USAID and proposes including smallpox eradication. Both organizations would spend the next year generating support among the 18 West and Central African countries that are prospective hosts for the program and working out collaboration with WHO.[15]
1966 CDC begins the worldwide smallpox eradication campaign in Africa.[16]
1966 "CDC announces a national measles eradication campaign at the American Public Health Association meeting"[3]
1966 "The International Malaria Eradication Program is turned over to CDC from the Agency for International Development (AID)"[3]
1967 The Communicable Disease Center is renamed the National Communicable Disease Center.[17]
1967 CDC acquires quarantine authority.[18]
1967 "CDC begins the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) a population-based tracking system for birth defects in collaboration with Georgia Mental Health Institute and the Emory University School of Medicine"[3]
1968 CDC Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance system (LEDS) is established, and begins collecting serotype and demographic data for every Salmonella isolate obtained from a human and submitted to US state and territorial public health laboratories.[19]
1968 "NCDC (National Communicable Disease Center) becomes a bureau within the U. S. Public Health Service"[3]
1969 CDC helps set up a quarantine protocol for the Apollo 11 astronauts after their first walk on the moon.[20]
1970 CDC establishes the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system, to monitor trends in infections acquired in hospital settings.[1]
1970 CDC releases guidelines designed to isolate specific patients in given areas within a hospital.4-6 Seven categories of isolation are described.[21]
1970 "The National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC) is renamed Center for Disease Control (CDC)"[3]
1970 "The Nutrition Program is transferred to CDC, charged with assessing severe malnutrition in the United States and abroad"[3]
1971 CDC discovers that hepatitis B is sexually transmitted.[1]
1971 CDC begins a cooperative effort with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to stimulate investigation and reporting of waterborne outbreaks with the goal of prevention.[22]
1972 CDC campaigns to eradicate measles all together by 1982.[23]
1972 "CDC establishes the national gonorrhea control program"[3]
1973 CDC develops the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).[1]
1973 "Office of Biosafety is established"[3]
1973 "CDC begins regularly responding to public health crises abroad by providing famine assistance in sub-Saharan Africa"[3]
1974 "CDC establishes Bureau of Health Education, developing health curriculum for schools"[3]
1974 CDC initiates the SENIC project, which would thereafter collect data in 338 randomly selected US hospitals. The objectives of the study are to estimate the magnitude of the nosocomial infection problem in US hospitals, to describe the extent of hospitals' infection surveillance and control programs, and to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of these programs in reducing nosocomial infection risks.[24]
1975 CDC publishes its first statement on lead poisoning, "Increased. Lead Absorption and Lead Poisoning in. Young Children."[25]
1975 "CDC establishes the vessel sanitation program in cooperation with the cruise ship industry"[3]
1976 "National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health (precursor to the Office on Smoking and Health) transferred to CDC"[3]
1976 "CDC sends disease detectives to investigate two large outbreaks of an unknown deadly hemorrhagic fever in Zaire and Sudan, a disease later known as Ebola"[3]
1977 CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health reorganizes, assumes new mine safety and health responsibilities, and publishes Occupational Diseases: A Guide to Their Recognition.[3]
1977 CDC first publishes recommendations for the control of hepatitis B in dialysis. This is later replaced by the current recommendations for preventing the transmission of infections in dialysis facilities.[26]
1978 CDC publishes the first Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).[3]
1978 "CDC holds the first international conference on Legionnaires’ disease"[3]
1978 "First national health objectives for 1990 established by CDC"[3]
Late 1970s CDC formulates a list of its main priorities, the most serious health problems facing the United States. The list includes smoking, alcohol abuse, unwanted pregnancies, car accidents, workplace injuries, environmental hazards, social disorders, suicide, homicide, mental illness, and stress.[8]
1979 The world is declared smallpox-free.[16]
1979 "CDC assumes lead responsibility in the U.S. Public Health Service for environmental emergency response"[3]
1979 CDC endorses the goal of reducing the number of privately owned handguns, with an initial target of a 25 percent decrease by 2000.[8]
1980 CDC is renamed the Centers (plural) for Disease Control and begins to establish various centers within the CDC such as the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH).[17]
1980 CDC begins assisting other countries to develop their own field epidemiology training programs (FETPs), modeling them after the highly successful Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) program.[27]
1980 "Congress creates the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, as a “sister agency” to CDC."[28]
1980 "MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) publishes the first report on a newly-recognized illness associated with tampon use: toxic shock syndrome; CDC organizes a task force to study the illness"[28]
1982 "CDC begins an international campaign to gather support for elimination of dracunculiasis, Guinea worm disease"[28]
1982 "CDC receives first reports of AIDS in persons with hemophilia, other transfusion recipients, and in infants born to mothers with AIDS"[28]
1983 "The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is established; collecting data on emergency events involving the release of hazardous substances in the U.S."Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
1983 CDC establishes the Violence Epidemiology Branch to focus its public health efforts in violence prevention.[29]
1983 "The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is established; collecting data on emergency events involving the release of hazardous substances in the U.S."[28]
1983 "Establishes the National AIDS Hotline to handle the growing number of calls concerning the AIDS virus."[28]
1984 CDC’s Prevention Research Center program is authorized by the United States Congress as a network of academic health centers to conduct applied public health research.[29]
1984 CDC establishes the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).[29]
1985 CDC publishes the first obesity map based on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) data.[30]
1985 "CDC cosponsors the first International Conference on AIDS"[28]
1986 CDC establishes the Division of Epidemiology and Control.[29]
1987 CDC publishes the first in a series of articles about the prevalence and rate of HIV infection among racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States.[31]
1987 "Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk (SENSOR) program is established at NIOSH"[28]
1987 "The National Center for Health Statistics becomes an organizational component of CDC"[28]
1988 CDC mails information related to the prevention of AIDS to every household in America. However, these advancements are only to name a few
1988 CDC, in partnership with the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), creates the National Laboratory Training Network (NLTN). Since then the NLTN would train thousands of laboratorians, providing access to critical training information needed to increase their competency and improve their knowledge.[32]
1988 "Disabilities Prevention Program is developed to provide a national focus for the prevention of disabilities"[28]
1989 "To improve laboratory training programs and communication among participants, the National Laboratory Training Network is established with the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors in seven sites"[28]
1990 CDC publishes the “Guidelines for Investigating Clusters of Health Events,” in which a four-stage process is presented. This document provides a framework that most state health departments would adopt, with modifications pertaining to their specific situations, available resources, and philosophy concerning disease clusters.[33]
1990 "CDC launches National Pharmaceutical Stockpile (now the Strategic National Stockpile), a stockpile of drugs, vaccines, and other medical products and supplies, to provide for the emergency health security of the US and its territories"[34]
1991 CDC creates the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). Since the start of the program, more than 28,000 women would have cervical cancers or precancerous lesions detected through this free or low-cost screening.[35]
1992 CDC again changes its name to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[17]
1992 CDC reactivates its guideline development process with the formation of The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).[36][17]
1993 CDC establishes PulseNET, a database comprised of DNA “fingerprints” of bacteria isolated from patients and food. Since then, PulseNET, receiving data from over 650 laboratories, would compare thousands of DNA fingerprints, thereby providing information about foodborne illness outbreaks that would have otherwise gone undetected.[37]
1994 "CDC and the National Institute of Justice collaborate on the National Violence against Women Survey. The survey, conducted in 1995- 1996, provides the first national data on the incidence and prevalence of intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking."[29]
1994 The CDC Emerging Infections Program is established. Since then, it would provide a large amount of data on antibiotic–resistant infections (such as respiratory bacterial infections, healthcare–associated infections, and some aspects of foodborne illnesses).[38]
1994 The CDC/ATSDR Office of Women's Health (OWH) is established to promote and improve the health, safety, and quality of life of women.[39]
1994 CDC issues its Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities which, among other things, advises a risk-based approach to screening.[40]
1995 CDC partners with the American College of Sports Medicine to develop the first recommendations for physical activity in adults.[41]
1996 "CDC establishes the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA)"[34]
1997 CDC, the Food and Drug Administration and the United States Department of Agriculture initiate the National Food Safety Initiative (NFSI) as an effort to decrease the incidence and risks of foodborne illness.[42]
1998 CDC leads the creation of a Web-based system for the exchange of information by epidemiologists, EpiX. This system would grow to reach more than 800 public health professionals, providing updates on outbreaks of infectious disease and other public health threats and emergencies.[32]
1999 CDC issues the Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection as as a series of recommendations for the prevention of surgical site infections made by a panel of experts. The guidelines would serve the surgical community for many years.[43]
1999 CDC launches the Syphilis Elimination Effort to take advantage of a narrow window of opportunity to eliminate the disease and to significantly decrease one of the US's most glaring racial disparities in health.[44]
2000 "CDC receives congressional appropriations to establish 10 National Academic Centers of Excellence for Youth Violence Prevention."[29]
2000 CDC releases US DHHS Blueprint for Breastfeeding.[41]
2000 CDC sets up Centers of Public Health Preparedness to strengthen terrorism and emergency preparedness by connecting academic expertise with state and local health needs.[45]
2001 CDC establishes the Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC). It is composed of 22 collaborative research groups, each existing as a formal partnership between an academic institution and a state or metropolitan TB control program.[46]
2002 "The CDC’s Healthier Worksite Initiative begins"[41]
2002 CDC develops and implements its Healthier Worksite Initiative on the CDC’s campuses. The initiative is based on the recognition that worksites are to adults as schools are to children and adolescents, insofar as adults spend a lot of time at worksites, and worksites present opportunities to modify food choices and promote physical activity.[47]
2003 CDC initiates the CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project in collaboration with the American Academy of Periodontology to address population-based surveillance of periodontal disease at the local, state, and national levels.[48]
2004 CDC establishes a national blood safety monitoring program for thalassemia, with the goal to monitor blood safety and strategies for the management of complications.[49]
2004 CDC develops a Web-based enterprise vocabulary system called the Public Health Information Network Vocabulary Access and Distribution System (PHIN VADS). PHIN MQF introduces vocabulary validation through a real time integration with PHIN VADS by accessing the Web services to validate that the vocabulary is valid for the specified message.[50]
2004 – 2010 "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded the Centers for Public Health Preparedness (CPHP) Cooperative Agreement program from 2004 through 2010. CDC gave approximately $134 million to 27 CPHPs within accredited schools of public health to enhance the relationship between academia and state and local health agencies to strengthen public health preparedness"
2005 "Release of the CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions"[41]
2006 CDC is placed on probation by the international accreditation group, the International Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, for serious problems in caring for their research animals.[51]
2008 "Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research and Evaluation Network established by the CDC"[41]
2008 CDC creates the Global Public Health Informatics Program (GPHIP) to advance the science of public health informatics and further the CDC’s international objectives. GPHIP teams up with the global public health community to encourage data-driven decisions and implement best practices to create, refine, and carry out health information systems.[52]
2008 CDC publishes a new edition of its NHSN definitions of healthcare-associated infections and the criteria to apply the definitions of the infections.[53]
2008 CDC publishes guidelines for disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities based on the latest evidence available at that time.[54]
2009 The CDC Emerging Infections Program launches a program and creates the Healthcare-Associated Infections Community Interface (HAIC) Activity, an essential tool providing with up-to-date and comprehensive understanding of healthcare-associated infections and the drug-resistant organisms that commonly cause them.[38]
2013 CDC develops the free-to-use MicrobeNet, an online database which provides to public health laboratories with immediate access to the CDC’s virtual microbe library that contains more than 2,400 infectious bacteria and fungi.[55]
2014 "On September 30, 2014, CDC confirmed the first travel-associated case of Ebola (the index case) to be diagnosed in the United States in a man who had traveled from West Africa to Dallas, Texas, and later sought medical care at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas after developing symptoms consistent with Ebola. That patient passed away from Ebola on October 8, 2014."
2016 The CDC launches an electronic system to help state and territory health officials report illnesses and environmental data specific to the threat.[56]
2017 The CDC Workplace Health Resource Center is launched as a source for reliable evidence and best practices to improve worker health and productivity, address research gaps, and potentially reduce health care costs.[57]


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See also

External links

References

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  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 "CDC Timeline 1940s - 1970s". cdc.gov. Retrieved 8 February 2019. 
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  14. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HAVE_ID_LEGISLATORS_SOLD_OUT_TO_BIG_PHARMA.3F
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  54. Junk, Anna K.; Chen, Philip P.; Lin, Shan C.; Nouri-Mahdavi, Kouros; Radhakrishnan, Sunita; Singh, Kuldev; Chen, Teresa C. "Disinfection of Tonometers". doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.033. 
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