Difference between revisions of "Timeline of vegetarianism and veganism"

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| 20th century ||  
 
| 20th century ||  
 
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| 21st century || The vegan diet becomes increasingly mainstream in the 2010s.<ref name="Early2010sMainstreaming">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/|title=Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream|date=5 January 2011|publisher=[[CBS News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301171201/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116|title=From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet|last=Nijjar|first=Raman|date=4 June 2011|publisher=[[CBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301170652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html|title=No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?|last=Molloy|first=Antonia|date=31 December 2013|website=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322231210/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html|archive-date=22 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/vegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream/article22430440/|title=Vegan cuisine moves into the mainstream&nbsp;– and it's actually delicious|last=Tancock|first=Kat|date=13 January 2015|website=[[The Globe and Mail]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301165409/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/vegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream/article22430440/|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Elizabeth|date=17 March 2015|title=Vegan is going mainstream, trend data suggests|url=https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests|url-status=live|website=FoodNavigator-USA|publisher=[[William Reed Business Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003926/https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=18 January 2018|title=Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn't A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats)|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/|url-status=live|department=Future of Food|website=Food Revolution Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003918/https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Jones-Evans|first=Dylan|date=24 January 2018|title=The rise and rise of veganism and a global market worth billions|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168|url-status=live|website=WalesOnline|publisher=[[Media Wales]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414005141/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=Pendergrast>Nick Pendergrast, "Environmental Concerns and the Mainstreaming of Veganism", in T. Raphaely (ed.), ''Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability'', IGI Global, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gkz-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106].</ref> especially in the latter half.<ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/><ref name="Hancox2018">{{Cite news|last=Hancox|first=Dan|date=1 April 2018|title=The unstoppable rise of veganism: how a fringe movement went mainstream|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare|url-status=live|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402155807/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare|archive-date=2 April 2018|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>
+
| 21st century || The vegan diet becomes increasingly mainstream in the 2010s.<ref name="Early2010sMainstreaming">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/|title=Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream|date=5 January 2011|publisher=[[CBS News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301171201/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vegan-diets-become-more-popular-more-mainstream/|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116|title=From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet|last=Nijjar|first=Raman|date=4 June 2011|publisher=[[CBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301170652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/from-pro-athletes-to-ceos-and-doughnut-cravers-the-rise-of-the-vegan-diet-1.1049116|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html|title=No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?|last=Molloy|first=Antonia|date=31 December 2013|website=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322231210/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/no-meat-no-dairy-no-problem-is-2014-the-year-vegans-become-mainstream-9032064.html|archive-date=22 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/vegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream/article22430440/|title=Vegan cuisine moves into the mainstream&nbsp;– and it's actually delicious|last=Tancock|first=Kat|date=13 January 2015|website=[[The Globe and Mail]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301165409/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/vegan-cuisine-moves-into-the-mainstream/article22430440/|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Crawford|first=Elizabeth|date=17 March 2015|title=Vegan is going mainstream, trend data suggests|url=https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests|url-status=live|website=FoodNavigator-USA|publisher=[[William Reed Business Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003926/https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2015/03/17/Vegan-is-going-mainstream-trend-data-suggests|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=18 January 2018|title=Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn't A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats)|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/|url-status=live|department=Future of Food|website=Food Revolution Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414003918/https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}{{pb}}{{Cite news|last=Jones-Evans|first=Dylan|date=24 January 2018|title=The rise and rise of veganism and a global market worth billions|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168|url-status=live|website=WalesOnline|publisher=[[Media Wales]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414005141/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/rise-rise-veganism-global-market-14199168|archive-date=14 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=Pendergrast>Nick Pendergrast, "Environmental Concerns and the Mainstreaming of Veganism", in T. Raphaely (ed.), ''Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability'', IGI Global, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gkz-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106].</ref> especially in the latter half.<ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/><ref name="Hancox2018">{{Cite news|last=Hancox|first=Dan|date=1 April 2018|title=The unstoppable rise of veganism: how a fringe movement went mainstream|access-date=2 April 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/apr/01/vegans-are-coming-millennials-health-climate-change-animal-welfare}}</ref>
 
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| 221BC–206BC || || "Chin Dynasty was very short (221 BC -206 BC). A general killed the emperor and the other general built Han Dynasty replaced Chin Dynasty. During Han Dynasty (206 BC until 221), vegetarianism was back. It was because the Buddhism Missionaries started to come to China from India (68)."<ref name="China & Vegetarianism"/> || {{w|China}}
 
| 221BC–206BC || || "Chin Dynasty was very short (221 BC -206 BC). A general killed the emperor and the other general built Han Dynasty replaced Chin Dynasty. During Han Dynasty (206 BC until 221), vegetarianism was back. It was because the Buddhism Missionaries started to come to China from India (68)."<ref name="China & Vegetarianism"/> || {{w|China}}
 
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| 106BC–423BC || || "CICERO (106-43 B.C.) the greet Roman Orator and Statesman :
+
| 106BC–423BC || || Roman statesman {{w|Cicero}} states:"Man is destined to a better occupation than that of pursuing and cutting the throat of dumb creatures." And, " Nothing cruel is useful or expedient."<ref name="5th CENTURY A.D"/> ||
"Man is destined to a better occupation than that of pursuing and cutting the throat of dumb creatures."
 
" Nothing cruel is useful or expedient.""<ref name="5th CENTURY A.D"/> ||
 
 
|-
 
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| 43BC–18AD || || "OVID (43 B.C. to 18 A.D.) - a popular Roman poet, wrote in a day when it was considered a fine spectacle for men and animals to fight together till the death. Of Pythagoras he said:"<ref name="5th CENTURY A.D"/> ||
 
| 43BC–18AD || || "OVID (43 B.C. to 18 A.D.) - a popular Roman poet, wrote in a day when it was considered a fine spectacle for men and animals to fight together till the death. Of Pythagoras he said:"<ref name="5th CENTURY A.D"/> ||
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| 973–1057 || || Arab poet {{w|al-Maʿarri}} is recognized as one of the earliest known vegans.<ref>D. S. Margoliouth, "Abu‘l-'Alā al-Ma‘arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism", ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', 34(02), 1902 (289–332), 290. {{doi|10.1017/s0035869x0002921x}} {{jstor|25208409}}</ref> ||
 
| 973–1057 || || Arab poet {{w|al-Maʿarri}} is recognized as one of the earliest known vegans.<ref>D. S. Margoliouth, "Abu‘l-'Alā al-Ma‘arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism", ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland'', 34(02), 1902 (289–332), 290. {{doi|10.1017/s0035869x0002921x}} {{jstor|25208409}}</ref> ||
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| 1398 || || Indian mystic poet {{w|Kabir}} calls to compassion, condemning meat-eating and killing of animals no matter if it is permitted in the "Koran" or any other Scripture for "sacrificial" purposes.<ref name="from 1400 to 1800">{{cite web |title=Timeline of Vegetarian History - from 1400 to 1800 |url=https://ivu.org/history2/timeline/pre-1800.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KABIR'S CALL TO COMPASSION |url=https://ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/kabir.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
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| 1806 || || "Fast forward to 1806 CE and the earliest concepts of veganism are just starting to take shape, with Dr William Lambe and Percy Bysshe Shelley amongst the first Europeans to publicly object to eggs and dairy on ethical grounds."<ref name="The Vegan Society"/> ||
 
| 1806 || || "Fast forward to 1806 CE and the earliest concepts of veganism are just starting to take shape, with Dr William Lambe and Percy Bysshe Shelley amongst the first Europeans to publicly object to eggs and dairy on ethical grounds."<ref name="The Vegan Society"/> ||
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| 1839 || || "The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet."<ref>Rod Preece, ''Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought'', Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA12 12].</ref> ||
 
| 1839 || || "The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet."<ref>Rod Preece, ''Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought'', Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA12 12].</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1850 || || {{w|American Vegetarian Association}}. || {{w|United States}}
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| 1850 || Organization || The {{w|American Vegetarian Association}} in founded in {{w|New York}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life on the Veg: Early Vegetarianism in America |url=http://blog.nyhistory.org/life-on-the-veg-early-vegetarianism-in-america/ |website=blog.nyhistory.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
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| 1882 || Organization || {{w|French Vegetarian Society}} || {{w|France}}  
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| 1882 || Organization || The {{w|French Vegetarian Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lummel |first1=Peter |title=Food and the City in Europe since 1800 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OPYFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=1882+French+Vegetarian+Society&source=bl&ots=LkxZyDQD3v&sig=ACfU3U0-ettrUD9LiAZD1FHzExF5dzO22Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAt5X8sY3lAhU3HbkGHSWVBMcQ6AEwDnoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=1882%20French%20Vegetarian%20Society&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}  
 
|-
 
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| 1892 || Organization || ProVeg Germany || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1883 || Literature || English humanitarian [[w:Howard Williams (humanitarian)|Howard Williams]] published ''The Ethics of Diet'', which is considered the first book on vegetarian history.<ref name="=History of the International Vegetarian Union">{{cite web |title=History of the International Vegetarian Union |url=https://ivu.org/history-legacy-pages.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1894 || Organization || Dutch Vegetarian League is founded. || {{w|Netherlands}}
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| 1884 || Organization || The Hungarian Vegetarian Society is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the HungarianVegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/hungary.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Hungary}}
 
|-
 
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| 1908 || || {{w|International Vegetarian Union}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the International Vegetarian Union |url=https://ivu.org/history-legacy-pages.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1892 || Organization || ProVeg Germany is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=ProVeg Germany |url=https://www.glassdoor.co.nz/Overview/Working-at-ProVeg-Germany-EI_IE1901945.11,25.htm |website=glassdoor.co.nz |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1908 || Organization || {{w|World Esperantist Vegetarian Association}} ||
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| 1894 || Organization || The Dutch Vegetarian League is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Netherlands Vegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/netherlandsvb.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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|-
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| 1896 || Organization || A vegetarian society is formed in {{w|Stockholm}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Swedish Vegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/swedishvf.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
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|-
 +
| 1899 || Organization || A Vegetarian Society is established at {{w|Milan}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Italian Vegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/italy.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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|-
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| 1901 || Organization || The Russian Vegetarian Society is formed.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Russian Vegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/russia.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
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|-
 +
| 1905 || Organization || The Spanish Vegetarian Society is formed.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Spanish Vegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/spain.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
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|-
 +
| 1906 || Organization || The Greek Vegetarian Society is formed.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Greek Vegetarian Societies |url=https://ivu.org/history2/societies/greek.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Greece}}
 +
|-
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| 1908 || Organization || The {{w|International Vegetarian Union}} is launched at an International Vegetarian Congress in {{w|Dresden}}, {{w|Germany}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the International Vegetarian Union |url=https://ivu.org/history-legacy-pages.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All the IVU World Vegfests - past and future |url=https://ivu.org/world-vegfest/ivu-world-vegfest-schedule.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1908 || Organization || The {{w|World Esperantist Vegetarian Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Esperantist Vegetarian Association |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100041607 |website=uia.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1935 || || The Vegetarian Society states: "The {{w|lacto-vegetarian}}s, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019084456/http://ethik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ethik_wiss_dialog/Leneman__L._1999._No_Animal_Food__The_Road_to_Veganism_in_Britain__1909-1944..pdf Leneman 1999], 226.</ref> ||
 
| 1935 || || The Vegetarian Society states: "The {{w|lacto-vegetarian}}s, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019084456/http://ethik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ethik_wiss_dialog/Leneman__L._1999._No_Animal_Food__The_Road_to_Veganism_in_Britain__1909-1944..pdf Leneman 1999], 226.</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1943 || Organization || New Zealand Vegetarian Society || {{w|New Zeland}}
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| 1943 || Organization || The New Zealand Vegetarian Society is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand Vegetarian Society |url=https://www.worldmeatfreeweek.com/partner/new-zealand-vegetarian-society |website=worldmeatfreeweek.com |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|New Zeland}}
 
|-
 
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| 1944 || || "{{w|Donald Watson}} coined the term ''vegan'' in 1944 when he co-founded the {{w|Vegan Society}}" in England. At first he used it to mean "non-dairy vegetarian",<ref name=VeganNews_no.1>{{cite journal |last= Watson |first= Donald |authorlink= Donald Watson |title= The Vegan News, Issue No. 1 |date= November 1944 |accessdate= 13 June 2019 |url= http://ukveggie.com/vegan_news/}}</ref><ref name=VeganNews_no.2>{{cite journal |last= Watson |first= Donald |authorlink= Donald Watson |title= The Vegan News, Issue No. 2 |date= February 1945 |accessdate= 13 June 2019 |url= https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-news-no.-2-february-1945}}</ref> "The term “veganism” itself however, was coined much more recently. In 1944, carpenter Donald Watson and his wife Dot invented the word to mark the “beginning and end of vegetarianism”. Watson decided to become a vegan after he saw and heard the death of a pig on his uncle’s farm."<ref name="WHO WERE"/> ||
+
| 1944 || || "{{w|Donald Watson}} coined the term ''vegan'' in 1944 when he co-founded the {{w|Vegan Society}}" in England. At first he used it to mean "non-dairy vegetarian",<ref name=VeganNews_no.1>{{cite journal |last= Watson |first= Donald |authorlink= Donald Watson |title= The Vegan News, Issue No. 1 |date= November 1944 |accessdate= 13 June 2019 |url= http://ukveggie.com/vegan_news/}}</ref><ref name=VeganNews_no.2>{{cite journal |last= Watson |first= Donald |authorlink= Donald Watson |title= The Vegan News, Issue No. 2 |date= February 1945 |accessdate= 13 June 2019 |url= https://issuu.com/vegan_society/docs/the-vegan-news-no.-2-february-1945}}</ref> "The term “veganism” itself however, was coined much more recently. In 1944, carpenter Donald Watson and his wife Dot invented the word to mark the “beginning and end of vegetarianism”. Watson decided to become a vegan after he saw and heard the death of a pig on his uncle’s farm."<ref name="WHO WERE"/><ref>{{cite web |title=World Veganism - past, present and future |url=https://ivu.org/history-legacy-pages/world-veganism-past-present-and-future.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1944 || Organization || {{w|The Vegan Society}} is founded. ||
+
| 1944 || Organization || {{w|The Vegan Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK Vegan Society formed |url=http://vegansociety.today/elsie_shrigley_errors.html |website=vegansociety.today |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1945 || || " and by May 1945 vegans explicitly abstained from "eggs, honey; and animals' milk, butter and cheese"." ||
 
| 1945 || || " and by May 1945 vegans explicitly abstained from "eggs, honey; and animals' milk, butter and cheese"." ||
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| 1951 || || "From 1951 the Society defined it as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".<ref>Leslie Cross, [https://www.ivu.org/history/world-forum/1951vegan.html "Veganism Defined"], ''The Vegetarian World Forum'', 5(1), Spring 1951.</ref> Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s,"<ref name="Early2010sMainstreaming"/><ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/> especially in the latter half.<ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/> ||
 
| 1951 || || "From 1951 the Society defined it as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".<ref>Leslie Cross, [https://www.ivu.org/history/world-forum/1951vegan.html "Veganism Defined"], ''The Vegetarian World Forum'', 5(1), Spring 1951.</ref> Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s,"<ref name="Early2010sMainstreaming"/><ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/> especially in the latter half.<ref name="Late2010sMainstreaming"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1952 || || Italian Vegetarian Association || {{w|Italy}}
+
| 1952 || Organization || The Italian Vegetarian Association is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Italian Vegetarian Society |url=https://ivu.org/congress/wvc57/souvenir/italy.html |website=ivu.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref>|| {{w|Italy}}
 
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|-
 
| 1957 || || World Vegetarian Congress 1957 ||
 
| 1957 || || World Vegetarian Congress 1957 ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1960 || Organization || The {{w|American Vegan Society}} is founded. || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1960 || Organization || The {{w|American Vegan Society}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Vegan Society |url=https://americanvegan.org/about-avs/ |website=americanvegan.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1974 || Organization || {{w|Hare Krishna Food for Life} || {{w|India}}
+
| 1974 || Organization || {{w|Hare Krishna Food for Life}} is founded as a nonprofit with the purpose "to bring peace and prosperity to the world through the liberal distribution of sanctified vegetarian meals".<ref>{{cite web |title=ART-0703 Charity, Food for Life |url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/further-information-and-teaching-resources-secondary/articles/art-0703-charity-food-for-life/ |website=iskconeducationalservices.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1975 || Organization || {{w|Jewish Veg}} is founded. ||
+
| 1975 || Organization || {{w|Jewish Veg}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bring a Jewish Veg Speaker to Your Jewish Institution |url=https://www.jewishveg.org/speakers-bureau |website=jewishveg.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1978 || Organization || The {{w|Dutch Society for Veganism}} is founded. || {{w|Netherlands}}
+
| 1978 || Organization || The {{w|Dutch Society for Veganism}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Groningen home to first Vegan Student Association in the Netherlands |url=https://northerntimes.nl/groningen-home-to-first-vegan-student-association-in-the-netherlands/ |website=northerntimes.nl |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1980 || Organization || {{w|People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals}} (PETA) ||
 
| 1980 || Organization || {{w|People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals}} (PETA) ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1984 || Organization || {{w|Movement for Compassionate Living}} is founded. ||  
+
| 1984 || Organization || {{w|Movement for Compassionate Living}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movement for Compassionate Living |url=https://www.bookdepository.com/Movement-for-Compassionate-Living-Adam-Cornelius-Bert/9786136603780 |website=bookdepository.com |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1988 || Organization || {{w|European Vegetarian Union}} is founded. || {{w|Netherlands}}
 
| 1988 || Organization || {{w|European Vegetarian Union}} is founded. || {{w|Netherlands}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || Organization || {{w|Vegan Outreach}} is founded. || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1993 || Organization || {{w|Vegan Outreach}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are they all about? |url=https://veganactivism.org/pages/vegan-outreach |website=veganactivism.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || Organization || Swissveg || {{w|Switzerland}}
+
| 1993 || Organization || Swissveg is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swissveg-Team |url=https://www.swissveg.ch/team?language=en |website=swissveg.ch |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1994 || Organization || {{w|Vegan Prisoners Support Group}} is founded. ||
 
| 1994 || Organization || {{w|Vegan Prisoners Support Group}} is founded. ||
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| 1994 || Organization || {{w|Association Végétarienne de France}} || {{w|France}}
 
| 1994 || Organization || {{w|Association Végétarienne de France}} || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1994 || || {{w|World Vegan Day}}. ||
+
| 1994 || || The {{w|World Vegan Day}} is first celebrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Vegan Month |url=https://www.vegansociety.com/take-action/campaigns/world-vegan-month |website=vegansociety.com |accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref> ||
|-
 
| 1994 || Organization || {{w|Christian Vegetarian Association}} || {{w|United States}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
| 1995 || Organization || {{w|Vegan Awareness Foundation}} is founded. || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1995 || Organization || {{w|Vegan Awareness Foundation}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vegan Awareness Foundation |url=https://www.connectva.org/groups/vegan-awareness-foundation/ |website=connectva.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1999 || ORganization || {{w|Vegetarian Society (Singapore)}} || {{w|Singapore}}
+
| 1999 || Organization || The {{w|Vegetarian Society (Singapore)}} is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vegetarian Society (Singapore) |url=http://vegetarian-society.org/about-vss/ |website=vegetarian-society.org |accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Singapore}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 2000 || Organization || Ethical Vegetarian Alternative || {{w|Belgium}}
+
| 2000 || Organization || Ethical Vegetarian Alternative is founded to raise awareness about the benefits of eating less or no meat.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sustainable Food Planning: Evolving Theory and Practice |edition=André Viljoen, Johannes S. C. Wiskerke |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1zVbsBqrd3cC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=2000+Organization+Ethical+Vegetarian+Alternative&source=bl&ots=GC52-D0RX4&sig=ACfU3U0KP_GL1fSp6uD9AMGmvyqAfXUoiw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqmqiPw43lAhXgILkGHbqpDaoQ6AEwD3oECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=2000%20Organization%20Ethical%20Vegetarian%20Alternative&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2000 || Organization || {{w|Tibetan Volunteers for Animals}} ||
 
| 2000 || Organization || {{w|Tibetan Volunteers for Animals}} ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2002 || Activism || [[w:Meet Your Meat (2002)|Meet Your Meat]]. ||
+
| 2002 || Activism || [[w:Meet Your Meat (2002)|Meet Your Meat]]. "This documentary explores the treatment of animals in modern animal agriculture (also known as industrial agriculture or factory farming)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Your Meat (2002) |url=https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/106065-meet-your-meat?language=en-US |website=themoviedb.org |accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2003 || || {{w|Meatless Monday}} was founded in 2003 ||
+
| 2003 || Organization || {{w|Meatless Monday}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meatless Monday |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303859875_Meatless_Monday |website=researchgate.net |accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2004–2018 || || "Search data from Google Trends shows an impressive worldwide increase in the interest in veganism from 2004 to 2018. Top regions include Israel, Australia, Canada, Austria, and New Zealand."<ref name="Why the Global Rise in Vegan">{{cite web |title=Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn’t A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats) |url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/ |website=foodrevolution.org |accessdate=30 September 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 2004–2018 || || "Search data from Google Trends shows an impressive worldwide increase in the interest in veganism from 2004 to 2018. Top regions include Israel, Australia, Canada, Austria, and New Zealand."<ref name="Why the Global Rise in Vegan">{{cite web |title=Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn’t A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats) |url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/vegan-statistics-global/ |website=foodrevolution.org |accessdate=30 September 2019}}</ref> ||
Line 144: Line 156:
 
| 2014 || || "There’s been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the U.S in the last three years. According to a report by research firm GlobalData, only 1% of U.S. consumers claimed to be vegan in 2014. And in 2017, that number rose to 6%."<ref name="Why the Global Rise in Vegan"/>
 
| 2014 || || "There’s been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the U.S in the last three years. According to a report by research firm GlobalData, only 1% of U.S. consumers claimed to be vegan in 2014. And in 2017, that number rose to 6%."<ref name="Why the Global Rise in Vegan"/>
 
|-
 
|-
| 2014 || Organization || {{w|Peepal Farm}} is founded. || {{w|India}}
+
| 2014 || Organization || {{w|Peepal Farm}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the people behind Peepal Farm, who tend to injured animals in Dharamshala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20171211-peepal-farm-pet-initiative-tend-to-injured-animals-dharamshala-1097222-2017-12-02 |website=indiatoday.in |accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2016 || || "But in 2016, German companies launched more vegan food products than in any other country."<ref name="Why the Global Rise in Vegan"/> ||
 
| 2016 || || "But in 2016, German companies launched more vegan food products than in any other country."<ref name="Why the Global Rise in Vegan"/> ||
Line 156: Line 168:
 
===How the timeline was built===
 
===How the timeline was built===
  
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXME]].
+
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
  
 
{{funding info}} is available.
 
{{funding info}} is available.

Revision as of 07:39, 17 October 2019

This is a timeline of veganism and vegetarianism.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
18th century "Historian Dr Catherine Oliver suggests that 18th Century philosopher Jeremy Bentham is the earliest notable proponent of likening animal suffering to that of humans: “The question is not ‘can they reason?’ Nor, ‘can they talk?’ But, ‘can they suffer?’ Dr Oliver told The Independent that veganism today is being increasingly situated “not as a diet but as a social justice issue”."[1]
19th century Vegetarianism establishes itself as a significant movement in England and the United States.[2]
20th century
21st century The vegan diet becomes increasingly mainstream in the 2010s.[3][4][5] especially in the latter half.[4][6]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
3300 BC–1300 BC The practice of veganism is already identified in the Indus Valley Civilization in the Indian subcontinent[7][8][9] particularly in northern and western ancient India.[10] India
877 BC–777 BC Early Jain called Parshvanatha teaches followers about ahimsa (non-violence), one of the cornerstone beliefs meaning non-violence to living forms.[1] India
520BC "CYRUS THE GREAT (520 B.C. born) Emperor of Persia, who conquered many lands and raised Persia from an obscure country into a great Empire was not only vegetarian himself but ordered his soldiers also strictly to adhere to this diet. His army conquered wherever it went, Xenophen says that Cyrus was brought up upon a diet of bread, cresses, and water till the age of fifteen, when honey and raisins were added."[11]
500 BC Greek philosopher Pythagoras promotes benevolence among all species and follows what could be described as a vegetarian diet.[12] " In 500 BCE, the Greek mathematician Pythagoras advocated the idea that all animals had immortal souls which would be reincarnated after death. He shunned harming animals and along with the mythical poet Orpheus, also abstained from eggs. "[1] Greece
484BC–425BC "HERODOTUS (484-425 B.C.) - the Father of History; a very abstemious vegetarian, often partaking of but one meal per day and that of parched wheat and fruit. He abhorred the killing of the innocent grazing herds, still more the bloody sacrifices seen about the Temples, and still more the eating of the flesh sacrificed to the Gods."[11]
221BC–206BC "Chin Dynasty was very short (221 BC -206 BC). A general killed the emperor and the other general built Han Dynasty replaced Chin Dynasty. During Han Dynasty (206 BC until 221), vegetarianism was back. It was because the Buddhism Missionaries started to come to China from India (68)."[13] China
106BC–423BC Roman statesman Cicero states:"Man is destined to a better occupation than that of pursuing and cutting the throat of dumb creatures." And, " Nothing cruel is useful or expedient."[11]
43BC–18AD "OVID (43 B.C. to 18 A.D.) - a popular Roman poet, wrote in a day when it was considered a fine spectacle for men and animals to fight together till the death. Of Pythagoras he said:"[11]
5BC–65AD "SENECA [5 B.C.- 65 A.D.] One of the most eminent of the Roman Stoics, Tutor of young Nero and his chief advisor, an ardent vegetarian, created a vegetarian cult in the Court at the time of the most voluptuous period in history. But since the early Christians mere vegetarian, the Emperor's suspicions were aroused that Seneca also was a Christian, and so Seneca returned to flesh-eating. Later still Nero condemned him to death through jealousy of his musical performances in which Nero alone wished to excel, so his martyrdom might have come the sooner and in a better cause. However, some of the finest passages written on this subject have been by Seneca"[11]
40AD–120AD "PLUTARCH (40 to 120 A.D. approx.) Prince of Biographers and Historians. His essay on flesh eating contains arguments for vegetarianism not superseded. A few excerpts follow :" ""Alas for our savage inhumanity! It is a terrible thing to see the table of rich men decked out by those layers-out of corpses: the butchers and cooks; a still more terrible sight is the same table after the feast - for the wasted relics are even more than the consumption. These victims, then, have given us their lives uselessly. As other times, from mere niggardliness, the host will grudge to distribute his dishes, and yet he grudged not to deprive innocent beings of their existence!"[11]
160AD–230AD "TERTULLIAN (160-230 A.D.) of the Early Christian Fathers." ""It is in the cooking-pots that your love is inflamed - it is in the kitchen that your faith grows fervid - it is in the flesh dishes that all your hope lies hid... who is held in so much esteem with you as the frequent giver of dinners, as the sumtuous entertainer, as the practised toaster of healths?"[11]
233AD–304AD "PORPHYRY (233-304 A.D.) a great Greek Philosopher: "It is not from those who hare lived on innocent foods that murderers, tyrants, robbers, and sycophants have come, but from eaters of flesh. The necessaries of life are few and easily procured, without violation of justice, liberty, or peace of mind ; whereas luxury obliges these ordinary souls who take delight in it to covet riches, to give up their liberty, to sell justice, to misspend their time, to ruin their health, and to renounce the satisfaction of an upright conscience."[11]
329AD–379AD SAINT BASILE THE GREAT, (320-79 A.D.) Bishop of Cesarea, adjures : "If one lives soberly. "The animals will be secure; they will never pour forth their blood; men will never cause beasts to die; the knives of cooks will be useless; and the table will be loaded with the fruits given us by nature, and we will be content."

"There never was wine in the Terrestrial Paradise ; they never sacrificed animals ; they never ate meat ; wine was only invented after the Deluge,"[11] ||

340AD–420AD "SAINT JEROME (340-420 A.D.) Author of the Vulgate. "The use of the flesh of animals was unknown up to the Deluge; but after the Deluge, men put between their teeth the sinews and stinking juices of flesh. Jesus Christ.. . today does not permit us to eat flesh according to the Apostle (Rom XIV. 21). It is good never to drink wine, and never to eat flesh, for the use of wine has commenced with that of flesh after the Deluge." - Letter from St. Jerome to Eustoquie."[11]
347–407 "CHRYSOSTUM (347-407 A.D.) Archbishop of Constantinople; whose attacks on sin in high places made him enemies at court and among the wealthy classes. Scourging the customs of his time, he said : "No streams of blood are among them (the ascetics); no butchering and cutting up of flesh; no dainty cookery; no heaviness of head. Nor are there the horrible smells of flesh meats atmong them, or disagreeable fumes from the kitchen. No tumult and disturbance and wearisome clamours, but bread and water - the latter from a pure fountain, the former from honest labour. If at any time, however, they wish to feast more sumptuously, the sumptuousness consists in fruits, and their pleasure in these is greater than at royal tables. No master and servant are there. All are servants - all are free men."[11]
354–430 "ST. AUGUSTIN, (354-430 A. D.), Bishop of Hippo in Africa, calls attention to the abstinence of the Anchorites who "not only abstain from flesh and wine, but also from other viands. ..which flatter taste," He also quotes from St. Paul in I Corinthians VIII. 8 and also Rom. XIV 21 "that it is good never to eat meat and drink wine when by so doing we scandalize our brothers.""[11]
520 "In 520, Boddhidharma, the 28th Master after Buddha, came from India and gave back The Way of Prophet. He taught Chan (or Zen in Japanese). Zen is the Real Teaching of Buddha, the Lost Teaching of Tao. Boddhidharma not only taught vegetarianism but also taught Zen monks the martial arts in Shao Lin temple for defense."[13] India
973–1057 Arab poet al-Maʿarri is recognized as one of the earliest known vegans.[14]
1398 Indian mystic poet Kabir calls to compassion, condemning meat-eating and killing of animals no matter if it is permitted in the "Koran" or any other Scripture for "sacrificial" purposes.[15][16] India
1806 "Fast forward to 1806 CE and the earliest concepts of veganism are just starting to take shape, with Dr William Lambe and Percy Bysshe Shelley amongst the first Europeans to publicly object to eggs and dairy on ethical grounds."[12]
1813 Literature English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley publishes A Vindication of Natural Diet, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors".
1815 " in 1815, William Lambe, a London physician, claimed that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne."[17] United Kingdom
1839 "The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable regimen or diet."[18]
1850 Organization The American Vegetarian Association in founded in New York.[19] United States
1882 Organization The French Vegetarian Society is founded.[20] France
1883 Literature English humanitarian Howard Williams published The Ethics of Diet, which is considered the first book on vegetarian history.[21]
1884 Organization The Hungarian Vegetarian Society is founded.[22] Hungary
1892 Organization ProVeg Germany is founded.[23] Germany
1894 Organization The Dutch Vegetarian League is founded.[24] Netherlands
1896 Organization A vegetarian society is formed in Stockholm.[25] Sweden
1899 Organization A Vegetarian Society is established at Milan.[26] Italy
1901 Organization The Russian Vegetarian Society is formed.[27] Russia
1905 Organization The Spanish Vegetarian Society is formed.[28] Spain
1906 Organization The Greek Vegetarian Society is formed.[29] Greece
1908 Organization The International Vegetarian Union is launched at an International Vegetarian Congress in Dresden, Germany.[30][31] Germany
1908 Organization The World Esperantist Vegetarian Association is founded.[32]
1935 The Vegetarian Society states: "The lacto-vegetarians, on the whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency."[33]
1943 Organization The New Zealand Vegetarian Society is founded.[34] New Zeland
1944 "Donald Watson coined the term vegan in 1944 when he co-founded the Vegan Society" in England. At first he used it to mean "non-dairy vegetarian",[35][36] "The term “veganism” itself however, was coined much more recently. In 1944, carpenter Donald Watson and his wife Dot invented the word to mark the “beginning and end of vegetarianism”. Watson decided to become a vegan after he saw and heard the death of a pig on his uncle’s farm."[1][37]
1944 Organization The Vegan Society is founded.[38]
1945 " and by May 1945 vegans explicitly abstained from "eggs, honey; and animals' milk, butter and cheese"."
1951 "From 1951 the Society defined it as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals".[39] Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s,"[3][4] especially in the latter half.[4]
1952 Organization The Italian Vegetarian Association is founded.[40] Italy
1957 World Vegetarian Congress 1957
1960 Organization The American Vegan Society is founded.[41] United States
1974 Organization Hare Krishna Food for Life is founded as a nonprofit with the purpose "to bring peace and prosperity to the world through the liberal distribution of sanctified vegetarian meals".[42] India
1975 Organization Jewish Veg is founded.[43]
1978 Organization The Dutch Society for Veganism is founded.[44] Netherlands
1980 Organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
1984 Organization Movement for Compassionate Living is founded.[45]
1988 Organization European Vegetarian Union is founded. Netherlands
1993 Organization Vegan Outreach is founded.[46] United States
1993 Organization Swissveg is founded.[47] Switzerland
1994 Organization Vegan Prisoners Support Group is founded.
1994 Organization Association Végétarienne de France France
1994 The World Vegan Day is first celebrated.[48]
1995 Organization Vegan Awareness Foundation is founded.[49] United States
1999 Organization The Vegetarian Society (Singapore) is established.[50] Singapore
2000 Organization Ethical Vegetarian Alternative is founded to raise awareness about the benefits of eating less or no meat.[51] Belgium
2000 Organization Tibetan Volunteers for Animals
2002 Activism Meet Your Meat. "This documentary explores the treatment of animals in modern animal agriculture (also known as industrial agriculture or factory farming)."[52]
2003 Organization Meatless Monday is founded.[53]
2004–2018 "Search data from Google Trends shows an impressive worldwide increase in the interest in veganism from 2004 to 2018. Top regions include Israel, Australia, Canada, Austria, and New Zealand."[54]
2009 Organization Vegan Ireland: The Vegan Society of Ireland is founded as a non-profit. It promotes veganism and animal rights.[55] Ireland
2012 Organization Vegan Australia is founded. It campaigns nationally for veganism.[56] Australia
2013 Live and Let Live.
2014 "There’s been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the U.S in the last three years. According to a report by research firm GlobalData, only 1% of U.S. consumers claimed to be vegan in 2014. And in 2017, that number rose to 6%."[54]
2014 Organization Peepal Farm is founded.[57] India
2016 "But in 2016, German companies launched more vegan food products than in any other country."[54]
2017 "There’s been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the U.S in the last three years. According to a report by research firm GlobalData, only 1% of U.S. consumers claimed to be vegan in 2014. And in 2017, that number rose to 6%."[54]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "WHO WERE THE WORLD'S VERY EARLIEST VEGANS?". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2019. 
  2. James Gregory, Of Victorians and Vegetarians, I. B. Tauris, 2007.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Template:PbLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Template:PbLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Template:PbLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Template:PbLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.Template:PbLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  5. Nick Pendergrast, "Environmental Concerns and the Mainstreaming of Veganism", in T. Raphaely (ed.), Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability, IGI Global, 2015, 106.
  6. Hancox, Dan (1 April 2018). "The unstoppable rise of veganism: how a fringe movement went mainstream". Retrieved 2 April 2018. 
  7. Bajpai, Shiva (2011). The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times. Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA). ISBN 978-1-934145-38-8. 
  8. Spencer, Colin (1996). The Heretic's Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. Fourth Estate Classic House. pp. 33–68, 69–84. ISBN 978-0874517606. 
  9. Tähtinen, Unto. Ahimsa: Non-violence in Indian tradition. London: [1976], Rider and Company (1976). 
  10. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 137. ISBN 9788131711200. 
  11. 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 "VEGETARIANISM 8th CENTURY b.c. TO 5th CENTURY A.D.". ivu.org. Retrieved 7 October 2019. 
  12. 12.0 12.1 "The Vegan Society". vegansociety.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019. 
  13. 13.0 13.1 "China & Vegetarianism". ivu.org. Retrieved 7 October 2019. 
  14. D. S. Margoliouth, "Abu‘l-'Alā al-Ma‘arrī's Correspondence on Vegetarianism", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 34(02), 1902 (289–332), 290. Template:Doi Template:Jstor
  15. "Timeline of Vegetarian History - from 1400 to 1800". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  16. "KABIR'S CALL TO COMPASSION". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  17. James C. Whorton, Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 69–70: "Word of these cures of pimples, consumption, and virtually all ailments in between was widely distributed by his several publications ..."Template:Pb Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Vindication of Natural Diet, London: F. Pitman, 1884 [1813]; William Lambe, Joel Shew, Water and Vegetable Diet, New York: Fowler's and Wells, 1854 [London, 1815].
  18. Rod Preece, Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008, 12.
  19. "Life on the Veg: Early Vegetarianism in America". blog.nyhistory.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  20. Lummel, Peter. Food and the City in Europe since 1800. 
  21. "History of the International Vegetarian Union". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  22. "History of the HungarianVegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  23. "ProVeg Germany". glassdoor.co.nz. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  24. "History of Netherlands Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  25. "History of the Swedish Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  26. "History of Italian Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  27. "History of the Russian Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  28. "History of Spanish Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  29. "History of the Greek Vegetarian Societies". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  30. "History of the International Vegetarian Union". ivu.org. Retrieved 7 October 2019. 
  31. "All the IVU World Vegfests - past and future". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  32. "World Esperantist Vegetarian Association". uia.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  33. Leneman 1999, 226.
  34. "New Zealand Vegetarian Society". worldmeatfreeweek.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  35. Watson, Donald (November 1944). "The Vegan News, Issue No. 1". Retrieved 13 June 2019. 
  36. Watson, Donald (February 1945). "The Vegan News, Issue No. 2". Retrieved 13 June 2019. 
  37. "World Veganism - past, present and future". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  38. "UK Vegan Society formed". vegansociety.today. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  39. Leslie Cross, "Veganism Defined", The Vegetarian World Forum, 5(1), Spring 1951.
  40. "Italian Vegetarian Society". ivu.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  41. "American Vegan Society". americanvegan.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  42. "ART-0703 Charity, Food for Life". iskconeducationalservices.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  43. "Bring a Jewish Veg Speaker to Your Jewish Institution". jewishveg.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  44. "Groningen home to first Vegan Student Association in the Netherlands". northerntimes.nl. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  45. "Movement for Compassionate Living". bookdepository.com. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  46. "What are they all about?". veganactivism.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  47. "Swissveg-Team". swissveg.ch. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  48. "World Vegan Month". vegansociety.com. Retrieved 17 October 2019. 
  49. "Vegan Awareness Foundation". connectva.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  50. "Vegetarian Society (Singapore)". vegetarian-society.org. Retrieved 8 October 2019. 
  51. Sustainable Food Planning: Evolving Theory and Practice (André Viljoen, Johannes S. C. Wiskerke ed.). 
  52. "Meet Your Meat (2002)". themoviedb.org. Retrieved 17 October 2019. 
  53. "Meatless Monday". researchgate.net. Retrieved 17 October 2019. 
  54. 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 "Why the Global Rise in Vegan and Plant-Based Eating Isn't A Fad (600% Increase in U.S. Vegans + Other Astounding Stats)". foodrevolution.org. Retrieved 30 September 2019. 
  55. "Vegan Ireland". vegan.ie. Retrieved 7 October 2019. 
  56. "Vegan Australia". veganaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 7 October 2019. 
  57. "Meet the people behind Peepal Farm, who tend to injured animals in Dharamshala". indiatoday.in. Retrieved 17 October 2019.