Difference between revisions of "Timeline of web search engines"

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This page provides a full '''timeline of web search engines''', starting from the [[wikipedia:Archie search engine|Archie search engine]] in 1990. It is complementary to the [[wikipedia:history of web search engines|history of web search engines]] page that provides more qualitative detail on the history.
 
This page provides a full '''timeline of web search engines''', starting from the [[wikipedia:Archie search engine|Archie search engine]] in 1990. It is complementary to the [[wikipedia:history of web search engines|history of web search engines]] page that provides more qualitative detail on the history.
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== Sample questions ==
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The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:
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* What are some significant events preluding the development of web search engines?
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** For research directly related to the development of search engines, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Early research".
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** For early search engines, look for the group of rows with value "Pre-web search engine launch".
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** You will see some early milestones, such as the launch of [[w:Archie (search engine)|Archie]] and {{w|Tim Berners-Lee}}'s {{w|Virtual Library}}.
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* What are some historically significant search engines and when were they launched?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Search engine launch".
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** You will see the launch of search engines, notable for their historical importance like {{w|WebCrawler}}, or by their magnitude, like {{w|Google}} and {{w|Yahoo!}}.
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* What are some notable search engine shutdowns?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Shutdown".
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* What are some numbers illustrating the evolution of search engine?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Statistics".
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** For internet userbase evolution, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Statistics (internet userbase)".
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* What are some notable search algorithm updates?
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** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Search algorithm update".
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** You will see the launch of major Google updates, such as {{w|Google Panda}}.
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* Other events are described under the following types: "Acquisition", "Business model", "Change in backend providers", "Competition", "Early development", "Notable expansion", "{{w|Online advertising}}", "Opinion poll", "Organization", "Partnership", "{{w|Public offering}}", "Research", "Search evolution", "User experience", "Web directory launch", "Webmaster tools", and "Web search business consolidation".
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
 
! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
 
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| || Pre-web search engine period ||
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| 17th-19th centuries || Emergence of Library Catalogs || {{w|Library catalog}}s are some of the earliest information retrieval systems, allowing users to search for books and other materials within a library. The development of library catalogs marked an important step in the history of information retrieval, as they provided a systematic way to access information and made it easier for users to find what they were looking for.<ref>{{cite web |title=Library - 17th and 18th centuries and the great national libraries {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/17th-and-18th-centuries-and-the-great-national-libraries |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
 
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| || web search engine period ||
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| 1950s–1980s || Rise of mainframe computer systems || During this period, {{w|mainframe computer}} systems become more widely used and provide the first examples of large-scale information retrieval systems. These systems are used to search large databases of bibliographic information, such as scientific articles and patents, and they provide users with the ability to search for information using keywords and Boolean operators.
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| || Google period ||
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| 1990–1999 || Early years of web search engines || This period sees the development and launch of some of the earliest search engines, including Archie, Wandex, Yahoo!, and AltaVista. These early search engines are mainly directories of websites, organized by human editors, and use simple algorithms to match keywords with website content. The focus is on building a comprehensive index of the web and making it accessible to users. However, it is not until the launch of Yahoo! in 1994 and later Google in 1998, that search engines become widely used and essential tools for navigating the web. As the number of sites on the Web increases in the mid-to-late 90s, more search engines appear to help people find information quickly.<ref name="Seymour"/>
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| 1998–2010 || Rise of Google || This period is marked by the launch of {{w|Google}}, which quickly becomes the dominant search engine. Google's PageRank algorithm, which ranks pages based on the number and quality of links pointing to them, makes it the most accurate and relevant search engine at the time. During this period, search engines continue  to evolve and add new features, such as personalized search results, local search, and image search.
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| 2010–present || Era of intelligent search || This period is characterized by the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence in search engines, which become more intelligent and sophisticated, providing users with relevant and personalized results. The introduction of voice search, the growth of mobile devices, and the increasing importance of social media also transform the way people search for information on the web. During this period, search engines also become an important source of revenue for companies, through advertising and marketing. Today, search engines are complex systems that use machine learning algorithms to provide relevant and useful results to users. Some of the most popular search engines in use today include {{w|Google}}, [[w:Microsoft Bing|Bing]], {{w|Yahoo!}}, and {{w|Baidu}}.
 
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{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
! Year !! Month and date (if available) !! Event type !! Event
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! Year !! Month and date (if available) !! Event type !! Details !! Launch country
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| 1945 || || Early research || American engineer {{w|Vannevar Bush}} introduces the concept of “collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record.”<ref name="amcodigital.com">{{cite web |title=THE HISTORY OF SEO (SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION) |url=https://www.amcodigital.com/history-of-seo/ |website=amcodigital.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref> Bush emphasizes the necessity for an expansive index for all knowledge, stating: "[Information] has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. A record, if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored...Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of the systems of indexing. The human mind does not work this way. It operates by association."<ref name="whatisseo.comd">{{cite web |title=History of Search Engines |url=https://www.whatisseo.com/history-of-search-engines.html |website=whatisseo.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pariser |first1=Eli |title=The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-FWO0puw3nYC&pg=PT165&dq=vannevar+bush+1945+collection+of+data&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnm735idToAhXtIbkGHfNICPgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=vannevar%20bush%201945%20collection%20of%20data&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Gary |last2=Benke |first2=Meg |last3=Chaloux |first3=Bruce |last4=Ragan |first4=Lawrence C. |last5=Schroeder |first5=Raymond |last6=Smutz |first6=Wayne |last7=Swan |first7=Karen |title=Leading the e-Learning Transformation of Higher Education: Meeting the Challenges of Technology and Distance Education |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6jeFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&dq=vannevar+bush+1945+collection+of+data&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnm735idToAhXtIbkGHfNICPgQ6AEISjAE#v=onepage&q=vannevar%20bush%201945%20collection%20of%20data&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1952 || || Early development || The IBM 701 isintroduced by IBM. It is the earliest mainframe computer.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Archives: IBM Mainframes |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_intro.html |website=www.ibm.com |access-date=13 February 2023 |date=20 June 2017}}</ref> Mainframe computers would be used for many years as powerful and reliable data processing systems in various industries, preluding the emergence of web search engines.
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| 1955 || || Early research || H.A. Simon introduces the concept of {{w|bounded rationality}}, which leads to a satisficing strategy that implies that users do not evaluate the information scent of all search results available, but sequentially evaluate the items on the search engine results page only until one is encountered that is "good enough."<ref>Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 69, 99–118.</ref><ref name="Lewandowski"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1964 || || Early research || According to W. Goffman, users may have prior knowledge or acquire knowledge about their topic in the course of browsing that affects their behaviour, which can be incorporated into user models, as users have a variety of ways to interact with the engine. They may reformulate to another query.<ref name="Lewandowski"/><ref>Goffman, W. (1964). On relevance as a measure. Information Storage and Retrieval, 2(3), 201–203.</ref> ||
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| 1968 || || Early research || W.S. Cooper proposes his ''expected search length'', a measure defined with an explicit model of user behaviour in mind. This measure would be widely used for the evaluation of retrieval systems, offering the components of a rudimentary user model on which most subsequent measures are based.<ref name="Lewandowski"/><ref>Cooper, W. S. (1968). Expected search length: A single measure of retrieval effectiveness based on the weak ordering action of retrieval systems. American Documentation, 19, 30–41.</ref> ||
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| 1971 || || Early research || Rocchio introduces the relevance feedback, which allows the user to gradually refine his query by evaluating the relevance of the particular results. This is a first approach to use human judgment for an increased precision of results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Ben |title=Relevance Feedback |journal=Encyclopedia of Database Systems |date=2009 |pages=2378–2379 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_931 |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_931 |publisher=Springer US |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rocchio Algorithm |url=https://www.math.unipd.it/~aiolli/corsi/0708/IR/Lez07.pdf |website=math.unipd.it |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> ||
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| 1977 || || Early research || In a study on human–computer interaction, S.E. Robertson publishes a paper on the theory of {{w|information retrieval}}, in which users possess a desire for information, articulate that desire as a keyword query and scan results listed by probable relevance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=S.E. |title=THEORIES AND MODELS IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL |journal=Journal of Documentation |date=1 February 1977 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=126–148 |doi=10.1108/eb026639}}</ref>
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| 1987 || || Pre-web search engine launch || Search engine [[w:Archie (search engine)|Archie]] begins as a project for students and staff at {{w|McGill University}}, with aims to connect the McGill University School of Computer Science to the internet.<ref name="tellmeyourgoal.coms">{{cite web |title=The History of Search Engine Optimization |url=https://www.tellmeyourgoal.com/the-history-of-search-engine-optimization |website=tellmeyourgoal.com |accessdate=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARCHIE SEARCH ENGINE FROM MCGILL UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.historyofdomainnames.com/archie/ |website=historyofdomainnames.com |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARCHIE SEARCH ENGINE |url=http://community.worldheritage.org/articles/eng/Archie_search_engine |website=worldheritage.org |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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| 1990 || || Pre-web search engine launch || The {{w|Archie search engine}}, created by {{w|Alan Emtage}}, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at {{w|McGill University}}  in {{w|Montreal}}, goes live as the very first tool used for searching on the Internet.<ref name="Seymour"/> The program downloads the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP ([[wikipedia:File Transfer Protocol|File Transfer Protocol]]) sites, creates a searchable database of a lot of  file names; however, Archie does not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data is so limited it can be readily searched manually.<ref>{{ cite web | title = The First Search Engine, Archie | url = http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1990archie.htm | accessdate = 2007-05-26 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070621141150/http://isrl.uiuc.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1990archie.htm| archivedate= 21 June 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | title = In Russian: History of the Internet. The First Search Engine | url = http://www.xserver.ru/computer/nets/internet/196/ | accessdate = 2012-02-23 }}</ref><ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordstream.com/articles/internet-search-engines-history|title = History of Search Engines - Chronological List of Internet Search Engines|accessdate = February 3, 2014}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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| 1991 || || Pre-web search engine launch || The rise of [[wikipedia:Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] (created in 1991 by [[wikipedia:Mark McCahill|Mark McCahill]]  at the {{w|University of Minnesota}}) leads to two new search programs, [[wikipedia:Veronica (computer)|Veronica]]  and [[wikipedia:Jughead (computer)|Jughead]]. Like Archie, they search the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (''V''ery ''E''asy ''R''odent-''O''riented ''N''et-wide ''I''ndex to ''C''omputerized ''A''rchives) provides a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (''J''onzy's ''U''niversal ''G''opher ''H''ierarchy ''E''xcavation ''A''nd ''D''isplay) is a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers.  While the name of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the {{w|Archie comic book}} series, "[[wikipedia:Veronica Lodge|Veronica]]" and "[[wikipedia:Jughead Jones|Jughead]]" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.<ref name=seh>{{Cite web|url=http://www.searchenginehistory.com/|title = Search Engine History|accessdate = February 3, 2014}}</ref> Gopher is considered to be the first search engine using a hypertext paradigm.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com">{{cite web |title=The History of Search Engine Optimization |url=http://www.thehistoryofseo.com/The-Industry/The_History_of_Search_Engine_Optimization.aspx|website=thehistoryofseo.com |accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref> A step toward the {{w|World Wide Web}} hypertext transfer protocol ({{w|HTTP}}), it would become popular for several years, because it provides a way to share text files from all over the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Allen |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 71 - Supplement 34 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=saa39p6C538C&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=%22Gopher+was+a%22&source=bl&ots=qVqIqoC2jc&sig=ACfU3U0DyZVfruHDKqZWjJ42nsJ3rRX2rg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlrIa43ovpAhWnKrkGHSrqCWwQ6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Gopher%20was%20a%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1991 || || Pre-web search engine launch || English computer scientist {{w|Tim Berners-Lee}} in {{w|Geneva}} launches his WWW Virtual Library <code>vlib.org</code>. It is considered the oldest catalog on the [[w:World Wide Web|Web]].<ref name="wordstream.come">{{cite web |title=THE HISTORY OF SEARCH ENGINES |url=https://www.wordstream.com/articles/internet-search-engines-history |website=wordstream.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Rys |first1=John |last2=Meyer |first2=Verne |last3=Sebranek |first3=Patrick |title=The Research Writer, Spiral bound Version |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=g4HP5TIs2-cC&pg=PA84&dq=Tim+Berners-Lee+set+up+a+Virtual+Library+%221991%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2l_vUlNToAhXTILkGHRNVD5IQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Tim%20Berners-Lee%20set%20up%20a%20Virtual%20Library%20%221991%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scheeren |first1=William O. |title=The Hidden Web: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KgTqbPXQqroC&pg=PA46&dq=Tim+Berners-Lee+set+up+a+Virtual+Library+%221991%22+vlib.org&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCgvDOltToAhWNI7kGHTwQCDIQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=Tim%20Berners-Lee%20set%20up%20a%20Virtual%20Library%20%221991%22%20vlib.org&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tortosa |first1=Virgilio |title=Escrituras digitales: tecnologías de la creación en la era virtual |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5UF-g_q2rqQC&pg=PA179&dq=Tim+Berners-Lee+set+up+a+Virtual+Library+%221991%22+vlib.org&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCgvDOltToAhWNI7kGHTwQCDIQ6AEIPDAC#v=onepage&q=Tim%20Berners-Lee%20set%20up%20a%20Virtual%20Library%20%221991%22%20vlib.org&f=false}}</ref> The WWW Virtual Library is the direct descendant of the original Overview.html page on TBL's server in {{w|Geneva}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Virtual Library |url=http://vlib.org/admin/history |website=vlib.org |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
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| 1993 || February || Pre-web search engine launch || Six Stanford students create Architext, a project seeking to use statistical analysis of word relationships to improve relevancy of searches on the Internet. Architext would later become the search engine {{w|Excite}}.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/>  Excite would revolutionize how information is categorized, making it easier to find information “by sorting results based on keywords found within content and backend optimization.”<ref name="A Brief History of Search & SEO">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Search & SEO |url=https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/a-brief-history-of-search-seo |website=blog.hubspot.com |accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="bluefrogdm.coms">{{cite web |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF SEO |url=https://www.bluefrogdm.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-seo |website=bluefrogdm.com |accessdate=19 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Livingston |first1=Jessica |title=Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ktm885vGIXEC&pg=PA61&dq=%22architext%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWiPeJsdToAhXPFbkGHU-sCR4Q6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=%22architext%22%20%221993%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1993 || April 22 || Early development || The graphical Mosaic web browser improves [[w:Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]]’s primarily text-based interface.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/> Mosaic is considered the first popular graphical web browser.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy birthday, Mosaic: 20 years of the graphical web browser |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/happy-birthday-mosaic-20-years-of-the-graphical-web-browser/ |website=zdnet.com |accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref> ||
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| 1993 || June || Early development || Matthew Gray produces the first known {{w|web robot}}, the {{w|Perl}}-based {{w|World Wide Web Wanderer}}, and uses it to generate an index of the web called the Wandex.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mit.edu/~mkgray/net/background.html|title = Internet Growth and Statistics: Credit and Background|last = Gray|first = Matthew|accessdate = February 3, 2014}}</ref> The {{w|World Wide Web Wanderer}} is considered the first web crawler to measure the size of the Web.<ref name="A Brief History of Search & SEO"/><ref name="wordstream.come"/><ref name="seo.comf">{{cite web |title=THE HISTORY OF SEARCH |url=https://www.seo.com/blog/the-history-of-search-infographic/ |website=seo.com |accessdate=10 January 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1993 || September 2 || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:W3Catalog|W3Catalog]], written by [[wikipedia:Oscar Nierstrasz|Oscar Nierstrasz]] at the [[wikipedia:University of Geneva|University of Geneva]], is released to the world. It is the world's first web search engine. It does not rely on a crawler and indexer but rather on already existing high-quality lists of websites. One of its main drawbacks is that the bot accesses each page hundreds of times each day, causing performance degradation.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://scg.unibe.ch/archive/software/w3catalog/|title=W3 Catalog History}}</ref><ref name="virtual">{{cite web|url=http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/|title=Virtual documents that explain How Things Work: Dynamically generated question-answering documents|author=Thomas R. Gruber, Sunil Vemuri and James Rice|date=December 1995|publisher=Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Search Engine |url=https://thisdayintechhistory.com/09/02/first-search-engine/|website=thisdayintechhistory.com |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
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| 1993 || September || Search engine launch || Oliver McBryan at the {{w|University of Colorado Boulder}} develops the {{w|World Wide Web Worm}}, an early search engine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Engl |first1=a subsidiary of W. W. Norton He is an Arsenal fan; Gator fan; |last2=Penelope |first2=fan In that order In 2014 he was the co-founder of a startup human named |last3=Twitter |first3=in 2016 he launched Maxwell into beta |title=Was The World Wide Web Worm the First Web Search Engine? |url=http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2016/11/was-the-world-wide-web-worm-the-first-web-search-engine/ |website=Internet History Podcast |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1993 || October/November || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Aliweb|Aliweb]], a web search engine created by [[wikipedia:Martijn Koster|Martijn Koster]], is announced. It does not use a web robot, but instead depends on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format. The absence of a bot means that less bandwidth is used; however, most website administrators are not aware of the need to submit their data.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maze |first1=Susan |last2=Moxley |first2=David |last3=Smith |first3=Donna J. |title=Authoritative Guide to Web Search Engines |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZkxqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&dq=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUwJaDttToAhUiHbkGHb6JDMsQ6AEIYzAH}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Auxiliar Administrativo. Servicio Canario de Salud. SCS. Temario Vol. II. |edition=Editorial CEP |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7y-xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326&dq=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUwJaDttToAhUiHbkGHb6JDMsQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=%22Aliweb%22%20%221993%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="ddd">{{cite book |title=Enhancing the Power of the Internet |edition=Masoud Nikravesh, Ben Azvine, Ronald R. Yager, Lofti A. Zadeh |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R2f8CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUwJaDttToAhUiHbkGHb6JDMsQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Aliweb%22%20%221993%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1993 || December || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:JumpStation|JumpStation]], created by [[wikipedia:Jonathon Fletcher|Jonathon Fletcher]], is released. It is the first WWW resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching).<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/03/15/why-we-nearly-mcgoogled-it-545208/|title = Why we nearly McGoogled it|date = March 15, 2009|accessdate = February 3, 2014|publisher = ''Metro''}}</ref> This is the first web search engine to use a crawler and indexer. It is often considered to be the first "modern search engine".<ref name="MUO"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1993 || || Statistics || At this time, there are approximately 600 websites online.<ref name="seo.comf"/><ref name="William R.">{{cite book |last1=Parkhurst |first1=William R. |title=Routing First-step |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IzR8ycHGTEkC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=%221993%22+%22600+websites%22&source=bl&ots=P7bG2az1m1&sig=ACfU3U3M67pbWKsSJifP7hSGSq3Lw_eiqA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwith_WnuNToAhVzIrkGHWoCCHkQ6AEwCnoECAUQKQ#v=onepage&q=%221993%22%20%22600%20websites%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1993 || || Statistics (internet userbase) || The are about 10 million internet users at this time.<ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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| 1994 || January || Search engine launch || {{w|Stanford University}} students {{w|Jerry Wang}} and {{w|David Filo}} create {{w|Yahoo!}} in a campus trailer. Yahoo starts originally as an Internet bookmark list and directory of interesting sites. Webmasters have to manually submit their page to the Yahoo directory for indexing so that it would be there for Yahoo to find when someone performed a search.<ref>{{cite book |last1=So |first1=Shermon |last2=Westland |first2=J.Christopher |title=Red Wired: China’s Internet revolution |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vbqIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22yahoo%22+%221994%22+%22wang%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidqce2vtToAhX4HLkGHcw-BL4Q6AEIVDAF#v=onepage&q=%22yahoo%22%20%221994%22%20%22wang%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Huff |first1=Priscilla Y |title=Business and Industry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mywYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22yahoo%22+%221994%22+%22wang%22+%22filo%22&dq=%22yahoo%22+%221994%22+%22wang%22+%22filo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNs-HSvtToAhWNErkGHVkZBGkQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref name="20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization">{{cite web |title=20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/seo-101/seo-history/#close |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=19 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="wordstream.come"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1994 || January || Search engine launch || Web search engine and navigation service {{w|Infoseek}} is launched.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/> Originally operated by the Infoseek Corporation, headquartered in {{w|Sunnyvale, California}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Directions to Infoseek |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970702014416/http://info.infoseek.com/doc/contact.html |website=web.archive.org |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>, it would be bought by {{w|The Walt Disney Company}} in 1999,<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney absorbs Infoseek - Jul. 12, 1999 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308025022/http://money.cnn.com/1999/07/12/deals/disney/ |website=web.archive.org |access-date=11 November 2022 |date=8 March 2018}}</ref> and the technology would merge with that of the Disney-acquired {{w|Starwave}} to form the {{w|Go.com}} network.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Slade on 80s Microsoft, NeXT, Starwave and Steve Jobs’ Return to Apple {{!}} Internet History Podcast |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606091705/http://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2016/09/mike-slade-on-80s-microsoft-next-starwave-and-steve-jobs-return-to-apple/ |website=web.archive.org |access-date=11 November 2022 |date=6 June 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1994 || March || Search engine launch || The {{w|World-Wide Web Worm}} is released. It is claimed to have been created in September 1993, at which time there did not exist any crawler-based search engine, but it is not the earliest at the time of its actual release. It supports [[wikipedia:Perl|Perl]]-based regular expressions.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/> ||
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|-
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| 1994 || April 20 || Search engine launch || The {{w|WebCrawler}} search engine, created by Brian Pinkerton at the [[wikipedia:University of Washington|University of Washington]], goes live on the Web with a database containing pages from just over 4000 different Web sites.<ref name=internetseh/> Unlike its predecessors, it allows users to search for any word in any webpage, which would become the standard for all major search engines since. At first a desktop application, WebCrawler would become a Web service as it is today. WebCrawler. It is the first Web search engine to provide full text search.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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|-
 +
| 1994 || April || Web directory launch || {{w|Yahoo!}} launches its web directory.<ref name=internetseh/> Yahoo! would not build its own web search engine until 2002, relying until then on outsourcing the search function to other companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Question: Case Study Search Engines Stewart Clegg You All Use Search Engines, Right? Today They Are Ubiquitous |url=https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/case-study-search-engines-stewart-clegg-use-search-engines-right-today-ubiquitous-least-no-q56800589 |website=chegg.com |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1994 || || Search engine launch || Astalavista.com is launched as one of the first search engines for computer security information. At first hosting software exploits, it would quickly degenerate into a forum for sharing software cracks, spyware, and virii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astalavista.com hacked |url=https://www.cgisecurity.com/2009/06/astalavistacom-hacked.html |website=www.cgisecurity.com |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1994 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Isearch}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Isearch file extensions |url=https://www.file-extensions.org/isearch-file-extensions |website=www.file-extensions.org |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
 +
| 1994 || July || Search engine launch || {{w|Lycos}}, a web search engine, is released.<ref name=internetseh/> It began as a research project by {{w|Michael Loren Mauldin}} of [[w:Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon University's]] main {{w|Pittsburgh}} campus.
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|-
 +
| 1994 || || Statistics || The number of websites grows to 10,000, up from 600 websites in 1993.<ref name="William R."/> ||
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|-
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| 1995 || || Web directory launch || {{w|LookSmart}} is released. It competes with {{w|Yahoo!}} as a web directory, and the competition makes both directories more inclusive. ||
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|-
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| 1995 || July 7 || Search engine launch || {{w|MetaCrawler}} is launched at the {{w|University of Washington}}. It is one of the earliest meta search services. In 1997, it would be purchased by InfoSpace, an online content provider.<ref name="Metacrawlers and Me">{{cite web |title=Metacrawlers and Metasearch Engines |url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2005/03/23/metacrawlers-and-metasearch-engines/ |website=Search Engine Watch |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=23 March 2005}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1995 || September || Search engine launch || [[w:SAPO (company)|SAPO]] is created at the Computer Science Center of the {{w|University of Aveiro}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sapo was - Translation into Spanish - examples English {{!}} Reverso Context |url=https://context.reverso.net/translation/english-spanish/Sapo+was |website=context.reverso.net |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1995 || December || Search engine launch || {{w|AltaVista}} goes live.<ref name="MUO">{{cite web |title=8 Search Engines That Rocked Before Google Even Existed |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/7-search-engines-that-rocked-before-google-even-existed/ |website=MUO |access-date=2 March 2022 |date=30 November 2015}}</ref> It would quickly become one of the most popular search engines in the 1990s. This is a first among web search engines in many ways: it has unlimited bandwidth, allows natural language queries, has search tips, and allows people to add or delete their domains in 24 hours.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/> This web search engine supports natural language queries. ||
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|-
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| 1995 || Late year || Search engine launch || {{w|Excite}} is commercially released as a crawling search engine.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=DESAI |first1=SANDEEP |last2=SRIVASTAVA |first2=ABHISHEK |title=SOFTWARE TESTING : A Practical Approach |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B4sQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280&dq=Excite+1995&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibwo7-pNToAhVFE7kGHU08B3kQ6AEIQjAD#v=onepage&q=Excite%201995&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Comm |first1=Joel |title=Click Here to Order: Stories of the World's Most Successful Internet Marketing Entrepreneurs |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YkEdWYvuUk8C&pg=PA263&dq=Excite+1995&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibwo7-pNToAhVFE7kGHU08B3kQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=Excite%201995&f=false}}</ref> It is one of the first search engines that provide more than just search, also offering portals for news and weather, an email service, an instant messaging service, stock quotes, and a fully customizable homepage. In 1996, Excite would purchase WebCrawler and sign exclusive agreements with many of the largest tech companies, including {{w|Microsoft}} and [[w:Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref name="MUO"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1995 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Job search engine}} {{w|CareerBuilder}} is launched.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rainer |first1=R. Kelly |last2=Kelly |first2=Reiner R. |last3=Prince |first3=Brad |title=Introduction to Information Systems |date=28 January 2022 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-85993-2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Y75VEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA439&lpg=PA439&dq=1995+CareerBuilder+is+launched&ots=x9JFxZZEi7&sig=ACfU3U2lzIdZ3vdZUGseu6BrNURZXFFDFA&hl=en#v=onepage&q=1995%20CareerBuilder%20is%20launched&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1995 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Search.ch}} is launched. It is a {{w|search engine}} and {{w|web portal}} for {{w|Switzerland}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search.ch - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/search-ch |website=Crunchbase |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
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|-
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| 1995 || || Web portal launch || {{w|Walla!}} is launched. It provides news, search (powered by Google Search) and e-mail, among other things.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walla! News |url=https://spot.io/case-studies/walla-news/ |website=Spot by NetApp |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
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|-
 +
| 1995 || || Statistics || The number of websites grows to 100,000, up from 10,000 websites in 1994.<ref name="William R."/> ||
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|-
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| 1996 || Early year || Search engine launch || Job search engine {{w|Yahoo! HotJobs}} is launched.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bahareth |first1=Mohammad |title=Kings of the Internet: What You Don't Know about Them ? |date=18 April 2012 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4697-9842-4 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Kh7rQNQHicwC&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=1996+Early+year+Yahoo%21+HotJobs+is+launched&ots=FRwc8T1j3o&sig=ACfU3U2I1vj1-vbKyeDVIKUiN29mrTazFg&hl=en#v=onepage&q=1996%20Early%20year%20Yahoo!%20HotJobs%20is%20launched&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1996 || January 11 || Search engine launch || {{w|Yahoo! Japan}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Yahoo Japan Is Worth Nearly As Much As Yahoo |url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/08/23/3-reasons-why-the-internet-in-japan-is-ruled-by-one-single-company-yahoo/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> The company would be the second largest search engine used in Japan as of July 2021, with a market share of 19% behind Google's 77%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search Engine Market Share Japan |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/search-engine-market-share/all/japan/#monthly-201001-202107 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |access-date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Since 6 April 2022, Yahoo Japan's services are not available in the {{w|European Economic Area}} and the {{w|United Kingdom}}, due to "excessive regulatory burden".<ref>{{cite web |title=archive.ph |url=https://archive.ph/2022.02.03-121232/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14538476 |website=archive.ph |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Byford |first1=Sam |title=Yahoo Japan is going dark in Europe |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/1/22911965/yahoo-japan-europe-offline-regulations-compliance-gdpr |website=The Verge |access-date=3 October 2022 |date=1 February 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
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|-
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| 1996 || February 6 || Search engine launch ({{w|web mapping}}) || American free online web mapping service {{w|MapQuest}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=MapQuest: "We've Come Out Of Hibernation" |url=https://searchengineland.com/mapquest-weve-come-out-of-hibernation-15608 |website=Search Engine Land |access-date=22 April 2022 |language=en |date=25 November 2008}}</ref> It is a search engine that allows users to find information about places in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Much Money Is A Navigation Application Worth? |url=https://www.icsid.org/business/how-much-money-is-a-navigation-application-worth/ |website=icsid.org |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1996 || February 19 || Search engine launch || Indian news, information, entertainment and {{w|shopping}} web portal {{w|Rediff.com}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=rediff |url=https://www.rediff.com/investor/1996.htm |website=rediff |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> It is a popular Indian portal and its search engine is widely used.  || {{w|India}}
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|-
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| 1996 || January–March || Search engine launch || {{w|Stanford University}} students {{w|Larry Page}} and {{w|Sergey Brin}} build and test [[w:BackRub (search engine)|Backrub]], a new search engine that ranks sites based on inbound link relevancy and popularity. The crawler begins activity in March.<ref name=internetseh/> Backrub would ultimately become {{w|Google}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Breverton |first1=Terry |title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT559&dq=backrub+1996&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSo8P3qNToAhVUDrkGHd4jBoYQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=backrub%201996&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=MIRANDA GONZALEZ |first1=FRANCISCO JAVIER |last2=RUBIO LACOBA |first2=SERGIO |last3=CHAMORRO MERA |first3=ANTONIO |title=Dirección de operaciones. Casos prácticos y recursos didácticos |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N9r7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&dq=backrub+1996&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSo8P3qNToAhVUDrkGHd4jBoYQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=backrub%201996&f=false}}</ref><ref name="20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization"/><ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 1996 || April 1 || Search engine launch || {{w|Alexa Internet}} is launched as a web traffic data, global rankings, and other information on over 30 million websites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexa.com Going Away - Old Tool SEOs Used To Predict Google Rankings |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/alexa-com-going-away-32568.html |website=seroundtable.com |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1996 || || Search engine launch || [[w:Fireball (search engine)|Fireball]] is launched. It is the first ever German search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fireball (Search Engine) Alternatives |url=https://alternativeto.net/software/fireball-search-engine-/ |website=alternativeto |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
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| 1996 || || Business model || Search engine Open Text starts offering pay per click programs, as a means to finance its service.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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|-
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| 1996 || || Search engine launch || {{w|MetaGer}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=López |first1=José María |title=Buscadores online que protegerán tu privacidad |url=https://blogthinkbig.com/buscadores-online-privacidad |website=Blogthinkbig.com |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=es |date=30 June 2020}}</ref> It is a German meta search engine that prioritizes user privacy and neutral results.<ref>{{cite web |title=MetaGer Search - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=de.metager.metagerapp&hl=en&gl=US&pli=1 |website=play.google.com |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
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| 1996 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Seznam.cz}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Snížek |first1=Pavel |title=About us |url=https://o.seznam.cz/en/about-us/ |website=About Seznam |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a {{w|web portal}} and {{w|search engine}} in the {{w|Czech Republic}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seznam.cz |url=https://kromnix.com/tech-provider/seznam-cz/ |website=Kromnix |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Czechia}}
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|-
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| 1996 || May || Search engine launch || Inktomi software is incorporated in the widely-used {{w|HotBot}} search engine, which would displace AltaVista as the leading web-crawler-based search engine, and which would in turn be displaced by Google.<ref name="Seymour"/><ref name=internetseh/><ref name="tellmeyourgoal.coms"/> "HotBot is one of the early Internet search engines and was launched in May 1996. It updated its searchdatabase more often than its competitors. HotBot was one of the first search engines to offer the ability to searchwithin search results. HotBot also offered free webpage hosting, but only for a short time, and it was taken downwithout any notice to its users. HotBot proved itself to be one of the most powerful search engines of its day, with aspider capable of indexing 10 million pages a day. This meant HotBot not only had the most up to date list ofavailable new sites and pages, but was capable of re-indexing all previously indexed pages to ensure they were allup to date as well."<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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| 1996 || June 14 || Search engine launch || {{w|WebMD}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Whois Lookup Captcha |url=https://whois.domaintools.com/healtheon.com |website=whois.domaintools.com |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> It offers medical news, features, reference material, and online community programs.<ref>{{cite web |title=About WebMD |url=https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/default.htm |website=WebMD |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1996 || July 31 || Search engine launch || {{w|Mamma.com}} launches. It is one of the oldest meta search engines on the web.<ref name="Metacrawlers and Me"/> ||
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|-
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| 1996 || August || Search engine launch || News website {{w|Yahoo! News}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=About: Yahoo! News |url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Yahoo!_News |website=dbpedia.org |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1996 || || Statistics || The number of websites grows to 650,000, up from 100,000 websites in 1995.<ref name="seo.comf"/><ref name="William R."/> ||
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|-
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| 1996 || || Statistics (internet userbase) || The are about 74 million internet users at this time.<ref name="seo.comf"/> || 
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|-
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| 1996 || || Search engine launch || A search engine called "{{w|RankDex}}" from IDD Information Services, designed by {{w|Robin Li}}, launches, providing a strategy for site-scoring and page-ranking.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Li |first= Yanhong |date= August 6, 2002 |title= Toward a qualitative search engine |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume= 2 |issue= 4 |pages= 24–29 |doi= 10.1109/4236.707687}}</ref> ||
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| 1996 || || Organization || {{w|Northern Light Group}} is founded. It is an American technology company specializing in {{w|enterprise search}} technology, {{w|text analytics}} solutions and research engines that combine traditional [[w:Search engine (computing)|search engine]] functions with access to non-web based [[w:Periodical literature|publications]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 15, 1999|title=Guiding Light|page=16|magazine=CIO Enterprise|location=Framingham, MA|publisher=[[w:CIO magazine|CIO Communications, Inc.]]|issn=0894-9301}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1996 || || Search engine launch || {{w|GlobalSpec}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=GlobalSpec - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/globalspec |website=Crunchbase |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a technology services company which provides a {{w|search engine}} of engineering and industrial products.<ref>{{cite web |title=GlobalSpec - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/globalspec |website=Crunchbase |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1996 || November || Search engine launch || Meta-search engine {{w|Dogpile}} launches,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanson |first1=Dana |title=20 Things You Didn't Know About Dogpile |url=https://moneyinc.com/dogpile/ |website=Money Inc |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=6 February 2019}}</ref> pulling queries from Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, WebCrawler, Infoseek, AltaVista, HotBot, WhatUseek, and World Wide Web Worm. Developed by Aaron Flin, it also has the ability to search {{w|Usenet}}, making it one of the most comprehensive search tools on the web at the time.<ref name="MUO"/><ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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|-
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| 1997 || March || Search engine launch || AOL launches NetFind, its own branded search engine based on Excite. NetFind would be renamed to AOL Search in 1999. || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1997 || April || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Ask Jeeves|Ask Jeeves]] is released as a natural language web search engine that aims to rank links by popularity. It would later become [[wikipedia:Ask.com|Ask.com]].<ref name=internetseh/><ref name=official-google-history>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/about/company/history/|title = Our history in depth|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|date = September 15, 1997|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sajja |first1=Priti Srinivas |last2=Akerkar |first2=Rajendra |title=Intelligent Technologies for Web Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f_7RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&dq=%22Ask+Jeeves%22+%22in+1997%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj35ryevNToAhXYCrkGHfJmD80Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Ask%20Jeeves%22%20%22in%201997%22&f=false}}</ref> AskJeeves later becomes [[w:Ask.com|<code>ask.com</code>]].<ref name="seo.comf"/><ref name="tellmeyourgoal.coms"/><ref name="ddd"/> ||
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| 1997 || May || Search engine launch || South Korean web portal [[w:Daum (web portal)|Daum]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daum Communications Corp |url=https://research-doc.credit-suisse.com/docView?language=ENG&source=ulg&format=PDF&document_id=806269970&serialid=94BICU8wqgDJ4xMQTxafjhfUeqTifOJaaD9nafxAPeU%3D |website=research-doc.credit-suisse.com |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>  It offers Internet services to web users, including a free web-based e-mail, messaging service, forums, shopping, news and webtoon service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daum - Domains, IPs and App Information |url=https://www.netify.ai/resources/applications/daum#:~:text=Daum%20is%20a%20South%20Korean,shopping%2C%20news%20and%20webtoon%20service. |website=www.netify.ai |access-date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|South Korea}}
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| 1997 || || Search engine launch || Kompass ([https://fr.kompass.com/ kompass.com]) is launched.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1997 || June || Search engine launch || {{w|NetEase}} is established and launches a full Chinese search engine service.<ref name="Chinese search engine past">{{cite web |title=Chinese search engine past {{!}} domeet webmaster |url=https://www.ww01.net/en/archives/12359 |website=www.ww01.net |access-date=11 October 2021 |language=en-AU |date=16 August 2019}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
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| 1997 || || Search engine launch || [[w:LexisNexis|Lexis.com]] is launched as an internet research service.<ref>{{cite web |title=It's Last Rites for Lexis.com, As LexisNexis Sets Date for Shutdown {{!}} LawSites |url=https://www.lawnext.com/2016/12/last-rites-lexis-com-lexisnexis-sets-date-shutdown.html |website=www.lawnext.com |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=21 December 2016}}</ref> It is a subscription based legal database that expands on the content offered in [[w:LexisNexis|LexisNexis Academic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bowen |first1=Brandon |title=LibGuides: Paralegal Studies 110: Legal Research and Writing 1: Lexis Nexis |url=https://libraryguides.ldsbc.edu/c.php?g=411385&p=2803752 |website=libraryguides.ldsbc.edu |access-date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1997 || September 15 || Search engine launch || The domain [[w:Google|Google.com]] is registered.<ref name=official-google-history/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1997 || September 23 || New web search engine (non-English) || [[wikipedia:Arkady Volozh|Arkady Volozh]] and [[wikipedia:Ilya Segalovich|Ilya Segalovich]] launch their [[wikipedia:Russian (language)|Russian]] web search engine yandex.ru and publicly present it at the Softool exhibition in Moscow. The initial development is by Comptek; Yandex would become a separate company in 2000.<ref name="yandexcomhistory">[http://company.yandex.com/general_info/history.xml About Yandex &mdash; History of Yandex]. Retrieved May 24, 2011. [http://www.webcitation.org/5yvl8XgIr Archived copy].</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hidden Champions in CEE and Turkey: Carving Out a Global Niche |edition=Peter McKiernan, Danica Purg |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PGi4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&dq=%22Yandex+Search%22+%22september+23%22&source=bl&ots=1fQcDh-YcJ&sig=ACfU3U0WxatvZ4q6wbel4tAr59N4KAbUWQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZxYvk1ovpAhWQGbkGHVBvCWYQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yandex%20Search%22%20%22september%2023%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnsen |first1=Maria |title=Multilingual Digital Marketing: Become The Market Leader |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vjOMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=%22Yandex+Search%22+%22september+23%22&source=bl&ots=8YgZ-E7AaI&sig=ACfU3U13sMAd0kRIllCx0hKkNrHo-mZcTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZxYvk1ovpAhWQGbkGHVBvCWYQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yandex%20Search%22%20%22september%2023%22&f=false}}</ref> It is Russia’s largest search engine.<ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 1997 || || Statistics || The number of websites surpasses 1,000,000, up from 650,000 websites in 1996.<ref name="William R."/><ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 1998 || January 9 || Search engine launch || {{w|The Walt Disney Company}} registers {{w|Go.com}}, a portal for Disney content. ||
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|-
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| 1998 || February || Search engine launch || Sohu is established in China and publishes search engine.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 1997 || April || Search engine launch || MySimon.com is founded by Michael Yang and Yeogirl Yun. It is launched as a comparison shopping engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysimon.Com {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/economics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mysimoncom |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref>
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|-
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| 1998 || || Search engine launch || Dutch {{w|search engine}} {{w|Startpage.com}} [https://startpage.com/] launches. It highlights privacy as its distinguishing feature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=www.epic.org |first1=Electronic Privacy Information Center- |title=Privacy.org - The Source for News, Information, and Action |url=https://privacy.org/archives/002527.html |website=privacy.org |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best (and Worst) Search Engines for Privacy in 2022 {{!}} ExpressVPN Blog |url=https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/6-search-engines-abuse-your-privacy/ |website=Home of internet privacy |access-date=31 January 2022 |date=2 November 2016}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
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|-
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| 1998 || June 5 || New web directory || Gnuhoo is launched as a web directory project by [[wikipedia:Rich Skrenta|Rich Skrenta]] and [[wikipedia:Bob Truel|Bob Truel]], both employees of [[wikipedia:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]].<ref name=internetseh/><ref name="SlashdotGnuhoo">{{cite web|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=98/06/23/0849239| accessdate = April 27, 2007|work={{w|Slashdot}} | title=The GnuHoo BooBoo}}</ref> It would later be renamed the [[wikipedia:Open Directory Project|Open Directory Project]] (DMOZ), and become the default way of finding information on the web for many, with a search function for faster directory navigation.<ref name=ghh>{{cite web |last1=Hendy |first1=Carl |title=The History of Search Engines |url=https://carlhendy.com/history-of-search-engines/ |website=carlhendy.com |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It would close on March 17, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sullivan |first1=Danny |title=DMOZ has officially closed after nearly 19 years of humans trying to organize the web |url=https://searchengineland.com/dmoz-has-officially-closed-271530 |website=Search Engine Land |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=en |date=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Dmoz Was Closed ? |url=https://www.resource-zone.com/forum/t/why-dmoz-was-closed.53529/ |website=Resource-Zone |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1998 || July–September || New web search portal || [[wikipedia:MSN|MSN]] launches a search portal called MSN Search, using search results from {{w|Inktomi}}. After many changes to the backend search engine, MSN would start developing in-house search technology in 2005, and later change its name to [[wikipedia:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] in June 2009. ||
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|-
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| 1998 || September 4 || Search engine launch || {{w|Google}} is launched by {{w|Larry Page}} and {{w|Sergey Brin}}, both PhD students at {{w|Stanford University}}. Its success woud be attributed to {{w|PageRank}}, a patented algorithm that ranks webpages based on their relevance to a search string. Unlike other search engines that use keyword-based methods to rank results, PageRank analyzes links between webpages to determine their importance. Pages that are linked from many important pages are considered to be important themselves. This approach is different from traditional methods that ranked pages based on keyword frequency or association.<ref name="Seymour"/> In addition to its search engine, over time, Google would expand its services to include email ({{w|Gmail}}), online document storage ({{w|Google Drive}}), online maps ({{w|Google Maps}}), and more.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Google Products and Services – IndexRise.com |url=http://www.indexrise.com/google-services/ |website=indexrise.com |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> By 2019, with a market share of 92%, Google would become the uncontested leader in internet search, which would also lead it to become the most frequently visited website globally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hito |first1=Martin |title=A Googol of Googles: How the King of Search Impacts Us |url=https://actonline.org/2019/09/25/a-googol-of-googles-how-the-king-of-search-impacts-us/#:~:text=Literally%20synonymous%20with%20conducting%20a,visited%20website%20in%20the%20world. |website=ACT {{!}} The App Association |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1998 || Third quarter || Search engine launch || MSN Search is launched, using search results from {{w|Inktomi}}. A search engine by {{w|Microsoft}}, it comprises a search engine, index, and web crawler.<ref name="Seymour"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1998 || || Search engine launch || Maktoob.com is founded in {{w|Amman}} ({{w|Jordan}}) as an online service. Known for being the first Arabic/English {{w|email}} service provider,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-29/syrias-tech-startups-find-a-refuge-in-jordan |title=Syria's Tech Startups Find a Refuge in Jordan |website=Bloomberg.com |date=30 April 2013 |author=Patrick Clark |access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> It would be acquired in 2009 by {{w|Yahoo!}} and renamed {{w|Yahoo! Maktoob}}, turning Maktoob Yahoo!'s official arm in the {{w|MENA}} region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confirmed: Yahoo Acquires Arab Internet Portal Maktoob |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2009/08/25/confirmed-yahoo-acquires-arab-internet-portal-maktoob/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vijay |title=The Arab World Unbound: Tapping into the Power of 350 Million Consumers |date=13 July 2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-23642-0 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KbdqOxtdnHMC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=1998+Yahoo!+Maktoob&source=bl&ots=5w2Mr2jB5E&sig=ACfU3U1U7c0FbOyTKvSw6hYiajnmC9r-_w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjcz8S2iYP4AhVIR7gEHfFvDPIQ6AF6BAgUEAM#v=onepage&q=1998%20Yahoo!%20Maktoob&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United Arab Emirates}}
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|-
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| 1998 || || Search engine launch || [[w:Yahoo! Gemini|Goto.com]] launches with sponsored links and paid search. Advertisers bid on Goto.com to rank above organic search results, which are powered by {{w|Inktomi}}. Goto.com would change its name to Overture in 2001<ref name="Seymour"/>, and would be purchased by {{w|Yahoo!}} in 2003.<ref name="20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization"/><ref name="amcodigital.com"/> || 
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|-
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| 1998 || || {{w|Web portal}} launch || {{w|Empas}} launches in {{w|South Korea}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Empas - 2 definitions - Encyclo |url=http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-Empas |website=www.encyclo.co.uk |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> It would become one of the popular total internet search tools and web portal sites in South Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=Empas Sent to Portals’ Graveyard |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2015/05/129_35885.html |website=koreatimes |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en |date=10 December 2008}}</ref>, before merging with Nate.com.<ref>{{cite web |title=Empas Sent to Portals’ Graveyard |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630150409/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2015/05/129_35885.html |website=web.archive.org |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=30 June 2016}}</ref> || {{w|South Korea}}
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|-
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| 1999 || January || Search engine launch || Job search engine {{w|Monster.com}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monster.com |url=https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/WIKIPEDI/W110114M.pdf |website=immagic |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> By search volume, it is one of the largest job listing sites in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monster.com Review {{!}} Job Search Sites |url=https://money.com/monster-job-search-sites-review/ |website=Money |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1999 || February || Search engine launch || Chinese technology company {{w|Sina Corporation}} launches SinaSearch.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 1999 || February 18 || Search engine launch || {{w|Leit.is}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=leit.is whois lookup - who.is |url=https://who.is/whois/leit.is |website=who.is |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Iceland}}
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|-
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| 1999 || May || Search engine launch || {{w|AlltheWeb}} is launched by Egge's company [[wikipedia:Fast Search & Transfer|Fast Search & Transfer]]. It is based on the Ph.D. thesis of Tor Egge at the [[wikipedia:Norwegian University of Science and Technology|Norwegian University of Science and Technology]], titled ''FTP Search''.<ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web |title=All powerful search engine launches |url=https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/all-powerful-search-engine-launches/ |website=ZDNet |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1999 || June 28 || Search engine launch || Alibaba.com is founded.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 1999 || || Research || Korgaonkar and Wolin describe a seven-factor structure of web use where social escapism, transactional privacy, informational needs, interactive control, socialisation, non-transactional privacy and economic motivation are the motivators. Information retrieval and escapism (their analogue to entertainment) are found to be the most prominent motives for web use.<ref>Korgaonkar, P. K., & Wolin, L. D. (1999). A multivariate analysis of Web usage. ''Journal of Advertising Research'', 38, 53–68.</ref><ref name="Lewandowski"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1999 || || Research || T.D. Wilson models the search process as an integral part of information (use) behavior.<ref>Wilson, T. D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249–270.</ref> ||
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|-
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| 1999 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|GenieKnows}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bell Aliant and GenieKnows Enter into Strategic Internet Search Relationship |url=https://bce.ca/news-and-media/releases/show/bell-aliant-and-genieknows-enter-into-strategic-internet-search-relationship |website=bce.ca |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=English}}</ref> Based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, it is a privately owned vertical search engine company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Genieknows (Paperback) |url=https://www.loot.co.za/product/frederic-p-miller-genieknows/bhzv-1588-g280 |website=www.loot.co.za |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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|-
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| 1999 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Business.com}} is launched, aiming to be the Internet's leading search engine for small business and corporate information.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business.com - In The News |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806025655/http://www.business.com/info/news/sv.asp |website=web.archive.org |access-date=9 March 2022 |date=6 August 2007}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1999 || || Statistics || The number of websites online reaches 2.2 million.<ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 1999 || || Statistics (internet userbase) || The number of internet users reaches 279 million.<ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 1999 || || Search engine launch || South Korean portal website {{w|Naver}} ([https://www.naver.com/ naver.com]) launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naver Corporation |url=https://www.navercorp.com/en/naver/company |website=www.navercorp.com |access-date=23 December 2021 |language=ko}}</ref> As of 2022, it is the most used website/app in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Vs. Naver in Korea: Ultimate Guide to SEO in the Korean Search Engine |url=https://www.link-assistant.com/news/naver-vs-google-in-korea.html |website=www.link-assistant.com |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|South Korea}}
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|-
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| 1999 || September || Notable expansion || The Yahoo China website is launched.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 1999 || November 30 || Search engine launch || {{w|Kelkoo Group}} is launched, and begins offering his services to the English online market. It is one of the oldest shopping engines in Europe.  In 2017, Kelkoo would become Google's first premium Comparison Shopping Services partner. At present, it enables online stores to advertise their products in over 40 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kelkoo, Mergado.com |url=https://www.mergado.com/channel/kelkoo |website=www.mergado.com |access-date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 2000 || January 1 || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Baidu|Baidu]] ([https://www.baidu.com/ baidu.com]) launches. It is a Chinese company that would grow to provide many search-related services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baidu |url=https://go.fisita.com/membership/corporate/baidu |website=go.fisita.com |access-date=9 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2000 || || Search engine launch || [[w:Grub (search engine)|Grub]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=grub.org - world's first distributed search engine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001209031600/http://www.grub.org/investors.html |website=web.archive.org |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=9 December 2000}}</ref> It is an open source distributed search crawler platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grub - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/grub-2 |website=Crunchbase |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It uses a distributed computing model to index web pages.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calore |first1=Michael |title=Wikia Buys Grub to Help Power New Search Project |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/07/wikia-buys-grub-to-help-power-new-search-project/ |website=Wired |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2000 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Newslookup}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newslookup.com: About Us |url=https://newslookup.com/about.html |website=newslookup.com |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> It is a news search engine and news aggregator.<ref name="Hockman">{{cite web |last1=Hockman |first1=Stephen |title=Top 100 Search Engines List (One Hundred Best In the World) |url=https://seochatter.com/top-100-search-engines-list/ |website=seochatter.com |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=en-us |date=6 April 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2000 || || Search engine launch || Exalead is launched in France by Francois Bourdoncle. It features search within results, proximity search using the NEAR operator, regular expressions, wildcard and phonetic search.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exalead: the french search engine that can |url=https://www.searchenginepeople.com/blog/exalead-the-french-search-engine-that-can.html |website=Search Engine People Blog |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=26 June 2007}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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|-
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| 2000 || || Search engine launch || Swedish-based image search engine {{w|Picsearch}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Picsearch proveedor tecnológico para búsqueda de imágenes del Grupo TPI en España - Picsearch proporcionará el servicio de búsqueda de imágenes en el mercado español, a través del buscador Noxtrum.com, gracias al acuerdo firmado con el Grupo TPI en España |url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/picsearch/pressreleases/picsearch-proveedor-tecnologico-para-busqueda-de-imagenes-del-grupo-tpi-en-espana-picsearch-proporcionara-el-servicio-de-busqueda-de-imagenes-en-158616 |website=Mynewsdesk |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=sv}}</ref> It can be used to search images on a variety of topics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Image Search Engines on the Web (2020) for Finding Images |url=https://geekthingy.com/5-best-image-search-engine-2017/ |website=Geek Thingy |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=6 June 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
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|-
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| 2000 || June 21 || Search engine launch || {{w|Vivisimo}} is founded as a privately held enterprise search software company in Pittsburgh that develops and sellssoftware products to improve search on the web and in enterprises.<ref name="Seymour"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2000 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Koders}} is launched. A search engine for open source code, it would merge in 2012 with [[w:Ohloh|Ohloh Code]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackducksoftware.com/news/releases/2012-10-25|title=Black Duck Announces Ohloh Enhancements Providing New Visibility into Open Source Activities Affiliated With Organizations, Expanded Code Search Capabilities|publisher=Black Duck Software |date=October 25, 2012}}</ref> ||
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| 2000 || October || {{w|Online advertising}} || Google AdWords is launched as a search engine [[w:online advertising|advertising service]]<ref>{{cite web |title=How to use Google Ads for restaurants {{!}} Flipdish |url=https://www.flipdish.com/resources/blog/how-to-use-google-ads-for-restaurants |website=Global |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> developed by {{w|Google}}, where advertisers bid to display brief [[w:Copywriting|advertisements]], service offerings, product listings, or videos to web users.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover How To Create Your Ads - Google Ads |url=https://ads.google.com/home/how-it-works/ |website=ads.google.com |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Initially released on a CPM (cost per thousand impressions) basis, it would transition to PPC (pay per click) in 2002. Later that year, Overture would file a lawsuit, claiming that Google had stolen their proprietary technology, as Google AdWords PPC model is remarkably similar to Overture’s patented advertising platform. After {{w|Yahoo!}} acquires Overture, in 2004, Google would settle the lawsuit, offering Yahoo 2.7 million GOOG shares as compensation.<ref name=ghh/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2001 || April || Search engine launch || {{w|Teoma}} is launched by Professor {{w|Apostolos Gerasoulis}} and his colleagues at {{w|Rutgers University}} in {{w|New Jersey}}.  Featuring a link popularity algorithm, unlike PageRank algorithm by Google, technology of Teoma analyzes links in context to rank a web page's importance within its specific subject. For instance, a web page about ―baseball‖ would rank higher if other web pages about―baseball link to it.<ref name="Seymour"/> On February 26, 2006, the {{w|Teoma}} search engine would be rebranded and redirected to search.ask.com.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ask.com Blog: Another Brand Retirement of Note: Teoma |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301032253/http://blog.ask.com/2006/02/another_brand_r.html |website=web.archive.org |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=1 March 2006}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2001 || || Concept development || The term "Search Engine Marketing" is proposed by Danny Sullivan to cover the spectrum of activities involved in performing {{w|search engine optimization}}, managing paid listings at the search engines, submitting sites to directories, and developing online marketing strategies for businesses, organizations, and individuals.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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| 2001 || July 28 || Search engine launch || {{w|Google Image Search}} (later Google Images) is launched.<ref name="Search Engine Land">{{cite web |title=The Top 7 Milestones Of Google Search |url=https://searchengineland.com/the-top-7-milestones-of-google-search-173578 |website=Search Engine Land |access-date=18 February 2022 |language=en |date=10 October 2013}}</ref> It is the most comprehensive and known search engine of its kind.<ref>{{cite web |title=11 Image Search Engines to Source and Reverse Search Images (2022) |url=https://www.oberlo.com/blog/image-search-engine |website=www.oberlo.com |access-date=3 October 2022 |language=en |date=19 May 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2001 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Kartoo}} is launched<ref>{{cite web |last1=Good |first1=Robin |title=New visual meta-search clustering engine with innovative visual interface (Flash based) |url=https://www.masternewmedia.org/2002/06/30/new_visual_metasearch_clustering_engine.htm |website=Robin Good's Master New Media |access-date=27 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as a meta {{w|search engine}}. It would cease operations in early 2010.<ref name="Lewandowski">{{cite book |last1=Lewandowski |first1=Dirk |title=Web Search Engine Research |date=19 April 2012 |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |isbn=978-1-78052-637-9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=T58oHo0e--IC&pg=PA262&lpg=PA262&dq=January+2010+%22KartOO%22+closed+down&ots=bvmiLKXU11&sig=ACfU3U3jNSg7YezZZaHJ0XN1-SQHOWpBtA&hl=en#v=onepage&q=January%202010%20%22KartOO%22%20closed%20down&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 2002 || March 7 || {{w|Web mapping}} || {{w|Yahoo! Maps}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yahoo! Launches New Maps Platform {{!}} Altaba Inc. |url=https://www.altaba.com/news-releases/news-release-details/yahoo-launches-new-maps-platform |website=www.altaba.com |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A free online mapping portal provided by Yahoo!, it would be shut down on June 30, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Barry |title=Yahoo Maps Hits A Dead End, Shutting Down End Of This Month |url=https://searchengineland.com/yahoo-maps-hits-a-dead-end-shutting-down-end-of-this-month-222359 |website=Search Engine Land |access-date=3 October 2022 |language=en |date=4 June 2015}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2002 || April || Research || Sellen, Murphy, and Shaw  publish a paper exploring the web goals of 24 knowledge workers, and find that these individuals engaged in 6 main activities: information gathering (35%), browsing (27%), finding (24%), transacting (5%), communicating (4%) and housekeeping (5%). The researchers asked focus group participants to categorize different information seeking activities on the web, and produced a similar typology consisting of fact-finding, information gathering, browsing and transactions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sellen |first1=Abigail J. |last2=Murphy |first2=Rachel |last3=Shaw |first3=Kate L. |title=How knowledge workers use the web |journal=Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Changing our world, changing ourselves - CHI '02 |date=2002 |pages=227 |doi=10.1145/503376.503418}}</ref><ref name="Lewandowski"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2002 || July 21 || Search engine launch || {{w|Gigablast}} ([https://www.gigablast.com/ gigablast.com]) launches in beta.<ref>{{cite web |title=New! GigaBlast in Beta |url=https://www.searchengineshowdown.com/2002/07/new_gigablast_in_beta/ |website=searchengineshowdown.com |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> It is a small independent web search engine based in {{w|New Mexico}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=What does gigablast mean |url=https://findwords.info/term/gigablast |website=findwords.info |access-date=27 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2002 || September || {{w|News aggregator}} || {{w|Google News}} is launched.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zelizer |first1=Barbie |last2=Allan |first2=Stuart |title=EBOOK: Keywords In News And Journalism Studies |date=16 May 2010 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK) |isbn=978-0-335-24082-1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bx1FBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=September+2002+google+news&source=bl&ots=uheW2SwzCZ&sig=ACfU3U1rYfVnO0igheeinHCDK6iL1_JZRg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8isyz-oL4AhUZlZUCHa34APUQ6AF6BAg6EAM#v=onepage&q=September%202002%20google%20news&f=false |language=en}}</ref> It is a personalized news aggregator.<ref>{{cite web |title=‎Google News |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/google-news/id459182288 |website=App Store |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2002 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|Technorati}} is launched<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Paul |title=Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies |date=19 April 2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-2868-7 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rRrOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=2002+November+Technorati+is+launched&ots=UKiv70fKiD&sig=ACfU3U05evZ3IS7MpNgUa_JK74rwHAcucw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=2002%20November%20Technorati%20is%20launched&f=false |language=en}}</ref> as a search engine and a publisher advertising platform that serves as an advertising solution for the thousands of websites in its network.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the new Technorati {{!}} Technorati |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310185743/http://technorati.com/welcome-to-the-new-technorati |website=web.archive.org |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=10 March 2016}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2002 || December 12 || Search engine launch || {{w|Google Shopping}} is launched as a search engine specialising in paid product ads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Shopping - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia |url=https://alchetron.com/Google-Shopping |website=Alchetron.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=18 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barbesier |first1=Patrice |title=Local Surfaces: How to display Google Shopping for free in Google Business Profile? |url=https://www.partoo.co/en/enterprise/blog/2020/12/17/local-surfaces-how-to-display-google-shopping-for-free-in-google-business-profile/#:~:text=1.,before%20becoming%20paid%20in%202012. |website=Partoo |access-date=3 November 2022 |date=17 December 2020}}</ref> ItT is is a service that hosts products from a wide variety of online vendors in a searchable format.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Still |first1=Jennifer |title=What is Google Shopping? How the e-commerce service works for buyers and sellers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/tech/google-shopping |website=Business Insider |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2002-3 || || Web search business consolidation || [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] buys Inktomi (2002) and then [[wikipedia:Overture Services Inc.|Overture Services Inc.]] (2003) which has already bought [[wikipedia:AlltheWeb|AlltheWeb]] and [[wikipedia:Altavista|Altavista]]. Starting 2003, Yahoo! starts using its own [[wikipedia:Yahoo Slurp|Yahoo Slurp]] web crawler to power [[wikipedia:Yahoo! Search|Yahoo! Search]]. Yahoo! Search combines the technologies of all Yahoo!'s acquisitions (until 2002, Yahoo! had been using Google to power its search). ||
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|-
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| 2003 || || Search engine launch || {{w|isoHunt}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=BitTorrent site isoHunt is shutting down after losing its fight with movie studios |url=https://www.avclub.com/bittorrent-site-isohunt-is-shutting-down-after-losing-i-1798241285 |website=The A.V. Club |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en-us |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> Once the third most popular search engine for Bittorrent files<ref>{{cite web |title=Isohunt search engine for Bittorrent to shut down and pay MPAA $110m |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/18/isohunt-bittorrent-search-shut-mpaa |website=the Guardian |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en |date=18 October 2013}}</ref>, it would be taken down in October 2013 as a result of a legal action from the {{w|MPAA}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Isohunt.com to Shut Down in Lawsuit Settlement |url=https://www.motionpictures.org/press/isohunt-com-to-shut-down-in-lawsuit-settlement/ |website=Motion Picture Association |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}<ref name="SeoDennis"/>
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|-
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| 2003 || || Statistics (internet userbase) || The number of websites online reaches 38 million.<ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 2003 || || Search engine launch || Torrentz.eu is launched. It would become one of the most popular torrent meta-search engines, before shutting down in 2016.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> ||
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|-
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| 2003 || October 8 || Acquisition || {{w|Yahoo!}} acquires online-advertising company {{w|Overture Services Inc.}} for about $1.83 billion, aiming to better compete with {{w|Google}}.<ref name="Seymour"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=options |first1=Show more sharing |last2=URLCopied! |first2=Copy Link |title=Yahoo Acquires Overture Services |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-oct-08-fi-overture8-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=8 October 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=StreetJournal |first1=Mylene MangalindanStaff Reporter of The Wall |title=Yahoo Agrees to Acquire Overture For $1.63 Billion |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB105818965623153600 |website=Wall Street Journal |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=15 July 2003}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2003 || June 8 || Opinion poll || The “China Computer Education News” holds a public beta campaign called “Baidu VS Google” to let users vote for their own minds. In the end, 55% would choose “Baidu is better than Google”.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 2003 || || Search engine launch|| {{w|Skyscanner}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=We’re the travel company who puts you first |url=https://www.skyscanner.net/about-us |website=www.skyscanner.net |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> It is a {{w|metasearch engine}} and {{w|travel agency}} based in {{w|Edinburgh}}, Scotland.<ref name=about/> The site is available in over 30 languages.<ref name=about>{{cite web | url=https://www.skyscanner.com/about-us | title=About Skyscanner | publisher=skyscanner.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/18/skyscanners-mobile-apps-hit-10m-downloads-letting-users-find-cheap-flights-on-the-go/ | title=Skyscanner's Mobile Apps Hit 10M Downloads, Letting Users Find Cheap Flights On The Go | last=O'Hear | first=Steve | work={{w|TechCrunch}} | date=27 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 2003 || August 1 || Search engine launch || Social networking site {{w|Myspace}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madrigal |first1=Nicholas Jackson, Alexis C. |title=The Rise and Fall of Myspace |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/01/the-rise-and-fall-of-myspace/69444/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en |date=12 January 2011}}</ref> It includes search engine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Loren |title=MySpace.com Now Featuring Google Search |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/myspacecom-featuring-google-search/4056/ |website=Search Engine Journal |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en |date=1 December 2006}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2003 || || Statistics (internet userbase) || The number of internet users reaches 782 million.<ref name="seo.comf"/> ||
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|-
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| 2003 || September 15 || Search engine launch || {{w|The Pirate Bay}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pirate Bay Celebrates 9th Anniversary, a Brief History * TorrentFreak |url=https://torrentfreak.com/pirate-bay-celebrates-9th-anniversary-a-brief-history-120915/ |website=torrentfreak |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a search engine, which has an index of torrent files.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pirate Bay – Darknet Diaries |url=https://darknetdiaries.com/episode/92/ |website=darknetdiaries.com |access-date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}<ref name="SeoDennis"/>
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|-
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| 2003 || December || Search engine launch || {{w|Wazap!}} is launched. It is a vertical {{w|search engine}}, {{w|video game}} database and {{w|social networking}} site to distribute gaming news, rankings, cheats, downloads and reviews owned and operated by East Beam Co. Ltd. of {{w|Japan}}. || {{w|Japan}}
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|-
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| 2004 || January 14 || Search engine launch || Travel search engine {{w|Kayak.com}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=KAYAK |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1312928/000131292812000013/R8.htm |website=www.sec.gov |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2004 || || SEO tool launch || Majestic is launched.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> It is a {{w|Search Engine Optimization}} software tool that specializes in link analysis.<ref>{{cite web |title=Majestic SEO Review: How Does This Link Building Tool Stack Up? |url=https://backlinko.com/majestic-seo-review |website=Backlinko |access-date=10 November 2022 |date=16 March 2020}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2004 || June 16 || Search engine launch || {{w|ht-//Dig}} is launched. A {{w|free software}} [[w:index (search engine)|index]]ing and [[w:search engine|searching]] system created by Andrew Scherpbier at {{w|San Diego State University}},<ref name="openvms">Winston, A.:"OpenVMS with Apache, OSU and WASD: The Nonstop Webserver", page 179. Digital Press, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ht://Dig: About the Author |url=http://htdig.sourceforge.net/author.html |website=htdig.sourceforge.net |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> it provides a {{w|search engine}} for a single website. ||
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|-
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| 2004 || June 24 || Search engine launch || [[w:BASE (search engine)|BASE]] ([https://www.base-search.net/ base-search.net]) is launched. Created by {{w|Bielefeld University}} Library in {{w|Bielefeld}}, {{w|Germany}},it is a multi-disciplinary {{w|search engine}} to scholarly internet resources. It is based on {{w|free and open-source software}} such as {{w|Apache Solr}} and {{w|VuFind}}.<ref name="migration2011">{{cite web| url=http://www.ub.uni-dortmund.de/listen/inetbib/msg44882.html |title=BASE Migration |first=Dirk |last=Pieper |publisher=InetBib |date=May 18, 2011 |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
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| 2004 || July || {{w|Video search engine}} launch || [[w:RhythmOne|Blinkx]] is launched<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Amy |title=Blinkx revamps search application |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2821986/blinkx-revamps-search-application.html |website=Computerworld |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en |date=7 March 2006}}</ref> as a video search engine allowing search of movie clips, news shows, music videos, full repeat telecasts of television soaps, audio clips and podcasts by retrieving results from popular video sharing sites like {{w|YouTube}}, {{w|Dailymotion}}, {{w|Google Video}}, {{w|Meta Café}} and {{w|MySpace}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blinx Video Search Tips and Tricks |url=https://www.brighthub.com/internet/google/articles/97915/ |website=www.brighthub.com |access-date=11 November 2022 |language=en |date=1 December 2010}}</ref> In June 2016, Blinkx plc would change its name to RhythmOne plc and begin trading as RhythmOne plc on the {{w|London Stock Exchange}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=RhythmOne – as blinkx changes its name, shareholders not as enthusiastic as the management guff |url=https://www.shareprophets.com/views/21578/rhythmone-as-blinkx-changes-its-name-shareholders-not-as-enthusiastic-as-the-management-guff |website=ShareProphets |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 2004 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Mobissimo}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobissimo officially launches travel search |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6505456 |website=NBC News |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a travel {{w|metasearch engine}} website based in {{w|San Francisco}}, California.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobissimo Company Profile {{!}} Management and Employees List |url=https://www.datanyze.com/companies/mobissimo/49318226 |website=Datanyze |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2004 || || Search engine launch || {{w|IceRocket}} is launched as an internet search engine specializing in real-time search.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meltwater Group Buys IceRocket Social Search Engine |url=https://www.writerswrite.com/meltwater-group-buys-icerocket-social-805111688 |website=Writers Write |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2004 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Redfin}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Online Brokerage Launches in DC - Washingtonian |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2007/08/03/online-brokerage-launches-in-dc/ |website=washingtonian |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=3 August 2007}}</ref> It is a search engine that allows prospetive home buyers to search on every single attribute of a home.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommender System Scenario Analysis |url=https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/601915_8aac20efdcde406bbe81a251fdd30f38.html |website=rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2004 || August 3 || Search engine launch || {{w|Sogou}} search engine ([https://www.sogou.com/ sogou.com]) is launched by Chinese technology company Sogou, Inc. || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 2004 || August 8 || {{w|Web mapping}} || {{w|OpenStreetMap}} ([www.openstreetmap.org openstreetmap.org]) is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is OpenStreetMap and how it is better than Google Maps |url=https://www.geoapify.com/what-is-openstreetmap-and-how-it-is-better-than-google-maps |website=Geoapify |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=en |date=2 July 2019}}</ref> It is a provider of geodata for any private search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=NLnet - OpenStreetMap Wiki |url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/NLnet |website=wiki.openstreetmap.org |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2004 || August || {{w|Public offering}} || {{w|Google}} is listed on the {{w|NASDAQ}}.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2004 || August 27 || Search engine launch || {{w|Yandex Maps}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yandex Maps |url=https://www.artlebedev.com/yandex/maps/ |website=www.artlebedev.com |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> It is a Russian {{w|web mapping}} service and map search engine developed by {{w|Yandex}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igismap.com/8-best-alternative-to-google-maps-classic-old-map/|title=8 Best Alternative to Google Maps - Classic old Map - GIS MAP INFO|date=30 May 2015|website=Igismap.com|access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="SeoDennis">{{cite web |title=The Most Up to Date Search Engines on Internet |url=https://www.seodennis.com/search-engines-list/ |website=SeoDennis |access-date=6 October 2022 |date=28 May 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
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|-
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| 2004 || September || Search engine launch || [[w:Amazon (company)|Amazon]] subsidiary A9.com, Inc. launches search engine {{w|A9.com}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A9.com Launches New Web Site to Make Internet Search More Effective; A9.com: A Search engine with a memory {{!}} Amazon.com, Inc. - Press Room |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/a9com-launches-new-web-site-make-internet-search-more-effective#:~:text=Press%20release-,A9.com%20Launches%20New%20Web%20Site%20to%20Make%20Internet%20Search,Search%20engine%20with%20a%20memory&text=PALO%20ALTO%2C%20Calif.%2C%20Sep,searching%20the%20Internet%20more%20effective. |website=press.aboutamazon.com |access-date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, Amazon would take down the A9.com site and point the domain name to Amazon's home page.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Mattioli |title=Amazon Changed Search Algorithm in Ways That Boost Its Own Products |quote=After the Journal's inquiries, Amazon took down its A9 website, which had stood for about a decade and a half. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-changed-search-algorithm-in-ways-that-boost-its-own-products-11568645345 |work={{w|The Wall Street Journal}} |date=September 16, 2019 |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2004 || September || Search engine launch || [[w:Yippy|Clusty]] is launched by {{w|Pittsburgh}}-based technology company {{w|Vivisimo}}. It would be later renamed Yippy, after being acquired by Yippy Inc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivisimo Launches New Clusty Search Engine |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/vivisimo-launches-new-clutsy-search-engine/911/#close |website=Search Engine Journal |access-date=11 October 2021 |language=en |date=30 September 2004}}</ref> ||
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| 2004 || October 14 || {{w|Desktop search}} || {{w|Google Desktop}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pogue |first1=David |title=Google Takes On Your Desktop |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/14/technology/circuits/google-takes-on-your-desktop.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=14 October 2004}}</ref> It is a desktop search software allowing text searches of a user's e-mails, computer files, music, photos, chats, Web pages viewed, and other "Google Gadgets".<ref>{{cite web |title=Should I remove Google Desktop by Google Inc? |url=https://www.shouldiremoveit.com/google-desktop-5589-program.aspx |website=Should I Remove It? |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2004 || October 18 || Search engine launch || {{w|Info.com}} [https://www.info.com/] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |first1= |title=New Metasearch Engine: Info.com |url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2004/10/18/new-metasearch-engine-info-com/ |website=Search Engine Watch |access-date=27 December 2021 |date=18 October 2004}}</ref> It is a metasearch engine which provides results from leading search engines and pay-per-click directories.<ref>{{cite web |title=What does info.com mean |url=https://findwords.info/term/info.com |website=findwords.info |access-date=27 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2004 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Mojeek}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mojeek Search Engine |url=https://www.studyeducation.org/study/mojeek-search-engine |website=www.studyeducation.org |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> It is a crawler-based search engine that provides internet search services to the general public.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mojeek |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/mojeek |website=crunchbase.com |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 2004 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|CiteULike}} ([https://citeulike.org/ citeulike.org])is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=About: CiteULike |url=https://dbpedia.org/page/CiteULike |website=dbpedia.org |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> It is a free web search engine which helps users search, share, and organize scholarly papers over the Internet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=LiLi |title=Scholarly Information Discovery in the Networked Academic Learning Environment |date=10 September 2014 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-78063-444-9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=llROAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=%22CiteULike%22+%22search+engine%22&ots=oMDb3Qpx-X&sig=ACfU3U1mpCKbsmod4ydagl7jUZkw_OalgQ&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22CiteULike%22%20%22search%20engine%22&f=false |language=en}}</ref> || United Kingdom
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| 2004 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|Indeed}} is launched as a search engine for jobs in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Comprehensive Search Engine for Jobs Launched in UK |url=https://www.indeed.com/press/releases/uk-launch |website=Indeed Press Room |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 2004 || November 20 || Search engine launch || {{w|Google Scholar}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Scholar revisited |url=https://tefkos.comminfo.rutgers.edu/Courses/e530/Readings/Jaszo%20Google%20scholar%202008.pdf |website=tefkos |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> It is a search engine specializing in searching scholarly literature and academic resources.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holt |first1=Annabelle |title=Research Guides: Google for Researchers: Google Scholar |url=https://libguides.uthsc.edu/google/scholar |website=libguides.uthsc.edu |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2004-5 || November (2004) - February (2005) || Change in backend providers || Microsoft starts using its own indexer and crawler for MSN Search rather than using blended results from [[wikipedia:LookSmart|LookSmart]] and [[wikipedia:Inktomi|Inktomi]]. ||
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| 2004 || December 6 || Search engine launch || {{w|Accoona}} launches<ref>{{cite web |title=New Search Engine: Accoona Launches |url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2004/12/06/new-search-engine-accoona-launches/ |website=Search Engine Watch |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=6 December 2004}}</ref> as a search engine with interactive tools that provides web, business and news results, powered by proprietary AI technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accoona - the new European search engine |url=https://blog.webcertain.com/accoona-the-new-european-search-engine/03/07/2006/ |website=multilingual search |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=3 July 2006}}</ref> It would be shut down in 2008.<ref name="Dead Search Engine Accoon">{{cite web |title=Dead Search Engine Accoona Officially Dead |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026074540/http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/dead-search-engine-accoona-officially-dead |website=web.archive.org |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=26 October 2008}}</ref>
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| 2004 || December || User experience || [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]] is introduced as a [[wikipedia:Google Labs|Google Labs]] feature.<ref name=suggest-sel>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/googlecom-finally-gets-google-suggest-feature-14626|title = Google.com Finally Gets Google Suggest Feature|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = August 25, 2008|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name=suggest-official>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/at-loss-for-words.html|title = At a loss for words?|date = August 25, 2008|publisher = Official Google Blog|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> This feature completes automatically a search with those most searched by Internet users or propose similar queries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Google Suggest better : definition |url=https://www.osculteo.com/en/e-reputation-lexicon/google-suggest-definition/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20Google%20Suggest,users%20or%20propose%20similar%20queries. |website=Osculteo |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || January || Webmaster tools || To combat link spam, [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] collectively introduce the [[wikipedia:nofollow|nofollow]] attribute.<ref name=moz>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/google-algorithm-change|title = Google Algorithm Change History|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2062985/Google-Yahoo-MSN-Unite-On-Support-For-Nofollow-Attribute-For-Links|title = Google, Yahoo, MSN Unite On Support For Nofollow Attribute For Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = January 18, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref> ||
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| 2005 || January || Search engine launch || The first public version of {{w|Mininova}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mininova Reaches 1 Billion Downloads * TorrentFreak |url=https://torrentfreak.com/mininova-reaches-1-billion-downloads/ |website=torrentfreak |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It would become one of the largest torrent search engines and directories on the net.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mininova |url=https://www.zoominfo.com/c/mininova/69404530 |website=zoominfo |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> The site would shut down on April 4th, 2017.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> ||
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| 2005 || January 25 || {{w|Video search engine}} launch || {{w|Google Video}} is launched.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wojcicki |first1=Esther |title=How to Raise Successful People: Simple Lessons for Radical Results |date=7 May 2019 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-1-328-97486-0 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IiGTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=2005+January+25+Google+Video+is+launched&ots=anxlzSo50t&sig=ACfU3U26MQoXorYE9euLdFTdaaP4xmz4NQ&hl=en#v=onepage&q=2005%20January%2025%20Google%20Video%20is%20launched&f=false |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, the site would stop accepting new video uploads since Google acquisition of {{w|YouTube}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Turning Down Uploads at Google Video |url=http://googlevideo.blogspot.com/2009/01/turning-down-uploads-at-google-video.html |website=googlevideo.blogspot.com |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> and users would have the opportunity to publish their videos directly onto YouTube. On August 20, 2012, Google Videos would be ultimately shut down.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Perez |first1=Sarah |title=Google Shutdowns Continue: iGoogle, Google Video, Google Mini & Others Are Killed |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/03/google-shutdowns-continue-igoogle-google-video-google-mini-others-are-killed/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=3 October 2022 |date=3 July 2012}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || February 8 || Search engine launch || {{w|Google}} launches {{w|Google Maps}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sutori |url=https://www.sutori.com/es/elemento/february-8-2005-google-launched-google-maps-a-desktop-web-mapping-service-that |website=www.sutori.com |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as a search engine with location data.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=FixRunner |title=How to Add Google Maps to WordPress in 4 Simple ways |url=https://www.fixrunner.com/how-to-add-google-maps-to-wordpress-in-4-simple-ways/ |website=FixRunner.com |access-date=3 November 2022 |date=24 June 2021}}</ref> In August 2013, it would be found to be the world's most popular smartphone app, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Cooper |title=Google+ Is The Fourth Most-Used Smartphone App |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-smartphone-app-popularity-2013-9#infographic |website=Business Insider |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> By default the navigation tool for [[w:Android (operating system)|Android]] users<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jalan |first1=Ayush |title=9 Ways the Google Maps App Can Help You While You're Traveling |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/google-maps-tips-android-iphone/ |website=MUO |access-date=10 November 2022 |date=14 June 2022}}</ref>, Google Maps is the best known navigation tool<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Google Maps - The Best in The World |url=https://mymeja.com/why-google-maps-the-best-in-the-world/ |website=mymeja.com |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>, and the most comprehensive navigation service.<ref>{{cite web |last1=published |first1=Tom Pritchard |title=Google Maps vs. Waze: Which navigation app is better? |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/face-off/google-maps-vs-waze |website=Tom's Guide |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en |date=7 October 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || March 17 || Search engine launch || {{w|Pronto.com}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pronto - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/pronto-com |website=Crunchbase |access-date=22 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a shopping search engine aimed at facilitating consumers to find products and compare prices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pronto Integration Guide |url=https://www.exportfeed.com/documentation/pronto-integration-guide/ |website=www.exportfeed.com |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=7 May 2015}}</ref> ||
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| 2005 || March || Search engine launch || SearchMe is founded by Randy Adams and John Holland.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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|-
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| 2005 || April 8 || Search engine launch || {{w|KidzSearch}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advertise With KidzSearch |url=https://www.kidzsearch.com/advertise.html |website=www.kidzsearch.com |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> It is a family-friendly search engine for kids.<ref>{{cite web |title=KidzSearch |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/kidzsearch.com |website=tracxn.com |access-date=27 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || April 13 || Search engine launch || {{w|Podscope}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Podscope: A search engine for podcasts {{!}} LawSites |url=https://www.lawnext.com/2005/04/podscope-search-engine-for-podcasts.html |website=www.lawnext.com |access-date=18 July 2022 |date=13 April 2005}}</ref> It is the first search engine allowing the user to search for spoken words within any audio or video file.<ref>{{cite web |title=Podscope – Search Engine for Podcasts |url=http://podcastingireland.ie/?p=543 |website=podcastingireland.ie |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> ||
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| 2005 || || Search engine launch || Swedish company Munax releases its first version all-content search engine, powering with video search.<ref>{{cite book|title=Complete Digital Marketing Guide Book for SEO, Social Media & Brand Awareness: Definitive & Hidden Secrets of Digital Marketing to Grow Your Business |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rkXHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Munax+2005+%22video+search%22&ots=FOjBveUWmC&sig=ACfU3U1-ytOOsC6mCpYF8vEn570itoaTGQ&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Munax%202005%20%22video%20search%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 2005 || August || Search engine launch || {{w|Rollyo}} is launched. It is a search engine allowing users to register accounts and create search engines to retrieve results from preferred websites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rollyo - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/rollyo |website=Crunchbase |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2005 || || Statistics || Around this year, search engines are utilized by 80–90% of Internet users.<ref name="Lewandowski"/> ||
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| 2005 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|Lexxe}} is launched. In search, it applies {{w|natural language processing}} as key technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lexxe Search |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/lexxe-search/about/ |website=linkedin |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> ||
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| 2005 || July 24 || Search engine launch || {{w|Bing Maps}} is originally launched as MSN Virtual Earth, which is released for {{w|beta}} testing.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSN Virtual Earth Gives People an Immersive Way to Search, Discover and Explore Their World Online |url=https://news.microsoft.com/2005/07/24/msn-virtual-earth-gives-people-an-immersive-way-to-search-discover-and-explore-their-world-online/ |website=Stories |access-date=22 March 2022 |date=24 July 2005}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|HotPads}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Media Room Home |url=https://press.hotpads.com/ |website=HotPads Media Room |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref> It is a map-based, rentals search engine, listing homes, apartments, and condos for rent, and for-sale homes all across the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is HotPads? |url=https://help.hotpads.com/hc/en-us/articles/203644865-What-is-HotPads- |website=help.hotpads.com |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HotPads - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/hotpads-com |website=Crunchbase |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || || Search engine launch || Vertical search engine {{w|Trulia}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRULIA LAUNCHES A NEW, SIMPLE WAY TO MANAGE YOUR HOME SEARCH |url=https://www.trulia.com/newsroom/trulia-launches-collaboration-tool/ |website=Trulia Newsroom |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en |date=2 March 2015}}</ref> It is an American online real estate marketplace which is a subsidiary of {{w|Zillow}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A New Way to Search for Your Next Home |url=https://www.trulia.com/blog/tech/a-new-way-to-search/ |website=Trulia's Blog |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>  ||
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| 2005 || || Concept development || K. Keenoy and M. Levene describe social search engines that enable personalized results as "systems that consider the behavior of other users of the system when generating search results and recommendations", which means they not only consider the user’s profile but also other users’ profiles, who are in the actual searcher’s social graph.<ref name="Lewandowski"/><ref>Keenoy, K., & Levene, M. (2005). Personalisation of web search. In B. Mobasher & S. Anand (Eds.), Intelligent techniques for web personalization (pp. 201–228). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.</ref> ||
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| 2005 || July || Search engine launch || {{w|Chegg}} is launched.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> as an American education technology company. It provides a search engine (<code>chegg.com</code>)<ref>{{cite web |title=Chegg - Get 24/7 Homework Help {{!}} Rent Textbooks |url=https://www.chegg.com/ |website=www.chegg.com |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>, among other services.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Asit |title=Is It Time to Take a More Serious Look at Chegg, Inc.? |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2018/03/22/is-it-time-to-take-a-more-serious-look-at-chegg-in.aspx |website=The Motley Fool |access-date=11 November 2022 |language=en |date=22 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || October || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Overture|Overture]] owner [[wikipedia:Bill Gross|Bill Gross]] launches the Snap search engine, with many features such as display of search volumes and other information, as well as sophisticated auto-completion and related terms display. It is unable to get traction and soon goes out of business.<ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://websearch.about.com/od/enginesanddirectories/a/snap.htm|title = Snap - A New Kind of Search Engine|last = Boswell|first = Wendy|accessdate = February 11, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:About.com|About.com]]}}</ref> ||
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| 2005 || October || Search engine launch || American search engine {{w|Healthline}} is launched. It is aimed to consumer healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |title=HealthLine Healthcare Search Engine Launched |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/healthline-healthcare-search-engine-launched/2364/ |website=Search Engine Journal |access-date=28 May 2022 |language=en |date=21 October 2005}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || November 1 || Search engine launch || {{w|Scandinavia}}n {{w|internet search engine}} {{w|Sesam}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schibsted ASA (SCH) - Schibsted Søk launches Sesam search service |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2005/10/31/1787460/0/en/Schibsted-ASA-SCH-Schibsted-S%C3%B8k-launches-Sesam-search-service.html |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en |date=31 October 2005}}</ref> On 30 March 2009 the Norwegian site would be closed, followed by the closure of the Swedish version on 17 June 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Journalisten |url=https://www.journalisten.se/kortnyheter/18896/schibsted-laegger-ner-sesam |website=www.journalisten.se |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Resumé: Sesam – nytt fiasko från Schibsted |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206232053/http://resume.se/nyheter/2009/03/31/sesam-nytt-fiasko-fran-sch/ |website=web.archive.org |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=6 December 2009}}</ref> || {{w|Norway}}, {{w|Sweden}}
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| 2005 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|HotPads}} is launched. It is a map-based rental housing search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=HotPads {{!}} Travel Tech Nation |url=https://www.traveltechnation.com/companies/hotpads |website=www.traveltechnation.com |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2005 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|AskMeNow}} is launched,<ref>{{cite web |title=AskMeNow - w3we |url=https://hy.w3we.com/wiki/AskMeNow |website=hy.w3we.com |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=hy}}</ref> providing mobile search and advertising solutions. As of 2023, it is shut down.<ref>{{cite web |title=AskMeNow - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/askmenow |website=Crunchbase |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || January || {{w|Video search engine}} launch || {{w|CastTV}} is founded as an Internet video search and aggregation company.<ref>{{cite web |title=CastTV - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/casttv |website=Crunchbase |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CastTV company information, funding & investors |url=https://app.dealroom.co/companies/casttv |website=app.dealroom.co |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || February 8 || Search engine launch || {{w|Zillow}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zillow Turns 3! |url=https://www.zillowgroup.com/news/zillow-turns-3/ |website=Zillow Group |access-date=18 March 2022 |date=8 February 2009}}</ref> It operates as a real estate search engine that lists more than 100 million houses across the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=15 Top Alternatives to Zillow and Trulia |url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/100215/5-best-alternatives-zillow-trulia.asp |website=Investopedia |access-date=18 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || March 8 || Search engine launch || The first public beta of {{w|Windows Live Search}} is unveiled, with the final release on September 11 of the same year, replacing MSN Search.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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| 2006 || March || Search engine launch || Tencent releases search engine [[w:Soso (search engine)|Soso]].<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> As of 1 October 2012, Soso would be ranked as the 33rd most visited website in the world, the 11th most visited website in China, and the number eight most visited website in {{w|South Korea}}, according to {{w|Alexa Internet}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soso.com Site Info |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211112310/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/soso.com |website=web.archive.org |access-date=10 November 2022 |date=11 December 2013}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
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| 2006 || || Search engine launch || Thomasnet ([https://www.thomasnet.com/ thomasnet.com]) is launched.<ref name="SeoDennis"/> It is a search engine used to find manufacturers, distributors and service providers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Registry |url=https://bmet.fandom.com/wiki/Thomas_Registry |website=BMET Wiki |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || April || Notable expansion || {{w|Google}} officially establishes a Chinese subsidiary and launches Google China.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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| 2006 || April || Search engine launch || {{w|PeekYou}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=What does peekyou mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/peekyou |website=www.definitions.net |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a people search engine site that places people at the center of the internet.<ref>{{cite web |title=PeekYou - People Search Made Easy |url=https://www.peekyou.com/ |website=PeekYou.com |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || June || Search engine launch || The first version of {{w|Searchmedica}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search Medica |url=https://www.searchenginelinks.co.uk/search-medica-s553.html |website=www.searchenginelinks.co.uk |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> A series of free medical search engines built by doctors for doctors and other medical professionals in several languages, no version appears to be operational as of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Default Web Site Page |url=http://www.searchmedica.co.uk/cgi-sys/defaultwebpage.cgi |website=www.searchmedica.co.uk |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.searchmedica.es/ |title= searchmedica.es|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || June 14 || Search engine launch || {{w|Krugle}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krugle |url=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1990149 |website=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a code search engine for developers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Loren |title=Krugle Powers Code Search at Yahoo Developer Network |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/krugle-powers-code-search-at-yahoo-developer-network/4412/ |website=Search Engine Journal |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en |date=15 February 2007}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || June 23 || {{w|Web mapping}} || {{w|Géoportail}} is launched by the {{w|French government}}. It is a comprehensive {{w|web mapping}} service that publishes maps and geophysical aerial photographs from more than 90 sources for [[w:French territory|France and its territories]]. || {{w|France}}
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| 2006 || July 3 || Search engine launch || {{w|Biglobe}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corporate Profile {{!}} BIGLOBE Inc. |url=https://www.biglobe.co.jp/en/ |website=www.biglobe.co.jp |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a Japanese search engine and portal from NEC Corporation using google results.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biglobe |url=https://www.searchenginelinks.co.uk/biglobe-s1449.html |website=www.searchenginelinks.co.uk |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Japan}}
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| 2006 || September 1 || Search engine launch || [[w:ChaCha (search engine)|ChaCha Search]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agrawal |first1=Ojaswi |title=ChaCha Business Model Breakdown: Why ChaCha failed? |url=https://bizzbucket.co/chacha-business-model-why-chacha-failed/ |website=BizzBucket |access-date=13 July 2022 |date=24 May 2021}}</ref> An American [[w:human search engine|human-guided]] {{w|search engine}} providing free, real-time answers to any question, through its website, or by using one of the company's {{w|mobile app}}s, it would be shut down in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Council |first1=Jared |title=ChaCha, unable to find financial answers, shuts down operations |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/61651-chacha-unable-to-find-financial-answers-shuts-down-operations |website=Indianapolis Business Journal |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || September || Search engine launch || {{w|Healia}} becomes available to the public.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timm |first1=Donna |title=Healia |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |date=April 2007 |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=219–221 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.95.2.219}}</ref> It is a health vertical search engine that uses algorithms to assess quality and to categorize documents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healia |url=https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Healia.html#:~:text=Healia%20%5B1%5D%20is%20a%20health,Bellevue%2C%20Washington%20state%2C%20USA. |website=www.bionity.com |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || October 2 || Search engine launch || {{w|IFACnet}} is released as an enterprise search engine for professional accountants.<ref>{{cite web |title=New global online knowledge resource will strengthen competencies of professional accountants in business, help organizations build market competitiveness |url=https://www.e-channelnews.com/new-global-online-knowledge-resource-will-strengthen-competencies-of-professional-accountants-in-business-help-organizations-build-market-competitiveness/ |website=E-ChannelNews.com |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=2 October 2006}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || October 5 || Search engine launch || {{w|Google Code Search}} is launched as a free beta product from Google, allowing web users to search for open-source code on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Launches ‘Code Search’ |url=https://www.spamfighter.com/News-6538-Google-Launches-Code-Search.htm |website=www.spamfighter.com |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> In October 2011, Google would announce Code Search to be shut down along with the Code Search API.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Google Blog: A fall sweep |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123221541/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/10/fall-sweep.html |website=web.archive.org |access-date=3 October 2022 |date=23 November 2011}}</ref> The service would remaine online until March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Replacement for Google Code Search? - Stack Overflow |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109120559/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7778034/replacement-for-google-code-search |website=web.archive.org |access-date=3 October 2022 |date=9 November 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || November || Search engine launch || {{w|Microsoft launches}} web search engine {{w|Ms. Dewey}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft Drops Ms. Dewey |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/archives/019721.html |website=seroundtable.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It would become inactive in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=MsDewey |url=https://www.chatbots.org/chatbot/msdewey/ |website=chatbots |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || || Search engine launch || {{w|ChemRefer}} is launched.<ref>{{cite book |title=Information Retrieval |publisher=PediaPress |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fpa-Au-628YC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=2006+ChemRefer+launch+date&ots=NyJaTLDYX3&sig=ACfU3U2eE4TTi0cmrwTZ7exAj3Nj0J2JXA&hl=en#v=onepage&q=2006%20ChemRefer%20launch%20date&f=false |language=en}}</ref> It is a search engine for open access chemistry papers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemrefer Chemspider Coupled – David Bradley Sciencebase |url=https://www.sciencebase.com/science-blog/chemrefer-chemspider-coupled.html |website=www.sciencebase.com |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || || Search engine launch || Image search engine {{w|Pixsta}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pixsta - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/pixsta |website=Crunchbase |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a visual search engine that analyzes the image pixel level to identify contextual displays of similar product images for e-commerce.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pixsta - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/pixsta |website=Crunchbase |access-date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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| 2006 || November 30 || Search engine launch || Content index desktop search platform {{w|Windows Search}} is introduced in {{w|Windows Vista}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft launches Vista, newest version of Windows - Nov. 30, 2006 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/11/30/technology/microsoft/index.htm |website=money.cnn.com |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 2006 || December || Search engine launch || {{w|Omgili}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Omgili - Overview, Competitors, and Employees |url=https://www.apollo.io/companies/Omgili/59e5420da6da98607c3d65e3 |website=Apollo.io |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a vertical search engine that specializes in indexing discussions in user forums.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibbs |first1=Mark |title=Ongili, vertical search in user forums |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2302839/ongili--vertical-search-in-user-forums.html |website=Network World |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en |date=17 January 2007}}</ref> ||
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| 2006-2009 || || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Wikia|Wikia]] launches [[wikipedia:Wikia Search|Wikia Search]], a search engine based on human curation, but then shuts it down. Relevant dates: publicly proposed December 23, 2006<ref name=TimesDec23>{{cite web|last=Doran|first=James|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9075-2517026,00.html|title=Founder of Wikipedia plans search engine to rival Google|work=The Times |location=London |date=December 23, 2006|accessdate=January 6, 2007 }}</ref> and January 31, 2007,<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197003494 Wales: Search Wikia Will Succeed Where Google Cannot], InformationWeek, February 5, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</ref> private pre-alpha December 24, 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lists.wikia.com/pipermail/search-l/2007-December/000845.html |title=private pre-alpha invites available |accessdate=December 24, 2007 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=December 24, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/24/AR2007122401567.html |title=Wikia Search Project to Launch January 7, Wales says |accessdate=December 24, 2007 |date=December 24, 2007 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> toolbar release August 2008, shutdown March–May 2009.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10207896-2.html Wales giving up on Wikia Search]</ref> ||
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| 2007 || January 17 || Search engine launch || Wikiseek is officially launched as a search engine that indexes {{w|Wikipedia}} pages and pages that are linked to form Wikipedia articles.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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|-
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| 2007 || February 28 || Search engine launch || {{w|Uclue}} is launched as an online fee-based research service.<ref>{{cite web |title=nancylynn-ga's research: Many of Your Favorite GARs are Back at Uclue! |url=http://nancylynn-ga.blogspot.com/2007/06/uclue-many-of-your-favorite-gars-are.html |website=nancylynn-ga's research |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=14 June 2007}}</ref> It would cease operations in December 2017.<ref name=uclue/> ||
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|-
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| 2007 || March || Search engine launch || {{w|Amatomu}} is launched as a {{w|blog}} {{w|search engine}} and article aggregator, focusing on blogs published in {{w|South Africa}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bronkhorst |first1=Quinton |title=Amatomu not dead yet |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/internet/84177-amatomu-not-dead-yet.html |website=mybroadband |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|South Africa}}
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|-
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| 2007 || May 4 || Search engine launch || [[w:Ripple (charitable organisation)|Ripple]] launches<ref>{{cite web |title=Ripple (Charitable Organisation) |url=https://www.morebooks.de/store/gb/book/ripple-charitable-organisation/isbn/978-620-1-57114-3 |website=morebooks |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> as a non-profit click-to-donate internet site and search engine passing 100% of its revenue to other charities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Timson |first1=Lia |title=Search to end poverty |url=https://www.theage.com.au/technology/search-to-end-poverty-20070529-gdq93v.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |website=The Age |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en |date=29 May 2007}}</ref> It would be shut down. ||
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|-
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| 2007 || || Research || Melanie Kellar, Carolyn Watters, and Michael Shepherd publish a study asking focus group participants to categorize different information seeking activities on the web, and produce a typology consisting of fact-finding, information gathering, browsing and transactions. The researchers find that many web uses such as browsing and information gathering fall outside the classical model of information retrieval.<ref name="Lewandowski"/> || {{w|Canada}} ({{w|Dalhousie University}})
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|-
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| 2007 || May || Search engine launch || {{w|Mahalo.com}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Needleman |first1=Rafe |title=Mahalo expands human-powered search with paid Answers service |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/mahalo-expands-human-powered-search-with-paid-answers-service/ |website=CNET |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a human powered search engine whose results are generated non-algorithmically by a team of profile builders who create pages for search terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahalo - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/mahalo |website=Crunchbase |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2007 || || Research || According to Massimo Marchiori, personalized social search engines like Rollyo and Eurekster may be labeled programmable search engines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marchiori |first1=Massimo |title=SOCIAL SEARCH ENGINES |journal=International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos |date=July 2007 |volume=17 |issue=07 |pages=2355–2361 |doi=10.1142/S0218127407018440}}</ref><ref name="Lewandowski"/> ||
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|-
 +
| 2007 || || Research || Purves et al. define Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) as a specialization of Information Retrieval that aims to add the semantic dimension of location and describes the identification, augmentation, and processing of geospatial references from documents and the means to provide access to them.<ref>Purves, R. S., Clough, P., Jones, C. B., Arampatzis, A., Bucher, B., Finch, D., et al. (2007). The design and implementation of SPIRIT: A spatially aware search engine for information retrieval on the internet. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(7), 717–745</ref><ref name="Lewandowski"/> ||
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|-
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| 2007 || || Search engine launch || Travel metasearch platform {{w|Aviasales}} is launched. Originally a private blog, the service would extend its operations in 14 countries across {{w|Eastern Europe}}, the [[w:Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], {{w|Asia}}, and the {{w|USA}}.<ref>[https://asodesk.com/cases/aviasales ASOdesk broke into the world of ASO-tools and offered the most set of functions comparing to foreign competitors, which simply left us no choice!]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aviasales |url=https://aviasales.prezly.com/en/search |website=Aviasales |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Rusia}}
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|-
 +
| 2007 || || Search evolution || Search starts to evolve in new ways. Updates are aimed at improving the user experience.<ref name="20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization"/> ||
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|-
 +
| 2007 || || Research || According to M. Marchiori, personalized social search engines like {{w|Rollyo}} and {{w|Eurekster}} may be labeled programmable search engines<ref name="Lewandowski"/><ref>Marchiori, M. (2007). Social search engines. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 17(07), 2355–2361. World Scientific Publishing Company.</ref>, which enable users to create a search engine for their website, blog, or collection of websites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Programmable Search Engine |url=https://developers.google.com/custom-search |website=Google Developers |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
 +
| 2007 || || Research || According to Bar-Yossef and Gurevich, search engine quality metrics commonly used include corpus size, index freshness, and density of duplicates in the corpus.<ref>Bar-Yossef, Z., & Gurevich, M. (2007). Efficient search engine measurements. Proceedings of the international world wide web conference, Banff, Canada (pp.
 +
401–410).</ref><ref name="Lewandowski"/> ||
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|-
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| 2007 || August || Search engine launch || {{w|Sproose}} is launched<ref name="Seymour">{{cite journal |last1=Seymour |first1=Tom |last2=Frantsvog |first2=Dean |last3=Kumar |first3=Satheesh |title=History Of Search Engines |journal=International Journal of Management &amp; Information Systems (IJMIS) |date=2011 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=47 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25972075/History_Of_Search_Engines |issn=2157-9628}}</ref>, featuring user-driven search result relevancy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Search Engine Sproose Final Now Live |url=https://lifehacker.com/social-search-engine-sproose-final-now-live-294477 |website=Lifehacker |access-date=11 November 2022 |language=en |date=29 August 2007}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2007 || October 1 || Search engine launch || {{w|Taptu}} is launched,<ref>{{cite web |title=Taptu - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/taptu |website=Crunchbase |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> providing a mobile search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taptu + OneRiot = realtime mobile search |url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/taptu-oneriot-realtime-mobile-search/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> In September 2012, Taptu would be acquired by Mediafed Ltd., and the Taptu service would shut down on March 31, 2015,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crider |first1=Michael |title=Taptu News Reader Service Shutting Down, Developers Recommend Feedly As A Replacement |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/03/30/taptu-news-reader-service-shutting-down-developers-recommend-feedly-as-a-replacement/ |website=Android Police |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=30 March 2015}}</ref> a year before Mediafed went into administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=RSS feed service Mediafed goes into administration |url=https://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/digital/featured/2016/04/rss-feed-service-mediafed-goes-administration |website=Prolific North |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en |date=27 April 2016}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 2007 || November 7 || Search engine launch || [[w:Evi (software)|Evi]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=About: Evi (software) |url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Evi_(software) |website=dbpedia.org |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> an internet answer engine that provides internet, mobile, and those utilizing the service through an app with an natural language based search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evi |url=https://www.programmableweb.com/api/evi |website=ProgrammableWeb |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en }}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2007 || November || Search engine launch || Music search engine and online music player {{w|Songza}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Songza - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/songza |website=Crunchbase |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2007 || December || Search engine launch || {{w|Youdao}} is launched by Chinese internet company {{w|NetEase}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Machine Translation and Online Education: Series A Values Youdao at USD 1.1 Billion |url=https://slator.com/machine-translation-and-online-education-series-a-values-youdao-at-usd-1-1-billion/ |website=Slator |access-date=20 February 2022 |date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="SeoDennis"/> A search engine and an online education platform, it operates as China's most popular dictionary and translation app with over 700 million users in early 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Promising Future And Financial Performance To Push Youdao Towards Profitability (NYSE:DAO) {{!}} Seeking Alpha |url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4417243-youdao-decent-financial-performance |website=seekingalpha.com |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 2008 || January 28 || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Cuil|Cuil]], a web search engine created by ex-Googlers that uses picture thumbnails to display search results, launches.<ref name="AP1">Liedtke, Michael, ''[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25884709 Ex-Google engineers debut 'Cuil' way to search]'', Associated Press, 28 July 2008, retrieved 13 Dec 2009</ref> It would later shut down on September 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Michael Arrington|title=Cuil Goes Down, And We Hear It’s Down For Good|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/17/cuil-goes-down-and-we-hear-its-down-for-good/|publisher=TechCrunch|date=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Devindra, Hardawar|title=Supposed Google-killer Cuil’s reign of terror may finally be over|url=http://venturebeat.com/2010/09/17/supposed-google-killer-cuils-reign-of-terror-may-finally-be-over/|publisher=VentureBeat|date=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref name=REF_ID>{{cite news |title=Cuil is Stone Cold – Another 'Google Killer' Bites the Dust |author= |newspaper=SearchEngineWatch |date=2010-09-18 |url=http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/100918-132701 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Needleman |first1=Rafe |title=Cuil shows us how not to launch a search engine |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/cuil-shows-us-how-not-to-launch-a-search-engine/ |website=CNET |access-date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2008 || January || Search engine launch || Search engine Zoopla is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Property website Zoopla.co.uk receives further £3.75 million investment - Zoopla - Zoopla |url=https://www.zoopla.co.uk/press/releases/021/property-website-zoopla-receives-further-3-point-75-million-investment/ |website=www.zoopla.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoopla owner ZPG gains as it buys Money.co.uk and raises full-year earnings forecast |url=https://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/183593/zoopla-owner-zpg-gains-as-it-buys-moneycouk-and-raises-full-year-earnings-forecast-183593.html |website=Proactiveinvestors UK |access-date=18 March 2022 |language=en |date=7 September 2017}}</ref> It is a property portal website and app providing estate agents with advertising through the website and affiliated partner websites.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Zoopla? |url=https://help.zoopla.co.uk/hc/en-gb/articles/360006164337-What-is-Zoopla-#:~:text=Zoopla%20is%20a%20property%20portal,re%20looking%20for%20a%20home. |website=help.zoopla.co.uk |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 2008 || February 26 || Search engine launch || {{w|Gigablast}} launches new search engine with "freshness dating" and privacy-conscious search.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gigablast Launches New Search Engine with 'Freshness Dating' and Privacy-conscious Search |url=https://www.e-channelnews.com/gigablast-launches-new-search-engine-with-freshness-dating-and-privacy-conscious-search/ |website=E-ChannelNews.com |access-date=18 February 2022 |date=26 February 2008}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2008 || April 14 || Search engine launch || {{w|Ecocho}} (<code>ecocho.com.au</code>) is launched as a {{w|search engine}} with the promise to buy carbon offset credits that will result in two trees being planted for every 1000 searches made through the site.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moses |first1=Asher |title=Google puts kybosh on 'eco' search engine |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/google-puts-kybosh-on-eco-search-engine-20080424-gdsas1.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=10 November 2022 |language=en |date=23 April 2008}}</ref> It would be shut down. || {{w|Australia}}
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|-
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| 2008 || April || Search engine launch || {{w|Viewzi}} is launched in beta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glazowski |first1=Paul |title=Visual Search Platform Viewzi Moves To Beta (And We've Got Invites) |url=https://mashable.com/archive/viewzi |website=Mashable |access-date=15 April 2022 |language=en |date=22 April 2008}}</ref> It is a customizable and multi-faceted visual search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Viewzi - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/viewzi |website=Crunchbase |access-date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2008 || May 6 || Search engine launch || {{w|Reverse image search}} engine {{w|TinEye}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tineye.com: Image-based search for image searches |url=https://www.popphoto.com/how-to/2008/12/tineyecom-image-based-search-image-searches/ |website=Popular Photography |access-date=12 July 2022 |date=17 December 2008}}</ref> Developed by Toronto-based Idée, Inc., it is the first image search engine on the web to use image identification technology rather than keywords, metadata or watermarks.<ref>{{cite web |title=TinEye Reverse Image Search |url=https://tineye.com/faq |website=tineye.com |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
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|-
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| 2008 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Lookeen}} is launched by Axonic Informationssysteme GmbH as an {{w|enterprise search}} and {{w|desktop search}} product.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lookeen Desktop Search - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/lookeen |website=Crunchbase |access-date=2 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2008 || August || Search engine launch || {{w|Regator}} is launched as an editorially curated blog search and discovery engine with the purpose to facilitate finding quality blog content.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real-Time Semantic API & Curated Content Aggregation |url=https://angel.co/company/regator |website=angel.co |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2008 || August || Search engine launch || {{w|Forestle}} is launched. An ecologically inspired {{w|search engine}} created in Germany, it would be discontinued in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Search - Search Engine Ecosia saves the Rain Forest |url=https://www.gcpr.net/blog/green-search-search-engine-ecosia-saves-the-rain-forest/ |website=GlobalCom PR Network |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=22 April 2010}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
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| 2008 || September 25 || Search engine launch || {{w|DuckDuckGo}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=About DuckDuckGo |url=https://duckduckgo.com/about |website=DuckDuckGo |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> It is an internet {{w|search engine}} that emphasizes protecting searchers' [[w:internet privacy|privacy]] and avoiding the {{w|filter bubble}} of {{w|personalized search}} results.<ref>{{cite web |title=DuckDuckGo: A New Search Engine Built from Open Source |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317053629/http://ostatic.com/blog/duckduckgo-a-new-search-engine-built-from-open-source |website=web.archive.org |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=17 March 2011}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2008 || October 5 || Shutdown || {{w|Accoona}} is shut down.<ref name="Dead Search Engine Accoon">{{cite web |title=Dead Search Engine Accoona Officially Dead |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026074540/http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/dead-search-engine-accoona-officially-dead |website=web.archive.org |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=26 October 2008}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2008 || December || Search engine launch || {{w|StuRents.com}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=StuRents.com company information, funding & investors |url=https://app.europeanstartups.co/companies/sturents_com |website=app.europeanstartups.co |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a dedicated student property search engine and tenancy management platform, operating across the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=About StuRents {{!}} Accommodation for Students |url=https://sturents.com/about |website=StuRents.com |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 2008 || December || Search engine launch || {{w|KidRex}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of Various Kids Search Engines |url=https://scienceq.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/1883374554.pdf |website=scienceq |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a visual child-safe {{w|search engine}} utilizing Google {{w|SafeSearch}} and maintaining its own database of inappropriate websites and keywords. Social media websites are blocked by KidRex.<ref>{{cite web |title=KidRex and DinoSearch - Safe Search engines for kids |url=https://www.dinosearch.com/KidRex.php |website=www.dinosearch.com |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KidRex Provides Hassle-Free Web Search Filtering for Kids |url=https://lifehacker.com/kidrex-provides-hassle-free-web-search-filtering-for-ki-5142346 |website=Lifehacker |access-date=28 July 2022 |language=en-us |date=1 February 2009}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || January || Shutdown || {{w|Ms. Dewey}} becomes inactive.<ref>{{cite web |title=About: Ms. Dewey |url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Ms._Dewey |website=dbpedia.org |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || February || Search engine launch || {{w|Otalo.com}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Otalo - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/otalo |website=Crunchbase |access-date=27 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[w:Travel website#Fare aggregators and metasearch engines|fare aggregator]] and {{w|metasearch engine}} for {{w|vacation rentals}}, enabling its users to search across different vacation rental advertising sites using a single search.<ref>{{cite web |title=Otalo’s Genius Way of Finding Vacation Rentals |url=https://mashable.com/archive/otalo |website=Mashable |access-date=29 July 2022 |language=en |date=19 February 2009}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || March 26 || Search engine launch || {{w|ApexKB}} is launched<ref>{{cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530120921/http://www.jumpernetworks.com/NEWS-Jumper_2.0_Released_as_Open-Source.pdf |website=web.archive.org |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> as a collaborative search engine powered by social bookmarking.<ref>{{cite web |title=ApexKB (Formerly Jumper) |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/jumper/ |website=SourceForge |access-date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || May 18 || Search engine launch || Semantic search engine {{w|WolframAlpha}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wolfram Announcements Archive » Wolfram{{!}}Alpha Officially Launched |url=https://announcements.wolfram.com/2009/wolframalpha-officially-launched/ |website=announcements.wolfram.com |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> Invented by Stephen Wolfram, its goal is not a list of hyperlinks in which user find answers to their requests, but a compilation of facts as specific results.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Wolfram Alpha? - Ryte Digital Marketing Wiki |url=https://en.ryte.com/wiki/Wolfram_Alpha |website=en.ryte.com |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2009 || June 3 || Search engine launch || [[w:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] launches, with {{w|Microsoft}} aggressively marketing it as the search engine that would produce noticeably better results than {{w|Google}}.<ref name="A Brief History of Search & SEO"/><ref name="seo.comf"/> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2009 || || Search engine launch || [[w:Delver (search engine)|Delver]] is launched as a web search engine that displays results prioritized based upon the searcher's social network and community.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vidra |first1=Eze |title=Unusual Exit for Israel's Delver |url=https://www.vccafe.com/2009/03/08/unusual-exit-for-israels-delver/ |website=VC Cafe |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=8 March 2009}}</ref> In March 2009, it would be purchased by Sears Holdings Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Releases {{!}} Transformco |url=https://transformco.com/press-releases?/press-releases/pressOne.jsp |website=transformco.com |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}
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|-
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| 2009 || July 21 || Search engine launch || {{w|Yebol}} (<code>yebol.com</code>) is launched as a semantic search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yebol Announces Launch of Revolutionary Knowledge-Based Search Engine |url=https://www.prlog.org/10292742-yebol-announces-launch-of-revolutionary-knowledgebased-search-engine.html |website=PRLog |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> As of 2022, its status is down. ||
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|-
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| 2009 || July 29 || Partnership || {{w|Microsoft}} and {{w|Yahoo!}} announce that they have made a ten-year deal in which the {{w|Yahoo! search engine}} would be replaced by Bing. Yahoo! would get to keep 88% of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal, and have the right to sell adverts on some Microsoft sites. Yahoo! Search will still maintain its own [[wikipedia:user interface|user interface]], but will eventually feature "Powered by Bing™" branding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8174763.stm |date=29 July 2009 <!-- 13:58 UK -->  |accessdate=2009-07-29 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=REFILE-UPDATE 1-Microsoft, Yahoo in 10-year Web search deal |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/CMPSRV/idUSN2921665320090729 |date=Jul 29, 2009 <!-- 8:27am EDT -->  |accessdate=2009-07-29 |author=Tiffany Wu |author2=Derek Caney  |publisher= [[wikipedia:Thomson Reuters|Thomson Reuters]] }}</ref>  All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners are expected to be transitioned by early 2012.<ref name=YahooHelp>{{cite web|url=http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/search/alliance/alliance-2.html;_ylt=AvrC8b99B5.r4JmW33gA5ChaMnlG|title=When will the change happen? How long will the transition take?|publisher=Yahoo!|date=1 December 2011|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010 || Search algorithm update || Named ''[[wikipedia:Google Search#Google Caffeine|Caffeine]]'' is announced as a {{w|Google Search}} update, promising faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2009/08/help-test-some-next-generation.html|title = Help test some next-generation infrastructure|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2009/08/10/google-caffeine/|title = Google Caffeine: A Detailed Test of the New Google|last = Parr|first = Ben|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/caffeine-its-google-on-red-bull-or-something/|title = Caffeine: It's Google On Red Bull, Or Something|last = Siegler|first = MG|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/28/google-caffeine-faster-search-index/|title = Google Is About To Get Caffeinated With A Faster Search Index|last = Schoenfeld|first = Erick|date = December 28, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title =  Our new search index: Caffeine|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/08/google-caffeine/|title = Caffeine: Google Finally Brews Its New Pot Of Web Results — 50% Fresher|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''|last = Siegler|first = MG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title = Google’s New Indexing Infrastructure "Caffeine" Now Live|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || September || Search engine launch || Deep web search engine Goby is launched. The site searches selected databases and other sources of information on the web focused on 400 categories of things to do while traveling.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || Search engine launch || Search engine launch || [[w:Shodan (website)|Shodan]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get to know Shodan, the scariest Search Engine on the Internet |url=https://www.masterdc.com/blog/what-is-shodan-search-engine/ |website=MasterDC |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a search engine that lets the user find specific types of computers (webcams, routers, servers, etc.) connected to the internet using a variety of filters.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOTE! This code has been upgraded and the current release no longer supports installation in AWS |url=https://github.com/CiscoSecurity/tr-05-serverless-shodan/blob/develop/module_type.json.sample |website=github |publisher=Cisco Security |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=13 December 2021}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2009 || December 7 || Search engine launch || {{w|Berlin}}-based {{w|Ecosia}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=How was Ecosia founded? |url=https://ecosia.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/205038392-How-was-Ecosia-founded- |website=ecosia.zendesk.com |access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref> It donates 80% of its profits to {{w|nonprofit organization}}s that focus on {{w|reforestation}}. As of December 2021, the company claims to have planted more than 140 million trees since its inception.<ref name="Ecosia home">{{Cite web|title=Ecosia is the search engine that plants trees |url=https://info.ecosia.org/ |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=info.ecosia.org |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
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| 2009 || December || Competition || In order to compete with {{w|Google}}, {{w|Yahoo!}} and {{w|Microsoft}} announce the intention to forge an alliance. The Yahoo! & Microsoft Search Alliance would eventually receive approval from regulators in the United States and Europe in February 2010.<ref name="Seymour"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft, Yahoo take next step in search alliance |url=https://phys.org/news/2009-12-microsoft-yahoo-alliance.html |website=phys.org |access-date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2010 ||January || Shutdown || {{w|Kartoo}} closes down.<ref name="Lewandowski"/> ||
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|-
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| 2010 || January 12 || Search engine launch || {{w|Bing Health}} is launched as part of {{w|Microsoft}}'s [[w:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health Search Wars: Bing Enhances Results While Google Expands Flu Trends |url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2010/01/12/health-search-wars-bing-enhances-results-while-google-expands-flu-trends/ |website=Search Engine Watch |access-date=13 July 2022 |date=12 January 2010}}</ref> It is aimed to provide health-related information through a variety of trusted and credible sources, including Medstory, {{w|Mayo Clinic}}, {{w|National Institutes of Health}}'s {{w|MedlinePlus}}, as well as from {{w|Wikipedia}}.<ref name=iMedical-Apps-Bing-Health>{{cite news|last=Husain|first=Iltifat|title=Bing Health’s new additions make it a legitimate alternative to WebMD and Wikipedia for healthcare.|url=http://www.imedicalapps.com/2010/06/bing-health-web-md-wikipedia-healthcare-providers-patients/|newspaper=iMedical Apps (MedPage Today)|date=28 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2010 || March || Shutdown || {{w|Google Search}} exits the Chinese mainland market.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
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| 2010 || April || Search engine launch || {{w|Macroglossa Visual Search}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Macroglossa's Visual Search Engine fails to meet basic expectations |url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2010/04/26/macroglossas-visual-search-engine-fails-to-meet-basic-expectations/ |website=Search Engine Watch |access-date=15 April 2022 |date=26 April 2010}}</ref> A search engine based on the comparison of images<ref>{{cite web |title=Macroglossa - Visual Search Engine |url=https://thestartuppitch.com/public/macroglossa-visual-search-engine/ |website=The Startup Pitch |access-date=3 October 2022 |date=22 September 2010}}</ref>, it would be shut down in February 2016. ||
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|-
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| 2010 || || Search engine launch || Noodle Education is launched<ref name="SeoDennis"/> (<code>noodle.com</code>) as an education search engine. It offers extensive data on schools and education providers at no cost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mommy |first1=Tough Cookie |title=Noodle Education Is A Life Long Education Search Engine For All! @NoodleEducation #Ad |url=https://toughcookiemommy.com/2013/06/noodle-education-is-a-life-long-education-search-engine-for-al-noodleeducation-ad.html |website=Tough Cookie Mommy |access-date=10 November 2022 |date=7 June 2013}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2010 || September 8 || User experience || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Instant|Google Instant]], described as a ''search-before-you-type'' feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]], later called the autocomplete feature) ''and'' instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/search-now-faster-than-speed-of-type.html|title = Search: now faster than the speed of type|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/08/google-instant-its-search-before-you-type/|title = Google Instant: It Searches Before You Type|last = Tsotsis|first = Alexia|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/google-instant-behind-scenes.html|title = Google Instant, behind the scenes |date = September 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref> Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/insidesearch/features/instant/about.html|title = About Google Instant |publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on [[wikipedia:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]], but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/google-instant-fewer-changes-to-seo-than-the-average-algo-update|last = Fishkin|first = Rand|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|title = Google Instant: Fewer Changes to SEO than the Average Algo Update|date = September 21, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2010 || November 1 || Search engine launch || [[wikipedia:Blekko|Blekko]] launches as a search engine that uses [[wikipedia:slashtag|slashtag]]s to allow people to search in more targeted categories.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704477904575586551374128996.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title = Start-Up Aims at Google: Blekko.com Taps Users to Narrow Results, Avoid Spam Sites|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]''|date = November 1, 2010|accessdate = February 11, 2014|last = Efrati|first = Amir}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2011 || January || Search engine launch || {{w|BTDigg}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=BTDigg History |url=https://www.xwhos.com/person/btdigg-whois.html |website=xwhos |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is the first {{w|Mainline DHT}} search engine.<ref>{{cite web |title=BTDigg, The First 'Trackerless' Torrent Search Engine * TorrentFreak |url=https://torrentfreak.com/btdigg-the-first-trackerless-torrent-search-engine-110223/ |website=torrentfreak |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Abhijeet |title=BTDigg: A Trackerless Torrent Search Engine |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/btdigg-trackerless-torrent/ |website=MUO |access-date=13 July 2022 |date=27 February 2011}}</ref> || Unknown<ref name="SeoDennis"/>
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|-
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| 2011 || February || Search engine launch || Xinhua News Agency and China Mobile launch Pangu Search.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
 +
| 2011 || February 23–24 || Search algorithm update || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, [[wikipedia:scraper site|scraper]]s, and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/02/finding-more-high-quality-sites-in.html|title = Finding more high-quality sites in search|publisher = Official Google Blog|date = February 24, 2011|last = Singhal|first = Amit|last2 = Cutts|first2 = Matt|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/business/2011/03/the-panda-that-hates-farms/|title = TED 2011: The ‘Panda’ That Hates Farms: A Q&A With Google’s Top Search Engineers|last = Levy|first = Steven|date = March 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|url=http://searchengineland.com/how-google-panda-places-updates-created-a-rollercoaster-ride-for-iyp-traffic-101683|title=How Google Panda & Places Updates Created A Rollercoaster Ride For IYP Traffic|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates. ||
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|-
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| 2011 || April 4 || Shutdown || {{w|AlltheWeb}} is shut down by Yahoo!.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sun Will Set For Yahoo's AlltheWeb On April 4 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/18/the-sun-will-set-for-yahoos-alltheweb-on-april-4/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2011 || April || {{w|Video search engine}} launch || {{w|Tencent Video}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=A glimpse into the universe of China's video streaming platforms |url=https://daxueconsulting.com/china-video-streaming-platforms/ |website=Daxue Consulting - Market Research China |access-date=10 November 2022 |date=20 July 2021}}</ref> By 2021, it would be the biggest online video platform by far in China.<ref>{{cite web |title=Douyin, Bili Bili + 4 Other Chinese Online Video Platforms You Need to Know About for 2021 |url=https://catalystagents.com/blog/2020/12/16/6-chinese-online-video-platforms |website=CATALYST AGENTS |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
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|-
 +
| 2011 || April || {{w|Web mapping}} || Nokia releases a beta version of [[w:Here Technologies|3D maps]] covering 20 cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokia launches Ovi Maps 3D beta, challenges Google Earth as your virtual tour guide of choice |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-04-18-nokia-launches-ovi-maps-3d-beta-challenges-google-earth-as-your.html |website=Engadget |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
 +
| 2011 || June 2 || Webmaster tools || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]], and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] announce [[wikipedia:Schema.org|Schema.org]], a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/schema-org-google-bing-yahoo-unite-79554|title = Schema.org: Google, Bing & Yahoo Unite To Make Search Listings Richer Through Structured Data|last = Fox|first= Vanessa|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/introducing-schemaorg-search-engines.html|title = Introducing schema.org: Search engines come together for a richer web|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Guha|first = Ramanathan|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/02/google-yahoo-and-bing-collaborate-on-structured-data-to-make-search-listings-richer/|title = Google, Yahoo, And Bing Collaborate On Structured Data To Make Search Listings Richer|last = Empson|first = Rip|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> ||
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|-
 +
| 2011 || June || Search engine launch || People’s Search Network in {{w|China}} launches an instant search.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> || {{w|China}}
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|-
 +
| 2011 || July || Search engine launch || {{w|SearchTeam}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakta launches SearchTeam.com collaborative search |url=https://www.soapboxmedia.com/innovationnews/071911searchteam.aspx |website=Soapbox |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a {{w|digital curation}} and {{w|collaborative search engine}}.<ref>{{Cite web| last = TechAttitude.com| first = | title = Search collaboratively with your friends using SearchTeam| url=http://techattitude.com/online-tools/search-collaboratively-with-your-friends-using-searchteam/| accessdate = 17 July 2022}}</ref>, allowing collaborators to search together as a team for web pages, videos, pictures, reference materials, books and articles, and scholarly articles.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Henderson| first = Feoshia| title = Zakta launches SearchTeam.com collaborative search | url = http://www.soapboxmedia.com/innovationnews/071911searchteam.aspx| accessdate = 17 July 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2011 || December 1 || Search engine launch || German search company {{w|YaCy}} releases a peer-to-peer search that uses networked systems to index the web and deliver search results.<ref>{{cite web |title=YaCy Introduces Peer-to-Peer Search Engine |url=https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2011/12/01/yacy-introduces-peer-to-peer-search-engine/ |website=Search Engine Watch |access-date=10 October 2021 |date=1 December 2011}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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|-
 +
| 2012 || January 10 || Search algorithm update, user experience || Google launches [[wikipedia:Search Plus Your World|Search Plus Your World]], a deep integration of one's social data into search.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/search-plus-your-world.html|title = Search, plus Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Singhal|first = Amit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/01/10/google-launches-social-search/|title = Google Merges Search and Google+ Into Social Media Juggernaut|last = Ulanoff|first = Lance|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref> SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor [[wikipedia:Google+|Google+]] and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[wikipedia:Twitter|Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/examples-google-search-plus-drive-facebook-twitter-crazy-107554|title = Real-Life Examples Of How Google’s "Search Plus" Pushes Google+ Over Relevancy|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketingland.com/twitter-google-wwe-bing-3206|title = Twitter Cries Foul Over Google "@WWE" Search, But Google Still Beats Bing|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|publisher = [[wikipedia:Marketing Land|Marketing Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/01/10/search-google-plus-not-your-world/|title = "Search Plus Your World" Is Just About Google+, Not Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/01/13/google-social-search-too-much-too-soon/|title = Why Google's Social Search Is Too Much, Too Soon|last = Kessler|first = Sarah|date = January 13, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2012 || January || Search engine launch || {{w|Swiftype}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buy or sell Swiftype stock pre IPO via an EquityZen fund {{!}} EquityZen |url=https://equityzen.com/company/swiftype/ |website=equityzen.com |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Swiftype's site search can be used for {{w|faceted search}}, {{w|full text search}}, {{w|real-time search}}, and {{w|concept search}} queries. The company's plans offer on-demand and live recrawls and indexing of websites. Other features include drag and drop result customization, real-time analytics and adjustable weights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiftype Raises $1.7M for Smarter Site Search |url=http://allthingsd.com/20130815/swiftype-raises-1-7m-for-site-search/ |website=AllThingsD |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2012 || February 6 || Search engine launch || {{w|Volunia}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=CORRECTION - Volunia.com: Volunia Reveals its Real Innovation |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/correction---voluniacom-volunia-reveals-its-real-innovation-137964898.html |website=www.prnewswire.com |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Created by Italian mathematician {{w|Massimo Marchiori}}, it would cease to operate in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Software:Volunia - HandWiki |url=https://handwiki.org/wiki/Software:Volunia |website=handwiki.org |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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|-
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| 2012 || April 3 || Search engine launch || {{w|Seeks}} is launched. It is a {{w|collaborative search engine}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seeks, a collaborative search engine |url=https://fsffrance.org/news/article2011-01-25.en.html |website=fsffrance.org |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> ||
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|-
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| 2012 || April 24 || Search algorithm update || Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/04/another-step-to-reward-high-quality.html|title = Another step to reward high-quality sites|last = Cutts|first = Matt|date = April 24, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/the-penguin-update-googles-webspam-algorithm-gets-official-name-119623|title = The Penguin Update: Google’s Webspam Algorithm Gets Official Name|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/penguin-update-recovery-tips-advice-119650|title = Google Penguin Update Recovery Tips & Advice|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-talks-penguin-update-recover-negative-seo-120463|title = Two Weeks In, Google Talks Penguin Update, Ways To Recover & Negative SEO|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> ||
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| 2012 || May 10 || User experience || Microsoft announces a redesign of its [[wikipedia:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] search engine that includes "Sidebar", a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=David|title=Bing fires at Google with new social search|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/05/10/technology/bing-redesign/index.htm?source=cnn_bin|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=10 May 2012|date=10 May 2012}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 2012 || May 16 || Search algorithm update || Google starts rolling out [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]], used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html|title = Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings|last = Singhal|first= Amit|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = The Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-launches-knowledge-graph-121585|title = Google Launches Knowledge Graph To Provide Answers, Not Just Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/16/google-just-got-a-whole-lot-smarter-launches-its-knowledge-graph/|title = Google Just Got A Whole Lot Smarter, Launches Its Knowledge Graph|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1945 || || Concept development || American engineer {{w|Vannevar Bush}} introduces the concept of “collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record.<ref name="amcodigital.com">{{cite web |title=THE HISTORY OF SEO (SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION) |url=https://www.amcodigital.com/history-of-seo/ |website=amcodigital.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref> Bush emphasizes the necessity for an expansive index for all knowledge, stating: "[Information] has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. A record, if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored...Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of the systems of indexing. The human mind does not work this way. It operates by association."<ref name="whatisseo.comd">{{cite web |title=History of Search Engines |url=https://www.whatisseo.com/history-of-search-engines.html |website=whatisseo.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pariser |first1=Eli |title=The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From You |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-FWO0puw3nYC&pg=PT165&dq=vannevar+bush+1945+collection+of+data&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnm735idToAhXtIbkGHfNICPgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=vannevar%20bush%201945%20collection%20of%20data&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Gary |last2=Benke |first2=Meg |last3=Chaloux |first3=Bruce |last4=Ragan |first4=Lawrence C. |last5=Schroeder |first5=Raymond |last6=Smutz |first6=Wayne |last7=Swan |first7=Karen |title=Leading the e-Learning Transformation of Higher Education: Meeting the Challenges of Technology and Distance Education |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6jeFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84&dq=vannevar+bush+1945+collection+of+data&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnm735idToAhXtIbkGHfNICPgQ6AEISjAE#v=onepage&q=vannevar%20bush%201945%20collection%20of%20data&f=false}}</ref>
+
| 2012 || August || Search engine launch || 360 Search launches in China.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> It is a federated-search tool that enables library patrons to search multiple databases simultaneously and bring up a single list of results.<ref>{{cite web |title=360 Search: Getting Started |url=https://knowledge.exlibrisgroup.com/360_Services/360_Search/0Product_Documentation/360_Search%3A_Getting_Started#:~:text=360%20Search%20is%20a%20federated,a%20single%20list%20of%20results. |website=Ex Libris Knowledge Center |access-date=22 December 2021 |language=en |date=3 September 2016}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
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| 1987 || || Pre-web search engine || Search engine [[w:Archie (search engine)|Archie]] begins as a project for students and staff at {{w|McGill University}}, with aims to connect the McGill University School of Computer Science to the internet.<ref name="tellmeyourgoal.coms">{{cite web |title=The History of Search Engine Optimization |url=https://www.tellmeyourgoal.com/the-history-of-search-engine-optimization |website=tellmeyourgoal.com |accessdate=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARCHIE SEARCH ENGINE FROM MCGILL UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.historyofdomainnames.com/archie/ |website=historyofdomainnames.com |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARCHIE SEARCH ENGINE |url=http://community.worldheritage.org/articles/eng/Archie_search_engine |website=worldheritage.org |accessdate=6 April 2020}}</ref> 
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| 2012 || September || Shutdown || {{w|Rollyo}} is closed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rollyo closes its doors |url=https://philbradley.typepad.com/phil_bradleys_weblog/2012/09/rollyo-closes-its-doors.html |website=Phil Bradley's weblog |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=White Label SEO Reseller In Phoenix Arizona – Lucid Leverage |url=https://www.lucidleverage.com/private-label-seo-reseller-phoenix-arizona/ |website=lucidleverage |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1990 || || Pre-web search engine || The [[wikipedia:Archie search engine|Archie search engine]], created by [[wikipedia:Alan Emtage|Alan Emtage]], Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at [[wikipedia:McGill University|McGill University]]  in [[wikipedia:Montreal|Montreal]], goes live. The program downloads the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP ([[wikipedia:File Transfer Protocol|File Transfer Protocol]]) sites, creates a searchable database of a lot of  file names; however, Archie does not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data is so limited it can be readily searched manually.<ref>{{ cite web | title = The First Search Engine, Archie | url = http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1990archie.htm | accessdate = 2007-05-26 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070621141150/http://isrl.uiuc.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1990archie.htm| archivedate= 21 June 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | title = In Russian: History of the Internet. The First Search Engine | url = http://www.xserver.ru/computer/nets/internet/196/ | accessdate = 2012-02-23 }}</ref><ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordstream.com/articles/internet-search-engines-history|title = History of Search Engines - Chronological List of Internet Search Engines|accessdate = February 3, 2014}}</ref>
+
| 2012 || October 10 || Search engine launch || {{w|Algolia}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cummins |first1=Stephen |title=E02 Nicolas Dessaigne – Algolia – Soul Searching Engine of Company Culture {{!}} AppSelekt |url=https://www.appselekt.com/podcasts/14-minutes-of-saas-nicolas-dessaigne-algolia |website=appselekt |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a proprietary {{w|search engine}} offering, usable through the [[w:Software_as_a_service|Software as a Service (SaaS)]] model.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Search as a Service? {{!}} Algolia |url=https://www.algolia.com/blog/ux/what-is-search-as-a-service/ |website=Algolia Blog |access-date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1991 || || Pre-web search engine || The rise of [[wikipedia:Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] (created in 1991 by [[wikipedia:Mark McCahill|Mark McCahill]]  at the [[wikipedia:University of Minnesota|University of Minnesota]]) leads to two new search programs, [[wikipedia:Veronica (computer)|Veronica]]  and [[wikipedia:Jughead (computer)|Jughead]]. Like Archie, they search the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (''V''ery ''E''asy ''R''odent-''O''riented ''N''et-wide ''I''ndex to ''C''omputerized ''A''rchives) provides a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (''J''onzy's ''U''niversal ''G''opher ''H''ierarchy ''E''xcavation ''A''nd ''D''isplay) is a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers.  While the name of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the [[wikipedia:Archie Comics|Archie comic book]] series, "[[wikipedia:Veronica Lodge|Veronica]]" and "[[wikipedia:Jughead Jones|Jughead]]" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.<ref name=seh>{{Cite web|url=http://www.searchenginehistory.com/|title = Search Engine History|accessdate = February 3, 2014}}</ref> Gopher is considered to be the first search engine using a hypertext paradigm.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com">{{cite web |title=The History of Search Engine Optimization |url=http://www.thehistoryofseo.com/The-Industry/The_History_of_Search_Engine_Optimization.aspx|website=thehistoryofseo.com |accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref> A step toward the {{w|World Wide Web}} hypertext transfer protocol ({{w|HTTP}}), it would become popular for several years, because it provides a way to share text files from all over the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Allen |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 71 - Supplement 34 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=saa39p6C538C&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=%22Gopher+was+a%22&source=bl&ots=qVqIqoC2jc&sig=ACfU3U0DyZVfruHDKqZWjJ42nsJ3rRX2rg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlrIa43ovpAhWnKrkGHSrqCWwQ6AEwDHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Gopher%20was%20a%22&f=false}}</ref>  
+
| 2013 || August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement) || Search algorithm update || Google releases [[wikipedia:Google Hummingbird|Google Hummingbird]], a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]] in the future.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-hummingbird-172816|title = FAQ: All About The New Google "Hummingbird" Algorithm|date = September 26, 2013|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-update-17268.html|title = Some Reports Of An August 21/22 Google Update|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = August 23, 2013|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| 1991 || || || English computer scientist {{w|Tim Berners-Lee}} in {{w|Geneva}} launches his WWW Virtual Library <code>vlib.org</code>. It is considered the oldest catalog on the [[w:World Wide Web|Web]].<ref name="wordstream.come">{{cite web |title=THE HISTORY OF SEARCH ENGINES |url=https://www.wordstream.com/articles/internet-search-engines-history |website=wordstream.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Rys |first1=John |last2=Meyer |first2=Verne |last3=Sebranek |first3=Patrick |title=The Research Writer, Spiral bound Version |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=g4HP5TIs2-cC&pg=PA84&dq=Tim+Berners-Lee+set+up+a+Virtual+Library+%221991%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2l_vUlNToAhXTILkGHRNVD5IQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Tim%20Berners-Lee%20set%20up%20a%20Virtual%20Library%20%221991%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scheeren |first1=William O. |title=The Hidden Web: A Sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KgTqbPXQqroC&pg=PA46&dq=Tim+Berners-Lee+set+up+a+Virtual+Library+%221991%22+vlib.org&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCgvDOltToAhWNI7kGHTwQCDIQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=Tim%20Berners-Lee%20set%20up%20a%20Virtual%20Library%20%221991%22%20vlib.org&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tortosa |first1=Virgilio |title=Escrituras digitales: tecnologías de la creación en la era virtual |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5UF-g_q2rqQC&pg=PA179&dq=Tim+Berners-Lee+set+up+a+Virtual+Library+%221991%22+vlib.org&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCgvDOltToAhWNI7kGHTwQCDIQ6AEIPDAC#v=onepage&q=Tim%20Berners-Lee%20set%20up%20a%20Virtual%20Library%20%221991%22%20vlib.org&f=false}}</ref> 
+
| 2013 || April 13 || Search engine launch || {{w|Pipilika}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shajib's Website |url=https://sites.google.com/site/shajibsust/ |website=sites.google.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is the first search engine to work in both Bengali and English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pipilika |url=https://www.searchenginelinks.co.uk/pipilika-s756.html |website=www.searchenginelinks.co.uk |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Bangladesh}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1992 || || Virtual library of the web || [[wikipedia:Timothy Berners-Lee|Timothy Berners-Lee]] sets up the [[wikipedia:Virtual Library|Virtual Library]] (VLib), a loose confederation of topical experts maintaining relevant topical link lists.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/>
+
| 2013 || July || Search engine launch || French search engine {{w|Qwant}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |first1= |title=Qwant prepares to launch a search engine for children from its new R&D centre in Nice |url=https://www.investincotedazur.com/en/qwant-prepares-to-launch-a-search-engine-for-children-from-its-new-rd-centre-in-nice/ |website=Invest in Côte d'Azur |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=9 December 2014}}</ref> It claims that it does not employ [[w:Website visitor tracking|user tracking]] or personalize search results in order to avoid trapping users in a {{w|filter bubble}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Data Privacy Policy |url=https://www.qwant.com/privacy |website=About Qwant |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> Qwant is available in 26 languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qwant - The European search engine that respects your privacy |url=https://about.qwant.com/en |website=About Qwant |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || February || Early development || Six Stanford students create Architext, a project seeking to use statistical analysis of word relationships to improve relevancy of searches on the Internet. Architext would later become the search engine {{w|Excite}}.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/>  Excite would revolutionize how information is categorized, making it easier to find information “by sorting results based on keywords found within content and backend optimization.<ref name="A Brief History of Search & SEO">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Search & SEO |url=https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/a-brief-history-of-search-seo |website=blog.hubspot.com |accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="bluefrogdm.coms"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Livingston |first1=Jessica |title=Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ktm885vGIXEC&pg=PA61&dq=%22architext%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWiPeJsdToAhXPFbkGHU-sCR4Q6AEIPzAD#v=onepage&q=%22architext%22%20%221993%22&f=false}}</ref>  
+
| 2013 || December 30 || Search engine launch || {{w|Egerin}} is launched as the world’s first search engine in the Kurdish language. It provides an alternative to the big search engines that do not have their language.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monday |first1=Source: Egerin Posted |title=First Kurdish Search Engine, Egerin, Is Launched |url=http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/egerin/release-421932.htm |website=SBWire |access-date=22 February 2022 |language=en |date=30 December 2013}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || April 22 || || The graphical Mosaic web browser improves [[w:Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]]’s primarily text-based interface.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/> Mosaic is considered the first popular graphical web browser.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy birthday, Mosaic: 20 years of the graphical web browser |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/happy-birthday-mosaic-20-years-of-the-graphical-web-browser/ |website=zdnet.com |accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref>
+
| 2014 || January 22 || Search engine launch || Free metasearch engine {{w|Searx}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=About: Searx |url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Searx |website=dbpedia.org |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> It is available under the [[w:GNU Affero General Public License |GNU Affero General Public License version 3]], with the aim of protecting the {{w|privacy}} of its users.<ref>{{cite web |title=StackPath |url=https://www.maketecheasier.com/best-search-engine-for-privacy/ |website=www.maketecheasier.com |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Searx: self-hosted web metasearch engine – Tuxdiary |url=http://tuxdiary.com/2014/12/22/searx/ |website=tuxdiary.com |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en-CA}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || June || Early development || Matthew Gray at {{w|MIT}} develops the {{w|World Wide Web Wanderer}}, which is considered the first web crawler to measure the size of the Web.<ref name="A Brief History of Search & SEO"/><ref name="wordstream.come"/><ref name="seo.comf"/>
+
| 2014 || April || Search engine launch || {{w|Alibaba Group}} and {{w|UCWeb}} launch mobile search engine {{w|Shenma}}, a "mobile-first" search engine.<ref name="Chinese search engine past"/> It comes with {{w|UC Browser}}, a {{w|mobile browser}} with an estimated 20% share of China's browser market and over 30% of China's mobile browser marketshare as oif January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-23|title=What is Shenma Search? China’s Lesser-known Mobile Chinese Search Engine|url=https://www.nanjingmarketinggroup.com/blog/what-is-shenma-search|access-date=31 January 2022|website=Nanjing Marketing Group|language=en}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || June || First [[wikipedia:web robot|web robot]] || [[wikipedia:Matthew K. Gray|Matthew Gray]] produces the first known [[wikipedia:web robot|web robot]], the [[wikipedia:Perl|Perl]]-based [[wikipedia:World Wide Web Wanderer|World Wide Web Wanderer]], and uses it to generate an index of the web called the Wandex.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mit.edu/~mkgray/net/background.html|title = Internet Growth and Statistics: Credit and Background|last = Gray|first = Matthew|accessdate = February 3, 2014}}</ref> However, the World Wide Web Wanderer is intended only to measure the size of the web rather than to facilitate search.
+
| 2014 || April || Search engine launch || [[w:Grams (search)|Grams]] is launched<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zetter |first1=Kim |title=New 'Google' for the Dark Web Makes Buying Dope and Guns Easy |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/grams-search-engine-dark-web/ |website=Wired |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> as a {{w|search engine}} for [[w:Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]] based {{w|darknet markets}}. It would close in December 2017.<ref name="The Dar">{{cite web |title=The Darknet Search Engine ‘Grams’ is Shutting Down - Deep Dot Web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070700/https://www.deepdotweb.com/2017/12/15/darknet-search-engine-grams-shutting/ |website=web.archive.org |access-date=12 March 2022 |date=24 January 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || September 2 || First web search engine || [[wikipedia:W3Catalog|W3Catalog]], written by [[wikipedia:Oscar Nierstrasz|Oscar Nierstrasz]] at the [[wikipedia:University of Geneva|University of Geneva]], is released to the world. It is the world's first web search engine. It does not rely on a crawler and indexer but rather on already existing high-quality lists of websites. One of its main drawbacks is that the bot accesses each page hundreds of times each day, causing performance degradation.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://scg.unibe.ch/archive/software/w3catalog/|title=W3 Catalog History}}</ref><ref name="virtual">{{cite web|url=http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/gruber/virtual-documents-htw/|title=Virtual documents that explain How Things Work: Dynamically generated question-answering documents|author=Thomas R. Gruber, Sunil Vemuri and James Rice|date=December 1995|publisher=Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Search Engine |url=https://thisdayintechhistory.com/09/02/first-search-engine/|website=thisdayintechhistory.com |accessdate=10 April 2020}}</ref>
+
| 2014 || June 26 || Search engine launch || {{w|Swisscows}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss software company launches intelligent “answer finder” {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://m.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/GROSSBAY-6888125/news/Swiss-software-company-launches-intelligent-ldquo-answer-finder-rdquo-18645015/ |website=m.marketscreener.com |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> It uses semantic data recognition that give faster "answers" to queries and claims to not store users' data.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jason Kaye |first1=Commercial SEO analyst and editor |title=You mean there are other options? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/branded-content/marketing-guides/alternatives-to-google/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || October/November || Second web search engine || [[wikipedia:Aliweb|Aliweb]], a web search engine created by [[wikipedia:Martijn Koster|Martijn Koster]], is announced. It does not use a web robot, but instead depends on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format. The absence of a bot means that less bandwidth is used; however, most website administrators are not aware of the need to submit their data.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maze |first1=Susan |last2=Moxley |first2=David |last3=Smith |first3=Donna J. |title=Authoritative Guide to Web Search Engines |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZkxqAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&dq=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUwJaDttToAhUiHbkGHb6JDMsQ6AEIYzAH}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Auxiliar Administrativo. Servicio Canario de Salud. SCS. Temario Vol. II. |edition=Editorial CEP |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7y-xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326&dq=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUwJaDttToAhUiHbkGHb6JDMsQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q=%22Aliweb%22%20%221993%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="ddd">{{cite book |title=Enhancing the Power of the Internet |edition=Masoud Nikravesh, Ben Azvine, Ronald R. Yager, Lofti A. Zadeh |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=R2f8CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22Aliweb%22+%221993%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUwJaDttToAhUiHbkGHb6JDMsQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Aliweb%22%20%221993%22&f=false}}</ref>
+
| 2014 || || Search engine launch || Child-friendly search engine [[w:Kiddle (search engine)|Kiddle]] ([https://www.kiddle.co/ kiddle.co]) launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Child-friendly search engine Kiddle sparks controversy |url=https://techmonitor.ai/techonology/hardware/child-friendly-search-engine-kiddle-sparks-controversy-4827346 |website=Tech Monitor |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=2 March 2016}}</ref> It is designed to be a safe search engine for kids and is supposed to be free from controversial or mature subjects. It employs {{w|SafeSearch}} with additional filters. Kiddle is powered by Google Custom Search but is not affiliated with [[w:Google|Google LLC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiddle - Website Review |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/website-reviews/kiddle |website=www.commonsensemedia.org |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en |date=4 March 2016}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1993 || December || First web search engine to use a crawler and indexer || [[wikipedia:JumpStation|JumpStation]], created by [[wikipedia:Jonathon Fletcher|Jonathon Fletcher]], is released. It is the first WWW resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching).<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2009/03/15/why-we-nearly-mcgoogled-it-545208/|title = Why we nearly McGoogled it|date = March 15, 2009|accessdate = February 3, 2014|publisher = ''Metro''}}</ref>
+
| 2015 || March 27 || Search engine shutdown || {{w|Blekko}} is shut down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blekko - Recent News & Activity |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/blekko/signals_and_news/timeline |website=Crunchbase |access-date=13 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1994 || January || Search engine launch || {{w|Stanford University}} students {{w|Jerry Wang}} and {{w|David Filo}} create {{w|Yahoo!}} in a campus trailer. Yahoo starts originally as an Internet bookmark list and directory of interesting sites. Webmasters have to manually submit their page to the Yahoo directory for indexing so that it would be there for Yahoo to find when someone performed a search.<ref>{{cite book |last1=So |first1=Shermon |last2=Westland |first2=J.Christopher |title=Red Wired: China’s Internet revolution |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vbqIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=%22yahoo%22+%221994%22+%22wang%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidqce2vtToAhX4HLkGHcw-BL4Q6AEIVDAF#v=onepage&q=%22yahoo%22%20%221994%22%20%22wang%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Huff |first1=Priscilla Y |title=Business and Industry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mywYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22yahoo%22+%221994%22+%22wang%22+%22filo%22&dq=%22yahoo%22+%221994%22+%22wang%22+%22filo%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNs-HSvtToAhWNErkGHVkZBGkQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref name="20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization"/><ref name="wordstream.come"/>
+
| 2015 || May || Search engine shutdown || {{w|TickX}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us {{!}} TickX |url=https://www.tickx.com/about |website=www.tickx.com |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> It is a Manchester-based search engine and discovery platform for events and attractions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Symcox |first1=Jonathan |title=TickX partners with legendary music mag NME |url=https://businesscloud.co.uk/news/tickx-partners-with-legendary-music-mag-nme/ |website=BusinessCloud |access-date=29 July 2022 |language=en |date=13 March 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
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|-
| 1994 || January || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:Infoseek|Infoseek]] is launched.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/>
+
| 2015 || || Search engine launch || {{w|Iran}}ian web search engine {{w|Yooz}} launches.<ref name="McAllister"/> Upon its release, Iran's Ministry of Communication and IT claims the search engine is capable of supporting up to one billion Persian websites, having already  indexed over 1 billion web pages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran launches domestic search engine Yooz |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/105970/Iran-launches-domestic-search-engine-Yooz |website=Mehr News Agency |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en |date=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iran launches own search engine Yooz to beat internet-related sanctions |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-launches-own-search-engine-yooz-beat-internet-related-sanctions-1488112 |website=International Business Times UK |access-date=31 January 2022 |language=en |date=16 February 2015}}</ref> || {{w|Iran}}
 
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| 1994 || January || Web search engine supporting natural language queries || [[wikipedia:Altavista|Altavista]] is launched. This is a first among web search engines in many ways: it has unlimited bandwidth, allows natural language queries, has search tips, and allows people to add or delete their domains in 24 hours.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/>
+
| 2015 || || Search engine launch || Iranian search engine {{w|Parsijoo}} is launched.<ref name="McAllister">{{cite web |last1=McAllister |first1=Fiona |title=Zarebin Iran's domestic search engine |url=https://mena.news/zarebin-iran-latest-search-engine/ |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> As of 2016, it had 600,000 hits and 120,000 searches per day<ref name="payvand.com">{{cite web |title='Parsijoo' most used search engine in Iran after Google |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/16/nov/1006.html |website=www.payvand.com |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>, being the second most visited search engine after {{w|Google}}.<ref name="payvand.com"/> || {{w|Iran}}
 
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| 1994 || March || New web search engine || The [[wikipedia:World-Wide Web Worm|World-Wide Web Worm]] is released. It is claimed to have been created in September 1993, at which time there did not exist any crawler-based search engine, but it is not the earliest at the time of its actual release. It supports [[wikipedia:Perl|Perl]]-based regular expressions.<ref name=seh/><ref name=internetseh/>
+
| 2015 || || Search engine launch || Privacy-oriented web browser and search engine {{w|Cliqz}} launches.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://cliqz.com/en/about |website=Cliqz |access-date=27 December 2021 |language=en-EN}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1994 || April 20 || New web search engine || The [[wikipedia:WebCrawler|WebCrawler]] search engine, created by Brian Pinkerton at the [[wikipedia:University of Washington|University of Washington]], is released.<ref name=internetseh/> Unlike its predecessors, it allows users to search for any word in any webpage, which has become the standard for all major search engines since.
+
| 2016 || August 5 || Shutdown || {{w|Torrentz}} is shut down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Torrentz.eu Clone Emerges online as Torrentz2.eu |url=https://www.hackread.com/torrentz-eu-clone-emerges-online/ |website=hackread |access-date=13 July 2022 |date=10 August 2016}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1994 || April || New web directory || [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] launches its web directory.<ref name=internetseh/> Yahoo! would not build its own web search engine until 2002, relying until then on outsourcing the search function to other companies.
+
| 2016 || August || Search engine launch || {{w|Yongzin}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Asia |first1=Tech Wire |title=China launches first search engine in Tibetan language |url=https://techwireasia.com/2016/08/china-search-engine-tibetan-language/ |website=Tech Wire Asia |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=23 August 2016}}</ref> It is the first search engine of Tibetan language in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=World's 1st Tibetan language search engine in trial operation - China - Chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-08/04/content_26343690.htm |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
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| 1994 || July || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:Lycos|Lycos]], a web search engine, is released.<ref name=internetseh/> It began as a research project by [[wikipedia:Michael Loren Mauldin|Michael Loren Mauldin]] of [[wikipedia:Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon University's]] main [[wikipedia:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]] campus.
+
| 2016 || December || Shutdown || [[w:ChaCha (search engine)|ChaCha]] is shut down<ref>{{cite web |title=ChaCha: the Human-Powered Search Engine That Burned $96 Million |url=https://fourweekmba.com/failed-startup-chacha/ |website=fourweekmba |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> due to declining advertising revenue, which leaves it unable to service its debt.<ref>{{cite web |title=ChaCha, unable to find financial answers, shuts down operations |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/61651-chacha-unable-to-find-financial-answers-shuts-down-operations |website=Indianapolis Business Journal |access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| 1995 || || New web directory || [[wikipedia:LookSmart|LookSmart]] is released. It competes with [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] as a web directory, and the competition makes both directories more inclusive.
+
| 2017 || February || Search engine launch || {{w|Creative Commons}} announces {{w|CC Search}}, an open source search engine for open content, and releases a [[w:Beta Version|beta version]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcing the new CC Search, now in Beta |url=https://creativecommons.org/2017/02/07/new-cc-search/ |website=Creative Commons |access-date=18 April 2022 |date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Openverse – Make Openverse – WordPress.org |url=https://make.wordpress.org/openverse/handbook/history-of-openverse/ |website=make.wordpress.org |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1995 || Late year || Search engine launch || {{w|Excite}} is commercially released as a crawling search engine.<ref name="thehistoryofseo.com"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=DESAI |first1=SANDEEP |last2=SRIVASTAVA |first2=ABHISHEK |title=SOFTWARE TESTING : A Practical Approach |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=B4sQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280&dq=Excite+1995&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibwo7-pNToAhVFE7kGHU08B3kQ6AEIQjAD#v=onepage&q=Excite%201995&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Comm |first1=Joel |title=Click Here to Order: Stories of the World's Most Successful Internet Marketing Entrepreneurs |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YkEdWYvuUk8C&pg=PA263&dq=Excite+1995&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwibwo7-pNToAhVFE7kGHU08B3kQ6AEIUjAF#v=onepage&q=Excite%201995&f=false}}</ref>
+
| 2017 || March 8 || Shutdown || {{w|IceRocket}} is shut down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazing Sites That Closed Down (Updated) |url=https://pinchofsocial.com/free-sites-that-closed-down |website=Pinch Of Social |access-date=29 July 2022 |date=28 February 2017}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1996 || January–March || Search engine launch || {{w|Stanford University}} students {{w|Larry Page}} and {{w|Sergey Brin}} build and test Backrub, a new search engine that ranks sites based on inbound link relevancy and popularity. The crawler begins activity in March.<ref name=internetseh/> Backrub would ultimately become {{w|Google}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Breverton |first1=Terry |title=Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VepgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT559&dq=backrub+1996&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSo8P3qNToAhVUDrkGHd4jBoYQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=backrub%201996&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=MIRANDA GONZALEZ |first1=FRANCISCO JAVIER |last2=RUBIO LACOBA |first2=SERGIO |last3=CHAMORRO MERA |first3=ANTONIO |title=Dirección de operaciones. Casos prácticos y recursos didácticos |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=N9r7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&dq=backrub+1996&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSo8P3qNToAhVUDrkGHd4jBoYQ6AEIQzAD#v=onepage&q=backrub%201996&f=false}}</ref><ref name="20 Years of SEO: A Brief History of Search Engine Optimization"/><ref name="seo.comf"/>
+
| 2017 || December 15 || Shutdown || {{w|Uclue}} is shut down.<ref name=uclue>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Uclue |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316090026/https://uclue.com/ |website=web.archive.org |access-date=27 July 2022 |date=16 March 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1996 || May || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:Inktomi|Inktomi]] releases its [[wikipedia:HotBot|HotBot]] search engine.<ref name=internetseh/><ref name="tellmeyourgoal.coms"/>  
+
| 2017 || December || Shutdown || [[w:Grams (search)|Grams]] is shut down.<ref name="The Dar"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1997 || April || New natural language-based web search engine || [[wikipedia:Ask Jeeves|Ask Jeeves]], a natural language web search engine, that aims to rank links by popularity, is released. It would later become [[wikipedia:Ask.com|Ask.com]].<ref name=internetseh/><ref name=official-google-history>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/about/company/history/|title = Our history in depth|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|date = September 15, 1997|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sajja |first1=Priti Srinivas |last2=Akerkar |first2=Rajendra |title=Intelligent Technologies for Web Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=f_7RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&dq=%22Ask+Jeeves%22+%22in+1997%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj35ryevNToAhXYCrkGHfJmD80Q6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22Ask%20Jeeves%22%20%22in%201997%22&f=false}}</ref> AskJeeves later becomes [[w:Ask.com|<code>ask.com</code>]].<ref name="seo.comf"/><ref name="tellmeyourgoal.coms"/><ref name="ddd"/> 
+
| 2019 || October 2 || Search engine launch ({{w|web crawler}}) || {{w|Apache Nutch}} launches its stable release.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASF Git Repos - nutch.git/commit |url=https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf?p=nutch.git;a=commit;h=e803acded2a5a1e898e9b75cb67ee415fc13e306 |website=gitbox.apache.org |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is an open source web-search software project written in [[w:Java (programming language)|Java]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nutch - highly extensible, highly scalable Web crawler |url=https://www.linuxlinks.com/nutch/ |website=LinuxLinks |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1998 || July–September || New web search portal || [[wikipedia:MSN|MSN]] launches a search portal called MSN Search, using search results from [[wikipedia:Inktomi|Inktomi]]. After many changes to the backend search engine, MSN would start developing in-house search technology in 2005, and later change its name to [[wikipedia:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] in June 2009.
+
| 2020 || July 29 || Search engine launch || {{w|TeraText}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=TeraText Public Releases |url=https://public.teratext.leidos.com.au/download/releases |website=public.teratext.leidos.com.au |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> It is a combination high-performance text database and search engine that provides functionality for storing, indexing, retrieving and delivering documents or {{w|XML}}-based records across an organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=TERATEXT UNVIELS COMBINATION TEXT DATABASE AND SEARCH ENGINE. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/TERATEXT+UNVIELS+COMBINATION+TEXT+DATABASE+AND+SEARCH+ENGINE-a0122159268 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1997 || September 15 || New web search engine || The domain Google.com is registered.<ref name=official-google-history/> Soon, Google Search is available to the public from this domain (around 1998).
+
| 2020 || October 26 || Search engine launch ({{w|web mapping}}) || {{w|Petal Maps}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Linares |first1=Iván |title=Probamos Petal Maps, el nuevo Google Maps de Huawei que ya puedes descargar |url=https://www.xatakandroid.com/aplicaciones-android/probamos-petal-maps-nuevo-google-maps-huawei-que-puedes-descargar |website=Xataka Android |access-date=12 July 2022 |language=es |date=26 October 2020}}</ref> It is a Huawei-developed map engine covering over 200 countries and regions and supports more than 70 languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=[Watch Live Video] 2021 Huawei Developer Conference Full Schedule (HDC 2021) |url=https://www.huaweiupdate.com/2021-huawei-developer-conference-full-schedule-hdc-2021-1/ |website=Huawei Update |access-date=11 November 2022 |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> || {{w|China}}
 
|-
 
|-
| 1997 || September 23 || New web search engine (non-English) || [[wikipedia:Arkady Volozh|Arkady Volozh]] and [[wikipedia:Ilya Segalovich|Ilya Segalovich]] launch their [[wikipedia:Russian (language)|Russian]] web search engine yandex.ru and publicly present it at the Softool exhibition in Moscow. The initial development is by Comptek; Yandex would become a separate company in 2000.<ref name="yandexcomhistory">[http://company.yandex.com/general_info/history.xml About Yandex &mdash; History of Yandex]. Retrieved May 24, 2011. [http://www.webcitation.org/5yvl8XgIr Archived copy].</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hidden Champions in CEE and Turkey: Carving Out a Global Niche |edition=Peter McKiernan, Danica Purg |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PGi4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&dq=%22Yandex+Search%22+%22september+23%22&source=bl&ots=1fQcDh-YcJ&sig=ACfU3U0WxatvZ4q6wbel4tAr59N4KAbUWQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZxYvk1ovpAhWQGbkGHVBvCWYQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yandex%20Search%22%20%22september%2023%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnsen |first1=Maria |title=Multilingual Digital Marketing: Become The Market Leader |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vjOMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=%22Yandex+Search%22+%22september+23%22&source=bl&ots=8YgZ-E7AaI&sig=ACfU3U13sMAd0kRIllCx0hKkNrHo-mZcTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZxYvk1ovpAhWQGbkGHVBvCWYQ6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yandex%20Search%22%20%22september%2023%22&f=false}}</ref> It is Russia’s largest search engine.<ref name="seo.comf"/> 
+
| 2021 || January 14 || Search engine launch || {{w|Xapian}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Xapian Project |url=https://xapian.org/ |website=xapian.org |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> It is an open source search engine library.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Xapian Project |url=https://xapian.org/ |website=xapian.org |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1998 || June 5 || New web directory || Gnuhoo, a web directory project by [[wikipedia:Rich Skrenta|Rich Skrenta]] and [[wikipedia:Bob Truel|Bob Truel]], both employees of [[wikipedia:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]], launches.<ref name=internetseh/><ref name="SlashdotGnuhoo">{{cite web|url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=98/06/23/0849239| accessdate = April 27, 2007|work=[[wikipedia:Slashdot|Slashdot]] | title=The GnuHoo BooBoo}}</ref> It would later be renamed the [[wikipedia:Open Directory Project|Open Directory Project]].
+
| 2021 || April 12 || Search engine launch || {{w|Recoll}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recoll finds your documents |url=https://www.lesbonscomptes.com/recoll/ |website=www.lesbonscomptes.com |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> It is an easy-to-setup, {{w|free and open source software}}, cross-platform search engine with broad file type support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Org-Recoll |url=https://github.com/alraban/org-recoll |website=github |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=9 July 2022}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 1999 || May || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:AlltheWeb|AlltheWeb]], based on the Ph.D. thesis of Tor Egge at the [[wikipedia:Norwegian University of Science and Technology|Norwegian University of Science and Technology]], titled ''FTP Search'', launches. The engine is launched by Egge's company [[wikipedia:Fast Search & Transfer|Fast Search & Transfer]], established on July 16, 1997.<ref name=internetseh/>
+
| 2021 || May 10 || Search engine launch || {{w|DocFetcher}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=DocFetcher / Wiki / ChangeLog |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/docfetcher/wiki/ChangeLog/ |website=sourceforge.net |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> It is a document search engine best suited for indexing and managing document formats only.<ref>{{cite web |title=Desktop Search Engine DocFetcher - gHacks Tech News |url=https://www.ghacks.net/2009/06/08/desktop-search-engine-docfetcher/ |website=gHacks Technology News |access-date=15 August 2022 |date=8 June 2009}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2000 || January 1 || New web search portal || [[wikipedia:Baidu|Baidu]], a Chinese company that would grow to provide many search-related services, launches.
+
| 2021 || December 16 || Search engine launch || {{w|Apache Solr}} is released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solr News |url=https://solr.apache.org/news.html |website=solr.apache.org |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Standing for Searching On Lucene w/ Replication, it is a free, open-source search engine based on the {{w|Apache Lucene}} library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apache Solr Tutorial: What Is, How It Works & What Is It Used For |url=https://sematext.com/guides/solr/ |website=Sematext |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2002-3 || || Web search business consolidation || [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] buys Inktomi (2002) and then [[wikipedia:Overture Services Inc.|Overture Services Inc.]] (2003) which has already bought [[wikipedia:AlltheWeb|AlltheWeb]] and [[wikipedia:Altavista|Altavista]]. Starting 2003, Yahoo! starts using its own [[wikipedia:Yahoo Slurp|Yahoo Slurp]] web crawler to power [[wikipedia:Yahoo! Search|Yahoo! Search]]. Yahoo! Search combines the technologies of all Yahoo!'s acquisitions (until 2002, Yahoo! had been using Google to power its search).
+
| 2021 || December 17 || {{w|Desktop search}} || [[w:Everything (software)|Everything]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everything |url=http://www.voidtools.com/Changes.txt |website=voidtools |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> It is a search engine for {{w|Microsoft Windows}} that replaces ordinary Windows search with a considerably faster one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everything |url=https://download.cnet.com/Everything/3000-2379_4-10890746.html |website=Download.com |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004-5 || November (2004) - February (2005) || Change in backend providers || Microsoft starts using its own indexer and crawler for MSN Search rather than using blended results from [[wikipedia:LookSmart|LookSmart]] and [[wikipedia:Inktomi|Inktomi]].
+
| 2022 || January 12 || Search engine launch || {{w|Huawei}} launches the Petal Search engine in the Chinese market.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarkar |first1=Amy |title=[Update] Huawei Petal Search engine launched in China |url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/huawei-petal-search-engine-launched-in-china/ |website=Huawei Central |access-date=5 October 2022 |date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
| 2004 || December || User experience || [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]] is introduced as a [[wikipedia:Google Labs|Google Labs]] feature.<ref name=suggest-sel>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/googlecom-finally-gets-google-suggest-feature-14626|title = Google.com Finally Gets Google Suggest Feature|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = August 25, 2008|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name=suggest-official>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/at-loss-for-words.html|title = At a loss for words?|date = August 25, 2008|publisher = Official Google Blog|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+
| 2022 || March 22 || Search engine launch || {{w|Apache Lucene}} is launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucene™ Core News |url=https://lucene.apache.org/core/corenews.html |website=lucene.apache.org |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> It is a full-text search engine software library that provides a [[w:Java (programming language)|Java]]-based search and indexing platform.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Writer |first1=CBR Staff |title=What is Apache Lucene? |url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hardware/apache-lucene#:~:text=Essentially%20Apache%20Lucene%20is%20a,be%20used%20to%20perform%20queries. |website=Tech Monitor |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=29 January 2020}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 2005 || January || Webmaster tools || To combat link spam, [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] collectively introduce the [[wikipedia:nofollow|nofollow]] attribute.<ref name=moz>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/google-algorithm-change|title = Google Algorithm Change History|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2062985/Google-Yahoo-MSN-Unite-On-Support-For-Nofollow-Attribute-For-Links|title = Google, Yahoo, MSN Unite On Support For Nofollow Attribute For Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = January 18, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+
|}
 +
 
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! "search engine"
 
|-
 
|-
| 2005 || October || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:Overture|Overture]] owner [[wikipedia:Bill Gross|Bill Gross]] launches the Snap search engine, with many features such as display of search volumes and other information, as well as sophisticated auto-completion and related terms display. It is unable to get traction and soon goes out of business.<ref name=internetseh/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://websearch.about.com/od/enginesanddirectories/a/snap.htm|title = Snap - A New Kind of Search Engine|last = Boswell|first = Wendy|accessdate = February 11, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:About.com|About.com]]}}</ref>
+
| 1900 || 34
 
|-
 
|-
| 2006-2009 || || New human-curated web search engine || [[wikipedia:Wikia|Wikia]] launches [[wikipedia:Wikia Search|Wikia Search]], a search engine based on human curation, but then shuts it down. Relevant dates: publicly proposed December 23, 2006<ref name=TimesDec23>{{cite web|last=Doran|first=James|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9075-2517026,00.html|title=Founder of Wikipedia plans search engine to rival Google|work=The Times |location=London |date=December 23, 2006|accessdate=January 6, 2007 }}</ref> and January 31, 2007,<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197003494 Wales: Search Wikia Will Succeed Where Google Cannot], InformationWeek, February 5, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</ref> private pre-alpha December 24, 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lists.wikia.com/pipermail/search-l/2007-December/000845.html |title=private pre-alpha invites available |accessdate=December 24, 2007 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=December 24, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/24/AR2007122401567.html |title=Wikia Search Project to Launch January 7, Wales says |accessdate=December 24, 2007 |date=December 24, 2007 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> toolbar release August 2008, shutdown March–May 2009.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10207896-2.html Wales giving up on Wikia Search]</ref>
+
| 1910 || 84
 
|-
 
|-
| 2008 || January 28 || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:Cuil|Cuil]], a web search engine created by ex-Googlers that uses picture thumbnails to display search results, launches.<ref name="AP1">Liedtke, Michael, ''[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25884709 Ex-Google engineers debut 'Cuil' way to search]'', Associated Press, 28 July 2008, retrieved 13 Dec 2009</ref> It would later shut down on September 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Michael Arrington|title=Cuil Goes Down, And We Hear It’s Down For Good|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/17/cuil-goes-down-and-we-hear-its-down-for-good/|publisher=TechCrunch|date=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Devindra, Hardawar|title=Supposed Google-killer Cuil’s reign of terror may finally be over|url=http://venturebeat.com/2010/09/17/supposed-google-killer-cuils-reign-of-terror-may-finally-be-over/|publisher=VentureBeat|date=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref name=REF_ID>{{cite news |title=Cuil is Stone Cold – Another 'Google Killer' Bites the Dust |author= |newspaper=SearchEngineWatch |date=2010-09-18 |url=http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/100918-132701 }}</ref>
+
| 1920 || 78
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009 || July 29 || Web search engine consolidation || [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] and [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] announce that they have made a ten-year deal in which the [[wikipedia:Yahoo! Search|Yahoo! search engine]] would be replaced by Bing. Yahoo! will get to keep 88% of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal, and have the right to sell adverts on some Microsoft sites. Yahoo! Search will still maintain its own [[wikipedia:user interface|user interface]], but will eventually feature "Powered by Bing™" branding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8174763.stm |date=29 July 2009 <!-- 13:58 UK -->  |accessdate=2009-07-29 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=REFILE-UPDATE 1-Microsoft, Yahoo in 10-year Web search deal |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/CMPSRV/idUSN2921665320090729 |date=Jul 29, 2009 <!-- 8:27am EDT -->  |accessdate=2009-07-29 |author=Tiffany Wu |author2=Derek Caney  |publisher= [[wikipedia:Thomson Reuters|Thomson Reuters]] }}</ref>  All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners are expected to be transitioned by early 2012.<ref name=YahooHelp>{{cite web|url=http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/search/alliance/alliance-2.html;_ylt=AvrC8b99B5.r4JmW33gA5ChaMnlG|title=When will the change happen? How long will the transition take?|publisher=Yahoo!|date=1 December 2011|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref>
+
| 1930 || 191
 
|-
 
|-
| 2009 || August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010 || Search algorithm update || Named ''[[wikipedia:Google Search#Google Caffeine|Caffeine]]'', this update is announced on August 10, 2009. It promises faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2009/08/help-test-some-next-generation.html|title = Help test some next-generation infrastructure|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2009/08/10/google-caffeine/|title = Google Caffeine: A Detailed Test of the New Google|last = Parr|first = Ben|authorlink = Ben Parr|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/caffeine-its-google-on-red-bull-or-something/|title = Caffeine: It's Google On Red Bull, Or Something|last = Siegler|first = MG|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/28/google-caffeine-faster-search-index/|title = Google Is About To Get Caffeinated With A Faster Search Index|last = Schoenfeld|first = Erick|date = December 28, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title =  Our new search index: Caffeine|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/08/google-caffeine/|title = Caffeine: Google Finally Brews Its New Pot Of Web Results — 50% Fresher|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''|last = Siegler|first = MG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title = Google’s New Indexing Infrastructure "Caffeine" Now Live|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+
| 1940 || 269
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010 || September 8 || User experience || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Instant|Google Instant]], described as a ''search-before-you-type'' feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]], later called the autocomplete feature) ''and'' instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/search-now-faster-than-speed-of-type.html|title = Search: now faster than the speed of type|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/08/google-instant-its-search-before-you-type/|title = Google Instant: It Searches Before You Type|last = Tsotsis|first = Alexia|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/google-instant-behind-scenes.html|title = Google Instant, behind the scenes |date = September 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref> Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/insidesearch/features/instant/about.html|title = About Google Instant |publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on [[wikipedia:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]], but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/google-instant-fewer-changes-to-seo-than-the-average-algo-update|last = Fishkin|first = Rand|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|title = Google Instant: Fewer Changes to SEO than the Average Algo Update|date = September 21, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+
| 1950 || 286
 
|-
 
|-
| 2010 || November 1 || New web search engine || [[wikipedia:Blekko|Blekko]], a search engine that uses [[wikipedia:slashtag|slashtag]]s to allow people to search in more targeted categories, launches.<ref name=WSJ>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704477904575586551374128996.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title = Start-Up Aims at Google: Blekko.com Taps Users to Narrow Results, Avoid Spam Sites|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]''|date = November 1, 2010|accessdate = February 11, 2014|last = Efrati|first = Amir}}</ref>
+
| 1960 || 615
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011 || June 2 || Webmaster tools || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]], and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] announce [[wikipedia:Schema.org|Schema.org]], a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/schema-org-google-bing-yahoo-unite-79554|title = Schema.org: Google, Bing & Yahoo Unite To Make Search Listings Richer Through Structured Data|last = Fox|first= Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/introducing-schemaorg-search-engines.html|title = Introducing schema.org: Search engines come together for a richer web|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Guha|first = Ramanathan|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/02/google-yahoo-and-bing-collaborate-on-structured-data-to-make-search-listings-richer/|title = Google, Yahoo, And Bing Collaborate On Structured Data To Make Search Listings Richer|last = Empson|first = Rip|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+
| 1970 || 952
 
|-
 
|-
| 2011 || February 23–24 || Search algorithm update || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, [[wikipedia:scraper site|scraper]]s, and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/02/finding-more-high-quality-sites-in.html|title = Finding more high-quality sites in search|publisher = Official Google Blog|date = February 24, 2011|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|last2 = Cutts|first2 = Matt|authorlink2 = Matt Cutts|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/business/2011/03/the-panda-that-hates-farms/|title = TED 2011: The ‘Panda’ That Hates Farms: A Q&A With Google’s Top Search Engineers|last = Levy|first = Steven|authorlink = Steven Levy|date = March 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|url=http://searchengineland.com/how-google-panda-places-updates-created-a-rollercoaster-ride-for-iyp-traffic-101683|title=How Google Panda & Places Updates Created A Rollercoaster Ride For IYP Traffic|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates.
+
| 1980 || 1,700
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || January 10 || Search algorithm update, user experience || Google launches [[wikipedia:Search Plus Your World|Search Plus Your World]], a deep integration of one's social data into search.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/search-plus-your-world.html|title = Search, plus Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/01/10/google-launches-social-search/|title = Google Merges Search and Google+ Into Social Media Juggernaut|last = Ulanoff|first = Lance|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref> SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor [[wikipedia:Google+|Google+]] and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[wikipedia:Twitter|Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/examples-google-search-plus-drive-facebook-twitter-crazy-107554|title = Real-Life Examples Of How Google’s "Search Plus" Pushes Google+ Over Relevancy|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketingland.com/twitter-google-wwe-bing-3206|title = Twitter Cries Foul Over Google "@WWE" Search, But Google Still Beats Bing|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Marketing Land|Marketing Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/01/10/search-google-plus-not-your-world/|title = "Search Plus Your World" Is Just About Google+, Not Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/01/13/google-social-search-too-much-too-soon/|title = Why Google's Social Search Is Too Much, Too Soon|last = Kessler|first = Sarah|date = January 13, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref>
+
| 1990 || 4,590
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || April 24 || Search algorithm update || Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/04/another-step-to-reward-high-quality.html|title = Another step to reward high-quality sites|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = April 24, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/the-penguin-update-googles-webspam-algorithm-gets-official-name-119623|title = The Penguin Update: Google’s Webspam Algorithm Gets Official Name|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/penguin-update-recovery-tips-advice-119650|title = Google Penguin Update Recovery Tips & Advice|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-talks-penguin-update-recover-negative-seo-120463|title = Two Weeks In, Google Talks Penguin Update, Ways To Recover & Negative SEO|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = May 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+
| 2000 || 13,800
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || May 10 || User experience || Microsoft announces a redesign of its [[wikipedia:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] search engine that includes "Sidebar", a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=David|title=Bing fires at Google with new social search|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/05/10/technology/bing-redesign/index.htm?source=cnn_bin|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=10 May 2012|date=10 May 2012}}</ref>
+
| 2010 || 39,500
 
|-
 
|-
| 2012 || May 16 || Search algorithm update || Google starts rolling out [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]], used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html|title = Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings|last = Singhal|first= Amit|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = The Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-launches-knowledge-graph-121585|title = Google Launches Knowledge Graph To Provide Answers, Not Just Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/16/google-just-got-a-whole-lot-smarter-launches-its-knowledge-graph/|title = Google Just Got A Whole Lot Smarter, Launches Its Knowledge Graph|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+
| 2020 || 31,400
 
|-
 
|-
| 2013 || August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement) || Search algorithm update || Google releases [[wikipedia:Google Hummingbird|Google Hummingbird]], a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]] in the future.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-hummingbird-172816|title = FAQ: All About The New Google "Hummingbird" Algorithm|date = September 26, 2013|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-update-17268.html|title = Some Reports Of An August 21/22 Google Update|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = August 23, 2013|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
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[[File:Web search engines gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Google Trends ===
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 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Search engine (Computing), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search engine |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F06xw2 |website=Google Trends |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Search engine gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
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=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
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 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Web search engines, from 1990 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Web search engines |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Web+search+engines&year_start=1990&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=18 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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[[File:Web search engine ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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=== Wikipedia Views ===
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The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Search engine}}, from July 2015 to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search engine |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Web+search+engines&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Web search engine wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
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==Meta information on the timeline==
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===How the timeline was built===
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The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Issa|Issa]].
 +
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{{funding info}} is available.
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===Feedback and comments===
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Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
 +
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* FIXME
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===What the timeline is still missing===
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* [https://www.seodennis.com/search-engines-list/] Library of Congress
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* {{w|Search engine}}
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* {{w|List of search engines}}
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* {{w|Category:Internet search engines}}
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* {{w|Category:Free search engine software}}
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* {{w|Category:Desktop search engines}}
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* {{w|Search engine technology}}
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* [https://www.seomechanic.com/complete-history-search-engines/]
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* [https://topofthelist.net/a-history-of-search-engines/#:~:text=The%20first%20search%20engine%20invented,search%20engine%20for%20FTP%20sites.]
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* [https://www.libertymarketing.co.uk/blog/a-history-of-search-engines/]
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* [https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/how-search-worked-before-google-1703.html]
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===Timeline update strategy===
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
Line 124: Line 717:
 
* [[Timeline of Google Search]]
 
* [[Timeline of Google Search]]
 
* [[Timeline of search engine optimization]]
 
* [[Timeline of search engine optimization]]
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* [[Timeline of site search]]
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==External links==
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
  
{{reflist|30em}}
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{{Reflist|30em}}
 
 
[[wikipedia:Category:Computing timelines|Web search engines]]
 
[[wikipedia:Category:History of the Internet|Web search engines]]
 

Latest revision as of 12:22, 25 February 2023

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of web search engines". The original page still exists at Timeline of web search engines. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This page provides a full timeline of web search engines, starting from the Archie search engine in 1990. It is complementary to the history of web search engines page that provides more qualitative detail on the history.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • What are some significant events preluding the development of web search engines?
    • For research directly related to the development of search engines, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Early research".
    • For early search engines, look for the group of rows with value "Pre-web search engine launch".
    • You will see some early milestones, such as the launch of Archie and Tim Berners-Lee's Virtual Library.
  • What are some historically significant search engines and when were they launched?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Search engine launch".
    • You will see the launch of search engines, notable for their historical importance like WebCrawler, or by their magnitude, like Google and Yahoo!.
  • What are some notable search engine shutdowns?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Shutdown".
  • What are some numbers illustrating the evolution of search engine?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Statistics".
    • For internet userbase evolution, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Statistics (internet userbase)".
  • What are some notable search algorithm updates?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Search algorithm update".
    • You will see the launch of major Google updates, such as Google Panda.
  • Other events are described under the following types: "Acquisition", "Business model", "Change in backend providers", "Competition", "Early development", "Notable expansion", "Online advertising", "Opinion poll", "Organization", "Partnership", "Public offering", "Research", "Search evolution", "User experience", "Web directory launch", "Webmaster tools", and "Web search business consolidation".

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
17th-19th centuries Emergence of Library Catalogs Library catalogs are some of the earliest information retrieval systems, allowing users to search for books and other materials within a library. The development of library catalogs marked an important step in the history of information retrieval, as they provided a systematic way to access information and made it easier for users to find what they were looking for.[1]
1950s–1980s Rise of mainframe computer systems During this period, mainframe computer systems become more widely used and provide the first examples of large-scale information retrieval systems. These systems are used to search large databases of bibliographic information, such as scientific articles and patents, and they provide users with the ability to search for information using keywords and Boolean operators.
1990–1999 Early years of web search engines This period sees the development and launch of some of the earliest search engines, including Archie, Wandex, Yahoo!, and AltaVista. These early search engines are mainly directories of websites, organized by human editors, and use simple algorithms to match keywords with website content. The focus is on building a comprehensive index of the web and making it accessible to users. However, it is not until the launch of Yahoo! in 1994 and later Google in 1998, that search engines become widely used and essential tools for navigating the web. As the number of sites on the Web increases in the mid-to-late 90s, more search engines appear to help people find information quickly.[2]
1998–2010 Rise of Google This period is marked by the launch of Google, which quickly becomes the dominant search engine. Google's PageRank algorithm, which ranks pages based on the number and quality of links pointing to them, makes it the most accurate and relevant search engine at the time. During this period, search engines continue to evolve and add new features, such as personalized search results, local search, and image search.
2010–present Era of intelligent search This period is characterized by the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence in search engines, which become more intelligent and sophisticated, providing users with relevant and personalized results. The introduction of voice search, the growth of mobile devices, and the increasing importance of social media also transform the way people search for information on the web. During this period, search engines also become an important source of revenue for companies, through advertising and marketing. Today, search engines are complex systems that use machine learning algorithms to provide relevant and useful results to users. Some of the most popular search engines in use today include Google, Bing, Yahoo!, and Baidu.

Full timeline

Year Month and date (if available) Event type Details Launch country
1945 Early research American engineer Vannevar Bush introduces the concept of “collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record.”[3] Bush emphasizes the necessity for an expansive index for all knowledge, stating: "[Information] has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. A record, if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored...Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of the systems of indexing. The human mind does not work this way. It operates by association."[4][5][6] United States
1952 Early development The IBM 701 isintroduced by IBM. It is the earliest mainframe computer.[7] Mainframe computers would be used for many years as powerful and reliable data processing systems in various industries, preluding the emergence of web search engines.
1955 Early research H.A. Simon introduces the concept of bounded rationality, which leads to a satisficing strategy that implies that users do not evaluate the information scent of all search results available, but sequentially evaluate the items on the search engine results page only until one is encountered that is "good enough."[8][9] United States
1964 Early research According to W. Goffman, users may have prior knowledge or acquire knowledge about their topic in the course of browsing that affects their behaviour, which can be incorporated into user models, as users have a variety of ways to interact with the engine. They may reformulate to another query.[9][10]
1968 Early research W.S. Cooper proposes his expected search length, a measure defined with an explicit model of user behaviour in mind. This measure would be widely used for the evaluation of retrieval systems, offering the components of a rudimentary user model on which most subsequent measures are based.[9][11]
1971 Early research Rocchio introduces the relevance feedback, which allows the user to gradually refine his query by evaluating the relevance of the particular results. This is a first approach to use human judgment for an increased precision of results.[12][13]
1977 Early research In a study on human–computer interaction, S.E. Robertson publishes a paper on the theory of information retrieval, in which users possess a desire for information, articulate that desire as a keyword query and scan results listed by probable relevance.[14]
1987 Pre-web search engine launch Search engine Archie begins as a project for students and staff at McGill University, with aims to connect the McGill University School of Computer Science to the internet.[15][16][17] Canada
1990 Pre-web search engine launch The Archie search engine, created by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at McGill University in Montreal, goes live as the very first tool used for searching on the Internet.[2] The program downloads the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, creates a searchable database of a lot of file names; however, Archie does not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data is so limited it can be readily searched manually.[18][19][20][21] Canada
1991 Pre-web search engine launch The rise of Gopher (created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota) leads to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they search the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provides a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) is a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the Archie comic book series, "Veronica" and "Jughead" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.[20] Gopher is considered to be the first search engine using a hypertext paradigm.[22] A step toward the World Wide Web hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), it would become popular for several years, because it provides a way to share text files from all over the world.[23] United States
1991 Pre-web search engine launch English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in Geneva launches his WWW Virtual Library vlib.org. It is considered the oldest catalog on the Web.[24][25][26][27] The WWW Virtual Library is the direct descendant of the original Overview.html page on TBL's server in Geneva.[28] Switzerland
1993 February Pre-web search engine launch Six Stanford students create Architext, a project seeking to use statistical analysis of word relationships to improve relevancy of searches on the Internet. Architext would later become the search engine Excite.[22] Excite would revolutionize how information is categorized, making it easier to find information “by sorting results based on keywords found within content and backend optimization.”[29][30][31] United States
1993 April 22 Early development The graphical Mosaic web browser improves Gopher’s primarily text-based interface.[22] Mosaic is considered the first popular graphical web browser.[32]
1993 June Early development Matthew Gray produces the first known web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer, and uses it to generate an index of the web called the Wandex.[20][21][33] The World Wide Web Wanderer is considered the first web crawler to measure the size of the Web.[29][24][34] United States
1993 September 2 Search engine launch W3Catalog, written by Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva, is released to the world. It is the world's first web search engine. It does not rely on a crawler and indexer but rather on already existing high-quality lists of websites. One of its main drawbacks is that the bot accesses each page hundreds of times each day, causing performance degradation.[20][21][35][36][37] Switzerland
1993 September Search engine launch Oliver McBryan at the University of Colorado Boulder develops the World Wide Web Worm, an early search engine.[38] United States
1993 October/November Search engine launch Aliweb, a web search engine created by Martijn Koster, is announced. It does not use a web robot, but instead depends on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format. The absence of a bot means that less bandwidth is used; however, most website administrators are not aware of the need to submit their data.[20][21][39][40][41] United Kingdom
1993 December Search engine launch JumpStation, created by Jonathon Fletcher, is released. It is the first WWW resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching).[20][21][42] This is the first web search engine to use a crawler and indexer. It is often considered to be the first "modern search engine".[43] United Kingdom
1993 Statistics At this time, there are approximately 600 websites online.[34][44]
1993 Statistics (internet userbase) The are about 10 million internet users at this time.[34]
1994 January Search engine launch Stanford University students Jerry Wang and David Filo create Yahoo! in a campus trailer. Yahoo starts originally as an Internet bookmark list and directory of interesting sites. Webmasters have to manually submit their page to the Yahoo directory for indexing so that it would be there for Yahoo to find when someone performed a search.[45][46][47][24] United States
1994 January Search engine launch Web search engine and navigation service Infoseek is launched.[20][21] Originally operated by the Infoseek Corporation, headquartered in Sunnyvale, California[48], it would be bought by The Walt Disney Company in 1999,[49] and the technology would merge with that of the Disney-acquired Starwave to form the Go.com network.[50] United States
1994 March Search engine launch The World-Wide Web Worm is released. It is claimed to have been created in September 1993, at which time there did not exist any crawler-based search engine, but it is not the earliest at the time of its actual release. It supports Perl-based regular expressions.[20][21]
1994 April 20 Search engine launch The WebCrawler search engine, created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington, goes live on the Web with a database containing pages from just over 4000 different Web sites.[21] Unlike its predecessors, it allows users to search for any word in any webpage, which would become the standard for all major search engines since. At first a desktop application, WebCrawler would become a Web service as it is today. WebCrawler. It is the first Web search engine to provide full text search.[2]
1994 April Web directory launch Yahoo! launches its web directory.[21] Yahoo! would not build its own web search engine until 2002, relying until then on outsourcing the search function to other companies.[51]
1994 Search engine launch Astalavista.com is launched as one of the first search engines for computer security information. At first hosting software exploits, it would quickly degenerate into a forum for sharing software cracks, spyware, and virii.[52]
1994 Search engine launch Isearch is launched.[53]
1994 July Search engine launch Lycos, a web search engine, is released.[21] It began as a research project by Michael Loren Mauldin of Carnegie Mellon University's main Pittsburgh campus.
1994 Statistics The number of websites grows to 10,000, up from 600 websites in 1993.[44]
1995 Web directory launch LookSmart is released. It competes with Yahoo! as a web directory, and the competition makes both directories more inclusive.
1995 July 7 Search engine launch MetaCrawler is launched at the University of Washington. It is one of the earliest meta search services. In 1997, it would be purchased by InfoSpace, an online content provider.[54]
1995 September Search engine launch SAPO is created at the Computer Science Center of the University of Aveiro.[55]
1995 December Search engine launch AltaVista goes live.[43] It would quickly become one of the most popular search engines in the 1990s. This is a first among web search engines in many ways: it has unlimited bandwidth, allows natural language queries, has search tips, and allows people to add or delete their domains in 24 hours.[20][21] This web search engine supports natural language queries.
1995 Late year Search engine launch Excite is commercially released as a crawling search engine.[22][56][57] It is one of the first search engines that provide more than just search, also offering portals for news and weather, an email service, an instant messaging service, stock quotes, and a fully customizable homepage. In 1996, Excite would purchase WebCrawler and sign exclusive agreements with many of the largest tech companies, including Microsoft and Apple.[43] United States
1995 Search engine launch Job search engine CareerBuilder is launched.[58] United States
1995 Search engine launch Search.ch is launched. It is a search engine and web portal for Switzerland.[59] Switzerland
1995 Web portal launch Walla! is launched. It provides news, search (powered by Google Search) and e-mail, among other things.[60] Israel
1995 Statistics The number of websites grows to 100,000, up from 10,000 websites in 1994.[44]
1996 Early year Search engine launch Job search engine Yahoo! HotJobs is launched.[61] United States
1996 January 11 Search engine launch Yahoo! Japan is launched.[62] The company would be the second largest search engine used in Japan as of July 2021, with a market share of 19% behind Google's 77%.[63] Since 6 April 2022, Yahoo Japan's services are not available in the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom, due to "excessive regulatory burden".[64][65] Japan
1996 February 6 Search engine launch (web mapping) American free online web mapping service MapQuest is launched.[66] It is a search engine that allows users to find information about places in the world.[67] United States
1996 February 19 Search engine launch Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal Rediff.com is launched.[68] It is a popular Indian portal and its search engine is widely used. India
1996 January–March Search engine launch Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin build and test Backrub, a new search engine that ranks sites based on inbound link relevancy and popularity. The crawler begins activity in March.[21] Backrub would ultimately become Google.[69][70][47][34]
1996 April 1 Search engine launch Alexa Internet is launched as a web traffic data, global rankings, and other information on over 30 million websites.[71] United States
1996 Search engine launch Fireball is launched. It is the first ever German search engine.[72] Germany
1996 Business model Search engine Open Text starts offering pay per click programs, as a means to finance its service.[2]
1996 Search engine launch MetaGer is launched.[73] It is a German meta search engine that prioritizes user privacy and neutral results.[74] Germany
1996 Search engine launch Seznam.cz is launched.[75] It is a web portal and search engine in the Czech Republic.[76] Czechia
1996 May Search engine launch Inktomi software is incorporated in the widely-used HotBot search engine, which would displace AltaVista as the leading web-crawler-based search engine, and which would in turn be displaced by Google.[2][21][15] "HotBot is one of the early Internet search engines and was launched in May 1996. It updated its searchdatabase more often than its competitors. HotBot was one of the first search engines to offer the ability to searchwithin search results. HotBot also offered free webpage hosting, but only for a short time, and it was taken downwithout any notice to its users. HotBot proved itself to be one of the most powerful search engines of its day, with aspider capable of indexing 10 million pages a day. This meant HotBot not only had the most up to date list ofavailable new sites and pages, but was capable of re-indexing all previously indexed pages to ensure they were allup to date as well."[2]
1996 June 14 Search engine launch WebMD is launched.[77] It offers medical news, features, reference material, and online community programs.[78]
1996 July 31 Search engine launch Mamma.com launches. It is one of the oldest meta search engines on the web.[54]
1996 August Search engine launch News website Yahoo! News is launched.[79] United States
1996 Statistics The number of websites grows to 650,000, up from 100,000 websites in 1995.[34][44]
1996 Statistics (internet userbase) The are about 74 million internet users at this time.[34]
1996 Search engine launch A search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services, designed by Robin Li, launches, providing a strategy for site-scoring and page-ranking.[80]
1996 Organization Northern Light Group is founded. It is an American technology company specializing in enterprise search technology, text analytics solutions and research engines that combine traditional search engine functions with access to non-web based publications.[81] United States
1996 Search engine launch GlobalSpec is founded.[82] It is a technology services company which provides a search engine of engineering and industrial products.[83] United States
1996 November Search engine launch Meta-search engine Dogpile launches,[84] pulling queries from Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, WebCrawler, Infoseek, AltaVista, HotBot, WhatUseek, and World Wide Web Worm. Developed by Aaron Flin, it also has the ability to search Usenet, making it one of the most comprehensive search tools on the web at the time.[43][2]
1997 March Search engine launch AOL launches NetFind, its own branded search engine based on Excite. NetFind would be renamed to AOL Search in 1999. United States
1997 April Search engine launch Ask Jeeves is released as a natural language web search engine that aims to rank links by popularity. It would later become Ask.com.[21][85][86] AskJeeves later becomes ask.com.[34][15][41]
1997 May Search engine launch South Korean web portal Daum is launched.[87] It offers Internet services to web users, including a free web-based e-mail, messaging service, forums, shopping, news and webtoon service.[88] South Korea
1997 Search engine launch Kompass (kompass.com) is launched.[89] France
1997 June Search engine launch NetEase is established and launches a full Chinese search engine service.[90] China
1997 Search engine launch Lexis.com is launched as an internet research service.[91] It is a subscription based legal database that expands on the content offered in LexisNexis Academic.[92] United States
1997 September 15 Search engine launch The domain Google.com is registered.[85] United States
1997 September 23 New web search engine (non-English) Arkady Volozh and Ilya Segalovich launch their Russian web search engine yandex.ru and publicly present it at the Softool exhibition in Moscow. The initial development is by Comptek; Yandex would become a separate company in 2000.[93][94][95] It is Russia’s largest search engine.[34]
1997 Statistics The number of websites surpasses 1,000,000, up from 650,000 websites in 1996.[44][34]
1998 January 9 Search engine launch The Walt Disney Company registers Go.com, a portal for Disney content.
1998 February Search engine launch Sohu is established in China and publishes search engine.[90] China
1997 April Search engine launch MySimon.com is founded by Michael Yang and Yeogirl Yun. It is launched as a comparison shopping engine.[96]
1998 Search engine launch Dutch search engine Startpage.com [1] launches. It highlights privacy as its distinguishing feature.[97][98] Netherlands
1998 June 5 New web directory Gnuhoo is launched as a web directory project by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel, both employees of Sun Microsystems.[21][99] It would later be renamed the Open Directory Project (DMOZ), and become the default way of finding information on the web for many, with a search function for faster directory navigation.[100] It would close on March 17, 2017.[101][102] United States
1998 July–September New web search portal MSN launches a search portal called MSN Search, using search results from Inktomi. After many changes to the backend search engine, MSN would start developing in-house search technology in 2005, and later change its name to Bing in June 2009.
1998 September 4 Search engine launch Google is launched by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both PhD students at Stanford University. Its success woud be attributed to PageRank, a patented algorithm that ranks webpages based on their relevance to a search string. Unlike other search engines that use keyword-based methods to rank results, PageRank analyzes links between webpages to determine their importance. Pages that are linked from many important pages are considered to be important themselves. This approach is different from traditional methods that ranked pages based on keyword frequency or association.[2] In addition to its search engine, over time, Google would expand its services to include email (Gmail), online document storage (Google Drive), online maps (Google Maps), and more.[103] By 2019, with a market share of 92%, Google would become the uncontested leader in internet search, which would also lead it to become the most frequently visited website globally.[104] United States
1998 Third quarter Search engine launch MSN Search is launched, using search results from Inktomi. A search engine by Microsoft, it comprises a search engine, index, and web crawler.[2] United States
1998 Search engine launch Maktoob.com is founded in Amman (Jordan) as an online service. Known for being the first Arabic/English email service provider,[105] It would be acquired in 2009 by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Maktoob, turning Maktoob Yahoo!'s official arm in the MENA region.[106][107] United Arab Emirates
1998 Search engine launch Goto.com launches with sponsored links and paid search. Advertisers bid on Goto.com to rank above organic search results, which are powered by Inktomi. Goto.com would change its name to Overture in 2001[2], and would be purchased by Yahoo! in 2003.[47][3]
1998 Web portal launch Empas launches in South Korea.[108] It would become one of the popular total internet search tools and web portal sites in South Korea[109], before merging with Nate.com.[110] South Korea
1999 January Search engine launch Job search engine Monster.com is launched.[111] By search volume, it is one of the largest job listing sites in the world.[112]
1999 February Search engine launch Chinese technology company Sina Corporation launches SinaSearch.[90] China
1999 February 18 Search engine launch Leit.is is launched.[113] Iceland
1999 May Search engine launch AlltheWeb is launched by Egge's company Fast Search & Transfer. It is based on the Ph.D. thesis of Tor Egge at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, titled FTP Search.[21][114]
1999 June 28 Search engine launch Alibaba.com is founded.[89] China
1999 Research Korgaonkar and Wolin describe a seven-factor structure of web use where social escapism, transactional privacy, informational needs, interactive control, socialisation, non-transactional privacy and economic motivation are the motivators. Information retrieval and escapism (their analogue to entertainment) are found to be the most prominent motives for web use.[115][9] United States
1999 Research T.D. Wilson models the search process as an integral part of information (use) behavior.[116]
1999 November Search engine launch GenieKnows is launched.[117] Based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, it is a privately owned vertical search engine company.[118] Canada
1999 Search engine launch Business.com is launched, aiming to be the Internet's leading search engine for small business and corporate information.[119] United States
1999 Statistics The number of websites online reaches 2.2 million.[34]
1999 Statistics (internet userbase) The number of internet users reaches 279 million.[34]
1999 Search engine launch South Korean portal website Naver (naver.com) launches.[120] As of 2022, it is the most used website/app in South Korea.[121] South Korea
1999 September Notable expansion The Yahoo China website is launched.[90] China
1999 November 30 Search engine launch Kelkoo Group is launched, and begins offering his services to the English online market. It is one of the oldest shopping engines in Europe. In 2017, Kelkoo would become Google's first premium Comparison Shopping Services partner. At present, it enables online stores to advertise their products in over 40 countries.[122] United Kingdom
2000 January 1 Search engine launch Baidu (baidu.com) launches. It is a Chinese company that would grow to provide many search-related services.[123]
2000 Search engine launch Grub is launched.[124] It is an open source distributed search crawler platform.[125] It uses a distributed computing model to index web pages.[126]
2000 Search engine launch Newslookup is launched.[127] It is a news search engine and news aggregator.[128]
2000 Search engine launch Exalead is launched in France by Francois Bourdoncle. It features search within results, proximity search using the NEAR operator, regular expressions, wildcard and phonetic search.[129] France
2000 Search engine launch Swedish-based image search engine Picsearch is launched.[130] It can be used to search images on a variety of topics.[131] Sweden
2000 June 21 Search engine launch Vivisimo is founded as a privately held enterprise search software company in Pittsburgh that develops and sellssoftware products to improve search on the web and in enterprises.[2] United States
2000 Search engine launch Koders is launched. A search engine for open source code, it would merge in 2012 with Ohloh Code.[132]
2000 October Online advertising Google AdWords is launched as a search engine advertising service[133] developed by Google, where advertisers bid to display brief advertisements, service offerings, product listings, or videos to web users.[134] Initially released on a CPM (cost per thousand impressions) basis, it would transition to PPC (pay per click) in 2002. Later that year, Overture would file a lawsuit, claiming that Google had stolen their proprietary technology, as Google AdWords PPC model is remarkably similar to Overture’s patented advertising platform. After Yahoo! acquires Overture, in 2004, Google would settle the lawsuit, offering Yahoo 2.7 million GOOG shares as compensation.[100] United States
2001 April Search engine launch Teoma is launched by Professor Apostolos Gerasoulis and his colleagues at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Featuring a link popularity algorithm, unlike PageRank algorithm by Google, technology of Teoma analyzes links in context to rank a web page's importance within its specific subject. For instance, a web page about ―baseball‖ would rank higher if other web pages about―baseball link to it.[2] On February 26, 2006, the Teoma search engine would be rebranded and redirected to search.ask.com.[135] United States
2001 Concept development The term "Search Engine Marketing" is proposed by Danny Sullivan to cover the spectrum of activities involved in performing search engine optimization, managing paid listings at the search engines, submitting sites to directories, and developing online marketing strategies for businesses, organizations, and individuals.[2]
2001 July 28 Search engine launch Google Image Search (later Google Images) is launched.[136] It is the most comprehensive and known search engine of its kind.[137] United States
2001 Search engine launch Kartoo is launched[138] as a meta search engine. It would cease operations in early 2010.[9] France
2002 March 7 Web mapping Yahoo! Maps is launched.[139] A free online mapping portal provided by Yahoo!, it would be shut down on June 30, 2015.[140] United States
2002 April Research Sellen, Murphy, and Shaw publish a paper exploring the web goals of 24 knowledge workers, and find that these individuals engaged in 6 main activities: information gathering (35%), browsing (27%), finding (24%), transacting (5%), communicating (4%) and housekeeping (5%). The researchers asked focus group participants to categorize different information seeking activities on the web, and produced a similar typology consisting of fact-finding, information gathering, browsing and transactions.[141][9] United States
2002 July 21 Search engine launch Gigablast (gigablast.com) launches in beta.[142] It is a small independent web search engine based in New Mexico.[143] United States
2002 September News aggregator Google News is launched.[144] It is a personalized news aggregator.[145] United States
2002 November Search engine launch Technorati is launched[146] as a search engine and a publisher advertising platform that serves as an advertising solution for the thousands of websites in its network.[147] United States
2002 December 12 Search engine launch Google Shopping is launched as a search engine specialising in paid product ads.[148][149] ItT is is a service that hosts products from a wide variety of online vendors in a searchable format.[150] United States
2002-3 Web search business consolidation Yahoo! buys Inktomi (2002) and then Overture Services Inc. (2003) which has already bought AlltheWeb and Altavista. Starting 2003, Yahoo! starts using its own Yahoo Slurp web crawler to power Yahoo! Search. Yahoo! Search combines the technologies of all Yahoo!'s acquisitions (until 2002, Yahoo! had been using Google to power its search).
2003 Search engine launch isoHunt is launched.[151] Once the third most popular search engine for Bittorrent files[152], it would be taken down in October 2013 as a result of a legal action from the MPAA.[153] Canada[89]
2003 Statistics (internet userbase) The number of websites online reaches 38 million.[34]
2003 Search engine launch Torrentz.eu is launched. It would become one of the most popular torrent meta-search engines, before shutting down in 2016.[89]
2003 October 8 Acquisition Yahoo! acquires online-advertising company Overture Services Inc. for about $1.83 billion, aiming to better compete with Google.[2][154][155] United States
2003 June 8 Opinion poll The “China Computer Education News” holds a public beta campaign called “Baidu VS Google” to let users vote for their own minds. In the end, 55% would choose “Baidu is better than Google”.[90] China
2003 Search engine launch Skyscanner is launched.[156] It is a metasearch engine and travel agency based in Edinburgh, Scotland.[157] The site is available in over 30 languages.[157][158] United Kingdom
2003 August 1 Search engine launch Social networking site Myspace is launched.[159] It includes search engine.[160]
2003 Statistics (internet userbase) The number of internet users reaches 782 million.[34]
2003 September 15 Search engine launch The Pirate Bay is launched.[161] It is a search engine, which has an index of torrent files.[162] Sweden[89]
2003 December Search engine launch Wazap! is launched. It is a vertical search engine, video game database and social networking site to distribute gaming news, rankings, cheats, downloads and reviews owned and operated by East Beam Co. Ltd. of Japan. Japan
2004 January 14 Search engine launch Travel search engine Kayak.com is launched.[163]
2004 SEO tool launch Majestic is launched.[89] It is a Search Engine Optimization software tool that specializes in link analysis.[164]
2004 June 16 Search engine launch ht-//Dig is launched. A free software indexing and searching system created by Andrew Scherpbier at San Diego State University,[165][166] it provides a search engine for a single website.
2004 June 24 Search engine launch BASE (base-search.net) is launched. Created by Bielefeld University Library in Bielefeld, Germany,it is a multi-disciplinary search engine to scholarly internet resources. It is based on free and open-source software such as Apache Solr and VuFind.[167] Germany
2004 July Video search engine launch Blinkx is launched[168] as a video search engine allowing search of movie clips, news shows, music videos, full repeat telecasts of television soaps, audio clips and podcasts by retrieving results from popular video sharing sites like YouTube, Dailymotion, Google Video, Meta Café and MySpace.[169] In June 2016, Blinkx plc would change its name to RhythmOne plc and begin trading as RhythmOne plc on the London Stock Exchange.[170] United Kingdom
2004 Search engine launch Mobissimo is launched.[171] It is a travel metasearch engine website based in San Francisco, California.[172] United States
2004 Search engine launch IceRocket is launched as an internet search engine specializing in real-time search.[173] United States
2004 Search engine launch Redfin is launched.[174] It is a search engine that allows prospetive home buyers to search on every single attribute of a home.[175] United States
2004 August 3 Search engine launch Sogou search engine (sogou.com) is launched by Chinese technology company Sogou, Inc. China
2004 August 8 Web mapping OpenStreetMap ([www.openstreetmap.org openstreetmap.org]) is launched.[176] It is a provider of geodata for any private search engine.[177]
2004 August Public offering Google is listed on the NASDAQ.[90] United States
2004 August 27 Search engine launch Yandex Maps is launched.[178] It is a Russian web mapping service and map search engine developed by Yandex.[179][89] Russia
2004 September Search engine launch Amazon subsidiary A9.com, Inc. launches search engine A9.com.[180] In 2019, Amazon would take down the A9.com site and point the domain name to Amazon's home page.[181] United States
2004 September Search engine launch Clusty is launched by Pittsburgh-based technology company Vivisimo. It would be later renamed Yippy, after being acquired by Yippy Inc.[182]
2004 October 14 Desktop search Google Desktop is launched.[183] It is a desktop search software allowing text searches of a user's e-mails, computer files, music, photos, chats, Web pages viewed, and other "Google Gadgets".[184] United States
2004 October 18 Search engine launch Info.com [2] is launched.[185] It is a metasearch engine which provides results from leading search engines and pay-per-click directories.[186] United States
2004 Search engine launch Mojeek is launched.[187] It is a crawler-based search engine that provides internet search services to the general public.[188] United Kingdom
2004 November Search engine launch CiteULike (citeulike.org)is launched.[189] It is a free web search engine which helps users search, share, and organize scholarly papers over the Internet.[190] United Kingdom
2004 November Search engine launch Indeed is launched as a search engine for jobs in the United Kingdom.[191] United Kingdom
2004 November 20 Search engine launch Google Scholar is released.[192] It is a search engine specializing in searching scholarly literature and academic resources.[193] United States
2004-5 November (2004) - February (2005) Change in backend providers Microsoft starts using its own indexer and crawler for MSN Search rather than using blended results from LookSmart and Inktomi.
2004 December 6 Search engine launch Accoona launches[194] as a search engine with interactive tools that provides web, business and news results, powered by proprietary AI technology.[195] It would be shut down in 2008.[196]
2004 December User experience Google Suggest is introduced as a Google Labs feature.[197][198] This feature completes automatically a search with those most searched by Internet users or propose similar queries.[199] United States
2005 January Webmaster tools To combat link spam, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft collectively introduce the nofollow attribute.[200][201]
2005 January Search engine launch The first public version of Mininova is launched.[202] It would become one of the largest torrent search engines and directories on the net.[203] The site would shut down on April 4th, 2017.[89]
2005 January 25 Video search engine launch Google Video is launched.[204] In 2009, the site would stop accepting new video uploads since Google acquisition of YouTube,[205] and users would have the opportunity to publish their videos directly onto YouTube. On August 20, 2012, Google Videos would be ultimately shut down.[206] United States
2005 February 8 Search engine launch Google launches Google Maps[207] as a search engine with location data.[208] In August 2013, it would be found to be the world's most popular smartphone app, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it.[209] By default the navigation tool for Android users[210], Google Maps is the best known navigation tool[211], and the most comprehensive navigation service.[212] United States
2005 March 17 Search engine launch Pronto.com is founded.[213] It is a shopping search engine aimed at facilitating consumers to find products and compare prices.[214]
2005 March Search engine launch SearchMe is founded by Randy Adams and John Holland.[2]
2005 April 8 Search engine launch KidzSearch is launched.[215] It is a family-friendly search engine for kids.[216] United States
2005 April 13 Search engine launch Podscope is launched.[217] It is the first search engine allowing the user to search for spoken words within any audio or video file.[218]
2005 Search engine launch Swedish company Munax releases its first version all-content search engine, powering with video search.[219] Sweden
2005 August Search engine launch Rollyo is launched. It is a search engine allowing users to register accounts and create search engines to retrieve results from preferred websites.[220] United States
2005 Statistics Around this year, search engines are utilized by 80–90% of Internet users.[9]
2005 November Search engine launch Lexxe is launched. In search, it applies natural language processing as key technology.[221]
2005 July 24 Search engine launch Bing Maps is originally launched as MSN Virtual Earth, which is released for beta testing.[222] United States
2005 November Search engine launch HotPads is launched.[223] It is a map-based, rentals search engine, listing homes, apartments, and condos for rent, and for-sale homes all across the United States.[224][225] United States
2005 Search engine launch Vertical search engine Trulia is launched.[226] It is an American online real estate marketplace which is a subsidiary of Zillow.[227]
2005 Concept development K. Keenoy and M. Levene describe social search engines that enable personalized results as "systems that consider the behavior of other users of the system when generating search results and recommendations", which means they not only consider the user’s profile but also other users’ profiles, who are in the actual searcher’s social graph.[9][228]
2005 July Search engine launch Chegg is launched.[89] as an American education technology company. It provides a search engine (chegg.com)[229], among other services.[230] United States
2005 October Search engine launch Overture owner Bill Gross launches the Snap search engine, with many features such as display of search volumes and other information, as well as sophisticated auto-completion and related terms display. It is unable to get traction and soon goes out of business.[21][231]
2005 October Search engine launch American search engine Healthline is launched. It is aimed to consumer healthcare.[232] United States
2005 November 1 Search engine launch Scandinavian internet search engine Sesam is launched.[233] On 30 March 2009 the Norwegian site would be closed, followed by the closure of the Swedish version on 17 June 2009.[234][235] Norway, Sweden
2005 November Search engine launch HotPads is launched. It is a map-based rental housing search engine.[236] United States
2005 November Search engine launch AskMeNow is launched,[237] providing mobile search and advertising solutions. As of 2023, it is shut down.[238]
2006 January Video search engine launch CastTV is founded as an Internet video search and aggregation company.[239][240] United States
2006 February 8 Search engine launch Zillow is founded.[241] It operates as a real estate search engine that lists more than 100 million houses across the United States.[242] United States
2006 March 8 Search engine launch The first public beta of Windows Live Search is unveiled, with the final release on September 11 of the same year, replacing MSN Search.[2]
2006 March Search engine launch Tencent releases search engine Soso.[90] As of 1 October 2012, Soso would be ranked as the 33rd most visited website in the world, the 11th most visited website in China, and the number eight most visited website in South Korea, according to Alexa Internet.[243] China
2006 Search engine launch Thomasnet (thomasnet.com) is launched.[89] It is a search engine used to find manufacturers, distributors and service providers.[244]
2006 April Notable expansion Google officially establishes a Chinese subsidiary and launches Google China.[90] China
2006 April Search engine launch PeekYou is launched.[245] It is a people search engine site that places people at the center of the internet.[246] United States
2006 June Search engine launch The first version of Searchmedica is launched.[247] A series of free medical search engines built by doctors for doctors and other medical professionals in several languages, no version appears to be operational as of 2022.[248][249]
2006 June 14 Search engine launch Krugle is launched.[250] It is a code search engine for developers.[251]
2006 June 23 Web mapping Géoportail is launched by the French government. It is a comprehensive web mapping service that publishes maps and geophysical aerial photographs from more than 90 sources for France and its territories. France
2006 July 3 Search engine launch Biglobe is launched.[252] It is a Japanese search engine and portal from NEC Corporation using google results.[253] Japan
2006 September 1 Search engine launch ChaCha Search is launched.[254] An American human-guided search engine providing free, real-time answers to any question, through its website, or by using one of the company's mobile apps, it would be shut down in December 2016.[255] United States
2006 September Search engine launch Healia becomes available to the public.[256] It is a health vertical search engine that uses algorithms to assess quality and to categorize documents.[257] United States
2006 October 2 Search engine launch IFACnet is released as an enterprise search engine for professional accountants.[258]
2006 October 5 Search engine launch Google Code Search is launched as a free beta product from Google, allowing web users to search for open-source code on the Internet.[259] In October 2011, Google would announce Code Search to be shut down along with the Code Search API.[260] The service would remaine online until March 2013.[261] United States
2006 November Search engine launch Microsoft launches web search engine Ms. Dewey.[262] It would become inactive in January 2009.[263]
2006 Search engine launch ChemRefer is launched.[264] It is a search engine for open access chemistry papers.[265]
2006 Search engine launch Image search engine Pixsta is launched.[266] It is a visual search engine that analyzes the image pixel level to identify contextual displays of similar product images for e-commerce.[267]
2006 November 30 Search engine launch Content index desktop search platform Windows Search is introduced in Windows Vista.[268] United States
2006 December Search engine launch Omgili is launched.[269] It is a vertical search engine that specializes in indexing discussions in user forums.[270]
2006-2009 Search engine launch Wikia launches Wikia Search, a search engine based on human curation, but then shuts it down. Relevant dates: publicly proposed December 23, 2006[271] and January 31, 2007,[272] private pre-alpha December 24, 2007,[273][274] toolbar release August 2008, shutdown March–May 2009.[275]
2007 January 17 Search engine launch Wikiseek is officially launched as a search engine that indexes Wikipedia pages and pages that are linked to form Wikipedia articles.[2]
2007 February 28 Search engine launch Uclue is launched as an online fee-based research service.[276] It would cease operations in December 2017.[277]
2007 March Search engine launch Amatomu is launched as a blog search engine and article aggregator, focusing on blogs published in South Africa.[278] South Africa
2007 May 4 Search engine launch Ripple launches[279] as a non-profit click-to-donate internet site and search engine passing 100% of its revenue to other charities.[280] It would be shut down.
2007 Research Melanie Kellar, Carolyn Watters, and Michael Shepherd publish a study asking focus group participants to categorize different information seeking activities on the web, and produce a typology consisting of fact-finding, information gathering, browsing and transactions. The researchers find that many web uses such as browsing and information gathering fall outside the classical model of information retrieval.[9] Canada (Dalhousie University)
2007 May Search engine launch Mahalo.com is launched.[281] It is a human powered search engine whose results are generated non-algorithmically by a team of profile builders who create pages for search terms.[282]
2007 Research According to Massimo Marchiori, personalized social search engines like Rollyo and Eurekster may be labeled programmable search engines.[283][9]
2007 Research Purves et al. define Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) as a specialization of Information Retrieval that aims to add the semantic dimension of location and describes the identification, augmentation, and processing of geospatial references from documents and the means to provide access to them.[284][9]
2007 Search engine launch Travel metasearch platform Aviasales is launched. Originally a private blog, the service would extend its operations in 14 countries across Eastern Europe, the CIS, Asia, and the USA.[285][286] Rusia
2007 Search evolution Search starts to evolve in new ways. Updates are aimed at improving the user experience.[47]
2007 Research According to M. Marchiori, personalized social search engines like Rollyo and Eurekster may be labeled programmable search engines[9][287], which enable users to create a search engine for their website, blog, or collection of websites.[288]
2007 Research According to Bar-Yossef and Gurevich, search engine quality metrics commonly used include corpus size, index freshness, and density of duplicates in the corpus.[289][9]
2007 August Search engine launch Sproose is launched[2], featuring user-driven search result relevancy.[290] United States
2007 October 1 Search engine launch Taptu is launched,[291] providing a mobile search engine.[292] In September 2012, Taptu would be acquired by Mediafed Ltd., and the Taptu service would shut down on March 31, 2015,[293] a year before Mediafed went into administration.[294] United Kingdom
2007 November 7 Search engine launch Evi is launched.[295] an internet answer engine that provides internet, mobile, and those utilizing the service through an app with an natural language based search engine.[296]
2007 November Search engine launch Music search engine and online music player Songza is launched.[297] United States
2007 December Search engine launch Youdao is launched by Chinese internet company NetEase.[298][89] A search engine and an online education platform, it operates as China's most popular dictionary and translation app with over 700 million users in early 2021.[299] China
2008 January 28 Search engine launch Cuil, a web search engine created by ex-Googlers that uses picture thumbnails to display search results, launches.[300] It would later shut down on September 17, 2010.[301][302][303][304]
2008 January Search engine launch Search engine Zoopla is launched.[305][306] It is a property portal website and app providing estate agents with advertising through the website and affiliated partner websites.[307] United Kingdom
2008 February 26 Search engine launch Gigablast launches new search engine with "freshness dating" and privacy-conscious search.[308]
2008 April 14 Search engine launch Ecocho (ecocho.com.au) is launched as a search engine with the promise to buy carbon offset credits that will result in two trees being planted for every 1000 searches made through the site.[309] It would be shut down. Australia
2008 April Search engine launch Viewzi is launched in beta.[310] It is a customizable and multi-faceted visual search engine.[311]
2008 May 6 Search engine launch Reverse image search engine TinEye is launched.[312] Developed by Toronto-based Idée, Inc., it is the first image search engine on the web to use image identification technology rather than keywords, metadata or watermarks.[313] Canada
2008 Search engine launch Lookeen is launched by Axonic Informationssysteme GmbH as an enterprise search and desktop search product.[314]
2008 August Search engine launch Regator is launched as an editorially curated blog search and discovery engine with the purpose to facilitate finding quality blog content.[315]
2008 August Search engine launch Forestle is launched. An ecologically inspired search engine created in Germany, it would be discontinued in 2011.[316] Germany
2008 September 25 Search engine launch DuckDuckGo is launched.[317] It is an internet search engine that emphasizes protecting searchers' privacy and avoiding the filter bubble of personalized search results.[318] United States
2008 October 5 Shutdown Accoona is shut down.[196] United States
2008 December Search engine launch StuRents.com is launched.[319] It is a dedicated student property search engine and tenancy management platform, operating across the United Kingdom.[320] United Kingdom
2008 December Search engine launch KidRex is launched.[321] It is a visual child-safe search engine utilizing Google SafeSearch and maintaining its own database of inappropriate websites and keywords. Social media websites are blocked by KidRex.[322][323]
2009 January Shutdown Ms. Dewey becomes inactive.[324]
2009 February Search engine launch Otalo.com is launched.[325] It is a fare aggregator and metasearch engine for vacation rentals, enabling its users to search across different vacation rental advertising sites using a single search.[326]
2009 March 26 Search engine launch ApexKB is launched[327] as a collaborative search engine powered by social bookmarking.[328]
2009 May 18 Search engine launch Semantic search engine WolframAlpha is launched.[329] Invented by Stephen Wolfram, its goal is not a list of hyperlinks in which user find answers to their requests, but a compilation of facts as specific results.[330] United States
2009 June 3 Search engine launch Bing launches, with Microsoft aggressively marketing it as the search engine that would produce noticeably better results than Google.[29][34] United States
2009 Search engine launch Delver is launched as a web search engine that displays results prioritized based upon the searcher's social network and community.[331] In March 2009, it would be purchased by Sears Holdings Corporation.[332] Israel
2009 July 21 Search engine launch Yebol (yebol.com) is launched as a semantic search engine.[333] As of 2022, its status is down.
2009 July 29 Partnership Microsoft and Yahoo! announce that they have made a ten-year deal in which the Yahoo! search engine would be replaced by Bing. Yahoo! would get to keep 88% of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal, and have the right to sell adverts on some Microsoft sites. Yahoo! Search will still maintain its own user interface, but will eventually feature "Powered by Bing™" branding.[334][335] All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners are expected to be transitioned by early 2012.[336]
2009 August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010 Search algorithm update Named Caffeine is announced as a Google Search update, promising faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.[200][337][338][339][340] The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.[341][342][343]
2009 September Search engine launch Deep web search engine Goby is launched. The site searches selected databases and other sources of information on the web focused on 400 categories of things to do while traveling.[2]
2009 Search engine launch Search engine launch Shodan is launched.[344] It is a search engine that lets the user find specific types of computers (webcams, routers, servers, etc.) connected to the internet using a variety of filters.[345]
2009 December 7 Search engine launch Berlin-based Ecosia is launched.[346] It donates 80% of its profits to nonprofit organizations that focus on reforestation. As of December 2021, the company claims to have planted more than 140 million trees since its inception.[347] Germany
2009 December Competition In order to compete with Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft announce the intention to forge an alliance. The Yahoo! & Microsoft Search Alliance would eventually receive approval from regulators in the United States and Europe in February 2010.[2][348] United States
2010 January Shutdown Kartoo closes down.[9]
2010 January 12 Search engine launch Bing Health is launched as part of Microsoft's Bing search engine.[349] It is aimed to provide health-related information through a variety of trusted and credible sources, including Medstory, Mayo Clinic, National Institutes of Health's MedlinePlus, as well as from Wikipedia.[350] United States
2010 March Shutdown Google Search exits the Chinese mainland market.[90] China
2010 April Search engine launch Macroglossa Visual Search is released.[351] A search engine based on the comparison of images[352], it would be shut down in February 2016.
2010 Search engine launch Noodle Education is launched[89] (noodle.com) as an education search engine. It offers extensive data on schools and education providers at no cost.[353] United States
2010 September 8 User experience Google launches Google Instant, described as a search-before-you-type feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in Google Suggest, later called the autocomplete feature) and instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.[354][355][356] Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.[357] SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on search engine optimization, but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.[200][358]
2010 November 1 Search engine launch Blekko launches as a search engine that uses slashtags to allow people to search in more targeted categories.[359]
2011 January Search engine launch BTDigg is launched.[360] It is the first Mainline DHT search engine.[361][362] Unknown[89]
2011 February Search engine launch Xinhua News Agency and China Mobile launch Pangu Search.[90] China
2011 February 23–24 Search algorithm update Google launches Google Panda, a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, scrapers, and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.[200][363][364][365] The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates.
2011 April 4 Shutdown AlltheWeb is shut down by Yahoo!.[366]
2011 April Video search engine launch Tencent Video is launched.[367] By 2021, it would be the biggest online video platform by far in China.[368] China
2011 April Web mapping Nokia releases a beta version of 3D maps covering 20 cities in the world.[369]
2011 June 2 Webmaster tools Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft announce Schema.org, a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.[200][370][371][372]
2011 June Search engine launch People’s Search Network in China launches an instant search.[90] China
2011 July Search engine launch SearchTeam is launched.[373] It is a digital curation and collaborative search engine.[374], allowing collaborators to search together as a team for web pages, videos, pictures, reference materials, books and articles, and scholarly articles.[375]
2011 December 1 Search engine launch German search company YaCy releases a peer-to-peer search that uses networked systems to index the web and deliver search results.[376] Germany
2012 January 10 Search algorithm update, user experience Google launches Search Plus Your World, a deep integration of one's social data into search.[377][378] SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor Google+ and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.[379][380][381][382]
2012 January Search engine launch Swiftype is launched.[383] Swiftype's site search can be used for faceted search, full text search, real-time search, and concept search queries. The company's plans offer on-demand and live recrawls and indexing of websites. Other features include drag and drop result customization, real-time analytics and adjustable weights.[384] United States
2012 February 6 Search engine launch Volunia is launched.[385] Created by Italian mathematician Massimo Marchiori, it would cease to operate in February 2014.[386] Italy
2012 April 3 Search engine launch Seeks is launched. It is a collaborative search engine.[387]
2012 April 24 Search algorithm update Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as Google Penguin.[200][388][389][390][391]
2012 May 10 User experience Microsoft announces a redesign of its Bing search engine that includes "Sidebar", a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query.[392] United States
2012 May 16 Search algorithm update Google starts rolling out Knowledge Graph, used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.[200][393][394][395]
2012 August Search engine launch 360 Search launches in China.[90] It is a federated-search tool that enables library patrons to search multiple databases simultaneously and bring up a single list of results.[396] China
2012 September Shutdown Rollyo is closed.[397][398]
2012 October 10 Search engine launch Algolia is launched.[399] It is a proprietary search engine offering, usable through the Software as a Service (SaaS) model.[400]
2013 August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement) Search algorithm update Google releases Google Hummingbird, a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the Knowledge Graph in the future.[200][401][402]
2013 April 13 Search engine launch Pipilika is launched.[403] It is the first search engine to work in both Bengali and English.[404] Bangladesh
2013 July Search engine launch French search engine Qwant is launched.[405] It claims that it does not employ user tracking or personalize search results in order to avoid trapping users in a filter bubble.[406] Qwant is available in 26 languages.[407] France
2013 December 30 Search engine launch Egerin is launched as the world’s first search engine in the Kurdish language. It provides an alternative to the big search engines that do not have their language.[408]
2014 January 22 Search engine launch Free metasearch engine Searx launches.[409] It is available under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3, with the aim of protecting the privacy of its users.[410][411]
2014 April Search engine launch Alibaba Group and UCWeb launch mobile search engine Shenma, a "mobile-first" search engine.[90] It comes with UC Browser, a mobile browser with an estimated 20% share of China's browser market and over 30% of China's mobile browser marketshare as oif January 2018.[412] China
2014 April Search engine launch Grams is launched[413] as a search engine for Tor based darknet markets. It would close in December 2017.[414]
2014 June 26 Search engine launch Swisscows launches.[415] It uses semantic data recognition that give faster "answers" to queries and claims to not store users' data.[416] Switzerland
2014 Search engine launch Child-friendly search engine Kiddle (kiddle.co) launches.[417] It is designed to be a safe search engine for kids and is supposed to be free from controversial or mature subjects. It employs SafeSearch with additional filters. Kiddle is powered by Google Custom Search but is not affiliated with Google LLC.[418]
2015 March 27 Search engine shutdown Blekko is shut down.[419]
2015 May Search engine shutdown TickX is launched.[420] It is a Manchester-based search engine and discovery platform for events and attractions.[421] United Kingdom
2015 Search engine launch Iranian web search engine Yooz launches.[422] Upon its release, Iran's Ministry of Communication and IT claims the search engine is capable of supporting up to one billion Persian websites, having already indexed over 1 billion web pages.[423][424] Iran
2015 Search engine launch Iranian search engine Parsijoo is launched.[422] As of 2016, it had 600,000 hits and 120,000 searches per day[425], being the second most visited search engine after Google.[425] Iran
2015 Search engine launch Privacy-oriented web browser and search engine Cliqz launches.[426]
2016 August 5 Shutdown Torrentz is shut down.[427]
2016 August Search engine launch Yongzin is launched.[428] It is the first search engine of Tibetan language in the world.[429] China
2016 December Shutdown ChaCha is shut down[430] due to declining advertising revenue, which leaves it unable to service its debt.[431]
2017 February Search engine launch Creative Commons announces CC Search, an open source search engine for open content, and releases a beta version.[432][433]
2017 March 8 Shutdown IceRocket is shut down.[434]
2017 December 15 Shutdown Uclue is shut down.[277]
2017 December Shutdown Grams is shut down.[414]
2019 October 2 Search engine launch (web crawler) Apache Nutch launches its stable release.[435] It is an open source web-search software project written in Java.[436]
2020 July 29 Search engine launch TeraText is launched.[437] It is a combination high-performance text database and search engine that provides functionality for storing, indexing, retrieving and delivering documents or XML-based records across an organization.[438]
2020 October 26 Search engine launch (web mapping) Petal Maps is launched.[439] It is a Huawei-developed map engine covering over 200 countries and regions and supports more than 70 languages.[440] China
2021 January 14 Search engine launch Xapian is launched.[441] It is an open source search engine library.[442]
2021 April 12 Search engine launch Recoll is launched.[443] It is an easy-to-setup, free and open source software, cross-platform search engine with broad file type support.[444]
2021 May 10 Search engine launch DocFetcher is launched.[445] It is a document search engine best suited for indexing and managing document formats only.[446]
2021 December 16 Search engine launch Apache Solr is released.[447] Standing for Searching On Lucene w/ Replication, it is a free, open-source search engine based on the Apache Lucene library.[448]
2021 December 17 Desktop search Everything is launched.[449] It is a search engine for Microsoft Windows that replaces ordinary Windows search with a considerably faster one.[450]
2022 January 12 Search engine launch Huawei launches the Petal Search engine in the Chinese market.[451]
2022 March 22 Search engine launch Apache Lucene is launched.[452] It is a full-text search engine software library that provides a Java-based search and indexing platform.[453]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.

Year "search engine"
1900 34
1910 84
1920 78
1930 191
1940 269
1950 286
1960 615
1970 952
1980 1,700
1990 4,590
2000 13,800
2010 39,500
2020 31,400
Web search engines gscho.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Search engine (Computing), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[454]

Search engine gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Web search engines, from 1990 to 2019.[455]

Web search engine ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Search engine, from July 2015 to March 2021.[456]

Web search engine wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Issa.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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