Timeline of vitamin D
This is a timeline of vitamin D.
Contents
Sample questions
The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:
Big picture
Time period | Development summary | More details |
---|---|---|
Before 1770 | Rickets is first identified as a rare disorder in the 1600s. | |
1770–1920 | Cod liver oil as major vitamin D source | Cod liver oil, rich in vitamin D, is first advocated for the treatment of a disease (tuberculosis). In the late 1700s rickets becomes rampant in Europe as people begin to stay indoors and live in large, polluted cities, with reduced exposure to sunlight. cod liver oil is first prescribed in 1824 for the treatment of rickets. The modern history of vitamin D begins in the mid-19th century, when it is noticed that city children are more likely to have rickets than rural children.[1] |
1920 onwards | Post–vitamin D discovery era | Vitamin D is discovered during research into the causes and treatment of rickets.[2][3] The essential role of vitamin D in mineral homeostasis and skeletal health is recognized since the 1930s, when vitamin D fortification of milk eradicates rickets.[4] vitamin D2 starts being used as a dietary supplement in lieu of vitamin D3.[4] In the 1940s, the United States and Canada start setting dietary intake recommendations for nutrients. In the 1960s, it is clearly demonstrated the vitamin D is a pro-hormone, and that it needs to undergo several stepwise conversions in the body, firstly in the skin, then in the circulating plasma, the liver, and finally in the kidney.[5] |
Numerical and visual data
The table below shows recommendations for vitamin D for adults in Canada and United States from 1968 to 1997.[6]
Country and date | Age groupings (years) | Recommended value (μg (IU)) |
---|---|---|
United States | ||
1968 | 18-22 | 10 (400) |
22-35 | 10 (400) | |
35-55 | None given | |
55-75+ | None given | |
1974 | 19-22 | 10 (400) |
23-50 | 10 (400) | |
51+ | 10 (400) | |
1980 | 19-22 | 7.5 (300) |
23-50 | 5 (200) | |
51+ | 5 (200) | |
1989 | 19-24 | 10 (400) |
25-50 | 5(200) | |
51+ | 5(200) | |
Canada | ||
1964 | "Adult" | None given |
1975 | 19-35 | 2.5 (100) |
36-50 | 2.5 (100) | |
51+ | 2.5 (100) | |
1983 | 19-24 | 2.5 (100) |
25-49 | 2.5 (100) | |
50-74 | 2.5 (100) | |
75+ | 2.5 (100) | |
1990 | 19-24 | 2.5 (100) |
25-49 | 2.5 (100) | |
50-74 | 5 (200) | |
75+ | 5 (200) | |
Canada and United States (DRI) | ||
1997 | 19-30 | 5 (200) |
31-50 | 5 (200) | |
51-70 | 10 (400) | |
>70 | 15 (600) |
Trend of “Vitamin d deficiency” reports.[7]
Year | Number of reports submitted |
---|---|
1997 | |
1998 | 5 |
1999 | 8 |
2000 | 22 |
2001 | 8 |
2002 | 9 |
2003 | 18 |
2004 | 31 |
2005 | 26 |
2006 | 33 |
2007 | 66 |
2008 | 187 |
2009 | 359 |
2010 | 621 |
2011 | 1,223 |
2012 | 2,116 |
2013 | 1,180 |
2014 | 1,480 |
2015 | 1,712 |
2016 | 1,894 |
2017 | 2,395 |
2018 | 2,742 |
2019 | 2,569 |
2020 | 2,868 |
Google Scholar
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of September 19, 2021.
Year | "vitamin D" |
---|---|
1920 | 16 |
1930 | 502 |
1940 | 723 |
1950 | 932 |
1960 | 950 |
1970 | 1,780 |
1980 | 3,350 |
1990 | 4,350 |
2000 | 9,600 |
2010 | 30,000 |
2020 | 45,300 |
Google Trends
The chart below shows Google Trends data for Vitamin D, from January 2004 to September 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[8]
Google Ngram Viewer
The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B and vitamin C, from 1900 to 2019.[9]
Wikipedia Views
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Vitamin D, from July 2015 to August 2021.[10]
Full timeline
Year | Related health condition (when applicable) | Event type | Details | Location/researcher affiliation |
---|---|---|---|---|
2nd century AD | Rickets | Rickets, the bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, is described by Soranus of Ephesus’s in Roman children.[11] | ||
1650 | Rickets | Rickets is described in detail by British physician Francis Glisson.[12] | ||
1770 | Cod liver oil, rich in vitamin D, is first advocated for the treatment of tuberculosis.[13] Derived from liver of cod fish (Gadidae), today it is a dietary supplement. | |||
1822 | Rickets | Sniadecki observes that lack of sunlight exposure is likely a cause of rickets.[4] | ||
1824 | Although having been used medicinally for a long time, cod liver oil (which has vitamin D) is first prescribed by D. Scheutte for the treatment of rickets.[12] | |||
1849 | Tuberculosis | English physician Charles Theodore Williams reports the results of administering fish liver oil (vitamin D) to 234 patients with tuberculosis. He notes an important improvement in a few days and concludes that ”the pure fresh oil from the liver of the cod is more beneficial in the treatment of pulmonary consumption than any agent, medicinal, dietetic, or regiminal, that has yet been employed“.[14] | United Kingdom | |
1849 | Cod liver oil is recognized in Europe as beneficial in the treatment of tuberculosis.[4] | Europe | ||
1890 | Rickets | British medical missionary and epidemiologist Theodore Palm notes through his travels that children living in equatorial countries do not develop rickets.[1] | ||
1903 | Faroese physician Niels Ryberg Finsen is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery that shortwave ultraviolet light is effective in the treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis.[2] | |||
1906 | Rickets | English biochemist Frederick Gowland Hopkins postulates the existence of essential dietary factors necessary for the prevention of diseases such as scurvy or rickets.[12][15] | United Kingdom | |
1912 | Scientific development | Frederick Gowland Hopkins describes the vitamins.[11] | United Kingdom | |
1914 | Rickets | Scientific development | McCollum and co-workers conduct a series of experiments that would lead to the discovery of vitamin D. The team manages to isolate a substance from butterfat, necessary for prevention of xerophthalmia in rats, and name it “fat-soluble factor A”. They subsequently report that heated oxidized cod-liver oil could not prevent xerophthalmia but could cure rickets in rats, and conclude that “fatsoluble factor A” consists of two entities, one which could prevent xerophthalmia (subsequently called vitamin A) and one which cured rickets (subsequently called vitamin D, as the terms vitamin B and vitamin C have already been coined).[2][16] | United States (Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin–Madison) |
1919 | British biochemist Edward Mellanby observes that dogs who were fed a diet of mostly oatmeal and kept indoors away from the sun could be cured of the disease by providing cod liver oil.[17] | United Kingdom | ||
1921 | Rickets | Hess and Unger observe that “seasonal incidence of rickets is due to seasonal variations of sunlight.”[12] | ||
1922 | Rickets | American biochemist Elmer McCollum at Johns Hopkins University discovers Vitamin D from cod liver oil as a dietary substance that could prevent rickets.[18] | United States | |
1922 | Rickets | Sniadecki notices that children living on farms in Poland do not develop rickets, in contrast to children living in the city of Warsaw, who has high incidence of the disease at the time. He hypothesizes that increased exposure to sunlight in the children living in rural areas prevents them from developing rickets.[1] | Poland | |
1922 | Rickets | Scientific development | British microbiologist Hariette Chick and her co-workers, working with malnourished children in a clinic in Vienna, show that rickets prevalent in the children could be cured by whole milk or cod-liver oil.[12] | Austria |
1923 | Rickets | Scientific development | Harry Goldblatt and Katharine Marjorie Soames show the conversion of a precursor to vitamin D in the skin under the effect of ultraviolet light. They also observe that livers of irradiated rats are curative when fed to rachitic rats.[19][11] | |
1926 | Rosenheim and Webster, at a meeting of the Biochemical Society in London, announce that “the precursor of vitamin D is not cholesterol itself, but a substance which is associated with and follows ‘chemically pure' cholesterol in all its stages of purification by the usual methods (saponification and recrystallization).”[12] | United Kingdom | ||
1928 | Tooth decay | An experiment by Mellanby and Pattison with children finds that oral vitamin D intake reduces the risk of dental caries.[18] | ||
1930 | Scientific development | Vitamin D prodrug dihydrotachysterol is developed as a method of stabilizing the triene structure of one of the photoisomers of vitamin D. This represents the oldest vitamin D analog.[4] | ||
1931 | Scientific development | Vitamin D2 is purified and crystallized simultaneously by researchers in London and the Netherlands.[2][12] | United Kingdom, Netherlands | |
1932 | Scientific development | The structure of vitamin D is identified when Askew et al. manage to isolate vitamin D2 from a mixture of ergosterol (a compound found in fungi).[17] | ||
1933 | Scientific development | Holtz develops dihydrotachysterol,[20] a synthetic analog of vitamin D that does not require renal activation like vitamin D2 or vitamin D3.[21] | ||
1936 | Scientific development | Cholecalciferol is first described.[22] Also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, it is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin when exposed to sunlight; it is also found in some foods and can be taken as a dietary supplement.[23] | ||
1936 | Skin cancer | S. Peller observes that U.S. Navy personnel who experiences skin cancer has a much lower incidence of nonskin cancers. This leads him to hypothesize that the development of skin cancer confers protection against other cancers. This marks the beginning of the emergence of the epidemiologic role of sunlight in cancer prevention.[1] | United States | |
1937 | Rickets | The term "rickets resistant to vitamin D" is coined by Albright et al., as the patients they describe present with changes in mineral metabolism that could only be overcome by very large daily doses of vitamin D.[11] | ||
1937 | Scientific development | German chemist Adolf Windaus and colleagues discover 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7- DHC), the precursor of vitamin D3, by isolating 7-DHC from animal skin and inducing formation of vitamin D3 by irradiating 7-DHC with ultraviolet radiation. Windaus would receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for this work, which unifies two apparently disparate lines of evidence through the discovery that exposure to UV is responsible for vitamin D synthesis.[1] | Germany | |
1937 | Scientific development | The isolation and identification of the vitamin D nutritional compounds are completed, drawing to a close an important era of vitamin D investigation.[24] | ||
1940 | Recommendation | The first recommendation for vitamin D is established in the United States, determining the value of 400 IU (i.e., the lower value of a range for infants at the time), for adults in a footnote only, that states “When not available from sunshine, [vitamin D] should be provided up to the minimal amounts recommended for infants”.[4] | United States | |
1942 | Cancer (internal) | Apperly first observes that there are lower overall mortality rates from internal cancers in sunnier regions of the United States.[1] | United States | |
1946 | Lupus vulgaris | Dowling et al. report the treatment of patients with lupus vulgaris with oral vitamin D. Eighteen of 32 patients appear to be cured, with nine improved.[2] | ||
1952 | Product launch | Synthetic vitamin D2 and D3 compounds start being produced.[5] | ||
1953–1955 | Notable case | Nutrition surveys indicate that the normal British infant could ingest from various sources as much as 4,000 IU of vitamin D per day. This is coincident with numerous cases of infantile hypercalcemia mainly of the mild form. In the following years the food enrichment policies would change and subsequently make the incidence of infantile hypercalcemia fall.[25] | United Kingdom | |
1955 | Scientific development | The complete photochemical and thermal reaction steps from ergosterol to calciferol are elucidated by Velluz et al.[12] | France | |
1957 | Recommendation | The American Medical Association’s Council on Foods and Nutrition recommends that milk should contain 400 IU (10 μg) per quart and that the vitamin D content be measured at least twice yearly by an independent laboratory.[4] | United States | |
1958 | Diabetes | Scientific development | In a British birth cohort study, calcifediol is inversely associated with prevalent elevated hemoglobin A1c.[26] | United Kingdom (Institute of Child Health, London) |
1960s | Notable case | An increasing trend of skin cancer incidence rates starts being observed from this time, leading to large sun-safety campaigns.[4] | ||
1960 | Scientific development | 25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol) becomes the first dihydroxylated metabolite to be identified.[27] It is a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity.[28] | ||
1960s | Supravalvular stenosis | During this time, vitamin D is considered the cause of supravalvular stenosis.[4] The published hypothesis is that “toxic” amounts of vitamin D during pregnancy gave rise to a clinical condition titled “infantile hypercalcemia syndrome”.[29] | ||
1963 | Recommendation | The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition recommends a dose of vitamin D of 10 micrograms (400 IU) daily as the standard of care for children.[30] | ||
1963 | Recommendation | The US Food and Drug Administration's Daily Recommended Allowance of vitamin D is determined to be 400 IU, consistent with the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition.[31] | United States | |
1963 | Recommendation | The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition recommends that all infants receive 10μg (400 IU) of vitamin D per day.[11] | United States | |
1965–1975 | Scientific development | In this period, the elements of the vitamin D endocrine system that regulate calcium and phosphorus become clear.[32] | ||
Mid–1960s | Scientific development | New techniques using radioactively labeled substances are developed. Before this, scientists did not have the tools to follow vitamin D metabolism in living subjects.[11] | ||
1966 | Scientific development | Wasserman and his colleagues discover the existence of a calcium-binding protein in the intestines of chicks given vitamin D.[24] | ||
1967 | Scientific development | Loomis suggests that melanin pigmentation evolved for protection from vitamin intoxication because of excessive exposure to sunlight.[4] | ||
1968 | Scientific development | Team led by Hector DeLuca at the University of Wisconsin isolate an active substance identified as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which the team later proves to be produced in the liver.[11] | United States | |
1968 | Scientific development | The idea that vitamin D might function as a steroid-like hormone emerges.[5] | ||
1968–1971 | During this period, researchers make great progress in understanding the metabolic processing of vitamin D and its physiological activity.[11] | |||
1969 | Scientific development | The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is discovered in the intestine of vitamin D deficient chicks.[5] | ||
1969 | Scientific development | The chemical synthesis of calcifediol is determined by J. W. Blunt and Hector F. DeLuca.[24][33] | United States | |
1970 | Scientific development | The hormonal form of vitamin D (calcitriol) is discovered. This would firmly establish the essential role of the kidney in vitamin D biological actions.[4] | ||
1971 | Scientific development | Calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D, is identified by American adult endocrinologist Michael F. Holick working in the laboratory of Hector DeLuca.[34][35] | United States | |
1971 | Scientific development | D. R. Fraser and E. Kodicek first identify the kidney as the source of calcitriol.[36] | ||
1972 | Scientific development | The chemical synthesis of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) is achieved.[24] | ||
1974 | Scientific development | A vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis who have suffered fractures compared with postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis who have not suffered fractures is reported.[37] | ||
1974 | Scientific development | The existence of a chromosomal receptor for vitamin D is demonstrated.[11] | ||
1975 | Scientific development | Mark Haussler at the University of Arizona discovers a protein receptor that binds calcitriol to the nucleus of cells in the intestine.[11][38] | United States | |
1977 | Scientific development | A report from the laboratory of Elsie Widdowson in Cambridge, England, describes a new form of water-soluble vitamin D in human milk. This metabolite, vitamin D sulfate, is present at concentrations of 400–950 IU/L. This would prompt the gained credibility of the idea that breast-fed infants do not need supplemental vitamin D.[30] | United Kingdom | |
1979 | Literture | Anthony W. Norman publishes Vitamin D: The Calcium Homeostatic Steroid Hormone.[39] | ||
1980 | Scientific development | Holick et al. report on the exact sequence of steps leading to the photoproduction of cholecalciferol in the skin.[12][40] | United States | |
1980 | Short gestation and low birth weight | Scientific development | In response to recognition of a high incidence of pregnancy-associated osteomalacia and decreased fetal size in association with vitamin D deficiency among Asian (primarily Indian) women in England, O.G. Brooke et al. evaluate vitamin D supplementation in Asian women. The study includes 59 pregnant women given 1,000 IU/day in their last trimester and a matched group of 67 women given placebo. The researchers report modest increase in birth weight of 123 g in the treatment group.[41] | United Kingdom |
1980 | Cancer | The solar UVB/vitamin D/cancer theory is proposed by Cedric and Frank Garland. The researchers hypothesize that the potential benefit of sun exposure is attributed to vitamin D. Initially, the hypothesis is centered on colon cancer, but later it is extended to breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and to multiple cancer types.[42] | ||
1980 | Birth weight | R. K. Marya et al. study 25 pregnant women treated with 1,200 IU of vitamin D a day in their third trimester, 20 women treated with two doses of 600,000 IU in the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy, and 75 women who received no supplemental vitamin D. The researchers report a significantly greater increase in birth weight with either vitamin D supplementation, but greater increase with the 600,000 IU doses.[43] | ||
1980 | Cancer (colon) | Scientific development | C. F. Garland and F. C. Garland publish a seminal article on the relationship between vitamin D, calcium and colon cancer risk in the International Journal of Epidemiology. In this ecologic analysis, they propose that vitamin D and calcium are protective factors against colon cancer.[1] The authors also find a clear positive association between latitude and mortality from colon cancer in the United States. They hypothesize that this might be related to sun-induced vitamin D.[44] | United States |
1980 | Scientific development | Michael F. Holick describes the dermal synthesis of vitamin D.[18] | United States | |
1981 | Cardiovascular disease | Scientific development | Drawing on ecological studies of variations in cardiovascular disease by season, latitude, and altitude, Robert Scragg publishes a hypothesis that sunlight and vitamin D may protect against cardiovascular disease.[45] | Australia |
1981 | Cancer (melanoma, leukemia) | Scientific development | The classical consideration of vitamin D as a regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone biology begins when David Feldman’s[46] and Tatsuo Suda’s[47] groups show that the most active vitamin D metabolite, calcitriol, inhibits the proliferation of melanoma cells and induces the differentiation of leukemic cells.[4] | |
1981 | Cystic fibrosis | Scientific development | Reduced vitamin D binding protein levels in people with cystic fibrosis is first reported.[2] | |
1982 | Rickets | Scientific development | The role of the vitamin D receptor in vitamin D-dependent rickets type-2 is realized.[11] | |
1983 | Scientific development | S. H. Sedrani et al. find unexpectedly low vitamin D levels in Saudi university students as well as in elderly subjects suggesting that up to 100% of the Saudi population may have vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.[48] | Saudi Arabia | |
1984 | Scientific development | Conclusive evidence of the importance of correcting the impaired 25(OH)D availability in chronic kidney disease is reported.[4] | ||
1984 | Breastfeeding | Scientific development | In a study, Greer et al. expose lactating white women to UVB exposure equivalent to 30 min of sunshine at midday on a clear summer day at temperate latitudes. With this exposure, the vitamin D content of the milk significantly increases with a peak at 48 h and with a return to baseline at 7 days.[49] | |
1984 | Scientific development | A paper by Narang et al. states that 2,400 IU/day is the dose of vitamin D that statistically increases serum calcium, but not quite into the hypercalcemia range.[4] | ||
1985 | A study reports that of 40 Indonesian patients with active tuberculosis and treated with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, 10 patients with the highest Calcifediol levels at the outset of therapy had “less active pulmonary disease”.[2] | |||
1985 | Davies observes that people migrating to the United Kingdom from countries with a high incidence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection experience rates of active tuberculosis that exceeds rates in their countries of origin, and that this increased risk coincide with the development of vitamin D deficiency, probably arising as a result of decreased sun exposure.[2] | United Kingdom | ||
1985 | Psoriasis | S. Morimoto and Y. Kumahara report that a patient who was treated orally with 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 for osteoporosis had a dramatic remission of psoriatic skin lesions.[50] | Japan (Osaka University) | |
1986 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Experiments by Rook become the first to suggest vitamin D-induced antimicrobial activity by human monocytes and macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[4] | ||
1986 | “In 1986, a Finnish trial compared 15 weeks of maternal vitamin D3 intake of 1,000 or 2,000 IU/day with infant intake of 400 IU/day and demonstrated healthy infant vitamin D status achieved in the 2,000 IU/day maternal intake group and the 400 IU/day infant intake group with mean serum 25(OH)D around 30 ng/ml” [4] | |||
1986 | Cancer (melanoma, leukemia) | Colston et al. become the first to demonstrate that 1α,25(OH)2D3 inhibits human melanoma cell proliferation significantly in vitro at nanomolar concentrations. Parallel studies in the same year also find that 1α25(OH)2D3 could induce differentiation in cultured mouse and human myeloid leukemia cells.[51] | ||
1987 | Scientific development | Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding chick vitamin D receptor is achieved for the first time by McDonnell et al.[11] | ||
1988 | Scientific development | The successful cloning of the cDNA encoding the human vitamin D receptor is achieved.[11] | ||
1988 | Scientific development | A research group led by Bert W. O'Malley from California Biotechnology Inc. manages to clone the vitamin D receptor.[11] | United States | |
1989 | Kidney disease (hyperparathyroidism) | Drug launch | Paricalcitol is patented.[52] It is a vitamin D analog used to treat hyperparathyroidism associated with stage 3 or greater chronic kidney disease.[53] | United States |
1989 | Program launch | DEQAS (Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme) is launched to compare the performance of assays for vitamin D measurement. It monitors the performance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) assays.[54] DEQAS would grow to be the dominant proficiency testing scheme with more than 470 laboratories participating from over 30 countries.[4] | ||
1989 | Cancer (colon) | E.D. Gorham et al. postulate an association between ultraviolet-B blocking air pollution and increased risk of breast and colon cancer, based on inhibition by sulfurrelated air pollution of cutaneous vitamin D photosynthesis, resulting in vitamin D deficiency.[55][1] | ||
1989 | Scientific development | The sequence elements in the human osteocalcin gene conferring basal activation and inducible response of this gene promoter to hormonal 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 are described.[5] | ||
1989 | Recommendation | The US Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin D is determined at 200 IU to guarantee a protecting effect against malignancies and other diseases. However, several subsequent investigations would show that 200 IU/day has no effect on bone status, with adults needing five times the RDA, or 1,000 IU, to adequately prevent bone fractures, protect against some malignancies, and derive other broad-ranging health benefits.[4] | United States | |
1989 | Cancer (colon) | Garland et al. report that prediagnostic serum 25(OH)D concentration inversely correlates with colon cancer.[18] | ||
1990 | Cancer (prostate) | Scientific development | Researchers note that the major risk factors for prostate cancer, older age, Black race, and residence at northern latitudes, are all associated with a decreased synthesis of vitamin D.[4] | |
1990 | Psoriasis | Product launch | Calcipotriol ointment is introduced for the treatment of psoriasis in Denmark. A synthetic derivative of calcitriol is a form of vitamin D.[56] | Denmark |
1992 | A review from M. J. McKenna summarizing the knowledge from 1971–1990 on worldwide vitamin D status, concludes that oral vitamin D intake is lower in Western and Central Europe (2–3 μg/day) than in both North America (5.5–7 μg/day) and Scandinavia (4–6 μg/day) due to a higher ingestion of vitamin D supplementation in Scandinavia and a higher intake of natural sources of vitamin D, such as fatty fish. Plasma 25(OH)D varies with season in both young adults and elderly and is lower during the winter and throughout the year in Central Europe (∼ 18 nmol/l) than in both North America (∼ 58 nmol/l) and Scandinavia (∼ 37 nmol/l). McKenna also concludes that hypovitaminosis D and related skeletal abnormalities are most common in elderly residents in Europe, but are reported in all elderly populations.[57] | |||
1992 | Cancer (prostate cancer) | Geographic analyses show that U.S. county-wide mortality rates for prostate cancer among Caucasian men are inversely correlated with the availability of ultraviolet radiation, the major source of vitamin D.[58][59] | United States | |
1993 | Psoriasis | Product launch | Tacalcitol ointment is first approved in Japan.[56] Tacalcitol (1,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3) is a synthetic vitamin D3 analog.[60] It is prescribed for the treatment of psoriasis.[61] | Japan |
1994–1999 | Muscle function, bone, and fracture risk | Scientific development | A study conducted in this period in Montreal of blood samples from 256 elderly (aged 65–94 years) apparently healthy, community-dwelling men and women, shows a very surprising 32% of women and 51% of men with 25(OH)D levels below 20 nmol/l[62]. This level of deficiency is likely to have an adverse effect on muscle function, bone, and fracture risk.[4] | Canada |
1995 | Scientific development | Dutch research team led by R. P. van der Wielen measure wintertime plasma 25(OH)D (calcifediol) in 824 elderly people from 11 European countries. The team concludes that freeliving elderly Europeans, regardless of geographical location, are at substantial risk of inadequate vitamin D status during winter. Unexpectedly, the lowest mean 25(OH)D concentrations are seen in Southern Europe.[63] | Europe | |
1997 | As the result of 25 years of research, the cytochrome P450, CYP27B1, representing the 1α-hydroxylase enzyme is finally cloned from a rat renal cDNA library by St Arnaud’s group in Montreal.[64] | Canada | ||
1997 | Vitamin D5 is first synthesized by researchers at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Chicago.[65] | |||
1997 | Recommendation | The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Association both recommend 400 IU/day of vitamin D, which is twice what the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the US National Academy of Sciences recommend in the same year.[4] | United States | |
1997 | Recommendation | The dietary reference intake panel for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride is first established to provide intake recommendations for Americans and Canadians.[66][18] | United States, Canada | |
1997 | Recommendation | The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) designates 2,000 IU/day as the TUIL (tolerable upper intake level) of vitamin D intake.[4] | United States | |
1997 | Scientific development | Researchers manage to clone the human 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase, a secosteroid hormone which plays a crucial role in normal bone growth, calcium metabolism, and tissue differentiation.[67] | United States | |
1997 | Scientific development | The Norwegian National Dietary Survey shows that the vitamin D intake is 13% larger in north than in south Norway. This suggests that there is no significant north–south gradient in the level of vitamin D metabolites in serum in that country.[4] | Norway | |
1997 | Recommendation | The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Nutrition recommends a dose of vitamin D 400 IU daily as the standard of care for children.[4] | United States | |
1997 | Scientific development | Fu et al. manage to clone 25OHD-1-alpha-hydroxylase.[11] | ||
1998 | Kidney disease (hyperparathyroidism) | Drug launch | Paricalcitol (marketed under the trade name Zemplar) is introduced by Abbott Laboratories.[68] | United States |
1998 | Cancer (prostate cancer) | Research | It is demonstrated that normal human prostate cells possess 25-hydroxyvitamin D3–1α-hydroxylase (1α(OH)ase) and indeed synthesize 1,25(OH)2D from 25(OH)D.[69] | United States (University of Miami School of Medicine) |
1999 | Asthma, allergy | Wjst and Dold, in trying to explain the rise in asthma and allergy rates, propose their hypothesis that the introduction of vitamin D in fortified foods and in multivitamin preparations in many westernized countries is related to the asthma and allergy epidemic in these countries.[2] They propose that vitamin D supplementation might be the cause of global increases in asthma and allergies.[70] | ||
1999 | Literature | Michael F. Holick publishes Vitamin D: Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Clinical Applications.[71] | United States | |
2000 | Cancer (prostate cancer) | Research | Researchers show that 25(OH)D inhibits the proliferation of prostate cells that possess 1α-OHase.[72] | United States (Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina) |
2001 | Kidney disease (secondary hyperparathyroidism) | Drug launch | Doxercalciferol (marketed under the trade name Hectorol) is first introduced in Canada by Sanofi Genzyme. It is a synthetic vitamin D2 analog used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease with or without therapy of dialysis.[73] | Canada |
2003 | Recommendation | In response to the vitamin D adequate intake recommendations made by the Institute of Medicine in 1997, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends 200 IU/d vitamin D for all infants and children.[30] | United States | |
2005 | Literature | David Feldman, J. Wesley Pike and Francis H. Glorieux publish Vitamin D.[74] | ||
2006 | Cancer (digestive-system) | Scientific development | A study by researchers at Harvard Medical School, analizing 1095 men and documents from 1986 through 2000 of 4286 incident cancers (excluding organ-confined prostate cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 2025 deaths from cancer, concludes that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality in men, particularly for digestive-system cancers.[75] | United States |
2007 | Cancer (breast | Scientific development | Garland et al. publish a breast cancer doseresponse meta-analysis, finding that individuals with the highest blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D has reduced risk of breast cancer.[76][1] | United States |
2007 | Anaphylaxis | Camargo and colleagues propose that vitamin D status might influence risk of food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) after observing a strong north–south gradient in epinephrine autoinjector prescription rates in the United States.[77] | United States (Boston) | |
2007 | Psoriasis | Drug launch | CollaGenex Pharmaceuticals licenses becocalcidiol, a vitamin D analogue for topical treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic disorders.[78][79] | United States |
2008 | Recommendation | The American Academy of Pediatrics increases the recommended supplementation dose from 200 to 400 IU daily across the pediatric age spectrum.[80] | United States | |
2008 | Literature | James Dowd and Diane Stafford publish The Vitamin D Cure.[81] | ||
2009 | Literature | Soram Khalsa publishes Vitamin D Revolution.[82] | ||
2010 | Pneumonia | Scientific development | A randomized clinical trial finds that vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of pneumonia in children.[18] | |
2010 | Rheumatoid arthritis | Scientific development | A study in Italy inversely relates rheumatoid arthritis activity and disability scores with calcifediol concentrations.[18] | Italy |
2011 (January) | Osteoporosis | Drug launch | Eldecalcitol is approved in Japan, for the treatment for osteoporosis.[83] | Japan |
2012 | Literature | Ian Wishart publishes Vitamin D: Is This the Miracle Vitamin?, which claims that taking vitamin D reduces up to a 77% the risk of developing cancer.[84] | ||
2018 | Cancer (colorectal) | Scientific development | A study by an international group of researchers using data from about 12,800 people finds that higher levels of vitamin D in the blood is associated with a lower risk for getting colorectal cancer.10.1093/jnci/djy087[85] | |
2021 (January 14) | Common cold, influenza, influenza-like illness | Scientific development | A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplements led by QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Australia finds they do not protect most people from developing colds, influenza and other acute respiratory infections.[86] |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
Feedback and comments
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
- FIXME
What the timeline is still missing
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Mohr, Sharif B. (February 2009). "A Brief History of Vitamin D and Cancer Prevention". Annals of Epidemiology. 19 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.10.003.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Litonjua, Augusto A. (23 May 2012). Vitamin D and the Lung: Mechanisms and Disease Associations. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-61779-888-7.
- ↑ Milne, G. W. A.; Delander, M. (2008). Vitamin D Handbook: Structures, Synonyms, and Properties. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-13983-7. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 Holick, Michael F. (23 April 2010). "Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications". Humana Press. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Torres, Pablo A. Ureña; Cozzolino, Mario; Vervloet, Marc G. (21 September 2016). Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-32507-1.
- ↑ Whiting, Susan J.; Calvo, Mona S. (1 February 2005). "Dietary Recommendations for Vitamin D: a Critical Need for Functional End Points to Establish an Estimated Average Requirement". The Journal of Nutrition. 135 (2): 304–309. doi:10.1093/jn/135.2.304.
- ↑ "Vitamin d deficiency: treatments, associated drugs and conditions (21,591 reports) - eHealthMe". www.ehealthme.com. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ↑ "Vitamin D". Google Trends. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ↑ "vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B and vitamin C". books.google.com. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ↑ "Vitamin D". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 Hochberg, Z. (2003). Vitamin D and Rickets. Karger. ISBN 978-3-8055-7582-9.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Wolf, George (1 October 2004). "The Discovery of Vitamin D: The Contribution of Adolf Windaus". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (6): 1299–1302. doi:10.1093/jn/134.6.1299.
- ↑ "Cod Liver Oil - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hochberg, Ze'ev; Hochberg, Irit (15 May 2019). "Evolutionary Perspective in Rickets and Vitamin D". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 10. ISSN 1664-2392. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00306.
- ↑ Hopkins, F. Gowland (1 January 1906). "The analyst and the medical man". Analyst. pp. 385b–404. doi:10.1039/AN906310385B. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
- ↑ McCollum, E.V.; Davis, Marguerite (October 1914). "OBSERVATIONS ON THE ISOLATION OF THE SUBSTANCE IN BUTTER FAT WHICH EXERTS A STIMULATING INFLUENCE ON GROWTH". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 19 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88306-5.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 "The History and Discovery of Vitamins Through The Ages". What's Up, USANA?. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Handbook of vitamin D in human health : prevention, treatment and toxicity. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. 2013. ISBN 978-90-8686-765-3.
- ↑ Goldblatt, Harry; Soames, Katharine Marjorie (1 January 1923). "Studies on the Fat-Soluble Growth-Promoting Factor: (I) Storage. (II) Synthesis". Biochemical Journal. 17 (4-5): 446–453. doi:10.1042/bj0170446.
- ↑ McCann, S. M. (27 May 2013). Endocrinology: People and Ideas. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-7436-4.
- ↑ "Dihydrotachysterol". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ Fischer, János; Ganellin, C. Robin. Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5.
- ↑ Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Boston. 2013. ISBN 9780123918840.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 DeLuca, H. F. (6 December 2012). Vitamin D: Metabolism and Function. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-81306-1.
- ↑ Paunier, Luc. "Prevention of Rickets" (PDF). nestlenutrition-institute.org.
- ↑ Hypponen, E.; Boucher, B. J.; Berry, D. J.; Power, C. (1 February 2008). "25-Hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and Metabolic Syndrome at 45 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort". Diabetes. 57 (2): 298–305. doi:10.2337/db07-1122.
- ↑ DeLuca, Hector F.; Suda, Tatsuo; Schnoes, Heinrich K.; Tanaka, Yoko; Holick, Michael F. (1 November 1970). "25,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity". Biochemistry. 9 (24): 4776–4780. doi:10.1021/bi00826a022.
- ↑ "25,26-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (25,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol) | VD/VDR Activator | MedChemExpress". MedchemExpress.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ Friedman, William F. (May 1967). "Vitamin D as a cause of the supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome". American Heart Journal. 73 (5): 718–720. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(67)90186-x.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Greer, Frank R. "Issues in establishing vitamin D recommendations for infants and children" (PDF). watermark.silverchair.com.
- ↑ Huh, Susanna Y.; Gordon, Catherine M. (June 2008). "Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents: Epidemiology, impact and treatment". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 9 (2): 161–170. doi:10.1007/s11154-007-9072-y.
- ↑ DeLuca, Hector F (8 January 2014). "History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites". BoneKEy Reports. 3. doi:10.1038/bonekey.2013.213.
- ↑ Blunt, J. W.; DeLuca, Hector F. (1 February 1969). "The synthesis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3". Biochemistry. 8 (2): 671–675. doi:10.1021/bi00830a031.
- ↑ Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF, Suda T, Cousins RJ (July 1971). "Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine". Biochemistry. 10 (14): 2799–804. PMID 4326883. doi:10.1021/bi00790a023.
- ↑ Holick MF, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF (April 1971). "Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a form of vitamin D3 metabolically active in the intestine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (4): 803–4. PMC 389047. PMID 4323790. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.4.803.
- ↑ Fraser, D. R.; Kodicek, E. (November 1970). "Unique Biosynthesis by Kidney of a Biologically Active Vitamin D Metabolite". Nature. 228 (5273): 764–766. doi:10.1038/228764a0.
- ↑ Maddison, P. J.; Bacon, P. A. (23 November 1974). "Vitamin D Deficiency, Spontaneous Fractures, and Osteopenia in Rheumatoid Arthritis". BMJ. 4 (5942): 433–435. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5942.433.
- ↑ Brumbaugh, PF; Haussler, MR (25 February 1975). "Specific binding of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to nuclear components of chick intestine.". The Journal of biological chemistry. 250 (4): 1588–94. PMID 163254.
- ↑ Norman, Anthony W. (1979). Vitamin D: The Calcium Homeostatic Steroid Hormone. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-521050-8.
- ↑ Holick, M.; MacLaughlin, J.; Clark, M.; Holick, S.; Potts, J.; Anderson, R.; Blank, I.; Parrish, J.; Elias, P (10 October 1980). "Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences". Science. 210 (4466): 203–205. doi:10.1126/science.6251551.
- ↑ Brooke, O G; Brown, I R; Bone, C D; Carter, N D; Cleeve, H J; Maxwell, J D; Robinson, V P; Winder, S M (15 March 1980). "Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth.". BMJ. 280 (6216): 751–754. doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6216.751.
- ↑ Reichrath, Jörg (11 September 2020). Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-46227-7.
- ↑ Marya, R.K.; Rathee, S.; Lata, V.; Mudgil, S. (1981). "Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 12 (3): 155–161. doi:10.1159/000299597.
- ↑ Garland, Cedric F; Garland, Frank C (1980). "Do Sunlight and Vitamin D Reduce the Likelihood of Colon Cancer?". International Journal of Epidemiology. 9 (3): 227–231. doi:10.1093/ije/9.3.227.
- ↑ Scragg, Robert (1981). "Seasonality of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and the Possible Protective Effect of Ultra-violet Radiation". International Journal of Epidemiology. 10 (4): 337–341. doi:10.1093/ije/10.4.337.
- ↑ Colston, Kay; Colston, M. Joseph; Feldman, David (March 1981). "1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3 AND MALIGNANT MELANOMA: THE PRESENCE OF RECEPTORS AND INHIBITION OF CELL GROWTH IN CULTURE". Endocrinology. 108 (3): 1083–1086. doi:10.1210/endo-108-3-1083.
- ↑ Abe, E.; Miyaura, C.; Sakagami, H.; Takeda, M.; Konno, K.; Yamazaki, T.; Yoshiki, S.; Suda, T. (1 August 1981). "Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 78 (8): 4990–4994. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4990.
- ↑ Sedrani, S H; Elidrissy, A W; El Arabi, K M (1 July 1983). "Sunlight and vitamin D status in normal Saudi subjects". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 38 (1): 129–132. doi:10.1093/ajcn/38.1.129.
- ↑ Greer, Frank R.; Hollis, Bruce W.; Cripps, Derek J.; Tsang, Reginald C. (September 1984). "Effects of maternal ultraviolet B irradiation on vitamin D content of human milk". The Journal of Pediatrics. 105 (3): 431–433. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80021-9.
- ↑ Morimoto, S; Kumahara, Y (March 1985). "A patient with psoriasis cured by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.". Medical journal of Osaka University. 35 (3-4): 51–4. PMID 4069059.
- ↑ Gombart, Adrian F. (21 November 2012). Vitamin D: Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Aging. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-5021-3.
- ↑ Fischer, János; Ganellin, C. Robin. Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5.
- ↑ "Paricalcitol". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ Carter, G.D.; Berry, J.; Durazo-Arvizu, R.; Gunter, E.; Jones, G.; Jones, J.; Makin, H.L.J; Pattni, P.; Phinney, K.W.; Sempos, C.T.; Williams, E.L. (October 2017). "Quality assessment of vitamin D metabolite assays used by clinical and research laboratories". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 173: 100–104. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.010.
- ↑ Gorham, ED; Garland, CF; Garland, FC (March 1989). "Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian cities.". Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique. 80 (2): 96–100. PMID 2720547.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Tarutani, M (October 2004). "[Vitamin D3 for external application--history of development and clinical application].". Clinical calcium. 14 (10): 124–8. PMID 15577144.
- ↑ McKenna, Malachi J. (July 1992). "Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and the elderly". The American Journal of Medicine. 93 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90682-2.
- ↑ Hanchette, Carol L.; Schwartz, Gary G. (1992). "Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation". Cancer. 70 (12): 2861–2869. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::aid-cncr2820701224>3.0.co;2-g.
- ↑ Schwartz, Gary G.; Hanchette, Carol L. (October 2006). "UV, latitude, and spatial trends in prostate cancer mortality: All sunlight is not the same (United States)". Cancer Causes & Control. 17 (8): 1091–1101. doi:10.1007/s10552-006-0050-6.
- ↑ Peters DC, Balfour JA (August 1997). "Tacalcitol". Drugs. 54 (2): 265–71; discussion 272. PMID 9257082. doi:10.2165/00003495-199754020-00005.
- ↑ Lecha, M; Mirada, A; Lopez, S; Artes, M (July 2005). "ORIGINAL ARTICLE. Tacalcitol in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: the Spanish experience.". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 19 (4): 414–417. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01099.x.
- ↑ Vecino-Vecino, Concepción; Gratton, Miren; Kremer, Richard; Rodriguez-Mañas, Leocadio; Duque, Gustavo (2006). "Seasonal Variance in Serum Levels of Vitamin D Determines a Compensatory Response by Parathyroid Hormone: Study in an Ambulatory Elderly Population in Quebec". Gerontology. 52 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1159/000089823.
- ↑ van der Wielen, R.P.J.; de Groot, L.C.P.G.M.; van Staveren, W.A.; Löwik, M.R.H.; van den Berg, H.; Haller, J.; Moreiras, O. (July 1995). "Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe". The Lancet. 346 (8969): 207–210. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91266-5.
- ↑ St-Arnaud, René; Messerlian, Serge; Moir, Janet M.; Omdahl, John L.; Glorieux, Francis H. (1 October 1997). "The 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase Gene Maps to the Pseudovitamin D-Deficiency Rickets (PDDR) Disease Locus". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 12 (10): 1552–1559. doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.10.1552.
- ↑ Moriarty, Robert M.; Albinescu, Dragos (September 2005). "Synthesis of 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D 5 Using a Modified Two Wavelength Photolysis for Vitamin D Formation". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 70 (19): 7624–7628. doi:10.1021/jo050853f.
- ↑ "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride". 17 September 1997. doi:10.17226/5776.
- ↑ Fu, Glenn K.; Lin, Dong; Zhang, Martin Y. H.; Bikle, Daniel D.; Shackleton, Cedric H. L.; Miller, Walter L.; Portale, Anthony A. (December 1997). "Cloning of Human 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1α-Hydroxylase and Mutations Causing Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets Type 1". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (13): 1961–1970. doi:10.1210/mend.11.13.0035.
- ↑ "Paricalcitol". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ Schwartz, GG; Whitlatch, LW; Chen, TC; Lokeshwar, BL; Holick, MF (May 1998). "Human prostate cells synthesize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.". Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 7 (5): 391–5. PMID 9610788.
- ↑ Hewison, Martin; Bouillon, Roger; Giovannucci, Edward; Goltzman, David (14 December 2017). Vitamin D: Volume 2: Health, Disease and Therapeutics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-809964-3.
- ↑ Holick, Michael F. (1999). Vitamin D: Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Clinical Applications. Humana Press. ISBN 978-0-89603-467-9.
- ↑ Barreto, AM; Schwartz, GG; Woodruff, R; Cramer, SD (March 2000). "25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, the prohormone of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, inhibits the proliferation of primary prostatic epithelial cells.". Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 9 (3): 265–70. PMID 10750664.
- ↑ "Doxercalciferol". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ Feldman, David; Pike, J. Wesley; Glorieux, Francis H. (25 January 2005). Vitamin D. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-054364-2.
- ↑ Giovannucci, Edward; Liu, Yan; Rimm, Eric B.; Hollis, Bruce W.; Fuchs, Charles S.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C. (5 April 2006). "Prospective Study of Predictors of Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Men". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 98 (7): 451–459. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj101.
- ↑ Garland, Cedric F.; Gorham, Edward D.; Mohr, Sharif B.; Grant, William B.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Lipkin, Martin; Newmark, Harold; Holick, Michael F.; Garland, Frank C. (March 2007). "Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: Pooled analysis". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 103 (3-5): 708–711. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.007.
- ↑ Vassallo, M. F.; Banerji, A.; Rudders, S. A.; Clark, S.; Camargo, C. A. (November 2010). "Season of birth and food-induced anaphylaxis in Boston: ALLERGYNet". Allergy. 65 (11): 1492–1493. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02384.x.
- ↑ "Becocalcidiol". go.drugbank.com. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ "The Biologics News and Reports Portal". pipelinereview. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ↑ Wagner, C. L.; Greer, F. R. (1 November 2008). "Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents". PEDIATRICS. 122 (5): 1142–1152. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1862.
- ↑ MD, James Dowd; Stafford, Diane (14 January 2008). The Vitamin D Cure. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-13155-8.
- ↑ M.D, Soram Khalsa (1 March 2009). Vitamin D Revolution. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4019-2911-4.
- ↑ Bronson J, Dhar M, Ewing W, Lonberg N (2012). "To Market — 2011: Eldecalcitol (osteoporosis)". In Desai MC. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (1st ed.). San Diego: Elsevier Inc. pp. 529–531. ISBN 9780123964922.
- ↑ Wishart, Ian (2012). Vitamin D: Is This the Miracle Vitamin?. Howling at the Moon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9876573-1-2.
- ↑ "Vitamin D Levels Linked to Lower Colorectal Cancer Risk". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ↑ "Clinical trial finds vitamin D does not ward off colds and flu". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.