Timeline of vaccines

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This is a timeline of vaccines, focusing especially on their release. One of the brightest chapters in the history of science is the impact of vaccines on human longevity and health.[1]

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient times Inoculation against smallpox is practiced at least since the beginning of the Common era in China and India.
16th century The concept of giving yourself a mild form of the disease to immunize against a harsher form exists already in China. The first mention of preventative inoculations against smallpox is also written in China in this century.[2][3]
18th century The history of vaccines starts late in the century, when the first smallpox vaccine is achieved.[1]. Ivory-handled lancets with box are introduced.[4]
19th century The vaccinator with metal carrying tube is introduced.[4] An important discovery in this century is that immunogenicity can be retained if bacteria are carefully killed by heat or chemical treatment.[1] Later in the century, vaccines start being developed in the laboratory.[1] By the end of the century, bacterial vaccine development starts proliferating.[5]
20th century In the 20th century, it becomes possible to develop vaccines based on immunologic markers. Chemical inactivation is also applied to viruses, with the influenza vaccine becoming the first successful inactivated virus vaccine.[1] By 1900, there are already two human virus vaccines, against smallpox and rabies, and three bacterial vaccines against typhoid, cholera, and plague.[6] By the end of the 1920s, vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and tuberculosis are all available.[7] By the 1940s, virologists understand that attenuation can be achieved by passage in abnormal hosts.[1] The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine becomes routinely used in the 1940s.[8] In the 1950s, the attenuation of live organisms, as first attempted by Louis Pasteur, is adapted to modern vaccine technology.[9] Viral tissue culture methods develop, leading to the advent of the Salk (inactivated) polio vaccine and the Sabin (live attenuated oral) polio vaccine.[5] Vaccine development starts being based on rational choices since the mid century, when immunology advances to the point of distinguishing protection mediated by antibody and that mediated by lymphocytes, and when passage in cell culture permits the selection of attenuated mutants.[1] In the 1970s, the discovery of the expression of proteins in plasmids and the ability to sequence DNA usher in the era of genetic engineering. These techniques would be used to develop the first recombinant vaccine, the hepatitis B vaccine, in 1986.[9] The late 1970s towards the 1980s is a period of increasing litigation and decreased profitability for vaccine manufacture, leading to a decline in the number of companies producing vaccines.[5] Another major advance in the 1980s is in the area of adjuvantation. Adjuvants are used to improve the presentation of an antigen to the immune system or to enhance its immunogenicity.[9] In the 1990s, scientists begin exploring how to simplify vaccines by using mRNA, finding that it can create a stronger type of immunity.[10] By the late 1990s, the progress of international immunization programmes was stalling
21th century Since about the late 1990s, the progress of international immunization programs stalls, with dozens of millions of children in developing countries not fully immunized against deadly diseases, and many others not immunized at all, as the result of developing countries not being able to afford vaccines.[11] In the current century, molecular biology permits vaccine development that was not possible before.[1] Historically deemed to be “only for children”, vaccines for adults are becoming increasingly common and necessary.[12]

Recommended vaccines

Vaccines for children[12]

Time period Recommended vaccines Additions Removals
Late 1940s Smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis Smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
Late 1950s Smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio (IPV) Polio (IPV)
Late 1960s Smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio (OPV), measles, mumps, rubella Measles, mumps, rubella Polio (IPV)
Late 1970s Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio (OPV), measles, mumps, rubella Smallpox
1985–1994 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, polio (OPV), Hib Hib
1994–1995 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, polio (OPV), Hib, hepatitis B Hepatitis B
2000 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, polio (IPV), Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, hepatitis A. varicella, hepatitis A, polio (IPV) Polio (OPV)
2005 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, hepatitis A, pneumococcal, influenza. Pneumococcal, influenza
2010 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, hepatitis A, pneumococcal, influenza, rotavirus Rotavirus

Vaccines for adolescents[12]

Time period Recommended Vaccines Catch-up Sub-groups
2000 Tetanus, Diphtheria (Td) vaccine MMR, hepatitis B, varicella Hepatitis A
2005 Td MMR, hepatitis B, varicella Hepatitis A, pneumococcus, influenza
2010 Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap) vaccine, HPV, meningococcus, influenza MMR, hepatitis B, varicella, polio Hepatitis A, pneumococcus

Visual and numerical data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The table below summarizes per-year mentions of vaccine types (entries without quotation marks) on Google Scholar as of May 10, 2021.

Year Inactivated vaccine Subunit vaccine Recombinant vaccine Polysaccharide vaccine Conjugate vaccine Toxoid vaccine Viral vector vaccine DNA vaccine RNA vaccine mRNA vaccine
1980 1,040 205 239 400 200 420 114 660 555 179
1985 1,450 555 1,030 702 453 698 294 1,550 929 377
1990 1,840 1,140 2,660 762 881 910 812 3,130 1,710 994
1995 2,460 1,810 4,590 1,080 1,400 1,160 1,480 4,980 2,790 1,670
2000 5,530 4,970 11,000 2,300 3,060 1,980 4,310 15,900 8,890 5,250
2002 5,750 6,230 13,100 2,960 4,170 2,610 5,290 19,600 9,870 5,620
2004 7,220 7,250 15,900 4,120 4,500 3,050 6,630 25,200 13,700 7,990
2006 8,130 7,890 17,200 4,250 4,970 2,750 6,750 28,700 14,900 8,010
2008 9,380 9,500 20,000 5,640 5,930 2,910 8,790 32,800 19,000 9,220
2010 10,600 10,600 21,000 6,010 8,180 3,000 9,480 38,400 21,000 10,700
2012 12,700 11,800 23,800 7,420 8,540 3,660 11,000 44,400 26,500 13,500
2014 13,600 11,900 24,400 7,350 9,770 3,590 12,400 44,900 28,400 13,700
2016 13,600 11,900 23,800 6,460 8,840 3,680 12,600 42,500 29,500 13,500
2017 13,400 12,100 23,400 6,560 9,050 3,780 12,200 41,300 29,300 14,100
2018 13,600 12,200 23,300 6,850 9,390 3,610 12,000 39,600 29,800 14,000
2019 13,700 12,500 23,200 7,300 9,680 3,640 12,300 37,200 29,800 14,600
2020 19,000 18,200 27,100 7,660 9,660 3,730 16,700 35,800 34,300 19,600
Vaccine tipe.png


The table below summarizes per-year mentions of pipeline vaccines (entries without quotation marks) on Google Scholar as of May 11, 2021.

Year Chagas vaccine Chikungunya vaccine Dengue vaccine Cytomegalovirus vaccine HIV vaccine Leishmaniasis vaccine Malaria vaccine Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccine Hookworm vaccine Schistosomiasis vaccine
1980 40 22 79 207 92 66 380 164 39 149
1985 68 24 131 457 181 155 687 275 52 280
1990 103 22 217 568 2,180 319 1,100 406 74 414
1995 144 38 304 768 3,970 624 1,450 587 72 550
2000 287 105 736 2,490 9,160 1,330 3,030 1,300 188 929
2002 423 95 1,030 2,670 10,800 1,430 3,780 1,630 219 1,080
2004 534 149 1,380 3,050 12,500 2,130 4,740 2,150 286 1,310
2006 642 221 1,690 3,340 15,400 1,890 5,450 2,340 414 1,520
2008 873 424 2,440 3,670 18,400 2,340 7,210 3,410 575 1,880
2010 970 1,060 3,040 4,340 21,400 2,520 7,840 3,190 514 1,860
2012 1,250 811 3,710 4,570 25,300 3,180 8,980 3,810 688 2,380
2014 1,390 1,300 4,980 4,850 26,800 3,770 9,120 4,160 760 2,400
2016 1,530 2,610 6,640 5,310 26,900 3,420 10,800 4,410 735 2,330
2017 1,650 2,660 6,620 5,000 26,200 3,580 10,800 4,490 740 2,380
2018 1,670 2,700 6,850 4,940 26,900 3,510 10,800 4,570 694 2,450
2019 1,580 2,940 7,150 5,150 26,000 3,490 10,700 4,950 663 2,480
2020 1,980 4,170 11,300 6,860 31,000 4,260 16,200 9,320 732 2,910
Vaccine disease.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Vaccine (Topic), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[13]

Vaccine gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data Vaccination, vaccine and inoculation, from 1700 to 2019.[14]

Vaccination, vaccine and inoculation ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Vaccine, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to Mach 2021.[15]

Vaccine wv.png

Full timeline

Year Disease Vaccine type (when applicable) Event type Details
1000 Cowpox pus is used to protect people against smallpox in China. This practice is also found to be common in many civilizations.[10]
1100s “The variolation technique was developed, involving the inoculation of children and adults with dried scab material recovered from smallpox patients. Variations of variolation have been noted in Turkey, Africa, China, and Europe” [16]
1670 Immunization Circassian traders introduce variolation to the Ottoman Empire.[3]
1714 Immunization The Royal Society of London receives a letter from Emanuel Timoni describing the technique of variolation, which he witnessed in Istanbul.[3]
1721 Early development The practice of variolation is introduced in Great Britain, with the endorsement of English aristocrat Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. However, variolation would be later met with public outcry after finding that 2-3% of people died after inoculation.[17] Its regular practice also reaches the New World.[3][18][11]
1787 Smallpox According to a pape, vaccination originates in China using a technique called variolation. This technique, seeking to prevent smallpox, involves pulverizing the scabs of a mildly-infected person, for nasal inhalation by healthy people in order to immunize them.[19]
1796 Smallpox Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction English physician Edward Jenner tests vaccination inoculating a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrates immunity to smallpox.[21] Jenner is considered to be the founder of vaccinology in the Western World.[22][5]
Edward Jenner
1798 Smallpox Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction The first smallpox vaccine is developed.[5]
1800 Smallpox Vaccine introduction American physician Benjamin Waterhouse performs the first smallpox vaccinations on his four children.[10] In this year, smallpox vaccination becomes commonplace.[23]
1800 “The advent of vaccines to prevent deadly childhood illnesses was one of the great success stories of the 20th century” [9]
1803 Smallpox Organization The Royal Jennerian Society for the Extermination of the Smallpox founded in London.[7][24]
1803 Vaccine introduction “Francisco Xavier Balmis, was the author of the first translation into Spanish of Moreau de La Sarthe’s book on vaccine. In his edition, Balmis added a foreword to make the book more complete and understandable to the Spanish readers of both hemispheres” . [25]
Francisco J. Balmis
1813 The United States Vaccine Agency is established.[10]
1877 Scientific development French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur propounds the germ theory of disease and develops techniques to create vaccines.[21][26]
Louis Pasteur
1879 Chicken cholera Vaccine introduction Louis Pasteur creates the first live attenuated bacterial vaccine (chicken cholera).[26]
1879 Anti-vaccination movement The Anti Vaccination Society of America is founded, following a visit to the United States by leading British anti-vaccinationist William Tebb.[27]
1882 Anti-vaccination movement The New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League is founded.[27]
1884 Rabies Attenuated Vaccine introduction Louis Pasteur develops the first live attenuated viral vaccine (rabies), using dessicated brain tissue inactivated with formaldehyde.[26]
1882 Anti-vaccination movement The Anti-vaccination League of New York City is founded.[27]
1885 Rabies Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction Louis Pasteur first uses the rabies vaccine in humans.[26] This partially inactivated rabies virus, which is cultured in rabbit spinal cords, would lay the foundations of immunization with inactivated virus preparations.[28]
1885 Cholera Attenuated vaccine Vaccine introduction Spanish bacteriologist Jaume Ferran i Clua develops a live, attenuated cholera vaccine.[29] It is the first such vaccine to immunize against a bacterial disease in humans.[22][10]
Jaume Ferran Clua
1886 Inactivated[20] Research The first report of “virus” inactivation for vaccine purposes is described when Daniel Elmer Salmon and Theobald Smith manage to immunize pigeons with what they think is a heat-killed hog cholera “virus”, but in reality is a cholera-like bacterium. However, this discovery would seeded the scientific community with evidence that immunization with inactivated pathogens can provide protection against infectious disease.[28]
1890 Diphtheria, tetanus Scientific development German bacteriologist Emil von Behring and Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburō publish an article reporting that they had developed "antitoxins" against both diphtheria and tetanus, more specifically, that graduated doses of sterilized brothcultures of diphtheria or of tetanus bacilli cause the animals to produce, in their blood, substances which could neutralize the toxins which these bacilli produced (antitoxins).[30][7][31]
1896 Typhoid fever Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction British bacteriologist Almroth Wright develops the first effective vaccine for typhoid and is introduced for military use.[32]
1896 Cholera Inactivated[20] | Vaccine introduction Russian bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine at the Pasteur Institute develops an anticholera vaccine. This vaccine would be used in Japan in 1902 with over 80% efficiency.[33][34]
1896 Typhoid fever Inactivated Richard Pfeiffer and Wilhelm Kolle develop a vaccine for typhoid, using whole killed (inactivated) bacteria.[22]
1897 Plague Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction The plague vaccine is introduced by Russian bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine.[26]
1900 Delivery system Ivory vaccination points in glass carrier with wood shell are introduced.[4]
1901 Diphtheria Recognition Emil von Behring is awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine, for his work on the development of a diphtheria antitoxin.[35]
1907 Diphtheria Vaccine introduction Several cities in Europe and the United States begin immunization programs to administer the toxin–antitoxin (TAT) complex against diphtheria.[36]
1910 Poliomyelitis Research American pathologist Simon Flexner conducts studies on poliomyelitis by inoculating monkeys with the virus. Flexner finds that the antibodies that form could be used to counteract the virus, an important step in the development of a vaccine.[37]
1911 Pneumococcus The first pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine is tested among young gold miners in South Africa. Eventually, despite early claims that it is protective, careful analysis would show it is not efficacious.[38]
1918 Influenza Background The Spanish flu pandemic kills between 25 and 50 million people worldwide.[23]
1920 Diphtheria, tetanus Inactivated Research Emil von Behring, with the collaboration of French biologist Gaston Ramon, describes an efficacious vaccine against both diphtheria and tetanus, composed of the inactivated toxins, with alumina to improve efficacy.[39]
1921 Tuberculosis Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction The BCG vaccine is developed by French bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, who name the product Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, or BCG. Produced with an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain, the vaccine is administered shortly after birth only in infants at high risk of tuberculosis.[40][41][42] The tuberculosis vaccine is first used in humans, offering only hit-or-miss protection, ranging from 14 percent to 80 percent effectiveness in preventing tuberculosis.[43]
1923 Diphtheria Vaccine introduction French veterinarian Gaston Ramon, at the Pasteur Institute in France, develops the diphtheria toxoid vaccine.[44]
Gaston Ramon
1923 Tetanus Scientific development British immunologist Alexander Glenny perfects a method to inactivate tetanus toxin with formaldehyde.[5]
Alexander Thomas Glenny
1923 Diphtheria Vaccine introduction Alexander Thomas Glenny and Gaston Ramon, while working separately, develop the same method for inactivating the diphtheria toxin. The inactivated toxin, known as a toxoid, does not poison, but triggers the body into making antibodies.[45]
1926 Pertussis Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction The first vaccine for pertussis (whooping cough) becomes available. It is developed by American pediatrician Leila Denmark and colleagues.[46]
1927 Tetanus Vaccine introduction The first successful vaccine for tetanus is developed, based on research Emil von Behring conducted in the 1890s.[47]
1927 Tuberculosis Live attenuated[20] [48]
1929 Haemophilus influenzae Polysaccharide Scientific development The utility of protein conjugation of polysaccharides is shown by Avery and Goebel. This discovery would prove useful later when Schneerson, Robbins, and coworkers make a conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.[1]
1930 Influenza Inactivated Technology introduction Inactivated fractionated influenza vaccines start being produced in embryonated eggs, which are still used today.[39]
1930 Pneumococcus Polysaccharide Research W. S. Tillett and T. Francis discover that purified pneumococcal polysaccharides could induce specific anti-capsular antibodies in humans.[38]
1932 Yellow fever Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction Andrew Sellards, from Harvard University, and Jean Laigret, from the Pasteur Institute, develop the so called French vaccine against yellow fever.[49]
1935 Poliomyelitis Inactivated Vaccine introduction Maurice Brodie attempts to modify the poliovirus by exposing it to formaldehyde, thus creating a formalin inactivated “vaccine” which is first tried with 20 monkeys, then with 3000 children. The results are poor and Brodie’s vaccine would be never used again. [50]
1936 Influenza Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1937 Yellow fever Attenuated Vaccine introduction South African virologist Max Theiler develops an attenuated virus vaccine against yellow fever.[51][52]
Max Theiler
1937 Tetanus Vaccine introduction Tetanus toxoid is first licensed as a vaccine.[53]
1937 Influenza Vaccine introduction "Anatol Smorodintsev and colleagues in the Soviet Union reported on the administration of the Wilson Smith strain to humans, using dosages that were lethal when given to mice.100 This vaccine is considered to be the first live human influenza virus vaccine, and, although it would not receive a passing grade by today's standards (20% of vaccinees developed febrile influenza), it absolutely demonstrated the role of the virus in the development of influenza"[54]
1938 Ricketsia Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1938 Influenza Vaccine introduction Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis create the world's first modern influenza vaccine, using fertilized chicken eggs. This vaccine would be given to U.S. soldiers during World War II.[55][56]
1938 Typhus Vaccine introduction American bacteriologist Herald Rea Cox develops the first successful typhus vaccine, using the yolk sac of the chick embryo to grow Rickettsia rickettsii.[57] United States
H. R. Cox
1941 Tick-borne encephalitis Vaccine introduction The first vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis is prepared in the brains of mice.[58]
1942 Influenza B virus Vaccine introduction Bivalent vaccine is produced after the discovery of influenza B.[59]
1945 Influenza Vaccine introduction The first influenza vaccine is approved for military use in the United States.[60]
1946 Influenza Vaccine introduction The influenza vaccine is approved for civilian use in the United States.[10][61]
1945 Pneumococcus Polysaccharide Macleod, Heidelberger and colleagues show that a 4-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV4) containing serotypes 1, 2, 5 and 7 is protective against pneumococcal disease caused by the same serotypes.
1948 Pertussis Vaccine introduction A whole cell vaccine against pertussis is first licensed for use in the United States.[5][39]
1948 Mumps Inactivated Vaccine introduction An inactivated mumps vaccine is developed. However, this vaccine would produce only short-lasting immunity.[62]
1949 Research Tissue culture technology enables the production of virus vaccines against polio, measles, mumps, and rubella.[39]
1951 Yellow fever Award Max Theiler is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a vaccine against yellow fever.
1953 Poliomyelitis Inactivated Vaccine introduction American medical researcher Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested an inactivated vaccine against poliomyelitis.[63][64]
Jonas Salk
1953 Yellow fever [48]
1953 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis Vaccine introduction Triple antigen vaccine diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) is introduced. It is administered by intramuscular injection.[65]
1954 Japanese encephalitis Inactivated Vaccine introduction An inactivated mouse brain-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine is first licensed in Japan. This vaccine would be modified in the 1960s and 1980s.[66][67][68]
1954 Anthrax Vaccine introduction The first anthrax vaccine is developed, derived from an alum-precipitated cell-free filtrate of an aerobic culture of B antliracis.[69]
1955 Poliomyelitis Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction The inactivated polio vaccine becomes available as a shot.[70][71]
1955 Poliomyelitis Inactivated-virus vaccine Incident Cutter incident
1956 Smallpox Program launch The World Health Organization decides to try to eradicate smallpox across the world. This is the first attempt to use the smallpox vaccine on a global scale.[7]
1956 Adenovirus Inactivated Vaccine introduction An injectable adenovirus vaccine is developed at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in 1956, just three years after the identification of adenoviruses. This vaccine protects against two forms of adenovirus infection, types 4 and 7.[72]
1957 Adenovirus Live virus Vaccine introduction The first adenovirus vaccine is commercially available, and is used primarily in the United States military. It is administered by mouth.[73]
1962 Poliomyelitis Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction Polish-American medical researcher Albert Sabin develops an oral polio vaccine that cost less, is easier to administer, and reduces the multiplication of the virus in the intestine.[74]
Albert Sabin
1963 Measles Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction American biomedical scientist John Enders and colleagues turn the Edmonston-B strain of measles virus into a vaccine, and license it in the United States.[75] The measles vaccine is first introduced.[76][22]
1963 Organization The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) is established as an independent expert advisory committee.[77]
1964 Diphtheria Publication World Health Organization recommendations for the production and quality control of diphtheria vaccines are first formulated.[78]
1965 Smallpox Program launch United States President Lyndon B Johnson establishes the CDC Smallpox Eradication program, establishing a legacy of US leadership in global immunization.[51]
1966 (September) Poliomyelitis Vaccine introduction (oral) Oral polio vaccine (OPV, Sabin) is introduced.[65]
1967 Mumps Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction A mumps vaccine is introduced.[20]
1968 Delivery system Bifurcated needles are invented, allowing for use of less vaccine and the ability to be sterilized and reused.[4]
1968 Measles Vaccine introduction American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman develops a weak measles vaccine. This vaccine is estimated to prevent 1 million deaths worldwide every year.[79][80] United States
Maurice Hilleman
1968 Pneumococcus Polysaccharide 6-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are shown to be safe.[38]
1969 Rubella Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction The first rubella vaccine is licensed, developed by Maurice Hilleman, using rubella virus obtained from Division of Biologics Standards scientists Paul Parkman and Harry Meyer.[81][82]
1970 “In the 1970s, a pair of key discoveries—the expression of proteins in plasmids and the ability to sequence DNA—ushered in the era of genetic engineering” [9]
1970 Anthrax Vaccine introduction “Anthrax vaccines for use in animals were first developed in the late 19th century. Work on vaccines suitable for human use gained urgency in the 1940s, with fears that anthrax would be used as a biological warfare agent. The current vaccine, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), was licensed in 1970 and was recommended for use by a small population of textile mill workers, veterinarians, laboratory scientists, and other workers with occupational risk of exposure to anthrax (Anthrax vaccine)” [83]
1971 Measles, mumps, rubella Vaccine introduction The Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is introduced by Merck, resulting from the combination of the three vaccines (for mumps , measles, and rubella) by Maurice Hilleman.[84][85][86][87]
1972 Smallpox Recommendation After successful eradication efforts, the smallpox vaccine is no longer recommended for use.[87]
1973 Program launch The World Health Organization starts issuing annual recommendations for the composition of the influenza vaccine based on results from surveillance systems that would identify currently circulating strains.[59]
1974 Program launch The World Health Organization launches the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), with the initial goals to ensure that every child receive protection against six childhood diseases (i.e. tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles) by the time they were one year of age, and to give tetanus toxoid vaccinations to women to protect them and their newborns against tetanus.[6]
1974 Meningococcus Polysaccharide[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1975 Typhoid fever Attenuated Vaccine introduction Ty21a is introduced as an oral typhoid vaccine, developed through the chemical mutagenesis of pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain Ty2. This vaccine would be used for many years to combat typhoid fever.[88][89]
1977 Pneumococcus Polysaccharide[20] Vaccine introduction The first licensed pneumococcal vaccine, a polysaccharide vaccine, is introduced by Merck when the United States FDA approves a 14-valent PPV (PPV14), which contains capsular polysaccharide serotypes 1, 3, 4, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 12F, 14, 18C, 19F, 20 and 23F.[90][91][92][38]
1978 Meningococcal disease Vaccine introduction The United States becomes the first country to license a vaccine to help protect against 4 of the 5 major serogroups of meningococcal bacteria.[93]
1978 Influenza Vaccine introduction The first trivalent influenza vaccine is introduced. It includes two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain.[59]
1979 Smallpox Eradication The World Health Assembly officially declares smallpox eradicated.[6][7] It is the first infectious disease eradicated by vaccination.[23]
1980 Influenza Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves influenza vaccine Fluzone (Sanofi Pasteur), developed for A subtype viruses and type B virus contained in the vaccine.[94]
1980 Rinderpest Attenuated An attenuated virus vaccine begins to be applied against rinderpest.[39]
1980 Adenovirus Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1980 Rabies Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction Human diploid cell rabies vaccine Imovax Rabies (Sanofi Pasteur) is licensed for use in the United States.[95]
1981 Hepatitis B Subunit vaccine Vaccine introduction The first hepatitis B vaccine is approved in the United States.[96] This “inactivated” type of vaccine involves the collection of blood from hepatitis B virus-infected (HBsAg-positive) donors.[97]
1981 Tick-borne encephalitis Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1982 Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Anti-vaccination movement A documentary titled DPT: Vaccination Roulette is released. It describes alleged adverse reactions to the immunization and minimizes the benefits.[27]
1983 Pneumococus Polysaccharide Vaccine introduction A 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is developed to provide protection against 80% to 90% of the pneumococcal capsular serotypes causing disease.[98][38]
1984 Varicella Live-attenuated[99] Vaccine introduction The first vaccine for chicken pox, produced by Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories[100], is first licensed in several countries in Europe.[101]
1985 Haemophilus influenzae type B Conjugate Vaccine introduction The first vaccine to protect against Hib diseases is introduced in the United States.[102][103]
1985 Poliomielitis Program Rotary Club International launches PolioPlus, a campaign with the purpose of getting rid the world of poliomielitis. Since then, the organization and its partners would help reduce the number of cases from 350,000 annually to fewer than 400 in 2014, remaining committed until the disease is eradicated.[104]
1986 (May) Hepatitis B Recombinant Vaccine introduction Hepatitis B vaccine Recombivax HB (Merck) is first approved for marketing in West Germany, and two months later by the United States FDA.[105][106] This is the first genetically engineered vaccine[23], a recombinant vaccine resulting from two key discoveries, the expression of proteins in plasmids and the ability to sequence DNA. It is administered by intramuscular injection.[107][108][9] Posology consists in 3 doses (0.5 mL each) at 0, 1, and 6 months for infants, children, and adolescents 0–19 years of age (Pediatric/adolescent formulation), 2 doses (1.0 mL each) at 0 and 4–6 months for adolescentsb 11 through 15 years of age (adult formulation); 3 doses (1.0 mL each) at 0, 1, and 6 months for adults ≥20 years of age (Adult formulation); and 3 doses (1.0 mL each) at 0, 1, and 6 months for predialysis and dialysis patients (dialysis formulation).[109]
1986 Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Program launch The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program is created by the United States Congress, in response to a threat to the vaccine supply due to a 1980s scare over the DPT vaccine.[110][111]
1987 Haemophilus influenzae type B Conjugate Vaccine introduction The application of conjugation as a method of adjuvantation leads to the approval of the first improved Hib vaccine, a conjugate vaccine, first licensed in the United States.[103][112][9]
1987 Hepatitis B Recombinant Vaccine introduction The hepatitis B Vax II (recombinant) vaccine is introduced.[65]
1988 Haemophilus influenzae Polysaccharide[113] Vaccine introduction Conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine HibTITER (Wyeth-Lederle) is licensed.[17]
1989 Q fever Inactivated[114] Vaccine introduction Coxiella burnetii vaccine Q-Vax is licensed in Australia, for Q fever.[115] It is given by injection under the skin, usually in the upper arm.[116]
1989 Hepatitis B Subunit Vaccine introduction Hepatitis B vaccine, Engerix-B, is approved.[51] It is administered by intramuscular injection.[117]
1989 mRNA vaccine Technology introduction mRNA as a therapeutic is first promoted.[118]
1989 Typhoid (Salmonella TY21a) Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1990 DNA vaccine Technology introduction The concept of a DNA vaccine is first proposed.[119]
1990 Coverage By this time, vaccination protects over 80% of the world's children from the six main EPI diseases (tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles), and other new vaccines are continually being added to the EPI programmes in many countries.[6][120]
1990 Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Vaccine introduction The first vaccine for Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is released.
1990 Poliomielitis Inactivated Vaccine introduction Ipol, an enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine, by Pasteur Méérieux Vaccins et Serums, is licensed.[121]
1990 Hantaan orthohantavirus Inactivated Vaccine introduction Formalin-inactivated HTNV hantavirus vaccine Hantavax, grown in suckling mouse brains, is marketed in South Korea.[122]
1990 Technology introduction The development of mRNA vaccines has its roots in the demonstration in this year of protein production from synthetic mRNA administrated in mice.[123]
1991 Hepatitis A Inactivated Vaccine introduction Havrix (by GlaxoSmithKline) is approved in Switzerland and Belgium. It is the world's first hepatitis A vacine.[124][125]
1991 Organization Every Child By Two is founded in the United States as a non-profit health advocacy organization, which advocates for vaccinations.[126]
1991 Anti-vaccination movement "A 1982 documentary, DPT: Vaccination Roulette, described alleged adverse reactions to the immunization and minimized the benefits.[11] Similarly, a 1991 book titled A Shot in the Dark outlined potential risks."[27]
1992 Cholera Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction A whole-cell killed vaccine WC-Rbs (marketed as "Dukoral") is first licensed. Manufactured by French vaccine company Valneva, it is a monovalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of Vibrio cholerae O1 plus additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit.[127]
1992 Japanese encephalitis Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1992 Program launch China begins the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), with the purpose to prevent 12 vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) through routine immunization.[128]
1993 Organization The Sabin Vaccine Institute is founded in the United States as a non-profit organization promoting global vaccine development, availability, and use.[129]
Sabinlogo-highres.jpg
1993 Program launch The World Health Organization announces a “birth-control vaccine” for “family planning”.[130]
1993 Cholera Recombinant[20] Vaccine launch Cholera (recombinant toxin B) (1993)[20]
1994 Poliomyelitis Eradication The WHO region of the Americas is certified polio-free.[131]
1994 Cholera Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1995 HIV/AIDS Organization The AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition is founded.[132]
1995 Hepatitis A Inactivated Vaccine introduction Vaqta (Merck) is introduced in the United States. It is initially made available to children living in high-risk areas of exposure. It is administered through intramuscular injection.[133][134]
1995 Varicella Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1995 DNA vaccine DNA vaccination is proposed to be the vaccine of the future.[135]
1996 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B.[136] Vaccine introduction A branded formulation of the DTP-HepB vaccine, Tritanrix-HepB manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline, is granted marketing approval in the United States. It is administered by intramuscular injection.[137]
1996 Hepatitis A Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction The inactivated Hepatitis A vaccine Avaxim (Sanofi Pasteur) is introduced for immunization of adults and children 2 years and over. This virus inacivated vaccine is administered through intramuscular injection.[138]
1997 Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B Inactivated (hepatitis A) and recombinant (hepatitis B) Vaccine introduction Hepatitis A and B vaccine Twinrix (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) is first marketed. It is administered through intramuscular injection.[139]
1997 Organization The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is founded as an international nonprofit organization on the belief that the health of children in developing countries can be dramatically improved by the use of new and improved vaccines. IVI is involved in all areas of the vaccine spectrum, working in collaboration with the international scientific community, public health organizations, governments, and industry.[140]
1997 Measles Research The Lancet publishes research claiming to have found a link between the measles vaccine and autism. This would spark strong vaccine hesitancy in the following years among the public. While this research is later debunked, the number of measles cases would skyrocket in countries with strong public opinion against vaccination.[141]
1998 Lyme disease Recombinant[20] Vaccine introduction The United States Food and Drug Administration approves Lymerix, the world's first Lyme vaccine.[142] It is administered by intramuscular injection.[143]
1998 Rotavirus Attenuated Vaccine introduction The first rotavirus vaccine, RotaShield, is licensed and recommended for routine childhood immunization. However, this multivalent live oral reassortant vaccine would be witdrawn in 1999 due to safety concerns.[144][145]
1998 HIV DNA vaccine The first human trial of a DNA vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is reported.[146]
1999 Meningococcus Vaccine introduction The first meningococcal conjugate vaccines are introduced.[147]
1999 Toxoid (inactivated toxin) Vaccine introduction Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa) vaccine Infanrix is introduced for infants from 2 months of age to 4 years of age inclusive.[65] It is administered by intramuscular injection.[148]
1999 Rotavirus reassortants Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1999 Influenza (cold-adapted) Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction [20]
1999 The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists vaccines as the most important public health achievement of the 20th century.[149]
2000 “The success of this approach has led to the development of other polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, including Prevnar (Wyeth), a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine approved in the U.S. in 2000, and Menactra (Sanofi-Pasteur), a quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine licensed in the U.S. in 2004” [9]
2000 Poliomyelitis Inactivated Adoption The United States switches to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).[150]
2000 Pneumococcus Polysaccharide vaccine Vaccine introduction The first 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV) is licensed for infants.[151][152]
2000 Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccine introduction The pneumococcal vaccine is first introduced for use in all infants in the United States.[153]
2000 Organization The Brighton Collaboration launches as an international volun­ta­ry collaboration of scientific experts, launched. It facilitates the development, evaluation and dissemination of high-quality information about the safety of human vaccines.[154]
2000 Organization The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) launches as a public–private global health partnership committed to increasing access to immunization in poor countries.[155][11] is is created to extend the reach of the Expanded Program on Immunization and to help the poorest countries introduce new and under-used life-saving vaccines into their national programs.[6]
2000 Streptococcus pneumoniae Conjugated Vaccine introduction A 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is licensed in the United States.[156] It is the first conjugated pneumococcal vaccine.[157]
2001 Autism, attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder, speech or language delay "The Institute of Medicine’s Immunization Safety Review Committee issued a report concluding that there was not enough evidence to prove or disprove claims that thimerosal in childhood vaccines causes autism, attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder, or speech or language delay."[158]
2001 Meningococcus Program The Meningitis Vaccine Project launches with the task to develop, test, license, and introduce a group A meningococcal (MenA) conjugate vaccine for sub-Saharan Africa.[159]
2002 (August) Meningococcus Conjugate Vaccine introduction Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine NeisVac C is introduced.[65] Posology consists in two doses (0.5 ml each) for infants from 2 months up to 4 months of age, and one dose (0.5ml) for infants from 4 months of age, older children, adolescents and adults.[160]
2003 Meningococcus Polysaccharide Recommendation Pneumococcal Meningococcus polysaccharide (PPV) immunization is recommended for all people aged 65 and over.[161]
2003 Influenza Killed Recommendation Killed influenza vaccines are “recommended" for children with high-risk.[162]
2003 Hepatitis A Inactivated Vaccine introduction Virosome-formulated vaccine[163] Epaxal (Crucell) is introduced in Europe.[124]
2003 Argentine hemorrhagic fever Vaccine introduction The first vaccine for Argentine hemorrhagic fever is introduced.[164]
2003 Influenza Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction The United States FDA first licenses FluMist Quadrivalent, an intranasally administered influenza vaccine, for healthy, nonpregnant persons aged 5–49 years. It is the first nasal influenza vaccine approved in the country.[165][51]
2004 (July) Rotavirus Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction Rotarix is introduced by GlaxoSmithKline in Mexico as a new rotavirus vaccine composed of the single live rotavirus strain RIX4414. It is administered by oralsuspension.[166][167]
2005 Meningococcal disease Conjugate[168] Vaccine introduction Menactra (Sanofi Pasteur) is introduced to prevent meningococcal disease (serogroups A, C, W, and Y), for ages ranging from 9 months to 55 years.[168]
2005 DNA vaccine The equine West Nile virus vaccine becomes the first DNA vaccine to be approved.[169] DNA vaccines start being licensed for use in veterinary vaccines.[170]
2005 “In 2005, she discovered a way to configure messenger RNA” [171]
2006 “This technology was used to develop Gardasil, Merck’s vaccine to protect against HPV, approved in 2006” [9]
2006 (September) Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella Combined, attenuated, live virus vaccine[172] Vaccine introduction The MMRV vaccine ProQuad (Merck) is approved for medical use in the United States. It is indicated for active immunization for the prevention of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children 12 months through 12 years of age. It is administered by intramuscular injection.[173][174]
2006 Rotavirus Attenuated vaccine Vaccine introduction A new rotavirus vaccine becomes available.[145][175]
2006 Shingles Attenuated vaccine Vaccine introduction A shingles vaccine is first licensed under generic name Zoster Vaccine (tradename Zostavax). It is administered by subcutaneous injection.[176][177]
2006 HIV Organization The Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery is founded when the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation donates US$287 million to promote HIV vaccine research. The organization is an international network of scientists, research organizations, and promoters of HIV vaccine research.[178]
2006 Influenza Organization The Global action plan for influenza vaccines is launched as a 10-year initiative by the World Health Organization, with the purpose to reduce the global shortage and inequitable access to influenza vaccines in the event of an influenza pandemic.[179][180]
2006 Rotavirus Live attenuated and new reassortants[20] Vaccine introduction Two new live, oral, attenuated rotavirus vaccines are licensed in this year: pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq) and monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix).[181][20]
2006 Zoster Live attenuated[20] Vaccine introduction A zoster vaccine is introduced.[20]
2006 Human papillomavirus infection Recombinant (protein subunit)[20] Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves Gardasil (HPV4), a Merck vaccine aimed to prevent the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 for more than 5 years, decreasing cervical cancer incidence. It is administered through intramuscular injection.[182] Gardasil is regarded as the first cancer vaccine in human history.[183]
2007 (February 9) Streptococcus pneumoniae Program launch Five countries (Canada, Italy, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation commit US$1.5 billion to launch the first Advance Market Commitment (AMC) with the purpose of accelerating access to vaccines against pneumococcal disease.[184]
2007 (April) Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B Inactivated (Hepatitis A Vaccine), recombinant (Hepatitis B) Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves Hepatitis A and B vaccine Twinrix for an accelerated dosing schedule that consists of three doses given within three weeks followed by a booster dose at 12 months.[185]
2007 Organization The I-MOVE (Influenza – Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe) network launches, with the purpose to measure influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe. This project wouldconduct multicenter and other studies since the 2008–9 influenza season.[186]
2007 (September 1) Smallpox Live vaccinia virus[187] Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves ACAM2000 against smallpox, a vaccine that can be produced quickly upon need. Manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, it is a single-dose vaccine administered percutaneously.[188][189]
2009 (March 30) Japanese encephalitis Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction The Ixiaro vaccine is introduced to prevent Japanese Encephalitis. It is administered by injection into a muscle.[190]
2009 (September 15) Influenza Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves three are injectable vaccines to prevent influenza A virus subtype H1N1, made by CSL Limited, Novartis, and Sanofi Pasteur, and the nasal-spray vaccine made by MedImmune.[191]
2009 (September 15) Influenza Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves nasal-spray vaccine made by MedImmune to prevent influenza A virus subtype H1N1.[191]
2009 (October 16) Cervical cancer Protein subunit Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves Cervarix, by GlaxoSmithKline, for the prevention of cervical cancer.[26]
2009 (November) Influenza Inactivated Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves Agriflu, a vaccine for intramuscular injection, for those aged 18 years and older, to prevent disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and B.[192]
2009 General Research The journal Pediatrics concludes that the largest risk among unvaccinated children is not the contraction of side effects, but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against.[193]
2009 Policy The World Health Organization grants sublicenses to vaccine manufacturers in developing countries.[194]
2009 Cholera Inactivated[20] Vaccine introduction A whole-cell only cholera vaccine is introduced.[20]
2009 (December 23) Influenza Inactivated Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) for people ages 65 years and older.[195]
2010 (February 19) Neisseria meningitidis Conjugate Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves licensure of Menveo (Novartis), indicated for active immunization for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, and Y. It is approved for ages from 2 months to 55 years.[168][196]
2010 Cancer Vaccine introduction The first therapeutic cancer vaccine becomes available, with approval of an immune cell–based vaccine, sipuleucel-T.[197]
2010 (February 24) Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves licensure of Pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13), which replaces PCV7 and offers broader protections against Steptococcus pneumoniae infections.[198][199][161]
2010 (July) Smallpox Vaccine introduction The first smallpox vaccine for certain immune-compromised populations is delivered under Project BioShield.[200]
2010 (December 22) HPV (Anal cancer Protein subunit United States FDA approves Gardasil HPV vaccine to include the indication for the prevention of anal cancer.[201]
2011 Program launch The Global Vaccine Action Plan is launched by the World Health Organization with the purpose to deliver universal access to immunization.[120]
2011 (July 8) Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis Inactivated vaccine Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves Boostrix ( GlaxoSmithKline) to prevent tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis in older people.[202][203]
2011 Influenza Vaccine introduction United States FDA first authorizes the intradermal administration of Fluzone, as a result of developments in research into new vaccine delivery techniques.[204]
2011 Rinderpest Eradication Vaccine-induced eradication of rinderpest is announced.[39]
2012 (June Meningococcal disease Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves HibMenCY (Menhibrix, GlaxoSmithKline), a new combination (meningococcal and Hib) vaccine for infants.[205]
2012 (April 1) Program launch The Shot@Life campaign is launched by the United Nations Foundation, with the purpose to ensure that children around the world have access to lifesaving vaccines.[206]
2012 Hepatitis E Recombinant Vaccine introduction The first vaccine for hepatitis E (HEV 239 vaccine, Hecolin) is introduced in China for ages 16 and above. This recombinant vaccine contains hepatitis E virus (HEV)-like particles prepared using a recombinant Escherichia coli expression system.[207][208][209]
2012 Influenza Inactivated virus vaccine[210] Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves Fluarix (GlaxoSmithKline), the first quadrivalent vaccine in the country.[204][211]
2012 Influenza Inactivated Vaccine introduction A quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is licensed in the United States.[212]
2012 (November 20) Influenza Cell-based inactivated[213] Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves quadrivalent vaccine Flucelvax (Novartis), the first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology.[214] It is administered as a single 0.5 mL intramuscular injection preferably in the region of the deltoid muscle of the upper arm.[215]
2013 “That title belongs to Novartis, which in 2013 developed in just eight days a vaccine candidate in response to an avian flu outbreak in China for pre-clinical testing” [216]
2013 (January 25) Pneumococcal disease Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves use of Prevnar 13 vaccine in older children and teens (6-17 years).[217]
2013 Meningococcal group B proteins (2013)[20]
2013 Influenza Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves influenza vaccine Flublok (Protein Sciences), developed through recombinant DNA technology.[218][219][204] For intramuscular injection only, it s administered as a single 0.5-mL dose.[220]
2013 (June 7) Influenza Inactivated vaccine[221] Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves Fluzone (Sanofi Pasteur) as the third quadrivalent influenza vaccine licensed for use in the country.[222]
2013 Research A study published in the journal PLOSOne claims that successful shots typically take more than a decade to develop.[223]
2014 (October 29) Serogroup B meningococcal disease Protein[168] Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves Trumenba for ages 10–25 years, to prevent serogroup B meningococcal disease.[224][168] As of 2021, the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends a 2-dose schedule when given to healthy adolescents and young adults aged 16 through 23 years who are not at increased risk for meningococcal disease; and a 3-dose schedule for persons aged ≥10 years, who are in a MenB outbreak situation or at increased risk for meningococcal disease.[225]
2014 Influenza Statistics By this time, 45% of countries globally have established a seasonal influenza vaccine programme that targets older adults.[226]
2014 Ebola “CanSino, a Chinese company founded by former Sanofi vaccine developers, developed an Ad5-based vaccine for Ebola during the 2014 outbreak, and a Phase II study showed that the vaccine induced an antibody response 4 weeks after injection. In 2017, China approved the vaccine, but only for emergency use and national stockpiling” [227]
2014 (December 10) Human papillomavirus infection Protein subunit Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves the use of Gardasil 9 (Merck) 9-valent HPV vaccine in the country.[228]
2014 (December 11) Influenza Inactivated Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves quadrivalent formulation of Fluzone Intradermal inactivated influenza vaccine.[229]
2015 Malaria Recombinant Vaccine introduction The RTS,S/AS01 (trade name Mosquirix) becomes the world's first licensed malaria vaccine. Approved for use by European regulators.[230]
2015 (January 23) Serogroup B meningococcal disease Protein[168] Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves the use of Bexsero, the second vaccine licensed in the country to prevent serogroup B meningococcal disease. It is approved for ages ranging from 10 to 25 years.[231] It is administered by deep intramuscular injection, preferably in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh in infants or in the deltoid muscle region of the upper arm in older subjects.[232] As of 2021, recommended posology consists in 3 doses for ages 6 weeks to 5 months (8 weeks between 1st and 2nd doses; 3rd dose at 12 months of age or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later), 3 doses for ages 6–11 months (8 weeks between 1st and 2nd doses; 3rd dose at 12 months of age or 8 weeks after 2nd dose, whichever is later), and 2 doses for ages 12–23 months (8 weeks between doses).[233]
2015 (March 24) Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis Toxoid Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves Quadracel (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine) as a sterile suspension for intramuscular injection. It is a new combination for use in children from age 4 to 6 years old.[234]
2015 (April 29) Rubella Eradication The Pan American Health Organization declares rubella eliminated in the Americas.[235]
2015 Enterovirus 71 Vaccine introduction The first vaccine for enterovirus 71 is introduced.[236]
2015 (September) Poliovirus (type 2) Eradication The eradication of wild type 2 poliovirus is announced.[39]
2015 (November 24) Influenza Vaccine introduction FDA in the United States approves new injectable influenza vaccine, Fluad, for use in people age 65 years and older.[237]
2016 (January 14) Haemophilus influenzae Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves Hiberix [Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Tetanus ToxoidConjugate)] for injection, for intramuscular use.[238]
2016 Dengue Attenuated vaccine Commercial launch A partially effective dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia) becomes commercially available in 11 countries: Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Thailand, and Singapore. It is administered through subcutaneous injection.[239][240]
2016 Diphtheria Statistics About 86% of the world population was vaccinated as of year.[241]
2016 (June 10) Cholera Attenuated bacterial vaccine[242] Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves Vaxchora for the prevention of cholera.[243][244]
2016 (September 27) Measles Eradication The WHO Region of the Americas (AMR) becomes the first in the world to have eliminated measles, after two decades of effort involving mass vaccination throughout the continent.[245]
2016 (November 18) Influenza Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves extending the age range for use of FluLaval Quadrivalent to include children 6 to 35 months of age.[246]
2017 Melanoma mRNA vaccine mRNA vaccine is found to be effective against melanoma, after BioNTech clinical trial is performed in Germany.[10]
2017 (October 20) Shingles Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves shingles vaccine Shingrix (GlaxoSmithKline) for use in adults age 50 and older.[247]
2017 194 countries endorse the new resolution on strengthening immunization, which includes reinforcing national immunization pograms, expanding immunization beyond infancy, and mobilizing domestic financing.[120]
2017 (November 9) Hepatitis B Vaccine introduction United States FDA licenses hepatitis B vaccine Heplisav-B (Dynavax), for use in adults age 18 and older.[248]
2017 The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) is launched at Davos as a global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organizations, with the purpose to accelerate the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases and enable equitable access to these vaccines for affected populations during outbreaks.[11]
2018 (October 25) Human papillomavirus infection Recommendation The American Dental Association adopts a policy to support the use and administration of HPV vaccine for the prevention of oral HPV infection.[249]
2018 (December 21) Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B Vaccine introduction United States FDA approves hexavalent vaccine Vaxelis (proper name: Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed, Inactivated Poliovirus, Haemophilus b Conjugate and Hepatitis B Vaccine), by MCM Vaccine, a European joint venture formed between Sanofi Pasteur and Merck. This is aimed for use in children from 6 weeks to 4 years of age.[250] [251] It is administered by intramuscular Injection.[252]
2019 (November 4) Influenza Vaccine introduction United States FDA licenses Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent HD-IIV4 (Sanofi Pasteur) for use in persons aged over 65 years.[253] [254]
2019 (October) Ebola Viral vector vaccine Vaccine introduction rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is approved in the European Union as the first proven vaccine against Ebola, after study finds that it is 95-100% effective. In December it is approved by the United States FDA.[255][256][257][258] United States FDA approves the vaccine in December.[259][260]
2020 (February 21) Influenza Inactivated Vaccine introduction The United States FDA approves Fluad (Seqirus, an inactivated influenza virus vaccine indicated for the prevention of seasonal influenza in people 65 years of age and older.[261]
2020 (March 11) COVID-19 Background The World Health Organization declares COVID-19 a pandemic.[262]
2020 Meningococcal disease Conjugate Vaccine introduction Conjugate vaccine MenQuadfi is introduced for ages 2 years and older. It is indicated for active immunization for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, and Y.[168] Its posology consists in primary vaccination for individuals 12 months of age and older (one single dose of 0.5 mL), and a booster vaccination of a single 0.5 mL dose recommended for subjects who have previously received a meningococcal vaccine containing the same serogroups.[263]
2020 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine Technology introduction mRNA-based vaccines hit the headlines after the quick development of two candidates to protect against SARS-CoV-2.[264]
2020 RNA vaccine Technology introduction As of early year, about a dozen RNA vaccine candidates have been tested in humans.[265]
2020 (December) COVID-19 Vaccine launch The United States FDA grants Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) approval to both Pfizer and Moderna for the first COVID-19 vaccine.[266][267]
2020 (December) Autism Public opinion A poll in the United States finds 12% of Americans incorrectly believe there is evidence that vaccinations cause autism, and 37% are not sure.[268]
2021 (March) COVID-19 Scientific development As of date, 308 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are in various stages of development, with 73 in clinical research, including 24 in Phase I trials, 33 in Phase I–II trials, and 16 in Phase III development.[269]

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References

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